Radiant Heat Exchange

between
Two Surfaces
 Radiant Heat Exchange between Two Surfaces

T1 T2
1. Intensity of Radiation
Emission Properties
2. Solid Angle e or J
Absorption Properties
3. Shape Factor
Type of Body
4. Radiosity
HT betn two Body
 Radiant Heat Exchange between Two Surfaces
I de
1. Intensity of Radiation [I]
• Radiation emitted by surface in all
directions and directional
d
distribution is not uniform.
• Radiation emitted in particular
direction given by intensity of
radiation de
I de  I  d
• Radiant flux passing in the specified d
direction per unit solid angle is e   I  d
called “ Intensity of Radiation”. Direction-Solid Angle-d 3D Angle
2. Solid Angle [d] A2
A1
Construct a conical surface d  2
r
with vertex at dA1 passing
A
through the perimeter of A2.
dA1
The solid angle subtended by
area A2 at the differential area
dA1 is numerically equal to the A2
area A of the portion of the a
surface of a sphere of unit d  2
R
radius, centre at dA1 which cut
dA1
out the conical surface.
2. Solid Angle [ ]

Angle in 2D Angle in 3D
 2. Solid Angle [d] Solid Angle in spherical coordinate

Solid Angle subtended

by area dA
dA
d 
r2
rd  r sin d
d 
r2
r 2 sin dd
d 
r2

d   sin  d  d 
The solid angle is defined as a portion of the space enclosed by a
conical surface with the vertex of the cone at the centre of sphere.
 Radiant Heat Exchange between Two Surfaces
I de
1. Intensity of Radiation [I]

• Total intensity of radiation in a

given direction-Radiant flux passing d
in the specified direction per unit
solid angle is called “ Intensity of
Radiation”.
Radiant flux
in direction
de  I  d
Intensity of de
I Total
Radiation
d Radiation e   I  d
solid angle
Direction-Solid Angle-d 3D Angle
 I de

Direction
Total e   I  d
Emissive Power d
Integrating over all direction

  2   / 2
Total
Emissive Power
e


0 

0
I  sin  d  d 
For many surfaces,

I  I n cos 
Horizontal Vertical
Azimuth Zenith

Lambert’s Law of Diffused Radiation

 I de
  2   / 2
Total
Emissive Power e   I  sin  d  d 
0 0 d
For many surfaces,
I  I n cos  Lambert’s Law of
Diffused Radiation
Such surfaces is called diffused surfaces, all diffuse surfaces obey
this law
Substituting Lambert’s Law,
2  /2 e
e   I n cos  sin  d  d  In 
0 0

Radiant intensity in
Total Emissive Power e  I n Normal Direction For any diffuse surfaces
Calculate
1. Intensity of radiation in normal direction
2. Radiant flux emitted within the Cone 500
0    50 0
0    2
e ε=0.08 800 K
1. Intensity of radiation in normal direction In 

From S-B law, e   T 4

e  0 . 08  5 . 67  10  8  800 4
 1857 . 9 W / m 2

1857 .9
In   591 .4 W / m 2  Sr
3 .14
Calculate   00
1. Intensity of radiation in normal direction
2. Radiant flux emitted within the Cone
  50 0

0    50 0 500

0    2
2. Radiant flux emitted within the Cone
ε=0.08 800 K
2 50
  I
0 0
n cos  sin  d  d 

sin 2
50
 2 I n 
0
2
d  1090 . 3 W / m 2
 Heat Exchange between two Surfaces at different Temperature

Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface Element

Shape Factor

Properties of Shape Factor

Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Non-Black Surface Element

Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface Element
dA2

In
T2
β2 n
L
n β1

T1

dA1
Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface Element

T I n
Net Radiative Heat Transfer rate dq1-2 2
L
between dA1 & dA2 dq12 net dA2 n
β2 β1 n

= Rate at which radiation emitted by dA1 is T 1

absorbed by dA2 dq12 dA1

- Rate at which radiation emitted by dA2 is

absorbed by dA1 dq21

Net Radiative Heat Transfer rate

dq12 net  dq12  dq21

Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface Element
Net Radiative Heat Transfer rate
T I

dq12 net  dq12  dq21

2 n

β2 L β1 n
dA2 n
T
Radiation emitted by dA1 & going towards dA2 dq12 1

dA1
dq12  I d  dA1
Intensity of radiation (I) emitted by dA1 in the direction of dA2
e   T1 4  e
I  cos  1    cos  1
 In 
    
Solid angle (d) subtended by dA2 at dA1 I  I n cos 
dA 2 cos  2 dA
d  dA2 normal to line L d 
r2
L2
Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface Element
Net Radiative Heat Transfer rate
T I

dq12 net  dq12  dq21

2 n

β2 L β1 n
dA2 n
T
Radiation emitted by dA1 & going towards dA2 dq12 1

dA1
dq12  I d  dA1
  T1 4  dA cos 
   cos  1  2 2 2  dA1

    L 

cos  1 cos  2 dA 2
  T
4
1 dA1 Where,
 L 2

cos  1 cos  2 dA 2
dq12  dF1 2  T1 4
dA1 dF1 2 
 L2
Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface Element

T 2
I n

cos  1 cos  2 dA 2 β2 L β1 n
dF1 2  dA2 n
 L2 T
dq12 1

dA1
Is called as “Shape Factor” of dA1 w.r.to dA2

Which is also known as “Configuration Factor”, “View Factor”, “Angle Factor”,

“Surface Factor”
“Shape Factor” is defined as the fraction of radiant energy emitted from one
surface and falling on other surface directly without any intervening reflections.

“Shape Factor” is defined as the fraction of radiant energy emitted from one
surface (dA1) and intercepted by other surface (dA2).
 Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface Element
Net Radiative Heat Transfer rate
T I

dq12 net  dq12  dq21

2 n

β2 L β1 n
dA2 n
Similarly, T
dq12 1

Radiation emitted by dA2 & going towards dA1 dA1

dq21  I d  dA 2
  T2 4
 dA cos 
   cos  2  1 2 1  dA 2

    L 
cos  1cos  2 dA1 Where,
  T
4
dA
 L2
2 2
cos  1 cos  2 dA1
dF 
dq12  dF 2 1  T2 4 dA 2 2 1
 L2
Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface Element
Net Radiative Heat Transfer rate
T I

dq12 net  dq12  dq21

2 n

β2 L β1 n
dA2 n
T
cos  1 cos  2 dA 2 dq12 1

dq12 net   L 2
 T
4
1 dA1
dA1

cos  1 cos  2 dA1

  T
4
dA 2
 L 2 2


 cos  1 cos  2 dA1 dA 2
 L2
T 1
4
 T 2
4
 
Q  hA T1  T2 

dq12 net  dF1 2  T1 4  T2 4 dA1 

Q   A T1  T2
4 4

dq12 net  dF 2 1  T
1
4
 T2
4
 dA 2
Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface
A2

In
T2
β2 n
L
n β1

T1

A1
 SHAPE FACTOR
“Shape Factor” is defined as the fraction of
T I
radiant energy emitted from one surface and 2 n

falling on other surface directly without any β2 L β1 n

dA2 n
intervening reflections.
T
dq12 1

Which is also known as “Configuration Factor”, dA1

“View Factor”, “Angle Factor”, “Surface Factor”

dq12 net  dF 1 2  
 T1 4  T2 4 dA1
cos  1 cos  2 dA 2

Q1 2  F1 2  T1  T2
4 4
A 1
dF1 2 
 L2

“Shape Factor” is defined as the fraction of radiant energy emitted from one
surface (A1) and intercepted by other surface (A2).
 PROPERTIES OF SHAPE FACTOR
1. Reciprocity Theorem T 2
I n

β2 L β1 n
A2 n

Q1 2  F1 2  T1  T2
4 4
A
1
A1
T 1


Q1 2  F2 1  T1  T2
4 4
A 2

F1 2 A1  F2 1 A2 Reciprocal Relation

Useful when one of them is

unity.
 PROPERTIES OF SHAPE FACTOR
2. For Convex or Flat surfaces

Shape factor w.r.to itself is zero, one can not see any part.

1 1

F11  0
 PROPERTIES OF SHAPE FACTOR
3. For Concave Surfaces

Shape factor w.r.to itself is NOT zero, one can see some part.

1
F11  0
 PROPERTIES OF SHAPE FACTOR
4. For two infinite parallel surface

Shape factor for two infinite parallel surface is unity.

1 F1 2  1
2 F 2 1  1

1 2 F1 2  1 2
F11  0
F11  0 1 F1 2  1
F2  1  1
 PROPERTIES OF SHAPE FACTOR
5. Value of shape factor is purely function of geometry & orientation
w.r.to each other.

6. Enclosure Rule
5
4
If, 1,2,3....n surfaces make up enclosure

F11  F1 2  F13  ...........  F1 n  1 1

F21  F2 2  F23  ...........  F2 n  1 2

3

Fn 1  Fn  2  Fn 3  ...........  Fn  n  1
 PROPERTIES OF SHAPE FACTOR

7. Additive Rule
2

F1 2  F13  F1 4 4

1
Heat Exchange between two Surfaces at different Temperature
Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Black Surface
Element
Shape Factor Properties of Shape Factor

Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Non-Black Surface

Element
Radiant Heat Exchange between Two Gray Body
Electrical Analogy For Radiant Heat Exchange

Electrical Network Analogy

For Radiant Heat Exchange
 Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Non-Black
Surface Element

Analysis of black surface is easy.

G
o It absorb all radiation.
o No reflect back.
o No transmission.
o Perfect absorber and Perfect emitter.
eb

      1   0,  0,   1,   1, Energy leaving

=emissive power
 Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Two Non-Black
Surface Element
Assumptions:
1. Enclosure/bodies are opaque, diffuse & Gray
Opaque - No Transmissivity,
Diffuse - α=ε
Gray – α is independent of wavelength
2. Each surface is Isothermal
3. Uniform Irradiation and Radiosity
Radiosity [J]: Total amount of energy leaving [emitted + reflected]
from the surface per unit time and per unit area.

Irradiation [G]: Total radiant energy received per unit area from all
direction and wavelength from the surface per unit time and
per unit area.

Radiosity [J]
Radiosity, J  G  e

J  G  eb
 Radiosity-Irradiation Approach:
Q Q
 J G  J G
A A      1

J  G  e Q J  eb      1
J
A 1      1 
J  G  eb
Q J  J  J  eb
J  1   G  eb A

1   
J  eb A  eb  J  Qnet 
eb  J 
G Qnet  1   
1    1   
A
 Radiosity-Irradiation Approach:
Q Electrical Analogy
 J G
A Qnet
R

Q J  eb
J eb J
A 1   
Qnet  I current eb  J  V Voltage
Q J  J  J  eb
 eb  J  potential diff .
A 1    Qnet 
1   
A  eb  J  A
Qnet 
1    1     R Resistance
A
 Net Heat Exchange between Two Parallel Grey Surface
Fraction of energy leaving surface 1 & reaching at surface 2,
1 2 Q1  A1 F1 2 J1 .......1
Fraction of energy leaving surface 2 & reaching at surface 1,

Q2  A2 F21 J 2 .......2
Net radiation energy exchange between surface 1 & surface 2,
(Q1 2 ) net   A1 F1 2 J1    A2 F21 J 2  .......3
(Q1 2 ) net   A1 F1 2 J1    A1 F1 2 J 2  By reciprocal relation

A1 F12  A2 F21
A1,ε1,T1 A2,ε2,T2
(Q1 2 ) net  A1 F12  J1  J 2 
 Net Heat Exchange between Two Parallel Grey Surface

Net radiation energy exchange between surface 1 & surface 2,

1 2

(Q1 2 ) net   A1 F1 2 J1    A2 F21 J 2  .......3

(Q1 2 ) net   A1 F1 2 J1    A1 F1 2 J 2  By reciprocal relation
A1 F12  A2 F21
(Q1 2 ) net  A1 F12  J1  J 2 

(Q1 2 ) net 
 J1  J 2  Where,
1
1 R1 2 
A1,ε1,T1 A2,ε2,T2 A1 F1 2
A1 F12
Space Resistance
Shape Resistance
 Net Heat Exchange between Two Parallel Grey Surface
Net radiation energy exchange between surface 1 & surface 2,
1 2
(Q1 2 ) net 
 J1  J 2  Where, 1
1 R1 2 
A1 F1 2
A1 F1 2
Space OR Shape Resistance
Betn the Space
Electrical Analogy

Qnet
R1 R2 R3

eb1 J1
1  1  R2 
1 J2 1   2  eb 2
R1  A1 F1 2 R3 
A 1 A 2
A1,ε1,T1 A2,ε2,T2

(Q1 2 ) net 
 eb1  eb 2 
R1  R2  R3
 Net Heat Exchange between Two Parallel Grey Surface

(Q1 2 ) net
 J  J2 
 1
Electrical Analogy
1 2 1
(Q1 2 ) net 
 eb1  eb 2 
A1 F1 2
R1  R2  R3

Qnet
R1 R2 R3

eb1 J1 J2
1  1  R2 
1 1   2  eb 2
R1  A1 F12 R3 
A 1 A 2

(Q1 2 ) net 
 eb1  eb 2 
A1,ε1,T1 A2,ε2,T2 1  1   1

1 2 
A 1 A1 F1 2 A 2