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Topic 2 - Vector and Scalar

This document discusses vectors and scalars. It defines a scalar as having only magnitude, while a vector has both magnitude and direction. Vectors can be added using graphical methods or by breaking them into components. Unit vectors define direction in space. The dot product yields a scalar, while the cross product of two vectors produces a third vector perpendicular to the original two. Several example problems demonstrate calculating vector components, additions, magnitudes, and relationships between vectors using dot and cross products.

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Romel Tugade
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123 views

Topic 2 - Vector and Scalar

This document discusses vectors and scalars. It defines a scalar as having only magnitude, while a vector has both magnitude and direction. Vectors can be added using graphical methods or by breaking them into components. Unit vectors define direction in space. The dot product yields a scalar, while the cross product of two vectors produces a third vector perpendicular to the original two. Several example problems demonstrate calculating vector components, additions, magnitudes, and relationships between vectors using dot and cross products.

Uploaded by

Romel Tugade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Study Guide in PHYS 111: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS VECTOR AND SCALAR

VECTOR AND SCALAR

SCALAR QUANTITY- completely specified by a single value with an appropriate unit and has no
direction. Ex. Time, mass, speed

VECTOR QUANTIY- requires the specification of both direction and magnitude. Ex.
Displacement, velocity, Acceleration

Drawing vectors
• Draw a vector as a line with an arrowhead at its tip.
• The length of the line shows the vector’s magnitude.
• The direction of the line shows the vector’s direction.

Figure shows equal-magnitude vectors having the same direction and opposite directions

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1


Study Guide in PHYS 111: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS VECTOR AND SCALAR

Addition of Vectors (Resultant)


Two vectors may be added graphically using:
1) the parallelogram method or the head-to-tail method
2) Component Method

Unit Vectors- Vector quantities are often expressed in terms of unit vectors. A unit vector is a
dimensionless vector having a magnitude of exactly 1. Unit vectors are used to specify a given
direction and have no other physical significance.
The symbols i, j, and k are used to represent vectors pointing in the positive x, y, z plane
directions, respectively.

Components of a Vector:

For two-dimensional:
Vector A:
Axi – shows the positive x- coordinate of vector A
Ayj - shows the positive y- coordinate of vector A
A = Axi + Ayj
Vector B:
Bxi – shows the positive x- coordinate of vector B
Byj - shows the positive y- coordinate of vector B
B= Bxi + Byj
Resultant Vector of A and B:
R=A+B

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 2


Study Guide in PHYS 111: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS VECTOR AND SCALAR

R= (Axi + Ayj) + (Bxi + Byj)

R= (Axi + Bxi) + (Ayj + Byj)


R= (Ax+ Bx)i + (Ay + By)j
or
Rx = Ax + Bx
Ry = Ay+ By
R2= Rx2 + Ry2

For three-dimensional
A = Axi + Ayj + Azk
B= Bxi + Byj + Bzk

R= (Axi + Bxi) + (Ayj + Byj) + (Azk + Bzk)


R= (Ax+ Bx)i + (Ay + By)j + (Az + Bz)k
Or
Rx= Ax + Bx+ Cx
Ry= Ay+ By+ Cy
Rz=Az + Bz + Cz
R2= Rx2 + Ry2 + Rz2

Multiplication of a Vector:
1) Dot Product- scalar
A . B = A.B cos θ
Or
A = Axi + Ayj + Azk
B= Bxi + Byj + Bzk

A.B = (Axi + Ayj + Azk) . (Bxi + Byj + Bzk)

i.i = j.j = k.k = 1


i.j = i.k = j.k = 0

Angle Between Vectors

𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴−𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵
Cos θ =
𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴 𝑥 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵

2) Cross Product
A x B = A.B sin θ
ixi=jxj=kxk=0
i x j = -j x i = k
j x k = -k x j = i
k x i = -i x k = j

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 3


Study Guide in PHYS 111: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS VECTOR AND SCALAR

Example:
1. Which of the following are vector quantities and which are scalar
quantities?
a) your age b) acceleration c) velocity d) speed e) mass
2. Find the sum of two vectors A and B lying in the xy plane given by
A = (2.0i + 2.0j) m and B= (2.0i – 4.0j) m
3. A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements:
d1= (15i + 30j + 12k) cm
d2= (23i - 14j – 5.0k) cm
d3= (-13i + 15j) cm
Find the components of its resultant displacement and its
magnitude.
4. Find the resultant of Vector A and Vector B:
Vector A = 5 units, 30 degree
Vector B= 10 units, 60 degree
5. A hiker begins a trip by first walking 25.0 km southeast from her
car. She stops and sets up her tent for the night. On the second
day, she walks 40.0 km in a direction 60.0 degree north of east, at
which she discovers a forest rangers tower.
a) Determine the components of the hiker’s displacement for each
day.
b) Determine the components of the hiker’s resultant displacement
R for the tip. Find an expression for R in terms of a unit vectors.

6. First, a commuter airplane takes route city A located 175 km in a


direction 30 degree north of east. Next, it flies 153 km 20 degree
west of north to City B, Finally, it flies195 km due west to city C.
Find the location of City C relative to the origin.
7. A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in a direction
60.0 degree west of north. Find the magnitude and direction of the
car’s resultant displacement.
8. Find the dot product of:
Vector A = (2,5)
Vector B = √10 , 71.57 N of W
9. Find the dot product of:
Vector A = (2,-5,6)
Vector B = (-3,4,-1)
10. The vectors A and B are given by A=2i + 3j and B=-I + 2j. a)
Determine the scalar dot product b) Find the angle between A and
B.
11. A particle moving in the xy plane undergoes a displacement Δr=(2i
+ 3j) and m as a constant force F= (5i + 2j) N acts on the particle.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 4


Study Guide in PHYS 111: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS VECTOR AND SCALAR

Calculate: a) Calculate the magnitude of the displacement and the


force. b) Calculate the work done by F.
12. Two vectors lying in the xy plane are given by the equations A = 2i
+ 3j and B= -i + 2j. Find A x B and verify that A x B = -B x A.
13. Find the cross product of: Vector A= 4, 60 degree and Vector B=5,
30 degree.
14. Two workers pull horizontally on a heavy box but one pulls twice
as hard as the other. The larger pull is directed at 25 degree W of
N and the resultant of this two pull is 460 N directly northward. Use
vector component to find the magnitude of each of these pulls and
the direction of the smaller pull.
15. A third vector C lies in the xy plane. Vector C is perpendicular to
vector A and C dot B = 15. Find Cx and Cy, given that
Vector A= 5i – 6.5j
Vector B=-3.5i + 7j

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 5

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