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First Aid

emergency aid or treatment given to


someone injured, suddenly ill, etc., before
regular medical services arrive or can be
reached.
Chain of Survival
In order for a person to survive

Early Early Early Early


Access First Aid/CPR Defibrillation Advanced Care
Emergency You EMS on Hospital
Medical Scene
Service
Basic First Aid
• What Is First Aid?
• The immediate care given to an
injured or suddenly ill person.
• DOES NOT take the place of proper
medical treatment.
Basic First Aid
Legal Considerations
• Implied Consent involves an
unresponsive victim in a life-
threatening condition.
• It is assumed or “implied” that an
unresponsive victim would consent
to lifesaving help.
• Only perform First Aid assistance
for which you have been trained.
Scene Survey
• When confronted with an accident or
illness on duty it is important to assess
the situation to determine what kind of
emergency situation you are dealing
with, for your safety, the victim’s safety
and that of others.
Scene Survey
• Do a quick survey of the scene that includes
looking for three elements:
– Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the
victim, or bystanders.
– The cause (mechanism) of the injury or
illness.
– The number of victims.

Note: This survey should only take a few


seconds.
Initial Assessment
Goal of the initial assessment:
• Visually determine whether there are life-threatening or other
serious problems that require quick care.
Breathing Bleeding
Shock Choking
Burn
• Determine if victim is conscious - by tap and shout.
• Check for ABC as indicated:
• A = Airway Open? – Head-tilt/Chin-lift.
• B = Breathing? – Look, listen, and feel.
• C = Circulation? – Check for signs of circulation.

Note: These step-by-step initial assessment should not be changed. It


takes less than a minute to complete, unless first aid is required at any
point.
Victim Assessment Sequence
• Assessment Sequence Components:
– If victim is responsive
• Ask them what injuries or difficulties they are
experiencing.
• Check and provide first aid for these complaints as
well as others that may be involved.
– If victim is not responsive (Unconscious or
incoherent).
• Observe for obvious signs of injury or illness:
– Check from head to toe
• Provide first aid/CPR for injuries or illness
observed.
First Aid : CHOKING
• Choking person’s airway may be
completely or partially blocked.
• Complete blockage is an urgent
medical emergency
• Partial obstruction can quickly
become life threatening if the person
loses the ability to breathe in and out
sufficiently
• Without OXYGEN, permanent brain
damage can occur in as little as 4
minutes
• Rapid first aid for choking can
save a life.
DO NOT perform first aid (Heimlich
Manoeuvre) if the person is coughing
forcefully and able to speak – a
strong cough can dislodge the object
on its own.
CHOKING: ADULT
1. Ask the person:

"Are you choking?“


"Can you speak?“

2. Send someone to call local emergency number.


3. Lean the person forward and give them 5 blows
to the back with the heel of your hand.
4. If this does not
work, stand behind
the person and
wrap your arms
around the
person’s waist.

5. Make a fist with


one hand. Place
the thumb side of
your fist just above
the person’s navel,
well below the
breastbone.
6. Grasp the fist with
your hand.
7. Make 5 quick,
upward and inward
thrusts with your
fists.
8. Alternate between
5 blows to the back
and 5 thrusts to the
abdomen until the
object is dislodged
and the person
breathes or coughs
on their own.
CHOKING: CHILDREN OVER 1 YEAR
Performing first aid for a choking child is very similar to
an adult. If the child does not clearly grab their throat
other danger signs for a child and an adult include:

 Inability to speak
 Weak, ineffective coughing
 Noisy breathing or high-pitched sounds while
inhaling
 Difficulty breathing
 Bluish skin color
 Loss of consciousness if blockage is not cleared
1. Send someone
to call local
emergency
number.
2. Lean the child
forward and
make 5 blows
to their back
with the heel of
your hand.
3. If this does not work, stand behind the child and
wrap your arms around the child’s waist.
4. Make a fist with one hand. Place the thumb side
of your fist just above the child’s navel, well
below the breastbone.
5. Grasp the fist with your hand.
6. Make 5 quick, upward and inward thrusts
with your fists.
7. Alternate betweedn 5 blows to the back
and 5 thrusts to the abdomen until the
object is disloged and the child breathes or
coughs on their own.
CHOKING: Baby
• Babies and young children can choke on anything
smaller than a D-size battery.
• To prevent choking, keep small objects out of reach, cut
up food into very small pieces, and supervise children
while they’re eating, especially if they’re under five years.
• If a baby show signs of choking, phone local
emergency medical services immediately

Steps to clear a blockage


1. Lay baby downwards on your forearm. Using
the heel of your hand, give a firm back blow
between the shoulder blades. Give up to five
back blows, and check between each blow to
see if the blockage has cleared. Clear the
blockage from baby’s mouth with your little
finger.
2. If the blockage hasn’t cleared, lay baby on her back,
place two fingers in the centre of her chest, and give
her up to five chest thrusts – like CPR compressions but
slower and sharper. Check to see if the blockage has
cleared between each thrust.
3. If baby is still choking, check to see that local emergency
has been called and alternate five back blows and five
chest thrusts until emergency help arrives. If at any
point baby becomes unconscious, start CPR.
First Aid: DROWNING

• "the process of experiencing respiratory


impairment from submersion / immersion in
liquid.“
STEPS TO REVIVE A DROWNING VICTIM
• If the victim vomits while
you are resuscitating him,
turn the person toward
you, and clear out the
mouth before turning
him/her on to the back
and resuming rescue
breathing.
• If the victim vomits while
in recovery position, clear
out the mouth and keep a
close eye on breathing to
ensure that it has not
stopped.
STEPS TO REVIVE A DROWNING VICTIM
• If the victim is
conscious and
becomes sick,
encourage him/her
to lean forward and
give support while
he/she is vomiting.
• Do not make any
effort to remove
water from the lungs
by applying chest
compressions or
abdominal thrusts.
• Ensure an open airway
and that the person is
breathing.
• Tilt the head, check the
mouth, and lift the chin.
• Check for breathing for
up to 10 seconds.
• If the victim is
breathing, place
him/her into the
recovery position.
• If the victim is not
breathing, provide
rescue breathing
before moving on to
an assessment of
circulation and full
CPR
(cardiopulmonary
resuscitation) as
necessary.
First Aid: POISONING

• caused by swallowing, injecting, breathing


in, or otherwise being exposed to a
harmful substance
• Most poisonings occur
by accident. Some
intentional as in the
case of SUICIDE.
• Immediate first aid is
very important in a
poisoning emergency.
• The first aid you give
before getting medical
help can save a
person's life.
Considerations:
• It is important to note that just because a package
does not have a warning label doesn't mean it is
safe.
• should consider poisoning if someone suddenly
becomes sick for no apparent reason, or if the
person is found near a furnace, car, fire, or in an
area that is not well ventilated.
For poisoning by Swallowing
1. Check and monitor the person's airway, breathing, and
pulse. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.
2. Try to make sure that the person has indeed been
poisoned. It may be hard to tell. Some signs include
chemical-smelling breath, burns around the mouth,
difficulty breathing, vomiting, or unusual odors on the
person. If possible, identify the poison.
3. Do NOT make a person throw up unless told to do so by
poison control or a health care professional.
4. If the person vomits, clear the person's airway. Wrap a
cloth around your fingers before cleaning out the mouth
and throat. If the person has been sick from a plant part,
save the vomit. It may help experts identify what
medicine can be used to help reverse the poisoning.
5. If the person starts having convulsions, give convulsion
first aid.
6. Keep the person comfortable. The person should be
rolled onto the left side, and remain there while getting
or waiting for medical help.
7. If the poison has spilled on the person's clothes, remove
the clothing and flush the skin with water.
For Inhalation poisoning
1. Call for emergency help. Never attempt to
rescue a person without notifying others first.
DO NOT BE A HERO! You are not Iron Man
or Captain America. ASK HELP!
2. If it is safe to do so, rescue the person from the
danger of the gas, fumes, or smoke. Open
windows and doors to remove the fumes.
3. Take several deep breaths of fresh air, and then
hold your breath as you go in.
4. Hold a wet cloth over your nose and mouth.
5. Do not light a match or use a lighter because
some gases can catch fire.
6. After rescuing the person from danger, check
and monitor the person's airway, breathing, and
pulse. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and
CPR.
7. If necessary, perform first aid for eye injuries or
convulsion first aid.
8. If the person vomits, clear the person's airway.
Wrap a cloth around your fingers before
cleaning out the mouth and throat.
9. Even if the person seems perfectly fine, get
medical help.
DONTs
• give an unconscious person anything by mouth.
• induce vomiting unless you are told to do so by the
Poison Control Center or a doctor. A strong poison that
burns on the way down the throat will also do damage on
the way back up.
• try to neutralize the poison with lemon juice or vinegar, or
any other substance, unless you are told to do so by the
Poison Control Center or a doctor.
• use any "cure-all" type antidote.
• wait for symptoms to develop if you suspect that
someone has been poisoned.
First Aid: BLEEDING
(External and Internal)
Bleeding Control
Control Methods For External
Bleeding:
• Direct pressure stops most bleeding.
– Wear medical exam gloves (if
possible)
– Place a sterile gauze pad or a
clean cloth over wound
• Elevation injured part to help reduce
blood flow.
– Combine with direct pressure
over the wound (this will allow
you to attend to other injuries or
victims).
Bleeding Control
• If bleeding continues, apply pressure at a pressure point
to slow blood flow.
– Pressure point locations:
• Brachial (Top of elbow)
• Femoral (Inside upper thigh)
INTERNAL Bleeding
Control Methods For Internal Bleeding:
Signs of internal bleeding:
• Bruises or contusions of the skin
• Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Stools that are black or contain bright red blood
Control Methods For
Internal Bleeding:
What to Do:
For severe internal bleeding, follow
these steps:
• Monitor ABC’s (Airway Breathing
Circulation)
• Keep the victim lying on his/her left
side. (This will help prevent
expulsion of vomit from stomach,
or allow the vomit to drain and also
prevent the victim from inhaling
vomit).
• Treat for shock by raising the
victim’s legs 8” – 12”
• Seek immediate medical attention
Shock
 refers to circulatory system failure that happens when
insufficient amounts of oxygenated blood is provided for
every body part.
 This can be as the result of
• Loss of blood due to uncontrolled bleeding or
other circulatory system problem.
• Loss of fluid due to dehydration or excessive
sweating.
• Trauma (injury)
• Occurrence of an extreme emotional event.
What to Look For

Altered mental status


Anxiety and restlessness
Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips, and nail
beds
Nausea and vomiting
Rapid breathing and pulse
Unresponsiveness when shock is severe
What to Do
 After first treating life-threatening injuries
such as breathing or bleeding, the following
procedures shall be performed:
• Lay the victim on his or her back
• Raise the victim’s legs 8” – 12” to allow the blood
to drain from the legs back to the heart.
• Prevent body heat loss by putting blankets and
coats under and over the victim
First Aid: BURNS
Burns have been described as
• First-degree burns (Superficial)
Only the skin’s outer layer (epidermis) is
damaged.
– Symptoms include redness, mild swelling,
tenderness, and pain.
– Usually heals without scarring.
What to Do:
– Immerse in cold water 10 to 45 minutes
or use cold, wet cloths.
• Cold stops burn progression
• May use other liquids
– Aloe, moisturizer lotion
• Second-degree burns
(Partial Thickness)
Epidermis and upper regions of dermis
are damaged.
– Symptoms include blisters,
swelling, weeping of fluids, and
severe pain.
What to Do:
– Immerse in cold water / wet
pack
– Paracetamol for time being
– Do not break blisters
– May seek medical attention
• Third-degree burns
(Full Thickness)
• Severe burns that penetrate all the skin layers,
into the underlying fat and muscle.
– Symptoms include: the burned area
appears gray-white, cherry red, or black;
there is no initial edema or pain (since
nerve endings are destroyed)
What to Do:
• Usually not necessary to apply cold to
areas of third degree
• Do not apply ointments
• Apply sterile, non-stick
dressings (do not use
plastic)
• Check ABC’s
• Treat for shock
• Get medical help
Burn injuries can be classified as follow

Thermal (heat) burns caused by:


• Flames
• Hot objects
• Flammable vapor that ignites
• Steam or hot liquid
What to Do:
• Stop the burning
– Remove victim from burn source
– If open flame, smother with blanket, coat or similar item,
or have the victim roll on ground.
• Determine the depth (degree) of the burn
• Chemical burns
The result of a caustic or corrosive substance
touching the skin caused by:
 Acids (batteries)
 Alkalis (drain cleaners- often more extensive)
 Organic compounds (oil products)
• What to Do:
Remove the chemical by flushing the area
with water
 Brush dry powder chemicals from the skin before
flushing
 Take precautions to protect yourself from exposure to
the chemical
 Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing and
jewelry while flushing with water
 Flush for 20 minutes all chemical burns (skin,
eyes)
 Cover the burned area with
a dry, sterile dressing
 Seek medical attention
Electrical Burns
– A mild electrical shock can
cause serious internal
injuries.

Three types of electrical


injuries:
• Thermal burn (flame) – Objects
in direct contact with the skin
are ignited by an electrical
current.
– Mostly caused by the
flames produced by the
electrical current and not
by the passage of the
electrical current or arc.
Electrical Burns
– A mild electrical shock can
cause serious internal
injuries.

• Arc burn (Flash) – Occurs when


electricity jumps, or arcs, from
one spot to another. Mostly
cause extensive superficial
injuries.
• True Electrical Injury (contact) –
Occurs when an electric current
truly passes through the body.
What to Do
– Make sure the scene is safe
• Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power.
• If that is impossible, call the power company or
EMS for help.
Do not contact high voltage wires
Consider all wires live
Do not handle downed lines
Do not come in contact with person if the
electrical source is live
What to Do
– Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing
Circulation)
– If the victim fell, check for a spinal injury.
– Treat the victim for shock by elevating the
legs 8” – 12” if no spinal injury is
suspected.
– Seek medical attention immediately.
First Aid: HEAD INJURY
• Observe for signs of shock, a concussion,
or a skull fracture.
• Position the victim so he or she is
immobile, in order to prevent further
damage to both the brain and the spinal
cord.
• Treat scalp cuts and wounds for
bleeding to avoid infection.
What to do........
1. CALL for help.
2. See if the injured person is unconscious. Note the
length of time the unconsciousness lasts.
3. Look for bleeding from the eyes, nose, or ears. This
doesn't have to be bright red blood; it can be
something like brown discoloration around the rims of
the eyes.
4. This bleeding can be a sign of internal haemorrhaging.
Keep the injured person in a prone position, face up.
5. If the injured person is conscious and does not
appear to have a neck injury, place a pillow under his
head and turn his face to the side.
6. While you are waiting for help, treat any scalp
wounds. Clean cuts thoroughly, cover them with
gauze, and apply tape that's firm but not constricting.
5. Look for outwardly
physical signs of brain
injury. These can
includes: Severe
headaches, Convulsions,
Slurred words, Vomiting,
Loss of vision or double
vision, Loss of short-term
memory, Bruising behind
the ear or around the
eyes, Clear or bloody fluid
seeping from the ear,
nose, or mouth, Unequal
pupils, Weakness or
paralysis in limbs
7. If any of the signs described in step 6
appears before an emergency medical team
shows up, immobilize the injured person
(Bandaging Wounds). This is crucial for
preventing any more damage to the brain,
spinal cord, or neck.
7. After the injured person has been released
from medical care, he or she should be
watched for the symptoms described in step 6
for at least 48 hours. If the symptoms recur, the
victim should again seek emergency medical
care as quickly as possible.

* Do not give a person who has suffered a head injury


any food or water. Both can induce vomiting—which
can create breathing problems in a
semiconscious or unconscious person.
First Aid: Sprain and Strains
Causes:
• by excessive reaching, bending,
lifting, gripping, squatting, or
twisting of hands, shoulders or
body

• by any work performed with high


force, with many repetitions, or
in an awkward position
• A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament (band
of fibrous tissue that connects two or more bones
at a joint); stretched too far from normal position

• One or more ligaments may be injured at the


same time

• Most common:
sprained ankle
What to do.....
FIRST STAGE – to reduce swelling and pain
• RICE therapy (Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate) for
the first 24 to 48 hours
1. Rest the injured area (reduce regular exercise or
activities as needed)
2. Ice the injured area, 20 minutes at a time, four to
eight times a day (cold pack, ice bag, or plastic bag
filled with crushed ice and wrapped in a towel can
be used)
3. Compress the injured area, using bandages, casts,
boots, elastic wraps or splints to help reduce swelling

4. Elevate the injured area, above the level of the heart,


to help decrease swelling while you are lying or sitting
down
Prevention:
• Stretch before you workout with
heavy items

• Use proper footwear for the


activity you are doing

• Warm up adequately before


activities

• Do not run on icy/uneven


surfaces
First Aid: Animal Bites

• is a wound received from the teeth of an animal,


including humans. Animals may bite in self-defence, in
an attempt to prey on food, and as part of normal
interactions. Other bite attacks may be apparently
unprovoked.
Dog and Cat Bites: What to do....
• Ensure safety
• Wear gloves – protect yourself
• Assess wound - ? Heavy
bleeding etc
– Heavy bleeding – Local pressure
(ex- with gauze)
– Cannot control bleeding – don’t
use tourniquet ; take to hospital
– Worth washing before pressure
• If no bleeding or bleeding
controlled – wash with soap –
wash thoroughly; even inside
the wound.
• Go to the doctor in all Dog bites – Rabies
can kill!!

• Take any vaccination records of the Dog if


available

• As the patient may need


– Suturing
– Rabies immunoglobulin injection
– Tetanus toxoid
– Antibiotics for wound
Snake Bite: What to do...
• Apply pressure if necessary.
• Avoid any interference with
the bite wound (incisions,
rubbing, vigorous cleaning,
massage, application of
herbs or chemicals) as this
may introduce infection,
increase absorption of the
venom & increase local
bleeding.
• Bring the patient to the
hospital.
• Antivenom is the only
effective antidote for snake
venom.
Snake Bite: What to do...
• First aid treatment is carried
out immediately or very soon
after the bite before the patient
reaches a dispensary or
hospital.
• Reassure the victim who may
be very anxious.
• Immobilize the whole of the
patient’s body by laying
him/her down in a comfortable
and safe position. Make sure
to immobilize the bitten limb
with a splint or sling.
DONTs
 Make the patient tired.
 Use tourniquet.
 Use ice pack on the bite marks.
 Puncture, pinch, or scrape bitten area.
 Suck in venom from the patient’s open wound.
 Give medication not prescribed by the doctor.
 Elevate the wound at the same level or higher
than the chest/heart area.
Thank You Very Much
for
Listening!!!

Safety is as simple as ABC !


Always Be Careful.

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