MARKS (10%)

Procedure (1%)
Results (2%)
Analysis (2%)
Discussion (2%)
UiTM CAWANGAN SARAWAK Conclusion (1%)
KAMPUS SAMARAHAN 2
Lab Skills &
CHM131 Technique (2%)
GENERAL CHEMISTRY TOTAL (10%)

LABORATORY REPORT
TITLE : INTRODUCTION TO TITRATION: DETERMINATION
OF THE MOLARITY AND CONCENTRATION OF
SULPHURIC ACID BY TITRATION WITH A
STANDARD SOLUTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE
EXPERIMENT NO. :3
CLASS/GROUP : AS120 1D
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 9/11/2022
DATE OF SUBMISSION :16 /11/2022
LECTURER’S NAME : Assoc Prof. Ts. ChM Dr Mohammad Isa Mohamadin

No. Group Member Student ID

1. Leo Pietro Debongson anak Pait 2022820134

2. Wilbert Imang Wan 2022469082

3. Ollivia anak Roy Ratnoer 2022678888

 LABORATORY REPORT
BASIC CHEMISTRY

Course Code CHM131

Introduction to titration:
Determination of the molarity
Experimental
and concentration of sulphuric
Number And Title
acid by titration with a standard
solution of sodium hydroxide
Leo Pietro Debongson anak
Pait
Student’s name
Wilbert Imang Wan
Ollivia anak Roy Ratnoer
2022820134
Matrix Number 2022469082
2022678888
9/11/2022
Date Of Experiment
Date Of Report
16/11/2022
Submission
Assoc Prof. Ts. ChM Dr
Lecturer’s Name
Mohammad Isa Mohamadin
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The reaction of acid and base is common in chemistry. This reaction was termed as
neutralization, and an aqueous solution is the essential feature of this process which
is the combination of hydronium ions (H3O+) with hydroxide ions (OH+) to form
water.
Titration is a technique to accurately measure the volume of a solution required to
react with another reagent. An acid that has exactly neutralized a base or suitable
color change shows an equivalent amount of acids and bases present will be
determined using an indicator solution. The endpoint of the titration is termed when
the color change. Color-changing indicators are at different pH values.
Phenolphthalein change colorless to pink at a pH of about 9.

2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the concentration of sulphuric acid(H2SO4) using titration technique

3.0 APPARATUS
Buret, buret clamp, retort stand, 20 mL volumetric pipette, pipette filler, and 250 mL
conical flask.

4.0 CHEMICALS
NaOH solution, approximately 0.2M(must be accurately standardized before the
laboratory session), dilute sulphuric acid of unknown molarity, and phenolphthalein.

5.0 PROCEDURE
1. The burette was washed with distilled water and rinsed with about 5-10 mL of
NaOH solution, running the second rinsing through the burette tip. The burette was
clamped to the retort stand.
2. The burette was filled with the base and make sure that the tip is filled and
contained no air bubbles. The initial burette reading was recorded.
3.20.00 ml of H2SO4 were transferred to a clean 250ml conical flask using a
volumetric pipette. 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator were added. The flask was
placed on a piece of white paper under the burette and the burette tip was lowered
into the flask.
4. The acid were titrated by adding base until the endpoint is reached. The flask was
kept swirling during the titration. The endpoint is indicated when the entire solution
retains a faint pink color for at least 30 seconds. The final burette reading was
recorded. This will be the result of the ROUGH TITRATION.
5. The titration process was repeated until two consecutive titrations meaning that,
one titration after another agrees to ± 0.10ml.
For example
Volume of titration #1 = 15.15 mL
Volume of titration #2 = 15.12 mL
So, the difference in volume = ±0.03 ml (which is within the given limit of ±0.10 ml.)
This means the titration needs to be stopped. The average volume will be used as
(15.15mL + 15.12 mL) / 2 = 15.14mL. Volume from the Rough titration can not is
included.
However, if obtain results as follows
Volume of titration #1 = 15.15 mL
Volume of litration #2 = 16.12 mL
So, the difference in volume 0 97 ml (which is higher than the given limit of ±0.10 mL)
This means the titration must continue until the +0.10 mL limit is obtained, as follows
Volume of litration # 1 = 15.15mL
Volume of litration # 2 = 16.12mL
Volume of litration # 3 = 16.08mL
Using the volumes from consecutive titrations #2 and #3, the difference in volume =
±0.04 mL (which is within the given limit of ±0,10 ml.) This means the titrations
should be stopped. The average volume will be used as
(16.12 ml + 16.08 mL)/2 = 16.10 mL. The volume from the ROUGH titration and the
volume from titration #1 cannot be included.
This step needs to be understood. All results need to be shown to the laboratory
instructor to ensure the experiment is on the right track.

6. The reading from all titrations in the space provided on the report sheet were
recorded.
7. When finished with the titration, the burette was empty and had been rinsed at
least twice with tap water and once with distilled water.
6.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATION

Result
Number of titration Rough Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3
Titration
Final burette reading 20.5 20.3 20.6 20.4
(mL)

Initial burette reading 50 50 50 50

(mL)

Volume of NaOH used 29.5 29.7 29.4 29.6

(mL)

Molarity of standard NaOH (MB)= 0.2 M

Volume of H2SO4 (VA) = 20 mL
Average volume of NaOH (VB) = 29.65 mL
Calculations
1. Determine the molarity of the unknown H2S04 (MA) solution.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H20

MAVA � 1
MBVB
=�=2

(MA)(20) 1
(0.2)(29.65)
=2

20MA 1
5.93
=2

1
20MA = 2 × 5.93

20MA = 2.965

MA = 0.148

2. Determine the concentration (g/L) of unknown H2SO4 (MA) solution.

���� �� ������(�)
Concentration, MA = ������ �� ��������(�)

����
0.148 = 2×1 +32+(4×16)

����
0.148 = 98

0.148 × 98 = mass

Mass = 0.148 × 98

Mass = 14.504g

14.504
Concentration g/L = 0.02

= 725.2 g/L
7.0 CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, the concentration of sulphuric acid ( H₂So₄ ) has been proven
using titration technique. This concentration could be found because of the average
volume of NaOH used in the titration.

8.0 ANSWER OF THE QUESTIONS

1.Why is phenolphthalein used in the experiment?

When conducting titration experiment, phenolphthalein is frequently used as an
indicator to show the endpoint of the titration.

2.NaoH is a hygroscopic compound and all NaOH solutions must be standardized

before it can be used for analysis . Using references, explain the given terms.
a. Hygroscopic
A hygroscopic substance usually takes moisture from the air and absorbs it. The
water content of the surrounding air has an impact on the hygroscopic
pharmaceutical items water content. Low humidity settings are necessary for the
production of hygroscopic items in order to prevent them from absorbing too much
moisture.

b. Standardization
To standardize things means to change them so that they all have the same features
9.0 DISCUSSION
In the experiment, the initial and final burette reading of the NaOH needed to get the
volume of NaOH used in each of the the titration.

Rough titration initially used to get a good sense of the appropriate volume needed
for that specific procedure. However, the data from the rough titration shouldn't be
used because it is not as precise as a fine titration, therefore the data would be
unreliable. This rough titration would then guide the experiment to get a more
accurate data.

The same initial burette reading which is 50ml used for each titration but each of this
titration might have a different final burette reading. This final burette reading for
each titration really critical because the different limits between successful titration is
only 0.10ml.

For the first titration, final burette reading is around 20.3ml and volume of NaOH
used was 29.7ml while the second titration final burette reading is around 20.6ml and
the volume of NaOH used was around 29.4ml. The third titration final burette reading
is around 20.4ml and the volume of NaOH used was around 29.6ml.

By comparing the first and second titration, there are some error which cause the
final burette reading exceed the limit. The possible reason for such error are
because of the technique errors in apparatus preparation. This is why, the
experiment need to be done carefully and properly in order to obtain the accurate
results.

10.0 REFERENCES
YouTube (Titration Experiment & Calculate the Molarity of Acetic Acid in Vinegar)
https://youtu.be/9pS7Q4MQCYI