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Chemical Bond
Chemic al Bond
Attractive force which holds various

In different chemical
constituents such as atoms, ions, etc.,
species
together
Why Chemical Bond forms?
Bonding is a way of reducing the energy

of a system to attain stability.
Potential Energy Curve
Internuclear
Potential energy
r0 distance, r (pm)
0 r=
(kJ/mol)
r= 300
H H
150
H H
-435.8 r=
74
H H
Observed bond distance in H2

Types of Bonds
Types of Bonds
Chemic al Bond
Electropositive
Two Two
&
electronegative electropositive
electronegative
atoms atoms
atoms
Ionic bond Covalent bond Metallic bond

Ionic Bond
W hy Ionic Bond Form s?
To attain stable electronic configuration.
Elements lose or gain electron(s) in order to

have an octet in their valence shell.
Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond
e-
Electropositive atom Electronegative atom
Ionic Compounds
Highly ordered 3-D Held together by

Know n as
arrangement of electrostatic
Lattic e
cations and anions attractions
The crystal lattice of electrovalent compound is composed of:
a) Atoms
b) Molecules
c) Oppositely charged ions
d) Both molecules and ions

Favourable conditions for the formation of ionic bonds
Fav ourable c onditions
I.E. E.A.
Lattice
Δ E.N. (electropositive (electronegative
energy
element) element)
High Low High High

Ionic Compound
For stable ionic Compound
I.E. - | ΔegH | - | L.E.| < 0

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Ionic bond ?
a) Non-rigid
b) Non-directional
c) Solu ble in polar solv ents
d) Low melting point

Which combination will give the strongest ionic bond?
a) Na+ and Cl-
b) Mg2+ and Cl-
c) Na+ and O2-
d) M g2+ and O 2-
Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends upon the:
a) charge on the ion only
b) size of the ion only
c) packing of the ion only
d) charge and size of the ion

Covalent Bond
Formed by the mutual sharing of

electrons between two atoms
Types of Covalent Bond
1 Single bond
Nu m ber of
shared pair 2 Dou ble bond
of electrons
3 Triple bond
Theories of Covalent Bonding
Köllel-Lewis
electronic theory
T heories of VBT
Covalent
Bonding
VSEPR
MOT
Köllef-Lewis Theory
Octet
rule
Tendency
of atoms to have
eight electrons in
their valence
shell
Exception of He and H: Duplet of electrons

Köllef-Lewis Theory
Atoms can combine
By the transfer
ol valenc e
By sharing
electrons lrom or
of electrons
one atom to
another
C C
l l
Lewis Dot Structures
Pro vid es a pic tu re

ol bonding in m olec ules
& ionsin term s ol
the shared pairs of
electrons and the
oc tet rule.
Shared pair of electrons
O2
→ →
→
Ammonium ion
Form al Charge (F.C.)
In polyatomic ions, the net charge is

possessed by the whole ion.
Feasible to assign a
formal charge on each atom
Formula for Formal Charge !
Valence electrons _ Non - bonding _ 1

Bonding electrons
in the free atom electrons 2
_ _ 1
F.C. = V L
2
(B)
Formal Charge !
2
1
3
_ _ 1
F.C. on (1) = 6 6 (2) = -1
2
_ _ 1
F.C. on (2) = 6 2 (6) = +1
2
_ _ 1
F.C. on (3) = 6 4 (4) = 0
2
Formal Charge !
Used to give the relative stability of possible

Lewis structures
Lowest energy structure:

Smallest formal charges on the atoms
The formal charge on an oxygen atom in N2O molecule is:
N N O
a) 0
b) +1
c) -1
d) -2
Limitations of Octet Rule
Limitations of O ctet Rule
1 Molecules with incomplete octet of the central atom.
Hypovalent compound Electrons around central atom < 8

2 Molecules with odd electrons.
NO, NO2, ClO2, ClO3

3 Molecules with expanded octet .
Hypervalent compound Electrons around central atom > 8

4 Form ation ol Xe and Krc om po u nd s.
Xe and Kr form compounds with F and O

Which one of the following elements will never obey the octet
rule?
a) Na
b) F
c) S
d) H
Which of the following is an example of a super octet molecule?
a) ClF3
b) P Cl5
c) IF7
d) All of the above

Which is not an exception to octet rule?
a) BF3
b) SiCl4
c) BeI2
d) ClO 2
Find out the number of shared pair and lone pair of electrons
for PCl3.
a) 10, 3
b) 3, 10
c) 3, 9
d) 3, 1
Which one of the following species contains three bond pairs
and one lone pair around the central atom?
a) H2O
b) BF3
c) NH 2-
d) PCl3
“Stay Positive. Work Hard. Make It Happen!”
THANK YOU

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Chemical Bond

Attractive force which holds various

Bonding is a way of reducing the energy

Observed bond distance in H2

Ionic bond Covalent bond Metallic bond

To attain stable electronic configuration.

Elements lose or gain electron(s) in order to

Highly ordered 3-D Held together by

c) Oppositely charged ions

d) Both molecules and ions

Fav ourable c onditions

High Low High High

For stable ionic Compound

I.E. - | ΔegH | - | L.E.| < 0

c) Solu ble in polar solv ents

d) Low melting point

a) Na+ and Cl-

b) Mg2+ and Cl-

c) Na+ and O2-

a) charge on the ion only

b) size of the ion only

c) packing of the ion only

d) charge and size of the ion

Formed by the mutual sharing of

Exception of He and H: Duplet of electrons

Atoms can combine

Pro vid es a pic tu re

Shared pair of electrons

In polyatomic ions, the net charge is

Valence electrons _ Non - bonding _ 1

Used to give the relative stability of possible

Lowest energy structure:

1 Molecules with incomplete octet of the central atom.

Hypovalent compound Electrons around central atom < 8

2 Molecules with odd electrons.

NO, NO2, ClO2, ClO3

3 Molecules with expanded octet .

Hypervalent compound Electrons around central atom > 8

4 Form ation ol Xe and Krc om po u nd s.

Xe and Kr form compounds with F and O

d) All of the above

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