HEALTH

Quarter 3: Module 4
(Weeks 4-5)
Nature of Emerging and
Re-emerging Diseases
HEALTH – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Nature of Emerging and Re- Emerging Diseases

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

WRITER: CHERYL C. EMBRADORA

Editor: GERALD T. CAMPANILLA
Grammarian: LIEZL SANCHES
Reviewer: PHILIP A. NACARIO
Lay-out Artist: MITCHELL DAVE M. CABUGUAS
Management Team: RONALD G. GUTAY, ESTRELA B. SUSVILLA,
MARY JANE J. POWAO, AQUILO A. RENTILLOSA, CRISTINA T. REMOCALDO RYAN B.
REDOBLADO, PHILIP A. NACARIO

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Office Address: Department of Education – Carcar City Division (Learning Resources

Management Section .
P. Nellas St. Poblacion III, Carcar City, Cebu .
Telefax: (032)77561 .
E-mail Address: carcarcitydivision@yahoo.com
 8

HEALTH
Quarter 3: Module 4
(Weeks 4-5)
Nature of Emerging and
Re-emerging Diseases
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Self-Learning Delivery Mode (SLDM) on the Nature of Emerging and Re-
emerging Diseases in the Philippines. This module was collaboratively designed,
developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist
you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to
12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will
also see this box in the body of the module

For the learner:

Welcome to the Self-Learning Delivery Mode (SLDM) Nature of Emerging and Re-
emerging Infectious/communicable Diseases .The hand is one of the most symbolized
part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through
our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning
resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully
achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic
success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and
meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being
an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or
Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
 What’s More This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be

given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with
it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

Analyze the Nature of emerging and re-emerging diseases

(Communicable). (H8DD-IIId-e-20

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to
✓ Identify the nature of emerging and re-emerging
infectious/communicable diseases;
✓ Discuss the nature of emerging and re-emerging of
infectious/communicable diseases;
✓ Analyze the nature of emerging and re-emerging diseases.

What I Know

Pre - Assessment

Activity: How Well do you know the Nature of Diseases?

Read very carefully each statement about the nature of communicable
diseases. You will be guided in determining whether the statement is True or False by
putting a check (/) mark on the appropriate column. Do this in your answer sheet.

Statement TRUE FALSE

1 Malaria is a sickness caused by a carrier
mosquito.
2 Many of the most common diseases are
caused by tiny organisms called pathogens.
3 Communicable diseases come from one
infected person to another.
4 Stomachache is one symptom that can be
manifested by a communicable disease.
5 Viral hepatitis is caused by a virus that
affects the liver.
 Lesson NATURE OF EMERGING AND
RE-EMERGING DISEASES
4 (Communicable)

What’s In

In this module, you are going to understand and analyze the nature
of emerging and re-emerging communicable diseases. Many of the most
communicable diseases are caused by tiny microorganisms called
Pathogens. Pathogens infect or invade the body and attack its cells and
tissues. Some bacteria, rickettsia, fungi, protozoa, certain types of worms,
and all viruses are pathogens. Diseases caused by the direct or indirect
spread of pathogens from one person to another are called communicable
diseases.

What’s New

The following are the types of pathogens and their nature.

TYPES OF NATURE
PATHOGENS
These are one-celled microscopic organisms that rank among the
most widespread of living things. Some are small that a single
grain of soil may contain over 100 million of them. Most
BACTERIA bacteria do not cause disease. In order to live, all bacteria must
have a food supply, as well as suitable temperature, moisture and
darkness. Some bacteria digest nonliving food materials such as
milk and meat. These organisms are called saprophytes. If the
food supply is a living plant or animal, the microorganism is
called a parasite. The plant or animal that the parasite feeds on
is called a host.
Toxin Bacteria produces a certain poison. Botulism is a food
TOXIN poison. These bacterial live in the soil. Once they enter the body
BACTERIA through a wound, they can cause tetanus or lockjaw. Other
bacteria cause pneumonia.
 It lives in the human mouth and intestines and on our skin. These
help protect us from harmful bacteria. Lactobacili, found in the
RESIDENT gastro- intestinal tract, produce lactic acid from simple
BACTERIA carbohydrate. Coliform bacilli, found in the intestines, help
break down carbohydrates and combat disease-causing bacteria.
Resident bacteria cause infection when it moves from where
residents are. Example, bacteria in the mouth is moved to the ear
then you get an infected ear.
These are organisms that are considered intermediate, that is,
RICKETTSIAS somewhere between a virus and a bacterium. Most of them grow
in the intestinal tracts of insects, which carry them to their
human hosts. Rickettsia requires living cells in order to grow and
multiply. Blood sucking insects, such as lice, mites, and ticks
carry rickettsias to humans. Typhus fever And Rocky Mountain
spotted fever are diseases caused by these organisms.
Are small, simple life-like forms from one half to 100 the size
of a bacteria.
These organisms are the human body’s worst enemies. All virus
are parasites. There is virus that invades animals and virus that
attack specific types of cells. Example, rabies virus can enter
VIRUS only brain cells, polio virus attacks only the nervous system.
Cold virus enters the respiratory system. Viral hepatitis is caused
by virus that affects the liver. Mumps and mononucleosis are
caused by viruses that infect glandular tissues. Smallpox,
chicken pox, shingles and warts are infections caused by viruses
that attack the skin tissues. When virus enters the body, it
attaches itself to a cell and releases its nucleic acid into the host
cell.
These are simple organisms that cannot make their own food.
Many lives on dead animals, insect, and leaves. Fungi are
therefore saprophytes. They prefer dark, damp environments.
FUNGI Two of the most common fungi are yeast and mushrooms.,
Disease-producing fungi invade mainly deep tissues of the hair,
nails and skin. Fungi cause infections of the scalp, such as ring
worm, and of the feet, such as athlete’s foot. Pathogenic fungi
can also cause brain inflammation and serious lung infections.
These are single-celled organisms that are larger than bacteria
and have a more complex cellular structure. Most of these are
PROTOZOA harmless and they are most common in tropical areas that have
poor sanitation. They cause malaria, African sleeping sickness
and amoebic dysentery, a severe intestinal infection.
PARASITIC The eggs usually enter the body through
contaminated water or food or on fingers placed in
the mouth after the hands have touched a
contaminated object. Symptoms of their presence
include fatigue, weight, irritability, poor appetite,
abdominal pain and diarrhea. Treatment with
medication results in a cure of about a week.
WORM Without treatment, anemia and malnutrition can
develop.

• Pinworm: Also called seat worms and

threadworms, pinworms hatch and live
primarily in the intestines. The eggs usually
enter the body through the anus, through the
nose or mouth via inhaled air, or through the
mouth on fingers that have touched a
contaminated object. Symptoms of their
presence include anal itching and sometimes
pale skin and stomach discomfort. If pinworms
enter the vagina in females, discharge and
itching may develop. Pinworms do not cause
serious complications. Treatment with
medication results in a cure within days.

• Trichina spiralis: This worm lives in the

intestines and causes a serious illness known as
trichinosis. The eggs usually enter the body via
raw or undercooked pork, sausage or bear meat.
In the intestines, the eggs hatch, mature, and
migrate to other parts of the body through the
bloodstream and the lymphatic system. Early
symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and
abdominal cramps. In time, a high fever,
puffiness of the face and muscle pain develop.
Eventually, the worms can penetrate the
muscles, the heart, and the brain and can cause
death. Treatment with an anti-worm drug such
as thiabendazole, as well as bed rest and a
physician's care, can cure trichinosis. Recovery
may take several months. Diagnosis of
trichinosis sometimes requires analysis of a
tissue sample (biopsy) taken from muscle

• Tapeworm: Tapeworms live in the intestines. The

eggs usually enter the body via raw or uncooked
beef. Symptoms of their presence are usually
absent. However, some patients experience
abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and
diarrhea. Treatment with medication results in a
cure within days.

Fluke: Flukes live in different locations in the

body, including the intestines, bladder, rectum,
liver, spleen, lungs, and veins. Flukes first
 mature inside freshwater snails. After leaving the
snails, they can enter the body of humans by
penetrating the skin of persons swimming,
bathing, or washing in water where flukes are
active. Infected persons can re-contaminate the
water by urinating or defecating in it. Most
infected persons experience no symptoms.
However, some infected persons may experience
rash, itching, muscle aches, coughing, chills and
fever. Flukes pass out of the body, but persons
can become infected again and again. In time,
the repeated infections can damage the liver,
bladder, intestines and lungs. In rare cases,
flukes can invade the spinal cord or brain and
cause seizures and paralysis. Fluke caused
illnesses are classified as schistosomiasis (also
called bilharziasis) and are mainly confined to
Africa, parts of South America and the
Caribbean, and parts of the Middle East, China,
and the Philippines.

• Prevention of helminth diseases usually requires

frequent washing of hands, frequent cleaning of
bathrooms and kitchens, and thorough cooking
of the food they infest -- mainly beef, pork,
sausage, and bear meat. Water supplies should
be chlorinated, if possible.

What is it

Study the table showing the illustration of the nature of emerging and re-
emerging communicable diseases.

Infectious Examples of
How it looks What it is
Agent Diseases

One-celled
Strep throat,
organisms that is
tuberculosis,
Bacteria found almost
sinus infections
dangerous bacterium it is everywhere.
estimated that listeria causes
approximately ...
 Extremely
small
organisms that
Cold,
Virus consist of a
Influenza
protein coat
Ebola virus
and some
genetic
materials.

Fungi rely on
other living or
dead organisms
to survive; yeast,
Fungus Athlete’s foot,
Athlete's foot fungus, SEM molds, and
Fungus - Jock itch Pictures mildews are
& included in this
Images (Fungal infection -
groin.
group
400 x 320 | 13.7 KB ringworm
health.allrefer.com
Single-celled
organisms; much
more complex
than bacteria;
protozoal Amoebic
Protozoan
Amoeba proteus Protozoan, infections usually dysentery
pseudopods come from infected
water or food.

An organism that
Parasite | Health Dictionary
lives in a host
426 x 399 | 38.5 KB
www.beltina.org
organism; draws
nourishment from
Parasite a host; some may
,
be very large.

malaria
 What’s More
Understanding Emerging Versus Re-emerging Infectious/ Communicable
Diseases
EMERGING INFECTIOUS/ RE-MERGING
COMMUNICABLAE INFECTIOUS/
DISEASE COMMUNICABLAE
DISEASE
NATURE -Newly identified or -These are diseases that
previously unknown reappear after they have
infections – New or drug- been on a significant decline.
resistant infections -Reemergence may happen
whose incidence in because of a breakdown in
humans has increased public health measures for
within the past two diseases that were once
decades or whose under control
incidence threatens to -Secondary to the
increase in the near reappearance of a previously
future. eliminated infection or an
(http://www.oshc.dole.go unexpected increase in the
v.ph/images/Files/Repor number of a previously
ts%20and%20Proceeding known infectious disease.
s/P3b_The_Philippine_Eb (http://www.oshc.dole.gov.p
ola_Preparedness_Plan.p h/images/Files/Reports%20
df) and%20Proceedings/P3b_Th
e_Philippine_Ebola_Prepared
ness_Plan.pdf)
EXAMPLES 1.Hepatitis C 1.Malaria
OF -First identified in 1989 2.Tuberculosis
DISEASES In mid 1990s estimated 3.Cholera
global prevalence 3% 4.Influenza
2.Hepatitis B 5.Pneumococcal disease
-Identified several decades 6.Gonorrhea
earlier 7.Polio- Polio is an infectious
Upward trend in all disease which spreads rapidly.
countries It can cause paralysis and, on
Prevalence >90% in high- rare occasions, can be fatal.
risk population There is no cure for polio.
3.SARS However, it can only be
The First Emerging prevented with multiple doses of
Infectious Disease Of the polio vaccines that have long
21st Century been proven safe and effective.
 4.Novel Swine origin (http://www.xinhuanet.co
Influenza A (H1N1) m/english/2019-
Swine flu causes 09/19/c_138404929.htm)
respiratory disease in pigs –
high level of illness,
low death rates
5.Influenza A (H1N1)

6.Corona Virus Disease-19

(COVID 19)

7.Dengue Fever

What I Have Learned

In your answer sheet, copy the Venn diagram and write in each circle the
nature of emerging and re-emerging infectious/communicable disease.

Emerging Re-emerging
infectious/ infectious/
Communicable Communicable
Disease Disease

What I Can Do

Choose three Communicable Diseases being presented in this

module, discuss its nature, and write your personal reactions about it.
Write your answer on a one whole sheet of paper.
 Assessment

A. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1.Which of the following is an example of emerging communicable

disease?
A. COVID 19 C. Malaria
B. Cholera D. Tuberculosis
2. Pneumonia is a sickness caused by pathogen called_____.
A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Virus D. Protozoa
3. What disease is considered the First Emerging Infectious Disease of the
21st
Century?
A. COVID 19 B. Cholera C. SARS D. Influenza A (HIN1)
4. _____________________ are one-celled microscopic organisms that rank among the
most
widespread of living things?
A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Virus D. Protozoa
5. What do we call the newly identified or previously unknown infections,
new or drug-resistant infections whose incidence in humans has
increased within the past two decades?
A. Re-emerging infectious /communicable Disease
B. Emerging infectious /communicable Disease
C. Communicable Disease
D. Non-communicable Disease
6.Malaria is a sickness caused by pathogen called _____________?
A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Virus D. Protozoa
7. Rickettsia are organisms that needs living cell in order to grow and
multiply, which of the following is an example of rickettsiae?
A. Dysentery B. Small pox C. Ticks D. Worm
8.Athlete’s foot is a disease caused by pathogen called ____ ?
A. Fungi B. Parasite C. Fungi D. Virus
9.Which of the following virus enters the respiratory system and cause
sickness?
A. Cold B. Rabies C. Wart D. Lice
10. This is a pathogen that causes amoebic dysentery.
A. Parasite B. Protozoa C. Virus D. Bacteria
 B. Complete the table below. Write your answers on a separate whole
sheet of paper.
TYPES OF NATURE
PATHOGENS
BACTERIA These are ___ (1) ____ microscopic organisms that rank among the
most widespread of living things.

2._______________ These are organisms that are considered intermediate, that is,
somewhere between a virus and a bacterium.
3. Are small, simple life-like forms from one half to 100 the size of a
_______________ bacteria.
These organisms are the human body’s worst enemies.
4. These are simple organisms that cannot make their own food.
_______________

PROTOZOA These are single-celled organisms that are ___ (5) _____ than bacteria
and have a more complex cellular structure.
6._______________ The eggs usually enter the body through contaminated
water or food or on fingers placed in the mouth after the
hands have touched a contaminated object.

C. Reflection Journal.

Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate whole sheet
of paper.

1. What is the difference between emerging and re-emerging infectious /

communicable diseases?
2. What are your learnings about the nature of emerging and re-emerging
infectious/ communicable diseases? Give its significance to:

Self ____________________________________________________________
Family _________________________________________________________
Community ____________________________________________________
 Additional Activities

Identify the following pictures and discuss its nature. Write your answers
on a separate whole sheet of paper.

1.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________________.

2. ______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________________.

3.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_________________________________.
 Answer Key

What I know
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

Assessment
A.
1. A 6. D
2. A 7. C
3. C 8. C
4. A 9. A
5. B 10. B

B.
1. One-celled
2. Rickettsiae
3. Virus
4. Fungi
5. Larger
6. Parasitic Worms
References
Books
Physical Education and Health, Learner’s Module , Unit 3 : Disease Prevention
and Control (Communicable ) pp. 303-353.

Physical Education and Health, Teacher’s Module , Unit 3 : Disease Prevention

and Control (Communicable ) pp. 303-353.

WEBSITE

Picture Clips- www.healthline.com/health/skin disorder, retrieved September

26,2012

(http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/images/Files/Reports%20and%20Proceedings/P3b_The_
Philippine_Ebola_Preparedness_Plan.pdf)

(http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/19/c_138404929.htm)

www.mayoclinic.com/health, retrieved September 26, 2012

www.sciencephoto.com, retrieved September 26, 2012
ph.images.search.yahoo.com, retrieved September 26, 2012 & Oct. 24, 2012
Acne Prevention, www.topsites.4u.net, retrieved October 24, 2012
Kidshealth.org/parent/infections/fungal/ringworm, retrieved October 25, 2012
Chain of Infections – Michelle Ziegler, Contagions,wordpress.com, retrieved
September 26, 2012 Disease process, faculty.irsc.edu, retrieved October 24,
2012

En.wikipedia.org/wiki/infection, retrieved September 26, 2012

Picture Clips- www.healthline.com/health/skin disorder, retrieved September

26, 2012

Ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images, retrieved September 26, 2012

Skin Diseases image collection, retrieved September 26, 2012

 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Carcar City Division

(Learning Resources Management Section)

P. Nellas St., Poblacion III, Carcar City, Cebu, Philippines 6019

Tel No. 487-8495

Email Address: carcarcitydivision@yahoo.com