B2 Revision Mind Maps

Animal cell Bacterial cell Plant cell

Membrane Cytoplasm genes (no nucleus) Membrane

Membrane cell wall
Nucleus Nucleus

Mitochondria Mitochondria

Ribosomes Ribosomes

Cytoplasm Yeast cell cytoplasm

Nucleus cell wall Wall

Animal Tissue Cytoplasm membrane
Chloroplast
Muscular tissue –
How does the stomach function as an organ? Vacuole
■ muscular tissue,
Glandular tissue – How are cells specialised?
■ glandular tissue, Red blood cell - Larger m________
to carry more o_________
Epithelial tissue – Root hair cell - F_______ like to
■ epithelial tissue, increase s a_____
Sperm cell – head contains e______
and middle part has m_____________
Plant organs:
Diffusion

Plant tissues:

Epidermal tissue –

Mesophyll tissue – Examples

Xylem –

Phloem –
Animal cell Bacterial cell Plant cell

Membrane – controls what goes in and out of the Membrane

cell.
Nucleus – controls all the activities of the cell Nucleus

Mitochondria – where respiration takes place to Mitochondria

release energy.
Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis Ribosomes

Cytoplasm – where chemical reactions happen Yeast cell cytoplasm

Wall – strengthens the cell to withstand high

Animal Tissue water / turgor pressure
Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis
Muscular tissue – allows movement by
contraction
How does the stomach function as an organ? Vacuole – holds cell sap
■ muscular tissue, to churn the contents
Glandular tissue – secrete chemical / How are cells specialised?
■ glandular tissue, to produce digestive juices
hormones/ enzymes Red blood cell - Larger membrane
■ epithelial tissue, to cover the outside and
the inside of the stomach. to carry more oxygen
Epithelial tissue – lining to cover parts of the Root hair cell - Finger like to
body increase surface area
Sperm cell – head contains enzymes
and middle part has mitochondria
Plant organs: leaves, stems, roots
Diffusion
Movement of dissolved particles, liquids and
Plant tissues: gases from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration.
Epidermal tissue - which cover the plant
Examples
Mesophyll tissue - which carries out photosynthesis Glands releasing hormones into the blood,
oxygen moving from air sac onto red blood
Xylem – transport water up the stem cell, carbon dioxide from blood plasma to air
sac, carbon dioxide from atmosphere in
Phloem – transports glucose all over plant through stomata of leaf.
Label the cell: Name four types of organism whose Label the cell:
cells have a cell wall and explain the
function of this.

Give the functions of the following:

What type of cell is it? •Nucleus
What type of cell is it?
Give 3 special features of a sperm cell and •Cytoplasm
explain how it helps the sperm function. Give 3 things that can speed up the rate
•Mitochondrion of diffusion.

•Cell membrane

•Ribosomes.

What is unusual about the genetic

What is the function of root hair cells
What is diffusion? material in a bacterial cell?
and how are they adapted?

Beta cells in the

Which organelle would you expect muscle pancreas make lots of
Identify the cells below. cells o have lots of and why? insulin, which is a
protein. What cell
part would you expect
to see in high
What key process takes place in numbers?
chloroplasts? Write an equation.
 Label the cell: Ribosomes Name four types of organism whose Label the cell: Cell
Cell cells have a cell wall and explain the membrane
membrane function of this. Nucleus
Nucleus
Plant, algae, bacteria, fungi Cell wall
Strengthens cell
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Cytoplasm

Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Give the functions of the following:
What type of cell is it? Animal •Nucleus contains DNA: controls
activities of cell What type of cell is it? Plant
Give 3 special features of a sperm cell and •Cytoplasm cellular reactions take place
explain how it helps the sperm function. here Give 3 things that can speed up the rate
•Lots of mitochondria – release energy so •Mitochondrion releases energy during of diffusion.
can swim to egg cell aerobic respiration Bigger diffusion gradient
•Long tail – to swim to egg •Cell membrane controls passage of Larger surface area
•Acrosome containing enzymes – digest egg substances in and out of cell Shorter diffusion distance
membrane. •Ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis

What is unusual about the genetic

What is the function of root hair cells
What is diffusion? material in a bacterial cell?
and how are they adapted?
The net movement of particles of a liquid or Not inside a nucleus
To absorb water and nutrients.
solute from an area of high concentration to an
Large surface area – speeds up
area of lower concentration
absorption
Beta cells in the
Which organelle would you expect muscle pancreas make lots of
Identify the cells below. cells o have lots of and why? insulin, which is a
Bacterium Yeast cell Mitochondria protein. What
Need energy for contraction organelle would you
expect to see in high
What key process takes place in numbers?
chloroplasts? Write an equation. Ribosomes
Photosynthesis

Water + carbon dioxide -> glucose + oxygen

Give a definition of a tissue. What is an organ? What is the name given to a group of
organs working together to perform a
particular function?

Add labels to the diagram of the digestive system

What are the key features of tissues or
and give the function of each labeled part.
organs designed to act as exchange
surfaces?

Add labels to the diagram

Give the name and functions of the tissues in the to give the names of the
leaf. plant organs.

Label the diagram to give the names of the

tissues that make up the stomach and give the http://www.kathimitchell.com/paclass.htm

function of each. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/digestive-system-for-kids.html

What is the job of muscle

tissue? Name 2 substances produced by glandular
tissue, and 2 organs in which you might find it.

What does it mean if a cell is

differentiated?
Where will you find epithelial tissue? What are
some of its functions?

http://www.turbosquid.com/FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/547654
Give a definition of a tissue. What is an organ? What is the name given to a group of
A group of cells with similar structure A part of an animal or plan made up of organs working together to perform a
and function that work together to several tissues working together to do a particular function?
perform a particular job specific job. Organ system

Add labels to the diagram of the digestive system

What are the key features of tissues or
and give the function of each labeled part.
organs designed to act as exchange
surfaces?
Salivary glands:
Large surface area
produce digestive
Thin walls Stomach: site of
enzymes (amylase)
Permeable surface digestion
Good blood supply
Add labels to the diagram
Give the name and functions of the tissues in the to give the names of the Liver:
leaf. plant organs. produces bile
Palisade mesophyll Pancreas: produce
layer: carries out Epidermis: Flower digestive enzymes
photosynthesis protects (amylase,
plant Leaf
protease, lipase)
Xylem and phloem:
transport water Stem
Small intestine:
and sugars Large intestine:
Root digestion and
water absorbed
absorption of
Label the diagram to give the names of the and faeces form
soluble products
tissues that make up the stomach and give the http://www.kathimitchell.com/paclass.htm

function of each.
Epithelial tissue: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/digestive-system-for-kids.html
Muscle tissue: covers inside and What is the job of muscle
churns outside of Name 2 substances produced by glandular
tissue?
contents. stomach tissue, and 2 organs in which you might find it.
Contracts to bring about
movement. Enzymes, Hormones

Stomach /Pancreas / Small intestine

What does it mean if a cell is
differentiated?
It is specialized for a Where will you find epithelial tissue? What are
particular job. some of its functions?
Glandular tissue: produces digestive juices. Lining body surfaces – protection or exchange
http://www.turbosquid.com/FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/547654
Write a word equation for photosynthesis. Name the two reactants in
Where is chlorophyll found?
photosynthesis and state
where each comes from.
What is the function of chlorophyll?

State three things that can limit

the rate of photosynthesis.

Name the substance that glucose can be

converted to for storage and describe how
you can test for the presence of this
substance.
What is meant by a limiting factor?
Look at the graph below.
Describe and explain the effect of
increasing light intensity at 0.03% CO2.

What is the function of

Explain the results obtained in the experiment below.
cellulose?

State four uses of

glucose in plants.

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h=107&tbnw=300&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0,i:98&biw=1333&bih=645

Why might a farmer put a paraffin

What must be added to
heater in a greenhouse?
glucose to make proteins
and where does this come
from?
Write a word equation for photosynthesis. Name the two reactants in
Where is chlorophyll found?
Light photosynthesis and state
In chloroplasts in plants and algal cells,
Carbon + Water Glucose + Oxygen where each comes from.
Dioxide Carbon dioxide – air
What is the function of chlorophyll?
Water - soil
Absorbs light energy which is used to
convert carbon dioxide and water to
State three things that can limit glucose and oxygen.
the rate of photosynthesis.
■ shortage of light
■ low temperature Name the substance that glucose can be
■ shortage of carbon dioxide. converted to for storage and describe how
you can test for the presence of this
substance.
What is meant by a limiting factor?
Look at the graph below. Starch
An environmental condition that
Describe and explain the effect of when in short supply slows down the
increasing light intensity at 0.03% CO2. Test with iodine: changes from brown to blue-black if
rate of photosynthesis.
starch is present

What is the function of

Explain the results obtained in the experiment below.
cellulose?
It strengthens the cell
wall.

State four uses of

Rate of photosynthesis increases up to 5 glucose in plants.
a.u. •Respiration
Until 5 a.u. light is a limiting factor for •To produce fat or oil for
photosynthesis storage
Above 5 a.u. carbon dioxide is a limiting •To produce cellulose px=683&vpy=185&dur=1337&hovh=114&hovw=320&tx=212&ty=58&sig=104307363615294991887&page=1&tbn

factor •To produce proteins h=107&tbnw=300&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0,i:98&biw=1333&bih=645

There is no chlorophyll in the white bits of the leaf

Why might a farmer put a paraffin Without chlorophyll photosynthesis cannot take place
What must be added to
heater in a greenhouse? So no glucose is made
glucose to make proteins
To increase carbon dioxide So no starch is made
and where does this come
concentration and increase the rate of So the iodine does not turn blue-black
from?
photosynthesis.
Nitrates from the soil
Write down the equation for photosynthesis. What are the three limiting factors in What is the glucose used for from
plants? photosynthesis?

1
Explain why chlorophyll is needed in
photosynthesis. 2

Explain this result: 5

How do plants produce proteins for

growth?

Describe the shape of the light What are the limiting factors on this graph?
intensity graph.
How could you increase the rate of
photosynthesis in a greenhouse?

Explain the shape of the light

intensity graph. What are the limiting factors on this graph? What are the limiting factors on this graph?
Write down the equation for photosynthesis. What are the three limiting factors in What is the glucose used for from
plants? photosynthesis?
Carbon + water glucose + oxygen Light intensity, carbon dioxide 1 - to release immediate energy through
Dioxide concentration, temperature respiration in all plant cells
2 – store as insoluble starch
Explain why chlorophyll is needed in
photosynthesis. 3 – to make proteins for growth
Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy needed
to convert carbon dioxide and water into 4 – to make cellulose fibres to
glucose (chemical energy) strengthen the cell wall

Explain this result: 5 – to produce fat/oils for storage in

The green chlorophyll is needed to absorb the light energy seeds
to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose which is stored as
Starch in these green parts of the leaf How do plants produce proteins for
growth?
To produce proteins, plants also use nitrate
ions that are absorbed from the soil to make
Describe the shape of the light What are the limiting factors on this graph? amino acids that are then joined to make
intensity graph. proteins.
As the light intensity increases the
rate of photosynthesis increases up On the slope = light
to a peak point. After this point any intensity
How could you increase the rate of
further increase in light intensity On the flat = temperature
photosynthesis in a greenhouse?
does not increase the rate of or carbon dioxide
Light bulbs
photosynthesis. concentration
Parrafin heater

Explain the shape of the light

intensity graph. What are the limiting factors on this graph? What are the limiting factors on this graph?
When the line is diagonal at the
start light intensity is limiting the
rate of photosynthesis. At the On the slope = carbon
On the slope up and
peak point light is no longer dioxide.
down = temperature.
limiting photosynthesis, something On the flat = temperature
On the peak = carbon
else is e.g. temperature or carbon or light intensity
dioxide concentration
dioxide.
or light intensity
Explain what it means if your results are: Describe how you could use a quadrat to Describe how you could investigate
Reproducible: investigate how the species of plants how leaf size changes with height on a
change with distance from a river. bush.

Repeatable:

Give two problems with using a count of nests

to estimate bird population.
Why is it important to have a large sample
size?.

Describe how you would carry out random

sampling to compare the abundance of daisies in Physical Factor Why does it affect the distribution of living organisms?
a 2 different fields
Temperature

Nutrient
availability
Light intensity

Oxygen
availability
Carbon dioxide
availability
Quadrat number Number of daisies
Water
availability
1 12
2 10 Look at the table of results on the If the mean number of clover plants per m2
left. Calculate the quadrat is 6 and a field has a total area of
3 8 a. Mean 1200m2 how many clover plants would you
b. Median expect to find in the whole field.?
4 12
c. Mode
5 11
Explain what it means if your results are: Describe how you could use a quadrat to Describe how you could investigate
Reproducible: the same results are repeated by investigate how the species of plants how leaf size changes with height on a
someone else doing your experiment or by using change with distance from a river. bush.
a different method •Use a tape measure to create a line •Use systematic sampling e.g. measure
transect every 5th leaf
Repeatable: you repeat the experiment with •Place quadrats at regular intervals •Draw round the leaf on graph paper
the same equipment and get the same results •Count the number of species in each •Add together the number of squares
quadrat covered by the leaf, including half
Give two problems with using a count of nests squares
to estimate bird population.
Nests may be old / disused Why is it important to have a large sample
Young birds may have not made their own nest size?.
yet It allows you to identify anomalies.

Describe how you would carry out random

sampling to compare the abundance of daisies in Physical Factor Why does it affect the distribution of living organisms?
a 2 different fields
•Mark out an area in the first field using two tape
Temperature needs to be suitable for enzymatic reactions (different
measures
organisms have different ideal temperatures)
•Used a random number generator to generate
coordinates Nutrient organisms need nutrients to synthesize new materials
•Place the quadrat at each coordinate and count the availability and grow
number of daisies in the quadrat
•Repeat several times in that field Light intensity plants and algae need light for photosynthesis
•Calculate a mean number of daisies per quadrat
•Repeat all the steps above in the other field taking the Oxygen needed by all organisms for respiration
same number of samples availability
Carbon dioxide needed by plants and algae for photosynthesis
availability
Quadrat number Number of daisies
Water needed for photosynthesis or to keep animals hydrated
availability (not often a limiting factor though)
1 12
2 10 Look at the table of results on the If the mean number of clover plants per m2
left. Calculate the quadrat is 6 and a field has a total area of
3 8 a. Mean 11 1200m2 how many clover plants would you
b. Median 11 expect to find in the whole field.?
4 12
c. Mode 12 6 x 1200 = 7200
5 11
Describe a method to carry out random sampling How has white nose syndrome affected Data was collected by two groups of
of weeds using a quadrat. bats? students. Calculate the means, medians and
modes for each sample
Sample 1 Sample 2

12 14

16 13
Suggest why the red squirrel is rarely seen 14 15
today except in particular niches of the UK 16 14

Mean
Why are butterflies again in decline in 2012? Median

mode

Is the data reproducible? Explain why.

What is the advantage of using a transect How is the brown tree snake impacting on the
technique rather than just random quadrat biodiversity in Guam How does the acacia bullthorn plant work in a
sampling? mutual relationship with ants?

What physical factors may Why did the rabbit population in Australia
affect organism numbers? increase?
What are the arguments for the death and decline of the bee
population?

What mechanisms are used to control the

What is the impact of bee decline on food production? rabbit population in Australia

What can we do to raise the population of bees? How is seaweed designed to survive the changing tide?
Describe a method to carry out random sampling How has white nose syndrome affected Data was collected by two groups of
of weeds using a quadrat. bats? students. Calculate the means, medians and
Split field into equal sized fractions. Give each The white fungus lives on bats faces. modes for each sample
fraction a number. Use a random number Infection awakens hibernating bats,
Sample 1 Sample 2
generator program to choose which areas to forcing them to use up fat reserves.
sample. 12 14

16 13
Suggest why the red squirrel is rarely seen 14 15
today except in particular niches of the UK 16 14
Introduction of grey squirrels from America
Mean
that were bigger, stronger and carried a virus
that infects and kills the red squirrel, and had Why are butterflies again in decline in 2012? Median
a more varied diet. •Heavy rain and wind damages the
mode
Red squirrels are now really only found today butterflies wings.
in pine forest plantations in northern England •Changing flowering times has reduced Is the data reproducible? Explain why.
and Scotland food availability Yes the data collects is similar for both
groups.
What is the advantage of using a transect How is the brown tree snake impacting on the
technique rather than just random quadrat biodiversity in Guam How does the acacia bullthorn plant work in a
sampling? The snake ate all the native small birds mutual relationship with ants?
A quadrat just tells you about that spot - that were not used to having predators, The plant provides a protective home and sugars
is useful for randomly sampling a whole and then the snake changed its diet to for the ants. The ants deter hungry predators
field for daises. other small mammals. from eating the plant.
A transect allow you to see patterns as you Poisoned mouse bombs are being used to
move along a line from point A to point B try and control the snake numbers.
What physical factors may Why did the rabbit population in Australia
affect organism numbers? increase?
What are the arguments for the death and decline of the bee Temperature People released rabbits for hunting, and
population? Nutrients those kept for rearing escaped destroying
Colony collapse disorder Light farm land
Mobile phone masts interrupting bees navigation Water What mechanisms are used to control the
Bees simply not returning Oxygen rabbit population in Australia
What is the impact of bee decline on food production? Carbon dioxide Electric fences
Huge reduction in pollination of flowers for oil seed rape and fruit
trees – reduced yield. How is seaweed designed to survive the changing tide?
What can we do to raise the population of bees? Slime coat to prevent drying out, swim bladder to lift up when tide is
Place bee boxes in gardens and on farm land out, holdfast attaqched to rock to withstand changing tide.
 Give four functions of Describe the structure of a protein. What type of organism do we use to produce
proteins in living organisms enzymes for industry and why?

What is meant by enzyme specificity and why are enzymes

What is an enzyme and
specific?
what is its function?
Add labels to the following
diagram of an enzyme-
substrate complex.
What is the name of the enzyme Explain what
Give two factors that used to convert glucose to fructose? happens when a
affect the rate of an enzyme becomes
enzyme controlled denatured
reaction.
What is the name given to
the part of the enzyme that
Which enzymes are contained in enables it to recognize a
washing powders? substrate?
Why are biological washing powders
more ‘environmentally friendly’?
Look at the graph on theleft which shows how
temperature affects an enzyme-controlled
Why is fructose used instead of reaction.
glucose in slimming foods? a. Describe the effect of temperature on the rate
of reaction.

What are carbohydrases used for in industry? b) Explain the shape of the graph.

Give 2 disadvantages of using enzymes in

industry.
What is the function of digestive
Why is the average human body State where bile is Why does the stomach
enzymes?
temperature 370C? Produced? produce hydrochloric acid?
Stored?
Acts?

What type of cells produce digestive

What type of enzyme is used in the
enzymes?
manufacture of baby foods and why?

Complete the table below to show Digestive enzymes are extracellular. What What are the two functions of bile?
where the following enzymes are made does this mean?
and where they act.
.
Some people suffer from
Enzyme Where it is made Where it acts
gallstones, which may block
their bile duck. Explain the
Amylase following symptoms:
Pale faeces:
Protease

Jaundice:
Lipase Complete the table below to show the
functions of the different digestive
enzymes.

Milk fat is a type of lipid. What would you Enzyme Substrate Product Use of product
expect to happen to the pH of the liquid as
it’s digested and why? Amylase

Protease
Why can’t amylase break down protein?
Lipase
 Give four functions of Describe the structure of a protein. What type of organism do we use to produce
proteins in living organisms Long chain of amino acids enzymes for industry and why?
•Hormones Folded to produce a specific 3D structure Microorganisms
•Enzymes (catalysts) They reproduce rapidly so produce lots of
•Antibodies enzyme
•Structural components of They are cheap and easy to handle
tissues

What is meant by enzyme specificity and why are enzymes

What is an enzyme and
specific?
what is its function?
Add labels to the following Each enzyme only catalyses one type of reaction.
Biological catalyst – speeds
diagram of an enzyme- Each enzyme has a different shape active site
up the rate of a reaction
substrate complex.
Active site What is the name of the enzyme Explain what
Give two factors that used to convert glucose to fructose? happens when a
Enzyme
affect the rate of an Isomerase enzyme becomes
enzyme controlled denatured
reaction. Shape of the active
Substrate What is the name given to
•Tempearture
the part of the enzyme that site changes so the
•pH
enables it to recognize a enzyme no longer
Which enzymes are contained in
substrate? works,
Why are biological washing powders washing powders?
Proteases Active site
more ‘environmentally friendly’?
Allow you to wash clothes at a lower Lipases
Look at the graph on theleft which shows how
temperature temperature affects an enzyme-controlled
Use less energy and therefore less Why is fructose used instead of reaction.
fuel so produce less pollution glucose in slimming foods? a. Describe the effect of temperature on the rate
Fructose is sweeter than glucose of reaction.
So less is needed • Rate increases up to 400C
• Rate is at a maximum at 400C
• Above 400C rate rapidly falls
What are carbohydrases used for in industry? b) Explain the shape of the graph.
To cpnvert startch to sugar syrup • Between 0 and 400C increasing tempearture
increases the kinetic energy of molecules so the
Give 2 disadvantages of using enzymes in enzyme and substrate collide more often and
industry. with more force
Most enzymes are expensive to extract • Above 400C the enzyme is denatured so can no
Some people are allergic to certain enzymes longer catalyse the reaction
What is the function of digestive
Why is the average human body State where bile is Why does the stomach
enzymes?
temperature 370C? Produced? Liver produce hydrochloric acid?
To break large insoluble food
Optimum temperature for most Stored? Gall bladder Stomach enzymes work best
molecules into small soluble molecules
enzymes Acts? Small intestine in acidic conditions.
that can be absorbed.

What type of cells produce digestive

What type of enzyme is used in the
enzymes?
manufacture of baby foods and why?
Specialised cells in glands and the lining of
Proteases to predigest the protein in
the gut
the food. .

Complete the table below to show Digestive enzymes are extracellular. What What are the two functions of bile?
where the following enzymes are made does this mean?
and where they act. They work outside of cells. •Neutralises the stomach acid to
produce alkaline conditions so that
Some people suffer from enzymes in the small intestine are not
Enzyme Where it is made Where it acts denatured
gallstones, which may block
their bile duck. Explain the
Amylase Salivary glands, Mouth, small following symptoms: •Emulsifies (breaks up) fats so they
pancreas, small intestine Pale faeces: bile can’t get have a larger surface area on which
intestine into the small intestines enzymes can work, meaning they are
digested more rapidly
Protease Stomach, pancreas, Stomach,
small intestine small intestine Jaundice: Bile pigment is
deposited in the skin Complete the table below to show the
Lipase Pancreas, small Small functions of the different digestive
intestine intestine enzymes.

Milk fat is a type of lipid. What would you Enzyme Substrate Product Use of product
expect to happen to the pH of the liquid as
it’s digested and why? Amylase Carbohydrate Glucose Substrate for respiration
Become more acidic. (starch)
Fatty acids produced Protease Protein Amino acids Used to synthesise other
proteins
Why can’t amylase break down protein?
The shape of the active site in amylase is Lipase Lipids (fats Fatty acids and Cell membranes, making
not complementary to the shape of a and oils) glycerol hormones, insulation,
protein molecule. energy store
What type of molecules Write a word equation for aerobic respiration. What part of the cell do most
control the rate of reactions stages of aerobic respiration take
inside cells? place in?

What do plants use the energy from Why does anaerobic respiration
respiration for? release so much less energy than
aerobic respiration?

When does anaerobic respiration take place?

Give two changes that happen in What is the product of anaerobic

the body when you exercise. Why do birds and mammals have a higher rate of respiration?
respiration than reptiles and fish?

What is meant by an oxygen

debt?
Graph to show how heart rate Why do muscle
Why do athletes ‘carb load’ changes with exercise cells have lots of
before a big race? 200
mitochondria?
Heart reate / bpm

100
What happens to muscles when
0 they are subject to long periods
0 2 4 6 8 10
of vigorous activity and why?
Time / minutes

The graph above shows how Fred’s heart rate changed during a
1500m race, )minutes is when he started the race and 4 minutes
is when he finished, Describe and explain the shape of the graph,
What is fermentation?
,

Write an equation.
What type of molecules Write a word equation for aerobic respiration. What part of the cell do most
control the rate of reactions stages of aerobic respiration take
inside cells? Glucose + Oxygen Water + Carbon (+ Energy) place in?
Enzymes dioxide Mitochondria

What do plants use the energy from Why does anaerobic respiration
respiration for? release so much less energy than
To build up sugars, nitrates and other aerobic respiration?
nutrients into amino acids which are then Anaerobic respiration is the
built up into proteins. When does anaerobic respiration take place? incomplete breakdown of
When there is insufficient oxygen supply. glucose,

Give two changes that happen in What is the product of anaerobic

the body when you exercise. Why do birds and mammals have a higher rate of respiration?
•Heart rate increases respiration than reptiles and fish? Lactic acid
•Rate and depth of breathing They use energy from respiration to maintain a steady
increases body temperature
What is meant by an oxygen
debt?
Graph to show how heart rate Why do muscle The amount of oxygen required
changes with exercise cells have lots of to oxidise lactic acid to carbon
Why do athletes ‘carb load’
mitochondria? dioxide and water
before a big race? 200
To increase stores of glycogen They need to
Heart reate / bpm

in their muscles 100 respire lots to

produce enough What happens to muscles when
Can be converted back to 0
energy for they are subject to long periods
glucose to be used for 0 2 4 6 8 10
contraction of vigorous activity and why?
respiration during the race Time / minutes
They become fatigued as the
build up of lactic acid stops
The graph above shows how Fred’s heart rate changed during a enzymes working
1500m race, )minutes is when he started the race and 4 minutes
is when he finished, Describe and explain the shape of the graph,
What is fermentation?
Between 0 and 4 minutes heart rate rises to supply the muscles
Anaerobic respiration in yeast.
with more oxygen and glucose and remove carbon dioxide more
rapidly,
Write an equation.
Heart rate remains high after finishing the race to supply oxygen
Glucose Carbon dioxide + ethanol
to recover the oxygen debt and blood to remove the lactic acid,
According to the most widely accepted model to Respiration allows e______ to be Where does respiration take place?
be classified as living there are 7 key life processes released (NOT made) from the sugar
M g……...
R On which structures in the cell does
S respiration happen?
G
R
E Where are these structures found within
N the cell?

Write a word equation for aerobic respiration. Chemical reactions take place in the
cytoplasm. What controls all chemical
reactions?

Describe the changes in the body that take Explain the changes that happen when you Explain simply why it is important for all
place when you exercise. exercise. cells to regulate their temperature.
- H………. r….. increases Faster transport / supply of ………….. and
- Rate and d……. of breathing i…………. ……………. to m…………. cells
- Arteries supplying muscles w…….. / dilate. Faster removal of …………… ………….and
- Arteries going to the s…… dilate / widen …………….. ………….. from cells Is there any difference in respiration
- Glycogen in muscles is broken down into Increased rate of d……………….. of oxygen between plants and animals?
g…….. and carbon dioxide at the lungs
- Increase in s…………. at the skin Faster rate of r………………… in cells
releasing e……………… faster. How is the energy released used?
Faster release of h……. from the body
Why might aerobic respiration stop? preventing e……………. from denaturing to build l……….. molecules from s……….
ones e.g. glycogen from ……. .molecules
Word equation for anaerobic respiration.
in animals, to enable m………to c……….

Why is anaerobic respiration not as useful to cells as aerobic respiration? in mammals and birds (w……. blooded),
- ………. …….. is made (which causes muscle fatigue) and is released into the b……., to maintain a s….… body t………………..
- …….. energy is released as the breakdown of glucose is i………………, in colder surroundings
- an o………….. ……… builds up
in plants, to build up sugars, n…………..
What happens to the lactic acid? and other nutrients into a……... acids
It must be oxidised (repay the oxygen debt) into ………….. …………. and w…….. which are then built up into p………….
According to the most widely accepted model to
be classified as living there are 7 key life processes Respiration allows energy to be released Where does respiration take place?
Movement (NOT made) from the sugar glucose In all living cells
Respiration
Sensitivity On which structures in the cell does
Growth respiration happen?
Reproduction mitochondria
Excretion
Nutrition Where are these structures found within
the cell?
In the cytoplasm
Write a word equation for aerobic respiration.
Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water (+energy) Chemical reactions take place in the
cytoplasm. What controls all chemical
reactions? enzymes
Describe the changes in the body that take
place when you exercise. Explain the changes that happen when you Explain simply why it is important for all
- Heart rate increases exercise. cells to regulate their temperature.
- Rate and depth of breathing increases Faster transport / supply of glucose and The enzymes would denature, respiration
- Arteries supplying muscles widen / dilate. oxygen to muscle cells would stop happening and the cell dies.
- Arteries going to the skin dilate / widen Faster removal of carbon dioxide and
- Glycogen in muscles is broken down into lactic acid from cells Is there any difference in respiration
glucose. Increased rate of diffusion of oxygen and between plants and animals?
- Increase in sweating at the skin carbon dioxide at the lungs No. It happens day and night in all cells
- Muscles contract / respire faster Faster rate of respiration in cells
releasing energy faster. How is the energy released used?
Why might aerobic respiration stop? Faster release of heat from the body
Oxygen may not get to the cells preventing enzymes from denaturing to build larger molecules from smaller
quickly enough and energy is still ones e.g. glycogen from glucose
needed. The muscles stop Word equation for anaerobic respiration.
contracting as efficiently. Glucose lactic acid ( + energy)
in animals, to enable muscles to contract

Why is anaerobic respiration not as useful to cells as aerobic respiration? in mammals and birds (warm blooded), to
- Lactic acid is made (which causes muscle fatigue) and released into the blood, maintain a steady body temperature in
- less energy is released as the glucose is not fully broken down, colder surroundings
- an oxygen debt builds up
in plants, to build up sugars, nitrates and
What happens to the lactic acid? other nutrients into amino acids which are
It must be oxidised (repay the oxygen debt) into carbon dioxide and water then built up into proteins
Compare mitosis and meiosis Why do we need two types of cell Why is fertilisation important?
Mitosis (nearly all cells)– chromosomes d……….., division? Ensures variation in offspring, through …
cell splits o…... into … cells, both have the s…… Mitosis – repair /growth of t…….. parents (s………. reproduction) both passing
number of chromosomes at the end as the original (replacement of c…….) on genetic information bringing differing
parent cell. Meiosis – ensures v………… in offspring combinations of genes / a……….
Higher chance of survival against p………….
Meiosis – (produces g…….... )Testes / ovaries cells
chromosomes duplicate, cell undergoes … Why are plants better designed for survival
divisions to produce … cells with ……. the number than animals?
of chromosomes of other b…… cells Plants retain s….. cells throughout its lifetime,
meaning new limbs/ shoots can be
r……………...
Compare the terms dominant and recessive
What are stem cells
Cells that have not yet s……………. by the
Why was Henry VIII wrong when he blamed Explain why cystic fibrosis appears to be process of d………………….
his wives for giving him girls instead of boys? caused by a recessive allele.
Woman What are the main animal sources of stem
cells?
man E……………… (IVF unused embryos)
U………… ………
A……. stem cells (e.g. b..… ………..)

Which is the best source?

Embryonic – as they can become a… cell in
the body. The others are limited.

What shape is the DNA Evaluate the ethical, social uses of stem cells.
that makes up a E……… are l…….. balls of cells – who should
chromosome? we be to decide their fate as spare parts?
- It skips the ……. and generations. At such an early stage of development the
- It is hidden in some people (…………….) embryo has no s….. / b…….– scientifically
such as .…, .…,…. who appear n…………... acceptable to manipulate these cells.
Treat conditions such as p………….and
What is the difference between a gene and an allele? diabetes, improving f………. lives.
Why did Mendel propose the idea of separately Who was Mendel? Why was Mendel’s work not accepted in
inherited factors (genes)? his life-time?
Mendel proposed the idea because the r….. of - He was a m…… not a s…………….
peas implied the idea of separately inherited - Technology / m………….. were not
factors. He classified the characteristics of advanced enough to see the ……… /
peas and recognized that there is always a genes of i…………….
certain ratio. i.e. : or : or : . - His theory defied current r…………
He also recognised that features could …… beliefs about God and c………...
generations which implied s………… f…….. of
inheritance. When carrying out a genetic cross to
work out the F2 what combination of
Compare a DNA fingerprint, with a fingerprint. alleles must you have for the P1?
What is embryo screening?

Show how using a genetic cross pink pea

Compare the terms homozygous and heterozygous flowers may skip a generation.
Explain how polydactyl syndrome is inherited.
P1 phenotypes white x pink

P1 genotypes

Gametes
Explain how cystic fibrosis is inherited.
F1 genotypes
(cross)

Compare the terms genotype and phenotype. F1 phenotypes

P2 phenotypes

P2 genotypes

Gametes
How does a gene code for a feature? How does cystic fibrosis arise? (Higher)
Each gene codes for a particular c…………….. of amino acids which make a s…….. P……….. If a different F2 genotypes
amino acid is s……………. a different protein is made which might cause more m…………. to be released (cross)
at the cell m……………...
F2 phenotypes
Compare mitosis and meiosis Why do we need two types of cell Why is fertilisation important?
Mitosis (nearly all cells)– chromosomes duplicate, division? Ensures variation in offspring, through 2
cell splits once into two cells, both have the same Mitosis – repair /growth of tissues parents (sexual reproduction) both passing
number of chromosomes at the end as the original (replacement of cells) on genetic information bringing differing
parent cell. Meiosis – ensures variation in offspring combinations of genes / alleles.
Higher chance of survival against pathogens.
Meiosis – (produces gametes. )Testes / ovaries
cells chromosomes duplicate, cell undergoes two Why are plants better designed for survival
divisions to produce 4 cells with half the number than animals?
of chromosomes of other body cells Plants retain stem cells throughout its
lifetime, meaning new limb/ shoots can be
regenerated.
Compare the terms dominant and recessive
Dominant alleles only need to be inherited from 1 parent to be seen, recessive alleles What are stem cells
must be inherited from both parents to be seen. Cells that have not yet specialised by the
Why was Henry VIII wrong when he blamed Explain why cystic fibrosis appears to be process of differentiation
his wives for giving him girls instead of boys? caused by a recessive allele.
Woman What are the main animal sources of stem
cells?
man Embryonic (IVF unused embryos)
Umbilical cord
Adult stem cells (e.g. bone marrow)

- The Y sex chromosome carried by the man Which is the best source?
is the deciding factor. Embryonic – as they can become any cell in
the body. The others are limited.
What shape is the DNA
Evaluate the ethical, social uses of stem cells.
that makes up a
Embryos are living balls of cells – who should
chromosome?
we be to decide their fate as spare parts?
Double helix
- It skips the 2nd and 4th generations. At such an early stage of development the
- It is hidden in some people (carriers) embryo has no spine / brain – scientifically
such as 2, 4,5 who appear normal. acceptable to manipulate these cells.
Treat conditions such as paralysis/ diabetes,
What is the difference between a gene and an allele? improved family lives.
A gene is a short section of chromosome DNA that codes for 1 feature e.g. eye colour,
alleles are the variants of the gene, e.g. brown, blue, green.
Why did Mendel propose the idea of separately Who was Mendel? Why was Mendel’s work not accepted in his
inherited factors (genes)? Monk - founder of genetics. Studied the life-time?
Mendel proposed the idea because the ratio of pea plant - He was a monk not a scientist.
peas implied the idea of separately inherited - Technology / microscopes were not
factors. He classified the characteristics of advanced enough to see the factors / genes
peas and recognized that there is always a of inheritance.
certain ratio. i.e. 1:1 or 3:1 or 1:0. - His theory defied current religious beliefs
He also recognised that features could skip about God and creation.
generations which implied separate factors of
inheritance.
When carrying out a genetic cross to work
Compare a DNA fingerprint, with a fingerprint. out the F2 what combination of alleles must
What is embryo screening? you have for the P1?
DNA fingerprint is unique to everyone apart
Taking a cell from an embryo (IVF) and looking for AA and aa (homozygous dom and rec)
from identical twins. A fingerprint will be
a genetic disorder.
different in everyone.
Show how using a genetic cross pink pea
flowers may skip a generation.
Compare the terms homozygous and heterozygous Explain how polydactyl syndrome is inherited.
Homozygous is either two dominant(AA) or two P1 phenotypes white x pink
recessive alleles aa).
Heterozygous is a combination of a dominant P1 genotypes WW x pp
and a recessive allele (Aa) for a gene
Gametes W W p p
Explain how cystic fibrosis is inherited. p p
Polydactyl is controlled by a dominant allele and F1 genotypes W Wp Wp
so only needs to be inherited from one parent (cross)
W Wp Wp
Compare the terms genotype and phenotype. F1 phenotypes all white
Genotype is the code used (combination of
alleles e.g. Aa). Phenotype is what is P2 phenotypes white x white
Cystic fibrosis is controlled by a recessive displayed in the environment e.g white
allele and so needs to be inherited from both flowers. P2 genotypes Wp x Wp
parents to be seen.
Gametes W p W p
W p
How does a gene code for a feature? How does cystic fibrosis arise? (Higher)
F2 genotypes W WW Wp
Each gene codes for a particular combination of amino acids which make a specific protein. If a
(cross)
different amino acid is sequenced a different protein is made which might cause more mucous to be
p Wp pp
released at the cell membranes.
F2 phenotypes 3 White : 1 pink
 What is a gene? Where is genetic information What are gametes and What is the function of mitosis?
found in the cell? where do they form?

What is the principle behind DNA

What is the difference
fingerprinting?
between the genetic material
in body cells and gametes?
What is the shape of a DNA molecule? What is an allele?

Define the following terms: Complete the table to compare Why was the importance of
Homozygous mitosis and meiosis. Mendel’s discoveries not
appreciated until after his death?
Mitosis Meiosis
Heterozygous
Type of cell formed

Rounds of division
Why are offspring produced by sexual
reproduction genetically different to Number of What did Mendel use for his
their parents? daughter cells experiments?
Genetic makeup of
daughter cells
Distinguish between the terms
Why is it easier to clone plants Add labels to the diagram to show the processes taking genotype and phenotype using an
than animals? place. example for each.
____________ _________
.

Embryo
Zygote
What is meant by a ‘carrier’ of a State whether the following disorders What are the features How many parents must
genetic disease? are dominant or recessive? of polydactyl? possess the cystic
Polydactyl fibrosis gene in order to
Cystic fibrosis have a child with the
disease?

How many polydactyl alleles do you need

What is cystic fibrosis a
in order to have the disease?
disorder of?

What are stem cells and where

What is the difference between a What is the name given to the technique that
are they found?
dominant allele and a recessive allele? involves checking whether an unborn child has a
genetic disease?

Give 2 advantages and 2

Draw a genetic diagram to show why disadvantages of finding out
there is an equal chance of a couple whether your unborn child has a
having a boy and a girl. genetic disease.

http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=genetics-quiz-2
Look at the genetic pedigree above. Explain how Carla
can inherit the disease when neither of her parents
have it.
 What is a gene? Where is genetic information What are gametes and What is the function of mitosis?
A small section of DNA found in the cell? where do they form? Growth of new cells
that codes for a On chromosomes in the Sex cells – testes (sperm) Repair of worn out or damaged cells
particular combination of nucleus. and ovaries (ova) To create cells that can
amino acids that make a differentiate
specific protein.

What is the principle behind DNA

What is the difference
fingerprinting?
between the genetic material
Every individual except for
in body cells and gametes?
What is the shape of a DNA molecule? What is an allele? identical twins has different DNA
Body cells have 2 sets of
Double helix An alternative
chromosomes, gametes have
version of a gene
only one set.

Define the following terms: Complete the table to compare Why was the importance of
Homozygous an individual for whom mitosis and meiosis. Mendel’s discoveries not
both alleles for a particular gene are appreciated until after his death?
the same Mitosis Meiosis •No one knew about chromosomes
or genes at the time
Heterozygous an individual for whom Type of cell formed Body cell Gamete •Mendel was not a well respected
both alleles for a particular gene are scientist and his work was not
different published in respected journals
Rounds of division 1 2
Why are offspring produced by sexual
reproduction genetically different to Number of 2 4 What did Mendel use for his
their parents? daughter cells experiments?
Offspring inherit one of each pair of Genetic makeup of Identical to Different to Pea plants
alleles from each parent. daughter cells parent cell parent cell
Distinguish between the terms
Why is it easier to clone plants Add labels to the diagram to show the processes taking genotype and phenotype using an
than animals? place. example for each.
Most plant cells retain the ability Fertilisation Mitosis •Genotype: combination of alleles of
to differentiate throughout life an individual e.g. Bb
whereas most animal cells •Phenotype: observable
become specialised during characteristics of an organism e.g.
formation of the embryo. brown eyes
Embryo
Zygote
What is meant by a ‘carrier’ of a State whether the following disorders What are the features How many parents must
genetic disease? are dominant or recessive? of polydactyl? possess the cystic
A heterozygote – has one normal Polydactyl dominant Extra fingers or toes fibrosis gene in order to
allele and one faulty allele for a Cystic fibrosis recessive have a child with the
recessive disease disease?
Both

How many polydactyl alleles do you need

What is cystic fibrosis a
in order to have the disease?
disorder of?
One
Cell membranes

What are stem cells and where

What is the difference between a What is the name given to the technique that
are they found?
dominant allele and a recessive allele? involves checking whether an unborn child has a
Undifferentiated cells that can
A dominant allele controls the genetic disease?
Embryo screening specialise to form any other type
development of a characteristic when
of cell
it is present on only one of the
Found in the embryo, cord blood
chromosomes in a pair.
and adult bone marrow
A recessive allele controls the
development of characteristics only
if the dominant allele is not present is
a recessive allele.

Give 2 advantages and 2

Draw a genetic diagram to show why disadvantages of finding out
there is an equal chance of a couple whether your unborn child has a
having a boy and a girl. genetic disease.
•Advantages – can make an
Mum (XX) http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=genetics-quiz-2 informed decision about
Look at the genetic pedigree above. Explain how Carla abortion; can prepare mentally
X X can inherit the disease when neither of her parents and financially for having a child
have it. with a disease; can prevent
Dad (XY) Disease must be recessive suffering
X XX XX
Ann and Michael are both carriers •Disadvantages - can lead to
Girl Girl
Neither exhibits the disease as they have one normal destruction of the foetus which
Y XY XY allele is against some religions;
Boy Boy Both pass one recessive allele to Carla so she inherits procedure can harm mother or
the disease baby;
•Why are fossils important for What conditions are needed for decay Give two reasons why the fossil record is incomplete.
studying evolution? to occur?

What does it mean if a species has

become extinct?
What is a fossil?

Give 5 reasons why a species may become extinct.

Describe 3 ways in which fossils can form. What does it mean if 2
populations of a species become
isolated?

What is the theory of

evolution?
Give a definition of a species.

Lemurs and monkeys have a common primate ancestor.

Explain how they became separate species. Give 2 ways in which populations Why has the introduction of
of a species can become grey squirrels led to red
geographically isolated. squirrels becoming endangered?

Why are scientists unsure about how animals evolved even if there
is good fossil evidence?
•Why are fossils important for What conditions are needed for decay Give two reasons why the fossil record is incomplete.
studying evolution? to occur? •Many early life forms were soft bodied so few
•They tell us about organisms that Oxygen traces have been left behind.
no longer exist Moisture •Foils have been destroyed by geological activity.
•They show us how organisms have Warmth
changed over the course of What does it mean if a species has
evolution become extinct?
All organisms of the species have died
What is a fossil?
out.
The remains of an organism from
millions of years ago preserved in rock.
Give 5 reasons why a species may become extinct.
Describe 3 ways in which fossils can form. What does it mean if 2 •changes to the environment over geological time
•from the hard parts of animals that do not populations of a species become • new predators
•decay easily isolated? • new diseases
•from parts of organisms that have not They become physically • new, more successful, competitors
decayed separated. • a single catastrophic event, eg massive volcanic
•because one or more of the conditions eruptions or collisions with asteroids
needed for decay are absent What is the theory of
•when parts of the organism are replaced by evolution?
•other materials as they decay New species develop from old Give a definition of a species.
•as preserved traces of organisms, eg species by the process of A group of organisms with similar
footprints, burrows and rootlet traces. gradual change over millions of characteristics that can reproduce to give
years. fertile offspring

Lemurs and monkeys have a common primate ancestor.

Explain how they became separate species. Give 2 ways in which populations Why has the introduction of
•Two populations of the primate ancestor became of a species can become grey squirrels led to red
geographically isolated geographically isolated. squirrels becoming endangered?
•Within each population there was genetic variation •Land mass breaks off / •Grey squirrels are a new
•In the two different environments there were differing formation of an island competitor
selection pressures •Flooding •Greys are better adapted to
•In each population the alleles that gave a survival advantage •Formation of a new mountain the environment e.g. less timid /
were selected for range eat wider variety of food etc
•Eventually the populations became so different that
Why are scientists unsure about how animals evolved even if there
interbreeding was no longer possible
is good fossil evidence?
No scientists around millions of years ago to document changes.