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Phase and Group Velocity em Exp 5

1. The document discusses phase and group velocity of electromagnetic waves traveling in a dispersive medium. It defines phase velocity and group velocity and shows that group velocity is always less than or equal to the speed of light in vacuum. 2. The document analyzes the addition of two waves of different frequencies and calculates their phase and group velocities. It observes that the phase velocity depends on the wavelength while the group velocity remains constant. 3. Key findings are that wave patterns change with changing frequency and wavenumber differences, phase velocity increases with these differences while group velocity remains constant, and phase and group velocities are equal for non-dispersive media.

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tharunya S
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187 views4 pages

Phase and Group Velocity em Exp 5

1. The document discusses phase and group velocity of electromagnetic waves traveling in a dispersive medium. It defines phase velocity and group velocity and shows that group velocity is always less than or equal to the speed of light in vacuum. 2. The document analyzes the addition of two waves of different frequencies and calculates their phase and group velocities. It observes that the phase velocity depends on the wavelength while the group velocity remains constant. 3. Key findings are that wave patterns change with changing frequency and wavenumber differences, phase velocity increases with these differences while group velocity remains constant, and phase and group velocities are equal for non-dispersive media.

Uploaded by

tharunya S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: THARUNYA BALA S Reg.No.

:21BCE0076

Phase And Group Velocity Of EM Waves


Aim:
To understand the nature of EM waves travelling in a medium with the help of phase and
group velocities.

Apparatus Required:
Online demonstration software

Theory:
Any real signal consists of travelling-waves of many different frequencies, which travel
together as a group, at a speed that will always be less than or equal to the speed of light in
vacuum.
To gain some insight into what may happen when a real signal travels through a dispersive
medium, we consider adding two waves of equalamplitude. When two travelling waves with
unit amplitude
𝑓1(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘1𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡1) and 𝑓2(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘2𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡2) are added, we get:

Where, , , and

The result is a fast oscillating wave that travels with a phase velocity
and the amplitude of this wave is being modulated in space and time by

. This modulated wave travels at the group velocity given by


Observation table:

S. No Δω Δk Wave pattern of the resultant Vg


waves
1 0.02 0.02 1

2 0.04 0.04 1

3 0.06 0.06 1

4 0.08 0.08 1

5 0.1 0.1 1

6 0.2 0.2 1

7 0.3 0.3 1

8 0.4 0.4 1

9 0.5 0.5 1
Questions:
1. Are the wave patterns for various values of Δω and Δk same? If not, why?
2. Comment on the Phase velocity (Vp) of the waves for increased values of Δω and
Δk.
3. When do we see Vp and Vg being the same?
4. Draw a typical dispersion relation curve (ω-k curve) for Vp = Vg and Vp ≠ Vg cases.

Answers:
1. No, the wave patterns are not the same as for various values of Δω and Δk because
the phase velocity is a function of wavelength. As the values of ω and k change, the
wave pattern changes accordingly.
2. If both Δω and Δk are changed proportionally then it won’t affect the
velocity. If Δω is increased more than Δk, then vp increases, if Δk is
increased more than Δω, then vp decreases.
3. When dVp / dλ = 0, then Vg = Vp (when the phase velocity becomes independent
of the wavelength or in other words if the medium is non-dispersive)

4.

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