Complex Number

CHAPTER
2 COMPLEX NUMBER
Recap of Early Classes

With the evolution of numbers, the need of more generalized category of numbers were always required,
counting numbers to real numbers, which deal with variable in one dimension. Now we are going to study
numbers related to two variables, carrying both at a time in one representation.
1.0 DEFINITION
2.0 ARGAND DIAGRAM
3.0 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS
3.1 Equality In Complex Number
4.0 THREE IMPORTANT TERMS : CONJUGATE/MODULUS/ARGUMENT
4.1 Conjugate of Complex Number
4.2 Modulus of Complex Number
4.3 Argument or Amplitude of Complex Number
5.0 REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS
5.1 Cartesian Form (Geometrical Representation)
5.2 Trigonometric / Polar Representation
5.3 Exponential Representation
6.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE
7.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF MODULUS
8.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF AMPLITUDE
9.0 VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
10.0 ROTATION THEOREM
11.0 DE'MOIVRE’S THEOREM
12.0 CUBE ROOT OF UNITY
13.0 nth ROOTS OF UNITY
14.0 SUM OF SINE & COSINE SERIES WHOSE ANGLES ARE IN A.P.
15.0 COORDINATE GEOMETRY BY COMPLEX NUMBER
15.1 Section Formula
15.2 Special Points of Triangle
15.3 Straight Line
15.4 Circle
16.0 LOGARITHM & EXPONENT OF COMPLEX NUMBER
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
EXERCISE-3
EXERCISE-4(A)
EXERCISE-4(B)
EXERCISE-5
Complex Nu mber
COMPLEX NUMBER
1.0 DEFINITION
Complex numbers are defined as expressions of the form a + ib where a , b Î R and i = - 1 . It is denoted by
z i.e. z = a + ib. ‘a’ is called real part of z (Re z) and ‘b’ is called imaginary part of z (Im z).
Complex Number (a + ib)
Purely real Purely imaginary Imaginary

if b = 0 if a = 0 if b 0
NOTE
(i) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers.
Hence N Ì W Ì I Ì Q Ì R Ì C.
(ii) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
3 4
(iii) i = - 1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i² = -1; i = -i; i = 1 etc.
4n 4n+1 4n+2 4n+3
In general i = 1, i = i, i = –1, i = –i, where n Î I
1+ i
(iv) =i
1- i
1
(v) = -i
i
2.0 ARGAND DIAGRAM

SL
Master Argand had done a systematic study on complex numbers and

represented every complex number z = x + iy, x, y Î R as a set of Im aginar y a xis
ordered pair (x, y) on a plane called complex plane (Argand Diagram)
containing two perpendicular axes. Horizontal axis is known as Real P (z)
y
axis and x
R eal a xis
vertical axis is known as Imaginary axis. O z = x + iy
All complex numbers lying on the real axis are called as purely real R e(z)=x, Im (z)=y
and those lying on imaginary axis as purely imaginary.
3.0 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS

SL
Fundamental operations with complex numbers; (a, b, c, d Î R)

(a) Addition (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
(b) Subtraction (a + bi) – (c + di) = (a – c) + (b – d)i
(c) Multiplication (a + bi) (c + di) = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i
(d) Division a + bi a + bi c - di ac + bd bc - ad
= . = + i
c + di c + di c - di c2 + d2 c2 + d 2
NOTE
JPR\COMP.251\Allen(IIT-JEE Wing)\2020–21\Nurture\Mathematics\UNIT - 3
(i) The algebraic operations on complex numbers are similar to those on real numbers treating it as a
polynomial.
(ii) Inequalities in complex numbers (non-real) are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex
number (non-real) is positive or negative. e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4i are meaningless.
3.1 Equality In Complex Number

Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts are
respectively equal.
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57 125
Illustration 1. The value of i + 1/i is :-
(A) 0 (B) –2i (C) 2i (D) 2
1 1 1 i
( )
57 125 56 14
Solution i + 1/i = i . i + = i
4
i+ = i+ = i+ 2 = i-i =0 Ans. (A)
(i )
4 31 i
124
i .i i i
3 + 2i sin q
Illustration 2. will be purely imaginary, if q =
1 - 2i sin q
p p p
(A) 2np ± ,nÎI (B) np + ,nÎI (C) np ± ,nÎI (D) None of these
3 3 3
3 + 2i sin q
Solution will be purely imaginary, if the real part vanishes, i.e.,
1 - 2i sin q
(3 + 2i sin q) (1 + 2i sin q) (
3 - 4 sin 2 q + i ( 8 sin q ) )
3 - 4 sin2 q
=0
´ = =
(1 - 2i sin q) (1 + 2i sin q) 1 + 4 sin 2 q ( 1 + 4 sin2 q )
2
Þ 3 – 4 sin q = 0 (only if q be real)
2 2
2 æ 3ö æ pö
Þ sin q = ç ÷ = ç sin ÷
è 2 ø è 3ø
p
Þ q = np ± ,nÎI Ans. (C)
3
(1 + i)x - 2i (2 - 3i)y + i
Illustration 3. The values of x and y satisfying the equation + = i are
3+i 3-i
(A) x = –1, y =3 (B) x = 3, y = –1 (C) x = 0, y = 1 (D) x = 1, y = 0
Solution (1 + i)x - 2i (2 - 3i)y + i

+ =i
3+i 3-i
Þ (4 + 2i) x + (9 – 7i) y – 3i – 3 = 10i
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get 2x – 7y = 13 and 4x + 9y = 3.
Hence x = 3 and y = –1. Ans.(B)
Illustration 4. Find the square root of 7 + 24 i.

Solution Let 7 + 24i = a + ib
2 2
Squaring a – b + 2iab = 7 + 24i
2 2
Compare real and imaginary parts a – b = 7 and 2ab = 24
By solving these two equations
We get a = ±4 , b = ±3
7 + 24i = ±(4 + 3i)

4 3 2
Illustration 5. If x = -5 + 2 -4 , find the value of x + 9x + 35x – x + 4.
Solution We have , x = –5 + 2 -4
Þ x + 5 = 4i
2 2
Þ (x + 5) = 16i
2
Þ x + 10x + 25 = –16
2
Þ x + 10x + 41 = 0
4 3 2
Now, x + 9x + 35x – x + 4
2 2 2 2
Þ x (x + 10x + 41) – x(x + 10x + 41) + 4(x + 10x + 41) – 160
2
Þ x (0) – x(0) + 4(0) – 160 Þ –160 Ans.
48
Complex Nu mber
4.0 THREE IMPORTANT TERMS : CONJUGATE/MODULUS/ARGUMENT

SL AL
4.1 Conjugate Complex

If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part and is denoted
by z . i.e. z = a - ib.
NOTE Im
–z z
(i) z + z = 2 Re(z)
(ii) z - z = 2i Im(z) Re
2 2
(iii) z z = a + b , which is purely real –z z
(iv) If z is purely real, then z – z = 0
(v) If z is purely imaginary, then z + z = 0
st th
(vi) If z lies in the 1 quadrant, then z lies in the 4 quadrant and
nd
- z lies in the 2 quadrant.
4.2 Modulus
If P denotes complex number z = x + iy, then the length OP is called modulus of complex number z. It is
denoted by |z|.
OP = |z| = x2 + y2
Geometrically ½z½ represents the distance of point P from origin. (½z½ ³ 0) Imaginary
P(x, y)
axis
4.3 Argument or Amplitude
If P denotes complex number z = x + iy and if OP makes an angle q with |z| y
real axis, then q is called one of the arguments of z. (angle made by OP with
positive real axis).
q
O x
Real axis
NOTE :
(i) Argument of a complex number is a many valued function. If q is the argument of a complex number,
then 2np + q ; n Î I will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of a complex
number differ by 2np.
(ii) The unique value of q such that - p < q £ p is called Amplitude (principal value of the argument).
(iii) Principal argument of a complex number z = x + iy can be found out using method given below :
Imaginary
y p
(a) Find q = tan -1 such that q Î æç 0, ö÷ . p-q
axis
q
x è 2 ø
(b) Use given figure to find out the principal argument according Real axis
as the point lies in respective quadrant. q-p -q
Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
(1) If z = 0, arg(z) is not defined

(2) If z is real and negative, arg(z) = p.

(3) If z is real and positive, arg(z) = 0
p
(4) If q = , z lies on the positive side of imaginary axis.
2
p
(5) If q = - , z lies on the negative side of imaginary axis.
2
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Illustration 6. Find the modulus, argument, principal value of argument, least positive argument of complex
numbers
(a) 1 + i 3 (b) –1 + i 3 (c) 1 – i 3 (d) –1 – i 3

Solution (a) For z = 1 + i 3
y (1, 3 )
2 2
|z|= 1 + ( 3) = 2
p 3
arg (z) = 2np + , n ÎI
3
60°
p x
Least positive argument is 1
3
If the point is lying in first or second quadrant then amp(z) is taken in anticlockwise direction.
p
In this case amp(z) =
3
(b) For z = –1 + i 3 y
(–1, 3 )
|z| = 2
2p 3
arg (z) = 2np + , n ÎI
3 60° 120°
1 x
2p
Least positive argument =
3
2p
amp(z) =
3
y
(c) For z = 1 – i 3
|z| = 2 1 x
p 5 p/3 –p/3
arg (z) = 2np – ,nÎI 3
3
5p
3 (1,– 3 )
If the point lies in third or fourth quadrant then consider amp(z) in clockwise direction.
p
In this case amp(z) = –
3
y
(d) For z = –1 – i 3
|z| = 2 4p/3
1
–2p/3 x
2p 60°
arg (z) = 2np – , n ÎI
3 3
4p
3 (–1,– 3 )
2p
amp(z) = –
3
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Complex Nu mber
x x
Illustration 7. Find the number of integral solution of (1 – i) = 2 .
x x
Solution (1 – i) = 2 ... (1)
Taking modulus both sides
x x
|(1 – i) | = 2
( 2)
x
= 2x
Þ x = 0 is only possiblity which satisfies equation (1) too.
So only one solution of given equation.
INTEGRAL POWERS OF IOTA, MODULUS AND AMPLITUDE

n
1+iö
1. Determine least positive value of n for which æç ÷ =1
è1- i ø
5
2. Find the value of the sum å (i n + i n+2 ) , where i = -1 .
n =1
3 2
3. Find the value of x + 7x – x + 16, where x = 1 + 2i.
c+i 2 2 b 2c
4. If a + ib = , where c is a real number, then prove that : a + b = 1 and = 2 .
c-i a c -1
5. Find square root of –15 – 8i
6. Find the modulus and principal amplitude of following complex numbers.

1 + 2i 2 + 6 3i
(a) -2 + 2 3i (b) - 3 - i (c) –2i (d) (e)
1 - 3i 5 + 3i
8 8
æ1+ i ö æ1- i ö
7. Find the value of ç ÷ +ç ÷ .
è 2 ø è 2 ø
5.0 REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS

SL AL
Im aginar y
5.1 Cartesian Form (Geometrical Representation) a xis P (x, y)
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on the
cartesian plane known as complex plane by the ordered pair (x, y). There exists
|z|
a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members
of the set of complex numbers.
y
For z = x + iy; |z| = x2 + y 2 ; z = x - iy and q = tan -1 q
x O Real a xis
NOTE
(i) Distance between the two complex numbers z1 and z2 is given by |z1 – z2|.
(ii) |z – z0| = r, represents a circle, whose centre is z0 and radius is r.
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5.2 Trigonometric / Polar Representation

z = r (cos q + i sin q) where ½z½ = r ; arg z = q ; z = r (cos q - i sinq)
Note : cos q + i sin q is also written as CiS q.
ix
Euler's formula : The formula e = cosx + i sin x is called Euler's formula.
It was introduced by Euler in 1748, and is used as a method of expressing complex numbers.
e ix + e - ix e ix - e - ix
Also cos x = and sin x = are known as Euler's identities.
2 2i
5.3 Exponential Representation

iq
Let z be a complex number such that | z | = r and arg z = q , then z = r.e
Illustration 8. Find the locus of :

2 2 2
(a) |z –1| + |z + 1| = 4 (b) Re(z ) = 0
Solution (a) Let z = x + iy, x, y Î R
2 2
Þ (|x + iy – 1|) + (|x + iy + 1|) = 4
2 2 2 2
Þ (x – 1) + y + (x + 1) + y = 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
Þ x – 2x + 1 + y + x + 2x + 1 + y = 4 Þ x + y = 1
Above represents a circle on complex plane with center at origin and radius unity.
(b) Let z = x + iy
2 2 2
Þ z = x – y + 2xyi
2
\ Re(z ) = 0
2 2
Þ x –y =0Þy=±x
2
Thus Re(z ) = 0 represents a pair of straight lines passing through origin.
2
Illustration 9. If z is a complex number such that z = ( z )2 , then
(A) z is purely real (B) z is purely imaginary
(C) either z is purely real or purely imaginary (D) none of these
Solution Let z = x + iy, then its conjugate z = x - iy
2 2
Given that z = ( z )
2 2 2 2
Þ x – y + 2ixy = x – y – 2ixy Þ 4ixy = 0
If x ¹ 0 then y = 0 or if y ¹ 0 then x = 0 or x = y =0 Ans. (C)
Illustration 10. Among the complex number z which satisfies |z – 25i| £ 15, find the complex numbers z having
(A) least positive argument (B) maximum positive argument
(C) least modulus (D) maximum modulus
Solution The complex numbers z satisfying the condition |z – 25i|£ 15 are represented by the points inside
and on the circle of radius 15 and centre at the point C(0, 25).
The complex number having least positive argument and maximum positive arguments in this
region are the points of contact of tangents drawn from origin to the circle
Here q = least positive argument

gin m
ori nt fro
and f = maximum positive argument

ge
n
Ta
D40i
In DOCP,OP = ( OC ) - ( CP ) = (25 ) - (15 ) = 20
2 2 2 2
\
C 25i
OP 20 4 q
and sin q = = = Q P
OC 25 5 E
f
4 æ 4ö
\ tan q = Þ q = tan-1 ç ÷ O q N
3 è 3ø
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Complex Nu mber
æ 4ö
Thus, complex number at P has modulus 20 and argument q = tan -1 ç ÷
è 3ø
æ 3 4ö
\ z p = 20 ( cos q + i sin q) = 20 ç + i ÷
è 5 5ø
\ z p = 12 + 16i
Similarly zQ = –12 + 16i
From the figure, E is the point with least modulus and D is the point with maximum modulus.
uuur uuuur uuur
Hence, zE = OE = OC - EC = 25i - 15i = 10i
uuuur uuuur uuur
and zD = OD = OC + CD = 25i + 15i = 40i
Illustration 11. Express the following complex numbers in polar and exponential form :
1 + 3i i -1
(i) (ii)
1 - 2i p p
cos + i sin
3 3
1 + 3i 1 + 3i 1 + 2i
Solution (i) Let z = = ´ = -1 + i
1 - 2i 1 - 2i 1 + 2i
|z|= (-1)2 + 12 = 2
1 p p
tan a = = 1 = tan Þ a =
-1 4 4
Q Re(z) < 0 and Im(z) > 0 Þ z lies in second quadrant.
p 3p
\ q = arg (z) = p – a = p – =
4 4
æ 3p 3p ö
Hence Polar form is z = 2 ç cos + i sin
è 4 4 ÷ø
and exponential form is z = 2 e3 p / 4
i -1 i -1 2(i - 1)
(ii) Let z = = =
p p 1 i 3 (1 + i 3)
cos + i sin +
3 3 2 2
2(i - 1) (1 - i 3)
æ 3 -1ö æ 3 +1ö
Þ z= ´ Þ z = çç ÷÷ + i çç ÷÷
(1 + i 3) (1 - i 3) è 2 ø è 2 ø
Q Re(z) > 0 and Im(z) > 0 Þ z lies in first quadrant.
2 2
æ 3 -1ö æ 3 +1ö 2(3 + 1)
\ |z|= ç + = = 2.
ç 2 ÷÷ çç 2 ÷÷ 4
è ø è ø
3 +1 5p 5p
tan q = = tan Þa=
3 -1 12 12
æ 5p 5p ö
Hence Polar form is z = 2 ç cos + i sin
è 12 12 ÷ø
and exponential form is z = 2e 5 p / 12
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æ pö æ pö
Illustration 12. If xn = cos çè n ÷ø + i sin çè n ÷ø then x1x2x3.........¥ is equal to -
2 2
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) ¥
æ pö æ pö i pn
Solution xn = cos ç n ÷ + i sin ç n ÷ = 1 × e 2
è2 ø è2 ø
x1x2x3.........¥
i p1 i p2 i pn p p p
i æç + 2 +---+ n ö÷
= e 2 .e 2 - - - e 2 = e è 2 2 2 ø
æp p p ö æp p p ö
= cos ç + 2 + 3 + ........÷ + i sin ç + 2 + 3 + ........÷ = –1
è2 2 2 ø è2 2 2 ø
æ p p p p/2 ö
ç as + 2 + 3 + ........ = = p÷ Ans. (A)
è 2 2 2 1 - 1 / 2 ø
REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS, LOCUS
1. Find the distance between two complex numbers z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 7 – 9i on the complex plane.
2. Find the locus of |z – 2 – 3i| = 1.
2
3. If z is a complex number, then z + z 2 = 2 represents -
(A) a circle (B) a straight line (C) a hyperbola (D) an ellipse
4. Express the following complex number in polar form and exponential form :
(i) –2 + 2i (ii) -1 - 3i
(1 + 7i)
(iii) (iv) (1 – cosq + isinq), q Î (0,p)
(2 - i)2
5. Find the complex number z, satisfying the equations |z – i| = |z + 1| = 1.
6. Sketch the locus of complex number z, satisfying logcos1|z| ³ logcos1 |z – 1|.
7. For any complex number z, find minimum value of |z| + |z – 2i|.
8. If points z, –iz and 1 are collinear then, find the locus of z.
6.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE

AL
1. z + z = 2 Re (z) 2. z - z = 2 i Im (z) 3. ( z ) = z
4. z1 + z2 = z1 + z 2 5. z1 - z2 = z1 - z2
6. z1 z2 = z1 . z2 . In general z1 z2 .........z n = z1.z2 .........zn
æ z1 ö z1
7. çè z ÷ø = z ; z2 ¹ 0 8. If f(a + ib) = x + iy Þ f(a – ib) = x – iy
2 2
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Complex Nu mber
7.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF MODULUS

AL
1. |z| ³ 0 2. |z| ³ |Re (z)| 3. |z| ³ |Im (z)|

2
4. |z| = | z | = |-z| = |– z | 5. zz = z
6. |z1 z2| = |z1|.|z2| . In general |z1z 2 .........z n |=|z1 |.|z2 |.........|z n |
z1 z1
7. = , z2 ¹ 0
z2 z2
n n
8. |z | = |z| , n Î I
|z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z 2| + 2Re ( z1 z2 )

2 2 2
9.
2 2 2
10. |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z 2| + 2|z1||z2| cos(a – b), where a, b are arg(z1), arg(z2) respectively.
= 2 é z1 + z 2 ù
2 2 2 2
11. z1 + z 2 + z1 - z 2
ë û
12. ½½z1½- ½z2½½ £ ½z1 + z2½ £ ½z1½ + ½z2½ [Triangle Inequality]
13. ½½z1½- ½z2½½ £ ½z1 – z2½ £ ½z1½ + ½z2½ [Triangle Inequality]
8.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF AMPLITUDE

AL
(i) amp (z1. z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 kp; k Î I
æz ö
(ii) amp ç 1 ÷ = amp z1 - amp z2 + 2 kp ; k Î I
è z2 ø
n
(iii) amp(z ) = n amp(z) + 2kp ; n, k Î I
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in (- p , p ].
2
é (3 + 4i)(1 + i)(1 + 3i) ù
Illustration 13. Find amp z and |z| if z = ê ú .
ë (1 - i)(4 - 3i)(2i) û
Solution amp z = 2 é amp (3 + 4i) + amp(1 + i) + amp(1 + 3i) - amp(1 - i) - amp(4 - 3i) - amp(2i) ù + 2kp
ë û
where k Î I and k chosen so that amp z lies in (–p,p].
é 4 p p æ pö æ 3 ö pù
Þ amp z = 2 ê tan -1 + + - ç - ÷ - tan -1 ç - ÷ - ú + 2kp
ë 3 4 3 è 4 ø è 4 ø 2û
é -1 4 4 pù
Þ amp z = 2 ê tan + cot -1 + ú + 2kp
ë 3 3 3û
ép pù
Þ amp z = 2 ê + ú + 2kp
ë2 3 û
p
Þ amp z = - [at k = –1] Ans.
3
Also,
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JEE-Mathematics
( 3 + 4i )(1 + i ) (1 + 3i )
2
|z| =
(1 - i )( 4 - 3i )(2i )
2
æ 3 + 4i 1 + i 1 + 3i ö
Þ |z| = ç ÷
çç|1 - i||4 - 3i||2i|÷÷
è ø
2
æ 5´ 2 ´2ö
Þ |z| = çç ÷÷ = 1 Ans.
è 2 ´5´2ø
Aliter
( ) ùú
2
é (3 + 4i)(1 + i) 1 + 3i
z=ê
ê (1 - i )( 4 - 3i )( 2i ) ú
ëê ûú
2
é 3 + iù 2 - 2 3i 1 3i
Þ z = ê- ú Þz= = -
ëê 2 ûú 4 2 2
p
Hence |z| = 1, amp(z) = - .
3
z-i
Illustration 14. If = 1 , then locus of z is -
z+i
(A) x-axis (B) y-axis (C) x = 1 (D) y = 1
z-i x + i ( y - 1)
Solution We have, =1Þ =1
z+i x + i ( y + 1)
x + i ( y - 1)
2
= 1 Þ x 2 + ( y - 1 ) = x 2 + ( y + 1)
2 2
Þ
x + i ( y + 1)
2
Þ 4y = 0; y = 0, which is x-axis Ans.(A)
2 2 2 æz ö
Illustration 15. If |z1 + z2| = |z1| +|z2| then ç 1 ÷ is -
è z2 ø
(A) zero or purely imaginary (B) purely imaginary
(C) purely real (D) none of these
Solution Here let z1 = r1 ( cos q1 + i sin q1 ) ,|z1 | = r1
z2 = r2 ( cos q2 + i sin q2 ) ,|z2 | = r2
|(z1 + z2)| = ( r1 cos q1 + r2 cos q2 ) + i ( r1 sin q1 + r2 sin q2 )

2 2
\
= r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 cos(q1 - q2 ) = |z1 |2 + |z 2 |2 if cos(q1 - q2 ) = 0

p
\ q1 - q2 = ±
2
p
Þ amp(z1) – amp(z2) = ±
2
æz ö p z
Þ amp ç 1 ÷ = ± Þ 1 is purely imaginary Ans. (B)
è z2 ø 2 z2
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Complex Nu mber
z1 - 2z2
Illustration 16. z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that is unimodular (whose modulus is one),
2 - z1 z2
while z2 is not unimodular. Find |z1|.
z1 - 2z2 z1 - 2z 2
Solution Here =1 Þ =1
2 - z1 z2 2 - z1 z 2
Þ z1 - 2z2 = 2 - z1 z 2
2 2
Þ z1 - 2z 2 = 2 - z1 z 2
Þ ( z1 - 2z2 ) ( z1 - 2z2 ) = (2 - z1 z2 ) (2 - z1 z 2 )
Þ ( z1 - 2z2 ) ( z1 - 2z2 ) = (2 - z1 z2 )(2 - z1 z 2 )
Þ z1 z1 - 2z1 z 2 - 2z 2 z1 + 4z 2 z2 = 4 - 2z1 z2 - 2z1 z2 + z1 z1 z 2 z2
2 2 2 2
Þ z1 + 4 z2 = 4 + z1 z2
2 2 2 2
Þ z1 - z1 z2 + 4 z2 -4 =0
Þ (z1
2
)(
- 4 1 - z2
2
)=0
But |z2| ¹ 1 (given)
2
\ |z1| = 4
Hence, |z1| = 2.
Illustration 17. The locus of the complex number z in argand plane satisfying the inequality
æ |z - 1| +4 ö æ 2ö
log1 / 2 ç > 1 ç where |z - 1|¹ ÷ is -
è 3|z - 1| -2 ÷ø è 3ø
(A) a circle (B) interior of a circle
(C) exterior of a circle (D) none of these
æ z -1 + 4 ö æ 1ö
Solution We have, log1 / 2 ç ÷ > 1 = log1 / 2 ç ÷
è 3 z - 1 - 2ø è 2ø
z -1 + 4 1
<
Þ 3 z -1 - 2 2 ëéQ loga x is a decreasing function if a < 1ûù
2
Þ 2 |z –1| + 8 < 3 |z – 1| – 2 as |z – 1| >
3
Þ |z – 1 | > 10
which is exterior of a circle. Ans. (C)
4
Illustration 18. If z - = 2, then the greatest value of z is -
z
(A) 1 + 2 (B) 2 + 2 (C) 3 + 1 (D) 5 + 1

4
Solution We have z = z - 4 + 4 £ z - 4 + 4 = 2 +
z z z z z
Þ 2
z £2z +4 Þ (z - 1) £ 5
2
Þ z -1 £ 5 Þ z £ 5 +1
Therefore, the greatest value of z is 5 + 1 . Ans. (D)
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JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 19. Shaded region is given by -

p C(1+3 3i )
(A) |z + 2| ³ 6, 0 £ arg(z+2) £
6 z
p
(B) |z + 2| ³ 6, 0 £ arg(z+2) £
3
p A
(C) |z + 2| £ 6, 0 £ arg(z+2) £
2 –2 0 B(4)
(D) None of these
Solution Note that AB = 6 and 1 + 3 3i
= –2 + 3 + 3 3i = –2 + 6 æç 1 + 3 iö÷
è2 2 ø
= –2 + 6 æ cos p + i sin p ö
è 3 3ø
p
\ Ð BAC =
3
p
Thus, shaded region is given by |z + 2| ³ 6 and 0 £ arg (z + 2) £ Ans. (B)
3
PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE AND MODULUS, ARGUMENT
1. Find the number of solutions of z 3 + z = 0 .
æz-aö
2. If a > 0, |z| = a then find the real part of ç ÷.
èz+aø
3. If z1, z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1 + z2| = |z1|+|z2|, find value of arg(z1) – arg(z2).
p
4. If -p < arg ( z ) < - , find arg ( z ) - arg ( - z ) .
2
æ1- z ö
5. If the ratio ç ÷ is purely imaginary, then find value of |z|.
è1+ z ø
6. Which of the following is not correct.

2
(A) |z| ³ 0 (B) |z| £ Re(z) (C) |z| ³ Im(z) (D) z z = z
( 3 + i)
4 n +1
7. For any integer n, find the argument of z = .

(1 - i 3 )
4n
9.0 VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

AL
y
(i) In complex number every point can be represented in terms of P(z)
position vector. If the point P represents the complex number z then,

® ®
O x
OP = z and ½ OP ½ = ½z½.
58
Complex Nu mber
y
Q(z2)
(ii) If P(z1) and Q(z2) be two complex numbers on argand plane then P(z1)
®
PQ represents complex number z2 – z1.
O x
10.0 ROTATION THEOREM
AL
® ® ® ® y
iq i (q + f) if Q(z1)
(i) If OP = z = r e then OQ = z1 = r e = z. e . If OP and OQ are
r P(z)
^ ^ z z r
of unequal magnitude then OQ = OP e if
i.e. 1 = eif
z1 z f
q
O x
(ii) In general, if z1, z2, z3 be the three vertices of DABC then y C(z3)
z 3 - z 1 |z 3 - z 1 | ia æz -z ö
= e . Here arg ç 3 1 ÷ = a .
z 2 - z1 |z2 - z1 | è z 2 - z1 ø a
B(z2)
A(z1)
æ z - z1 ö
(iii) Note that the locus of z satisfying arg ç ÷ = a is: x
è z - z2 ø
z
p
Case (a) 0<a< a
2
Locus is major arc of circle as shown
excluding z1 and z2 z2 z1
p
Case (b) <a<p
2
Locus is minor arc of circle as shown
excluding z1 and z2 z2 z1
a
(iv) If A, B, C and D are four points representing the complex numbers
z
z4 - z3 z - z3
z1 , z2 , z3 and z4 then AB ½½ CD if z - z is purely real; AB ^ CD if 4 is purely imaginary.
y.
2 1 z2 - z1
(v) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle where z 0 is its circumcentre then
(1) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 - z1 z2 - z2 z3 - z3 z1 = 0
(2) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 = 3 z 20
11.0 DE'MOIVRE’S THEOREM

AL
Case 1– If n is any integer then

n
(i) (cos q + i sin q ) = cos nq + i sin nq
(ii) (cos q1 + i sin q1) (cos q2 + i sin q2) (cosq3 + i sin q2) (cos q3 + i sin q3) ...
..(cos qn + i sin qn) = cos (q1 + q2 + q3 + ......... qn) + i sin (q1 + q2 + q3 + ....... + qn)
Case 2 – If p, q Î Z and q ¹ 0 then
æ 2k p + pq ö æ 2k p + pq ö
= cos çç ÷÷ + i sin çç ÷÷ , where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......, q – 1
p/q
(cos q + i sin q)
è q ø è q ø
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JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 20. Complex numbers z1, z2, z3 are the vertices A, B, C respectively of an isosceles right angled triangle
2
with right angle at C. Show that (z1 – z2) = 2(z1 – z3)(z3 – z2).
Solution In the isosceles triangle ABC, AC = BC and BC ^ AC. It means that AC is rotated through angle
p/2 to occupy the position BC.
z2 - z3
Hence we have, = e + ip / 2 = + i
z1 - z 3 B(z2 )
Þ z2 – z3 = +i(z1 – z3)
Þ z22 + z 23 - 2z 2 z 3 = - ( z12 + z 23 - 2z1 z 3 )

A(z1)
Þ z12 + z22 - 2z1 z 2 = 2z1 z 3 + 2z 2 z 3 - 2z1 z2 - 2z 32 C(z3)
= 2 ( z1 - z3 )( z3 - z2 )
Þ ( z1 - z 2 )2 = 2 ( z1 - z 3 )( z 3 - z 2 )
Illustration 21. If the vertices of a square ABCD are z1, z2, z3 and z4 then find z3 and z4 in terms of z1 and z2.
Solution Using vector rotation at angle A
z 3 - z1 z - z1 i 4p A(z1) D(z4)
= 3 e
z 2 - z1 z 2 - z1
p
Q z3 - z1 = AC and z2 - z1 = AB 4
Also AC = 2 AB
\ z 3 - z1 = 2 z 2 - z1 B(z2) C(z3)
z 3 - z1 æ cos p + i sin p ö
Þ z 2 - z1 = 2 è 4 4ø
Þ z3 – z1 = (z2 – z1) (1 + i)
Þ z3 = z1 + (z2 – z1) (1 + i)
Similarly z4 = z2 + (1 + i)(z1 – z2)
p æ z + 1ö 2p
Illustration 22. £ arg ç £
Plot the region represented by
3 è z - 1 ÷ø 3
in the Argand plane.
æ z + 1ö 2p
Solution Let us take arg ç = , clearly z lies on the minor arc of
è z - 1 ÷ø 3
the circle passing through (1, 0) and (–1, 0). Similarly,
æ z + 1ö p
arg ç = means that 'z' is lying on the major arc of
è z - 1 ÷ø
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
3
2p/3
the circle passing through (1, 0) and (–1, 0). Now if we take
any point in the region included between two arcs say P1(z1)
we get
p æ z + 1ö 2p
£ arg ç £
3 è z - 1 ÷ø 3
p æ z + 1ö 2p
£ arg ç £
Thus
3 è z - 1 ÷ø 3
represents the shaded region (excluding points (1, 0) and (–1, 0)) .
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Complex Nu mber
Illustration 23. If cosa + cosb + cosg = 0 and also sina + sinb + sing = 0, then prove that
(a) cos2a + cos2b + cos2g = sin2a + sin2b + sin2g = 0
(b) sin3a + sin3b + sin3g = 3sin(a + b + g)
(c) cos3a + cos3b + cos3g = 3cos(a + b + g)
Solution Let z1 = cosa + i sina, z2 = cosb + isinb and z3 = cosg + ising.
\ z1 + z2 + z3 = (cosa + cosb + cosg) + i(sina + sinb + sing)
=0+i.0=0 ... (i)
1
= ( cos a + i sin a ) = cos a - i sin a
-1
(a) Also
z1
1 1
= cos b - i sin b, = cos g - i sin g
z2 z3
1 1 1
\ + + = (cosa + cosb + cosg) – i(sina + sinb + sing) ... (ii)
z1 z 2 z 3
=0–i.0=0
z12 + z 22 + z 32 = ( z1 + z2 + z 3 ) - 2 ( z1 z 2 + z2 z 3 + z 3 z1 )
2
Now
æ 1 1 1ö
= 0 – 2z1z2z3 ç + + ÷ = 0 – 2z1z2z3 . 0 = 0{using (i) and (ii)}
è z 3 z1 z2 ø
or ( cos a + i sin a )2 + (cos b + i sin b)2 + ( cos g + i sin g )2 = 0
or cos 2a + i sin 2a + cos 2b + i sin 2b + cos 2g + i sin 2g = 0 + i.0
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides,
cos 2a + cos 2b + cos 2g = 0 and sin 2a + sin 2b + sin 2g = 0
(b) If z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 then z13 + z32 + z33 = 3z1z 2 z 3
3 3 3
\ (cosa + isina) + (cosb + isinb) + (cosg + ising)
= 3(cosa + isina) (cosb + isinb) (cosg + ising)
or cos3a + isin3a + cos3b + isin3b + cos3g + isin3g
= 3{cos(a + b + g) + isin(a + b + g)}
Equating imaginary parts on both sides, sin3a + sin3b + sin3g = 3sin(a + b + g)
(c) Equating real parts on both sides, cos3a + cos3b + cos3g = 3cos(a + b + g)
iq iz
Illustration 24. If z = re , then the value of |e | is equal to -
–rcosq rcosq rsinq –rsinq
(A) e (B) e (C) e (D) e
iq
Solution z = re = r cos q + i r sin q
iz i (r cos q+i (r sin q) –r sin q i r cos q
| e | = |e | = |e .e |
–r sin q
=e |cos(r cos q) + i sin (r sin q)|
–r sin q
=e
Illustration 25. Prove that identities

3 3 1
(i) sin q = sin q – sin 3q
4 4
(sin5q) 4 2
(ii) = 16 cos q – 12 cos q + 1, if q ¹ 0, ± p , ± 2p .........
(sin q)
3
3
æ eiq - eiq ö ei3q - 3 × eiq + 3e- iq - e- i3q
Solution (i) sin q = ç =
è 2i ÷ø -8i
é æ ei3q - e - i3q ö æ eiq - e -iq ö ù æ 1 ö
ê
= ç ÷ - 3 ç ÷ ú çè - 4 ÷ø
ëê è 2i ø è 2i ø ûú
æ 1ö 3 1
= (sin 3q – 3sinq) ç - ÷ = sin q - sin 3q
è 4ø 4 4
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JEE-Mathematics
sin 5q 2i sin 5q ei5q - e - i5q

(ii) = = iq
sin q 2i sin q e - e - iq
i4q i 2q – 2q – i4q
=e +e +1+e +e
a 5 - b5 4 3 2 2 3 4
(Using = a + a b + a b + ab + b ; a ¹ b)
a-b
3
= 2 cos4q + 2 cos2q + 1 = 4 cos3qcosq + 1 = 4 (4cos q – 3cosq) cosq
4 2 iq –iq
= 16 cos q – 12 cos q + 1 {e ¹ e Þ q ¹ np}
ROTATION THEOREM, DE'MOIVRE’S THEOREM
1. The inequality |z – 4| < |z – 2| represents region given by -

(A) Re(z) > 0 (B) Re(z) < 0 (C) Re(z) > 3 (D) None of these
2. If ( 3 - i)n = 2n , n Î Z , then n is a multiple of -

(A) 6 (B) 10 (C) 9 (D) 12
3. A complex number z = 3 + 4i is rotated about another fixed complex number z1 = 1 + 2i in anticlockwise

direction by 45° angle. Find the complex number represented by new position of z in argand plane.
4. If A, B, C are three points in argand plane representing the complex number z1, z2, z3 such that
l z2 + z 3
z1 = , where l Î R , then find the distance of point A from the line joining points B and C.
l +1
p AB
5. If A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) are vertices of DABC in which ÐABC = and = 2 , then find z2 in
4 BC
terms of z1 and z3.
6. If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that the points z 1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi and z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle then a and b are equal to :-
1
(A) a = b = (B) a = b = 2 – 3 (C) a = b = –2 + 3 (D) a = b = 2 -1
2
æ z -1 ö p
7. If arg ç ÷ = , find locus of z.
è z +1ø 4
2rp 2rp
8. If z r = cos + i sin , r = 0,1,3,4,......... , then z1z2z3z4z5 is equal to -
5 5
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) none of these
4
9. If (x – 1) – 16 = 0, then the sum of nonreal complex values of x is -
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) none of these
10. Prove the identities :

5 3
(i) cos 5q = 16 cos q – 20 cos q + 5 cos q;
4 1 1 3
(ii) cos q = cos 4q + cos 2q +
8 2 8
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Complex Nu mber
12.0 CUBE ROOT OF UNITY

SL AL
-1 + i 3 -1 - i 3 2
(i) The cube roots of unity are 1 , (w ) , (w ) .
2 2
r 2r
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w + w² = 0. In general 1 + w + w = 0 ; where
r 2r
r Î I but is not the multiple of 3 and 1 + w + w = 3 if r = 3l ; l Î I
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2p 2p 2 4p 4p
1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 ; w = cos + i sin , w = cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand Im
plane constitute the vertices of an equilateral triangle. w
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c Î R and w is the cube root of unity)
3 3
a - b = (a - b) (a - wb) (a - w²b) 2p/3
2 2 O 1 Re
x + x + 1 = (x - w) (x - w ) ;
3 3 2
a + b = (a + b) (a + wb) (a + w b)
3 3 3
a + b + c - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + wb + w²c) (a + w²b + wc) 2
w
n n
Illustration 26. If a and b are imaginary cube roots of unity then a +b is equal to -
2n p 2n p 2n p 2n p
(A) 2cos (B) cos (C) 2i sin (D) i sin
3 3 3 3
Solution a = cos 2p + i sin 2p , b = cos 2p - i sin 2p

3 3 3 3
( ) ( )
n n
a n + bn = cos 2p + isin 2p + cos
2p - i sin 2p
3 3 3 3
(
= cos
2np
3
+ i sin
2np
3 )(
+ cos
2np
3
- i sin
2np
3 ) æ 2np ö
= 2cos è
3 ø
Ans. (A)
3 2
Illustration 27. If a, b, g are roots of x – 3x + 3x + 7 = 0 (and w is imaginary cube root of unity), then find the
a -1 b -1 g -1
value of + + .
b -1 g -1 a -1
3 2
Solution We have x – 3x + 3x + 7 = 0
3
\ (x – 1) + 8 = 0
3 3
\ (x – 1) = (–2)
3
æ x - 1ö
Þ çè ÷ =1
-2 ø
x -1
= (1)
1/ 3 2
Þ = 1, w, w (cube roots of unity)
-2
2
\ x = –1, 1 – 2w, 1 – 2w
2
Here a = –1, b = 1 – 2w, g = 1 – 2w
2
\ a – 1 = –2, b – 1 = –2w, g – 1 = –2w
a -1 b -1 g -1 æ -2 ö æ -2w ö æ -2w 2 ö
Then + + = çè ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷
b -1 g -1 a -1 -2w ø è -2w 2 ø è -2 ø
1 1
= + + w2 = w2 + w2 + w 2
w w
a -1 b -1 g -1 2
Therefore + + = 3w . Ans.
b -1 g -1 a -1
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JEE-Mathematics
TH
13.0 n ROOTS OF UNITY
AL
th
If 1 , a1 , a2 , a3..... an - 1 are the n , n root of unity then :
i(2p/n)
(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio e
2p
(ii) Their arguments are in A.P. with common difference
n
th (a2)A3
(iii) The points represented by n, n roots of unity are located at the vertices of a A2(a)
2p/n
regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit circle having center at origin, 2p/n A1(1)
2p/n
one vertex being on positive real axis.
n–1
An( a )
p
(iv) p
1 + a 1p + ap +.... + a n -1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n
2
= n if p is an integral multiple of n
(v) (1 - a1) (1 - a2)...... (1 - an - 1) = n
(vi) (1 + a1) (1 + a2)....... (1 + an - 1) = 0 if n is even and
= 1 if n is odd.
(vii) 1. a1. a2. a3......... an - 1 = 1 or -1 according as n is odd or even.
6
æ 2pk 2 pk ö
Illustration 28. Find the value å çè sin 7
- cos
7 ø
÷
k =1
6
6
æ 2 pk ö 6 æ 2 pk ö 2pk 6 2p k
Solution å çè sin 7 ÷ø - å çè cos 7 ÷ø = å sin 7
- å cos
7
+1
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =0
= å (Sum of imaginary part of seven seventh roots of unity)

k =0
– å (Sum of real part of seven seventh roots of unity) +1 = 0 – 0 + 1 = 1

k =0
p
æ 10 æ
32
2qp 2qp ö ö
Illustration 29. Evaluate : å (3p + 2) ç å ç sin - i cos ÷÷ .
p =1 è q =1 è 11 11 ø ø
p
32
æ 10 æ æ 2qp ö æ 2qp ö ö ö
Solution Let å ( 3p + 2 ) ç å ç sin ç ÷ – i cos ç ÷÷÷ =S
p =1 è è
q =1 è 11 ø è 11 ø ø ø
10
æ æ 2qp ö æ 2qp ö ö
= å çè sin çè
q =1
÷ - i cos çè
11 ø
÷
11 ø ÷ø
æ 10 æ 2qp ö æ 2qp ö ö
= ç å sin çè 11 ÷ø - iå cos çè 11 ÷ø ÷ - (0 - i) = i
è q =0 ø
32
So, S = å (3p + 2)ip

p= 1
2 3 4 2 3 4
= (5i + 7i + 9i + 11i ) + (13i + 15i + 17i + 19i ) ...... 8 pairs.
= (4 – 4i)8 = 32 – 32i
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Complex Nu mber
3 3 3
2 æ 1ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Illustration 30. If x + x + 1 = 0 find value of ç x + ÷ + ç x 2 + 2 ÷ + ... + ç x 100 + 100 ÷ .
è xø è x ø è x ø
2
Solution r = w or w
1
x + = w + w 2 = -1
x
1
x 2 + 2 = w + w 2 = -1
x
1
x 3 + 3 = w 3 + w6 = 2
x
This pattern repeats if cycle if 3 consecutive terms.
So, given sum = (–1 – 1 + 8) × 33 – 1 = 197.
th
CUBE ROOT OF UNITY, n ROOTS OF UNITY
2 2
1. If w is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 + w – w ) equals : -
2
(A) w (B) –4w (C) w (D) 4w
2 4 8
2. If w is a non real cube root of unity, then the expression (1 – w)(1 – w )(1 + w )(1 + w ) is equal to : -
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 2
3. Find the real part of cos (1 + i).
4
4. If 1, x1, x2, x3 are roots of x – 1 = 0, w is complex cube root of unity, find value of
(w 2
- x1 )( w2 - x 2 )( w2 - x 3 )
.
( w - x1 )( w - x 2 )( w - x 3 )
2 2 2 2 2
5. If w ¹ 1 is a cube root of unity then find value of (x + y) + (xw + yw ) + (xw + yw) .
2017 2017
æ 3 iö æ 3 iö
6. If Z = ç + +ç - then
ç 2 2 ÷÷ ç 2 2 ÷÷
è ø è ø
(A) Im(Z) = 0 (B) Re(Z) < 0
(C) Im(Z) > 0 (D) Re(Z) < 0, Im(Z)>0
14.0 SUM OF SINE AND COSINE SERIES WHOSE ANGLES ARE IN A.P.
AL
sin ( nq / 2)
æ n + 1ö
(i) cos q + cos 2 q + cos 3 q +..... + cos n q = cos ç q.
sin ( q / 2) è 2 ÷ø
sin ( nq / 2) n + 1ö
(ii) sin q + sin 2 q + sin 3 q +..... + sin n q = sin æç q.
sin ( q / 2) è 2 ÷ø
æ 2p ö
Note – If q = ç ÷ then the sum of the above series vanishes.
è n ø
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JEE-Mathematics
15.0 COORDINATE GEOMETRY BY COMPLEX NUMBER

AL
15.1 Section Formula

nz1 + mz2
If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers then the complex number z = divides the join of z1 and z2 in
m+n
the ratio m : n.
15.2 Special Points of Triangle
If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle represent the complex numbers z1, z2, z3 respectively, then :
z1 + z 2 + z 3
(i) Centroid of the D ABC =
3
( a sec A ) z1 + ( b sec B ) z 2 + ( c sec C) z 3
(ii) Orthocentre of the D ABC = or
a sec A + b sec B + c sec C
z1 tan A + z2 tan B + z 3 tanC
tan A + tan B + tan C
(az1 + bz2 + cz 3 )
(iii) Incentre of the DABC =
(a + b + c)
(z1 sin2A + z 2 sin2B + z 3 sin2C)

(iv) Circumcentre of the DABC =
(sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)
-az1 + bz 2 + cz 3
(v) Excentre opposite to A in DABC =
-a + b + c
other excentres can be found similarly
15.3 Straight Line

(i) amp(z–a) = q is a ray emanating from the complex point a and inclined at an angle q to the x- axis.
y z
q
a
O x
(ii) ½z - a½ = ½z - b½ is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining a and b.
y
(a) (b)
O x
(iii) The equation of a line joining z1 and z2 is given by ; z = z1 + t (z1 - z2) where t is a parameter.
y
z1
z2
O x
(iv) z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter, is a line through the point z 1 and perpendicular to z1.
y
z1
O x
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Complex Nu mber
(v) The equation of a line passing through z1 and z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as
z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear..
z2 z2 1
(vi) Complex equation of a straight line through two given points z1 and z2 can be written as
z ( z1 - z2 ) - z ( z1 - z2 ) + ( z1 z2 - z1 z2 ) = 0, which on manipulating takes the form as
a z + a z + r = 0 where r is real and a is a non zero complex constant.
15.4 Circle
(z)
(i) The equation of circle having centre z0 and radius r is : r
½z - z0½= r or z z - z0 z - z0 z + z0 z0 - r² = 0 which is of the form z0
z z + a z + a z + r = 0 , r is real centre = - a and radius = a a - r .

Circle will be real if a a - r ³ 0 .
z
æ z - z2 ö p
(ii) arg ç ÷ =±2 or (z - z1) ( z - z 2) + (z - z2) ( z - z 1) = 0
è z - z1 ø z1 z2
this equation represents the circle described on the line segment joining
z1 and z2 as diameter.
z 3 - z1 z 4 - z 2
(iii) Condition for four given points z1 , z2 , z3 and z4 to be concyclic is, the number .
z 3 - z 2 z 4 - z1
is real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear points z1, z2 and z3 can be taken
as (
z - z2 ) ( z 3 - z1 )
is real
( z - z1 ) ( z3 - z2 )
Þ
( z - z2 ) ( z3 - z1 ) = ( z - z2 ) ( z3 - z1 )
( z - z1 ) ( z3 - z2 ) ( z - z1 ) ( z3 - z2 )
Illustration 31. Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x and y are real numbers. Let A and B be the sets
defined by A = {z||z|£ 2} and B = {z|(1 – i)z + (1 + i) z ³ 4}. Find the area of the region A Ç B.
Solution A = {z ||| z| £ 2} ® Circle & region inside
B = {z | (1 – i) z + ( 1 + i) z ³ 4)} 2i
® region on one side of a line AAB
æ p·2 2 ö 1 –2
2
required area = ç – ( 2·2) = p – 2
è 4 ÷ø 2
1
Illustration 32. For all real numbers x, let the mapping f ( x ) = , where i = -1 . If there exist real numbers a,
x-i
b, c and d for which f(a), f(b), f(c) and f(d) form a square on the complex plane. Find the area of
the square.
1 x+i x 1
Solution f(x) = = 2 ; re (f) = 2 Im(f) = z2
x–i 1+ x 1+ x 1 + x2
2 2 z3
Locus of point on complex plane is x + y = y
2
i.e. |z| = Im(z) 1/2 i
1/2
1 z1
Area of square = z4
2
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JEE-Mathematics
p q r
Illustration 33. If q r p = 0 ; where p , q , r are the moduli of non-zero complex numbers u, v, w respectively,,
r p q
2
w æw-uö
prove that, arg = arg ç ÷ .
v è v -u ø
p q r
v
Solution q r p =0 u
f/2
r p q
1 1 1 f
w O
Þ (p+q+r) q r p =0
r p q
2 2 2
Þ –(p+q+r) (p + q + r – pq – qr – rp) = 0
Þ since p = |u|, q = |v|, r = |w|

So, p = q = r Þ |u| = |v| = |w|
æ wö æ æ w – uö 2 ö
arg çè ÷ø = – f arg ç çè ÷
v è v – u ø ÷ø
æ w – uö æ –f ö
= 2 arg çè ÷ = 2 · çè ÷ø = – f.
v –uø 2
æ wö æ æ w – uö 2 ö
So, arg çè ÷ø = arg ç çè ÷
v è v – u ø ÷ø
GEOMETRY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
True/False
1. Two lines az + az + c = 0 , bz + bz + d = 0 where a, b Î C – {0} and c, d Î R, are parallel if ab = ab
2. Two lines az + az + c = 0 , bz + bz + d = 0 where a, b Î C – {0} and c, d Î R, are perpendicular if ab + ba = 0
æ z - z1 ö
3. Let z1, z2 Î C, z1 ¹ z2 then equation of straight line through z1 and z2 is Im ç ÷ = k , k ¹ 0.
è z 2 - z1 ø
4. Let two given circles be C 1 : zz + az + az + c = 0 and C 2 : zz + bz + bz + d = 0 where a, b Î C and c, d Î R,

2 2
C1 and C2 will touch externally if a - b = a -c + b -d
5. Let C be the circle |z – z1| = k|z – z2| where z1, z2 Î C, z1 ¹ z2, and k > 0, k ¹ 1, mid point of the segment
joining z1 z2 lies on the circle.
z - z1
6. = 2 represent a straight line through z1 and z2?
z - z2
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Complex Nu mber
16.0 LOGARITHM AND EXPONENT OF COMPLEX NUMBER

AL
1 æ -1 b ö
(i) Loge (a + i b ) = Loge (a² + b ²) + i ç 2 n p + tan ÷ where n Î I.
2 è aø
æ pö
-ç 2 n p + ÷
i
(ii) i represents a set of positive real numbers given by e è 2ø
, n Î I.
Illustration 34 . Find the value of

p
(i) log (1 + 3 i) Ans. log2 + i(2np + )
3
(ii) log(–1) Ans. ip
i i(ln2)
(iii) 2 Ans. cos(ln2) + i sin(ln2) = e
p
i -( 4n+1).
(iv) i Ans. e 2
p
i -( 8n +1).
(v) |(1 + i) | Ans. e 4
i 1
(vi) arg ((1 + i) ) Ans. ln(2).
2
Solution (i) log (1 + 3 i)
æ i æ p + 2np ö÷ ö æp ö
= log ç 2e çè 3 ø = log 2 + i ç + 2np ÷
÷ è 3 ø
ç ÷
è ø
i iln 2
(iii) 2 =e = cos (ln 2) cos (ln 2) + i sin (ln 2)]
l a b = a b only if atleast one of either a or b is non- negative.

2 2 2 2
l In real numbers, if a + b = 0, then a = 0 = b but in complex numbers, z1 + z2 = 0 does not imply z1 = z2 = 0.
é z if z > 0
l Unlike real numbers,½z½= ê is not correct.
ë - z if z < 0
l By specifying the modulus and argument a complex number is defined completely. Argument impart direction
and modulus impart distance from origin.
l For the complex number 0 + 0i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is given
by its modulus only.
l Euler represantation makes the product and division of two or more complex numbers easy.
l Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined by using theory of equations.
l If a , b , c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ; where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c are not all
simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1 , z2 and z3 are collinear.
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JEE-Mathematics
SOME WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS

z -2
Illustration 1. If z is a point on the Argand plane such that |z – 1| = 1, then is equal to -
z
(A) tan (arg z) (B) cot (arg z) (C) i tan (arg z) (D) none of these
Solution Since |z – 1| = 1,
\ let z - 1 = cos q + i sin q
Then, z - 2 = cos q + i sin q - 1
q q q qæ q qö
= -2sin
2
+ 2i sin cos = 2i sin ç cos + i sin ÷ .... (i)
2 2 2 2è 2 2ø
and z = 1 + cos q + i sin q
q q q qæ q qö
= 2cos
2
+ 2i sin cos = 2cos ç cos + i sin ÷ .... (ii)
2 2 2 2è 2 2ø
z-2 q æ q ö
From (i) and (ii), we get = i tan = i tan ( arg z ) çQ arg z = from ( ii )÷ Ans. (C)
z 2 è 2 ø
Illustration 2. Let a be a complex number such that |a| < 1 and z1, z2, ....... , zn be the vertices of a polygon
2 k
such that zk = 1+ a + a + .... a , then show that vertices of the polygon lie within the circle
1 1
z- =
1- a 1-a .
1 - a k +1
Solution We have, z k = 1 + a + a 2 + ..... + a k =
1-a
1 - a k +1
Þ zk - =
1-a 1-a
k +1
1 a 1
Þ zk -
1-a
=
1- a
<
1-a
(Q a < 1)
1 1
\ Vertices of the polygon z1 ,z 2 ,.....,z n lie within the circle z - 1 - a = 1 - a
Illustration 3. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers and C > 0, then prove that
2 2 –1 2
|z1 + z2| £ (1 + C) |z1| + (1 + C )|z2|
2 2 –1 2
Solution We have to prove that : |z1 + z2| £ (1 + C) |z1| + (1 + C )|z2|
2 2 2 –1 2
i.e. |z1| + |z2| + z1 z2 + z1 z 2 £ (1 + C ) |z1| + (1 +C )|z2|
2 2
or z1 z2 + z1 z2 £ C z1 + C -1 z 2
1
(using Re ( z1 z2 ) £ z1 z2 )
2 2
or C z1 + z 2 - z1 z2 - z1 z 2 ³ 0
C
2
æ 1 ö
or çè C z1 - z 2 ÷ ³ 0 which is always true.
ø
C
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Complex Nu mber
Illustration 4.
ép pù 4 3 2
If qi Î ê , ú , i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and z cosq1 + z cosq2 + z cosq3 + z cosq4 + cosq5 = 2 3 ,
ë6 3û
3
then show that |z| >
4
4 3 2
Solution Given that cos q1 .z + cos q2 .z + cos q3 .z + cos q 4 .z + cos q5 = 2 3
or cos q1 .z 4 + cos q2 .z 3 + cos q 3 .z 2 + cos q4 .z + cos q5 = 2 3
2 3 £ cos q1 .z 4 + cos q2 .z 3 + cos q 3 .z 2 + cos q 4 .z + cos q5
Q q i Î [ p / 6, p / 3 ]
1 3
\ £ cos qi £
2 2
3 4 3 3 3 2 3 3
2 3£ z + z + z + z+
2 2 2 2 2
Þ 4
3£ z + z + z + z
3 2
Þ 2 3 4
3 < z + z + z + z + z + ..........¥
5
|z|
Þ 3<
1-|z|
Þ 3 – 3|z| < |z|
3
Þ 4|z| > 3 \ |z| >
4
2 1 1
Illustration 5. If z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers such that = + , show that the points represented by
z1 z 2 z 3
z1, z2, z3 lie on a circle passing through the origin.
2 1 1
Solution We have, = +
z1 z 2 z 3
1 1 1 1 O
Þ - = -
z1 z 2 z 3 z1 a
z2
z 2 - z1 z1 - z 3
Þ =
z1 z 2 z1 z 3 z3
b
z 2 - z1 - z2 z1
Þ =
z 3 - z1 z3
æ z - z1 ö æ -z ö
Þ arg ç 2 ÷ = arg ç 2 ÷
è z 3 - z1 ø è z3 ø
æz -z ö æz ö
arg ç 2 1 ÷ = p + arg ç 2 ÷
è z 3 - z1 ø è z3 ø
z3
Þ b = p - arg = p-a = a+b=p
z2
Thus the sum of a pair of opposite angle of a quadrilateral is 180°. Hence, the points 0, z 1, z2 and
z3 are the vertices of a cyclic quadrilateral i.e. lie on a circle.
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JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 6. Two given points P and Q are the reflection points w.r.t. a given straight P z1
line if the given line is the right bisector of the segment PQ. Prove that the
two points denoted by the complex numbers z1 and z2 will be the reflection
points for the straight line a z + a z + r = 0 if and only if ;
a z1 + a z2 + r = 0 , where r is real and a is non zero complex constant.

Q z2
Solution Let P(z1) is the reflection point of Q(z2) then the perpendicular bisector of z1 and z2 must be the line
az + a z + r = 0 ... (i)
Now perpendicular bisector of z1 and z2 is, z - z1 = z - z 2
or (z – z1) ( z - z1 ) = ( z - z2 )( z - z2 )
- zz1 - z1 z + z1 z1 = - zz 2 - z2 z + z 2 z2 ( zz cancels on either side)
or ( z2 - z1 ) z + ( z2 - z1 ) z + z1 z1 - z2 z2 = 0 ... (ii)
a a r
Comparing (i) and (ii) = = =l
z2 - z1 z 2 - z1 z1 z1 - z2 z2
\ a = l ( z2 - z1 ) ... (iii)
a = l ( z 2 - z1 ) ... (iv)
r = l ( z1 z1 - z2 z2 ) ... (v)
Multiplying (iii) by z1; (iv) by z2 and adding

az1 + a z2 + r = 0
Note that we could also multiply (iii) by z2 and (iv) by z1 and add to get the same result.
Hence az1 + a z2 + r = 0
Again, let az1 + a z2 + r = 0 is true w.r.t. the line az + a z + r = 0 .
Subtracting a ( z - z1 ) + a(z - z2 ) = 0
or ( z - z1 ) a = a ( z - z2 ) or z - z1 = z - z 2 = z - z 2
Hence 'z' lies on the perpendicular bisector of joins of z 1 and z2.
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Complex Nu mber
ANSWERS
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1. n = 4 2. 0 3. –17 + 24i 5. ±(1 – 4i)
2p 5p p
6. (a) |z| = 4; amp(z) = (b) |z|= 2; amp(z) = - (c) |z|= 2; amp(z) = -
3 6 2
1 3p p
(d) |z|= ; amp(z) = (e) |z|= 2; amp(z) =
2 4 3
7. 2
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
1. 13 units 2. Locus is a circle on complex plane with center at (2, 3) and radius 1 unit.
3. C
æ 3p ö æ pö
i i -2 ÷
æ 3p 3p ö ç 4 ÷ø æ -2p - 2p ö ç
4. (i) 2 2 ç cos + i sin ÷ ; 2 2e è (ii) 2 ç cos + i sin ÷ ; 2e è 3 ø
è 4 4 ø è 3 3 ø
æ pö
i 3 ÷ æp qö
æ 3p 3p ö ç æ q öæ æp qö æ p q öö æ q ö iç 2 - 2 ÷
(iii) 2 ç cos + i sin ÷ ; 2e è 4 ø
(iv) 2 sin ç ÷ ç cos ç - ÷ + i sin ç - ÷ ÷ ; 2 sin ç ÷ e è ø
è 4 4 ø è 2 øè è2 2ø è 2 2 øø è2ø
y
5. 0, –1 + i, 6. 0
x 7. 2 8. Circle
1/2 1
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. 5 2. 0 3. 0 4. p
p
5. 1 6. B 7.
6
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. C 2. D 3. 1 + (2 + 2 2)i 4. 0
5. z2 = z3 + i(z1 – z3) 6. B Im
z
7. Locus is all the points on the major arc
of circle as shown excluding points 1 and –1. c(0,1)
8. C O Re
–1 1
9. A
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
1 + e2
1. D 2. B 3. cos1 4. 1
2e
5. 6xy 6. A
BEGINNER'S BOX-6
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True
5. False 6. False
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JEE-Mathematics
SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS
1. If arg (z1 ) = arg(z2), then

-1
(A) z2 = k z1 (k > 0) (B) z2 = kz1 (k > 0) (C) |z2| = | z 1| (D) None of these.
z1
2. If = 1 and arg (z1 z2) = 0, then
z2
2
(A) z1 = z2 (B) |z2| = z1z2 (C) z1z2 = 1 (D) None of these
13
3. The value of the sum å ( in + in +1 ) , where i = -1 , is
n =1
(A) i (B) i – 1 (C) –i (D) 0
2
4. The number of solutions of the equation z 2 + z = 0 , where z Î C is
(A) one (B) two (C) three (D) infinitely many
2 2
5. For any two complex numbers z1 and z2 | 7 z1 + 3z2| + |3z1 – 7 z2| is always equal to
2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) 16(|z1| + |z2| ) (B) 4(|z1| + |z2| ) (C) 8(|z1| + |z2| ) (D) none of these
6. The inequality |z – 4| < |z – 2| represents the following region -

(A) Re(z) > 0 (B) Re(z) < 0 (C) Re(z) > 2 (D) none of these
2
7. In the quadratic equation x + (p +iq) x + 3i = 0 , p & q are real. If the sum of the squares of the roots is 8
then :
(A) p = 3, q = –1 (B) p = –3, q = –1
(C) p = 3, q = 1 or p = –3, q = –1 (D) p = –3, q = 1
2
8. The curve represented by Re(z ) = 4 is -
(A) a parabola (B) an ellipse (C) a circle (D) a rectangular hyperbola
9. Let z and w are two non-zero complex numbers such that |z| = |w| and arg z + arg w = p, then z equal
to -
(A) w (B) – w (C) w (D) – w
10. If |z1| = 1, |z2| = 2, |z3| = 3 and |9z1z2 + 4z1z3 + z2z3| = 12 then the value of |z1 + z2 + z3| is equal to-
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
2 3
11. The sequence S = i + 2i + 3i + ...... upto 100 terms simplifies to where i = -1 -
(A) 50(1 – i) (B) 25i (C) 25(1 + i) (D) 100(1 – i)
334 365
æ ö æ 1 i 3ö
12. If i = -1 , then 4 + 5 ç - 1 + i 3 ÷ + 3 çç - + ÷ is equal to :
ç 2 2 ÷ø 2 ÷ø
è è 2
(A) 1 - i 3 (B) -1 + i 3 (C) i 3 (D) -i 3
74
Complex Nu mber
p
13. If Arg (z – 2 – 3i) = , then the locus of z is -
4
y y
(2,3) (2,3)
(A) (B) (C) x (D) x
(–2,–3)
(–2,–3)
z - 6 - 3i ö p
14. The center of the arc arg æç ÷ = - is
è z - 8 - 6i ø 4
æ 11 11 ö
(A) ç , ÷ (B) (1, 4) (C) (2, 5) (D) (3, 1)
è 2 2ø
15. If z be any complex number such that |3z – 2| + |3z + 2| = 4, then locus of z is
(A) an ellipse (B) a circle (C) a line-segment (D) None of these
n n
16. Number of non-zero integral solutions to (3+ 4i) = 25 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) finitely many (D) none of these
17. If z1 , z2 are two complex numbers such that arg(z1+z2) = 0 and Im(z1z2) = 0, then
(A) z1 = – z2 (B) z1 = z2 (C) z 1= z 2 (D) none of these
75
JEE-Mathematics
SECTION - 1 : MULTIPLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS
1. Let z1, z2 be two complex numbers represented by points on the circle |z 1| = 1 and |z2|=2 respectively, then-
1
(A) max|2z1+ z2| = 4 (B) min |z1 – z2| = 1 (C) z 2 + £3 (D) None of these
z1
a-b
2. If a, b be any two complex numbers such that = 1 , then which of the following may be true -
1-a b
(A) |a |= 1 (B) |b|= 1 (C) a = eiq , q Î R (D) b = eiq , q Î R
3. For two complex numbers z1 and z2 : (az1 + bz1 )(cz 2 + dz2 ) = (cz1 + dz1 )(az 2 + bz2 ) if (a, b, c, d Î R) -
a c a b
(A) = (B) = (C) | z1 |=| z 2 | (D) arg(z1) = arg(z2)
b d d c
4. If the complex numbers z1, z2, z3 represents vertices of an equilateral triangle such that |z 1|=|z2|=|z3|, then
which of following is correct ?
(A) z1 + z2 + z3 ¹ 0 (B) Re(z1 + z2 + z3) = 0
(C) Im(z1 + z2 + z3) = 0 (D) z1 + z2 + z3 = 0
5. If amp (z1z2) = 0 and |z1| = |z2| = 1, then :-
(A) z1 + z2 = 0 (B) z1z2 = 1 (C) z1 = z2 (D) None of these
3 2 1993 1994
6. The common roots of the equations z + (1 + i)z + (1 + i)z + i = 0, (where i = -1 ) and z +z +1= 0
are -(where w denotes the complex cube root of unity)
2 981
(A) 1 (B) w (C) w (D) w
7. If the vertices of an equilateral triangle are situated at z = 0, z = z 1, z = z2, then which of the following is/are
true -
(A) |z1| = |z2| (B) |z1 – z2| = |z1|
(C) |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2| (D) |arg z1 – arg z2|= p/3
8. If centre of square ABCD is at z=0. If affix of vertex A is z 1, centroid of triangle ABC is/are -
z1 é p p ù
(A) (cos p + i sin p) (B) 4 êæç cos ö÷ - i æç sin ö÷ ú
3 ëè 2ø è 2 øû
z1 éæ pö æ p öù z1 é æ pö æ p öù
(C) êçè cos 2 ÷ø + i çè sin 2 ÷ø ú (D) ê ç cos ÷ - i ç sin ÷ ú
3 ë û 3 ëè 2ø è 2 øû
76
Complex Nu mber
SECTION - 2 : COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS

(SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTION)
Comprehension – 1
n
Let z be any complex number. To factorise the expression of the form z – 1, we consider the equation
n
z = 1. This equation is solved using De moiver's theorem. Let 1, a1, a2,........ an–1 be the roots of this
n
equation, then z – 1 = (z – 1)(z – a1)(z – a2)........(z – an–1) This method can be generalised to factorize
n n
any expression of the form z – k .
6
æ æ 2mp p ö ö
Õ çè z - C iS çè
7
for example, z + 1 = + ÷÷
m= 0 7 7 øø
This can be further simplified as
7 æ 2 p öæ 2 3p öæ 5p ö
z + 1 = (z + 1) ç z - 2z cos + 1÷ ç z - 2z cos + 1 ÷ ç z 2 - 2z cos + 1÷ .... (i)
è 7 øè 7 øè 7 ø
These factorisations are useful in proving different trigonometric identities e.g. in eqaution (i) if we put
z = i, then equation (i) becomes
æ p öæ 3p ö æ 5p ö p 3p 5p 1
(1 - i) = (i + 1) ç -2i cos ÷ ç -2i cos ÷ ç -2i cos ÷ i.e. cos cos cos =-
è 7 øè 7 øè 7 ø 7 7 7 8
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions
5
9. If the expression z – 32 can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors over real coefficients as
( z 5 - 32) = ( z - 2) (z 2 - pz + 4)(z 2 - qz + 4) , where p > q, then the value of p2 – 2q -
(A) 8 (B) 4 (C) –4 (D) –8
5 p p
10. By using the factorisation for z + 1, the value of 4 sin cos comes out to be -
10 5
1
(A) 4 (B) (C) 1 (D) –1
4
2n+1 2 2
11. If (z – 1) = (z – 1)(z – p1z + 1)........ (z – pnz + 1) where n Î N & p1, p2 ............. pn are real
numbers then p1 + p2 + ........... + pn =
æ pö
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) tan ç ÷ (D) none of these
è 2n ø
Comprehension – 2
In the figure |z| = r is circumcircle of DABC.D,E & F are the middle points of the sides BC, CA & AB
respectively, AD produced to meet the circle at L. If ÐCAD = q, AD = x, BD = y and altitude of DABC
from A meet the circle |z|= r at M, za, zb & zc are affixes of vertices A, B & C respectively.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :
12. Area of the DABC is equal to -

1
(A) xy cos (q + C) (B) (x + y) sin q (C) xy sin (q + C) (D) xy sin (q + C)
2
13. Affix of M is-

i2B i(p–2B) iB iB
(A) 2zbe (B) zbe (C) zbe (D) 2zbe
14. Affix of L is-

i(2A – 2q) i(2A – 2q) i(A – q) i(A – q)
(A) zbe (B) 2zbe (C) zbe (D) 2zbe
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JEE-Mathematics
SECTION - 1 : NUMERICAL ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS
1. If |z + i| = |z – i| & |z| = 1, then find of number of possible value of z.
2. If |z1| = 2, |z2| = 3, |z3|= 4 and |2z1 + 3z2 + 4z3| = 9, then absolute value of 8z2z3 + 27z3z1 + 64z1z2
must be equal to
3. If the equation of all the circles which are orthogonal to |z| = 1 and |z – 1| = 4 is z + 7 - ib = ( l + b ),
2
i = -1 and b Î R, then the value of l must be equal to
z
4. There is a complex number z with imaginary part 164 and a positive integer n such that = 4i . The value
z+n
of n is
3 2 2
5. Let A = {a Î R| the equation (1 + 2i)x – 2(3 + i)x + (5 – 4i)x + 2a = 0} has at least one real root. Find the
value of åa
aÎA
2
.
SECTION - 2 : MATRIX - MATCH QUESTIONS
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE statement in Column-II.
6. Column-I Column-II
1
(A) If z be the complex number such that z + =2 (p) 0
z
| z|
then minimum value of is
p
tan
8
2n zn zn
(B) |z| = 1 & z +1 ¹ 0 then - is equal to (q) 3
z2n + 1 z 2n + 1
3 2
(C) If 8iz + 12z – 18z + 27 i = 0 then 2|z| = (r) 11
(D) If z1, z2, z3, z4 are the roots of equation (s) 1

4
4 3 2
z + z + z + z + 1 = 0, then Õ (z
i =1
i + 2) is
78
Complex Nu mber
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II.
7. Match the figure in column-I with corresponding expression -

Column-I Column-II
z1 z2
z 4 - z 3 z4 - z3
(A) two parallel lines (p) +
z3 z4
z2 - z1 z2 - z1 = 0
z4
z2 - z1 z - z1
(B) two perpendicular lines (q) = 2
z1 z2 z 4 - z 3 z4 - z3
z3
z1 z2
z 4 - z1 z 2 - z 3 z4 - z1 z2 - z3
(C) a parallelogram (r) . = .
z2 - z1 z 4 - z 3 z2 - z1 z4 - z3
z4 z3
z3
z4
(D) z2 (s) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
z1
79
JEE-Mathematics
1
1. The conjugate of a complex number is , then that complex number is- [AIEEE-2008]
i -1
-1 1 -1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i -1 i +1 i +1 i -1
2. If Z -
4 [AIEEE-2009]
= 2 , then the maximum value of |Z| is equal to :-
Z
(1) 2 (2) 2 + 2 (3) 3 +1 (4) 5 +1
3. The number of complex numbers z such that |z – 1| = |z + 1| = |z – i| equals :- [AIEEE-2010]

(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) ¥
2
4. Let a, b be real and z be a complex number. If z + az+ b = 0 has two distinct roots on the line Re z = 1,
then it is necessary that :- [AIEEE-2011]
(1) b = 1 (2) b Î (1, ¥) (3) b Î (0,1) (4) b Î ( -1,0)
7
5. If w(¹1) is a cube root of unity, and (1 + w) = A + Bw. Then (A, B) equals :- [AIEEE-2011]
(1) (1, 0) (2) (–1, 1) (3) (0, 1) (4) (1, 1)
z2
6. If z ¹ 1 and is real, then the point represented by the complex number z lies : [AIEEE-2012]
z -1
(1) on the imaginary axis.
(2) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through the origin.
(3) on a circle with centre at the origin.
(4) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing through the origin.
2 2
7. |Z1 + Z2| + |Z1 – Z2| is equal to : [AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
2 2 2 2
(1) 2(|z1| + |z2|) (2) |z1| |z2| (3) 2(|z1| + |z2| ) (4) |z1| + |z2|
8. Let Z1 and Z2 be any two complex numbers.

Statement-1 : |Z1 – Z2| ³ |Z1| – |Z2|.
Statement-2 : |Z1 + Z2| £ |Z1| + |Z2|. [AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of statement-1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
9. Let Z and W be complex numbers such that |Z| = |W| and arg Z denote the principal argument of Z.
Statement-1 : If arg Z + arg W = p, then Z = – W .
Statement-2 : |Z| = |W| implies arg Z–arg W = p. [AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of statement-1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
2
10. Let p, q, r Î R and r > p > 0. If the quadratic equation px + qx + r = 0 has two complex roots a and
b, then |a| + |b| is : [AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
(1) Less than 2 but not equal to 1 (2) Greater than 2
(3) Equal to 2 (4) Equal to 1
80
Complex Nu mber
11. The area of the triangle whose vertices are complex numbers z, iz, z + iz in the Argand diagram is :
[AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
2 1 2 2 2
(1) |z| (2) |z| (3) 4|z| (4) 2|z|
2
1+ zö
12. If z is a complex number of unit modulus and argument q, then arg æç ÷ equals [JEE (Main)-2013]
è + zø
1
p
(1) – q (2) - q (3) q (4) p – q
2
Z2 2Z1 + 3Z 2
13. If Z1 ¹ 0 and Z2 be two complex numbers such that Z is a purely imaginary number, then 2Z - 3Z is
1 1 2
equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2013]
(1) 1 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 2
14. If a complex number z satisfies the equation z + 2 |z + 1| + i = 0, then |z| is equal to :

[JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2013]
(1) 5 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 2
æ 1 + z2 ö
15. Let a = Im çè ÷ , where z is any non-zero complex number. The set A = {a : |z| = 1 and z ¹ ±l} is
2iz ø
equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2013]
(1) [0, 1) (2) (–1, 0] (3) [–1, 1] (4) (–1, 1)
16. Let z satisfy |z| = 1 and z = 1 – z

Statement I : z is a real number.
p
Statement II : Principal argument of z is [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2013]
3
(1) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(2) Statement I is true, Statement II is true, Statement II is not a correct explanation for statement I.
(3) Statement I is true ; Statement II is false.
(4) Statement I is true : Statement II is true ; Statement II is a correct explanation for statement I.
1
17. If z is a complex nubmer such that |z| ³ 2, then the minimum value of z + . [JEE (Main)-2014]
2
5 3 5
(1) is strictly greater than (2) is strictly greater than but less than
2 2 2
5
(3) is equal to (4) lies in the interval (1, 2)
2
18. Let w(Im w ¹ 0) be a complex number. Then the set of all complex numbers z satisfying the equation
w – w z = k (1 – z), for some real number k, is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]
(1) {z:z = z} (2) {z : |z| = l, z ¹ 1} (3) {z: |z| = l} (4) {z : z ¹ 1}
æ z1 ö æ z2 ö
19. If z1, z2 and z3, z4 are 2 pairs of complex conjugate numbers, then arg ç ÷ + arg ç ÷ equals :
è z4 ø è z3 ø
p 3p
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4) p
2 2
z-i 1
20. Let z ¹ – i be any complex number such that is a purely imaginary number. Then z + is :
z+i z
(1) any non-zero real number other than 1. (2) a purely imaginary number.
(3) 0 (4) any non- zero real number
81
JEE-Mathematics
2
21. For all complex numbers z of the form 1 + ia ,a Î R, If z = x + iy, then: [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]
2 2 2 2
(1) y – 4x + 2 = 0 (2) y – 4x + 4 = 0 (3) y + 4x – 4 = 0 (4) y + 4x + 2 = 0
22. A complex number z is said to be unimodular if |z| = 1. Suppose z1 and z2 are complex numbers such that
z1 – 2z 2
is unimodular and z2 is not unimodular. Then the point z1 lies on a : [JEE (Main)-2015]
2 – z1 z2
(1) straight line parallel to x-axis (2) straight line parallel to y-axis
(3) circle of radius 2 (4) circle of radius 2-
2 + 3i sin q
23. A value of q for which is purely imaginary, is : [JEE (Main)-2016]
1 - 2i sin q
p p æ 3ö æ 1 ö
(1) (2) (3) sin -1 çç ÷÷ (4) sin -1 ç ÷
3 6 è 4 ø è 3ø
24. The point represented by 2 + i in the Argand plane moves 1 unit eastwards, then 2 units northwards and finally
from there 2 2 units in the south-westwards direction. Then its new position in the Argand plane is at the
point represented by : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2016]
(1) –2 –2i (2) 2 + 2i (3) 1 + i (4) –1 –i
3
25. Let z = 1 + ai be a complex number, a > 0, such that z is a real number.
2 11
Then the sum 1 + z + z + .... + z is equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2016]
(1) 1250 3 i (2) –1365 3 i (3) 1365 3 i (4) –1250 3 i
æ iz - 2 ö
26. The equation Im çè ÷ + 1 = 0, z Î C, z ¹ i represents a part of a circle having radius equal to :
z-i ø
3 1
(1) (2) (3) 2 (4) 1
4 2
2 101 107
27. If a, b Î C are the distinct roots, of the equation x – x + 1 = 0, then a +b is equal to :
[JEE-MAIN-2018]
(1) –1 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) 2
ì æ p ö 3 + 2i sin q ü
28. Let A = í0 Î ç - , p÷ : is purely imaginary ý . Then the sum of the elements in A is :
î è 2 ø 1 - 2i sin q þ
5p 2p 3p
(1) (2) (3) (4) p
6 3 4
3z1 2z 2
29. Let z1 and z2 be any two non-zero complex numbers such that 3|z1| = 4 |z2|. If z = + then :
2z 2 3z1
1 17 5
(1) | z|= (2) Re(z) = 0 (3) | z|= (4) Im(z) = 0
2 2 2
5 5
æ 3 iö æ 3 iö
30. Let z = ç + ÷ +ç - ÷ . If R(z) and I[z] respectively denote the real and imaginary parts of z, then:
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø
(1) R(z) > 0 and I(z) > 0 (2) R(z) < 0 and I(z) > 0
(3) R(z) = –3 (4) I(z) = 0
82
Complex Nu mber
3
æ 1 ö x + iy
31. Let çè -2 - i÷ø = (i = -1) , where x and y are real numbers, then y – x equals :
3 27
(1) –85 (2) 85 (3) –91 (4) 91
z-a
32. If (a Î R) is a purely imaginary number and |z| = 2, then value of a is :
z+a
1
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 2 (4)
2
33. All the points in the set S = íì

î
a+i
a - i
ü
(
: a Î Rý i =
þ
)
-1 lie on a [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) circle whose radius is 1. (2) straight line whose slope is 1.

(3) straight line whose slope is –1 (4) circle whose radius is 2.
34. The equation |z – i| = |z – 1|, i = -1 , represents: [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]

(1) the line through the origin with slope –1. (2) a circle of radius 1.
1
(3) a circle of radius . (4) the line through the origin with slope 1.
2
æ z -1 ö
35. If Re ç = 1, where z = x + iy, then the point (x, y) lies on a : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2020]
è 2z + i ÷ø
æ 1 3ö 5
(1) circle whose centre is at ç - , - ÷ (2) circle whose diameter is
è 2 2ø 2
3 2
(3) straight line whose slope is (4) straight line whose slope is -
2 3
100 100
-1 + i 3
. If a = (1 + a ) å a and b = å a 3k , then a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation:
2k
36. Let a =
2 k =0 k =0
2 2
(1) x – 102x + 101 = 0 (2) x + 101x + 100 = 0
2 2
(3) x – 101x + 100 = 0 (4) x + 102x + 101 = 0
z-i 5
37. Let z be complex number such that = 1 and | z|= . Then the value of |z + 3i| is :
z + 2i 2
7 15
(1) (2) 2 3 (3) (4)
10 2 4
38. If z be a complex number satisfying |Re(z)| + |Im(z)| = 4, then |z| cannot be [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2020]
17
(1) (2) 10 (3) 8 (4) 7
2
83
JEE-Mathematics
1. The largest value of r for which the region represented by the set {w Î C / w - 4 - i £ r} is contained in the
region represented by the set { z Î C / z - 1 £ z + i } , is equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2015]
3 5
(1) 2 (2) 2 (3) 2 2 (4) 17
2 2
Im z5
2. If z is a non-real complex number, then the minimum value of : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2015]
( Im z)5
(1) –2 (2) –5 (3) –1 (4) –4
3. Let z ÎC, the set of complex numbers. Then the equation, 2 z + 3i - z - i = 0 represents :
16 10
(1) an ellipse with length of major axis (2) a circle with diameter
3 3
8 16
(3) a circle with radius (4) an ellipse with length of minor axis
3 9
2
4. Let z0 be a root of the quadratic equation, x + x + 1 = 0. If z = 3 + 6iz 81 93
0 - 3iz0 , then arg z is equal to:
p p p
(1) (2) (3) 0 (4)
4 3 6
5. Let z be a complex number such that |z| + z = 3 + i (where i = -1 ). Then |z| is equal to :
5 41 34 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 3 3
6. Let Z1 and Z2 be two complex numbers satisfying |Z1| = 9 and |Z2 – 3 – 4i| = 4 . Then the minimum value
of |Z1 – Z2| is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 2
7. If z =
2
3 i
( ) (
+ i = -1 , then 1 + iz + z 5 + iz 8
2
)
9
is equal to [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(4) ( -1 + 2i)
9
(1) –1 (2) 1 (3) 0
5 + 3z
8. Let zÎC be such that |z| < 1. If w = , then : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
5(1 - z)
(1) 5Im(w) < 1 (2) 4Im(w) > 5 (3) 5Re(w) > 1 (4) 5Re(w) > 4
3 + i sin q
9. If , q Î[0, 2p] , is a real number, then an argument of sinq + icosq is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2020]
4 - i cos q
-1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 4 ö -1 æ 4 ö -1 æ 3 ö
(1) - tan çè ÷ø (2) tan çè ÷ø (3) p - tan çè ÷ø (4) p - tan çè ÷ø
4 3 3 4
2
10. If the equation, x + bx + 45 = 0 (b Î R) has conjugate complex roots and they satisfy z + 1 = 2 10 , then
2 2 2 2
(1) b – b = 42 (2) b + b = 12 (3) b + b = 72 (4) b – b = 30
84
Complex Nu mber
Comprehension (for 1 to 3) :
Let A, B, C be three sets of complex numbers as defined below [JEE 2008, 4M, –1M]
A = { z : Im z ³ 1}
B = {z :|z - 2 - i|= 3}
C = {z : Re((1 - i)z) = 2}
1. The number of elements in the set A Ç B Ç C is -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) ¥
2 2
2. Let z be any point in A Ç B Ç C. Then |z + 1 – i| + |z – 5 – i| lies between -
(A) 25 and 29 (B) 30 and 34 (C) 35 and 39 (D) 40 and 44
3. Let z be any point in A Ç B Ç C and let w be any point satisfying |w – 2 – i| < 3. Then, |z|–|w| + 3
lies between -
(A) –6 and 3 (B) –3 and 6 (C) –6 and 6 (D) –3 and 9
4. A particle P starts from the point z0 = 1 + 2i, where i = -1 . It moves first horizontally away from origin
by 5 units and then vertically away from origin by 3 units to reach a point z1. From z1 the particle moves
p
2 units in the direction of the vector ˆi + ˆj and then it moves through an angle 2 in anticlockwise direction
on a circle with centre at origin, to reach a point z2. The point z2 is given by -[JEE 2008, 3M, –1M]
(A) 6 + 7i (B) –7 + 6i (C) 7 + 6i (D) –6 + 7i
15
5. Let z = cos q + i sin q. Then the value of å Im(z

m=1
2m -1
) at q = 2° is - [JEE 2009, 3M, –1M]
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
sin2° 3sin 2° 2 sin2° 4 sin 2°
6. Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are integers. Then the area of the rectangle whose vertices
are the roots of the equation zz 3 + zz 3 = 350 is - [JEE 2009, 3M, –1M]
(A) 48 (B) 32 (C) 40 (D) 80
7. Match the conics in Column I with the statements/ expressions in Column II. [JEE 2009, 8M]
Column I Column II
(A) Circle (P) The locus of the point (h, k) for which the line hx + ky = 1
2 2
touches the circle x + y = 4

(B) Parabola (Q) Points z in the complex plane satisfying | z + 2 | – | z – 2 |= ± 3
(C) Ellipse (R) Points of the conic have parametric representation
æ 1 - t2 ö 2t
x = 3ç 2 ÷, y =
è 1 + t ø 1 + t2
(D) Hyperbola (S) The eccentricity of the conic lies in the interval 1 £ x < ¥
2 2
(T) Points z in the complex plane satisfying Re (z + 1) = | z | + 1
85
JEE-Mathematics
8. Match the statements in Column-I with those in Column-II. [JEE 10, 8M]
[Note – Here z takes values in the complex plane and Im z and Re z denote, respectively, the imaginary
part and the real part of z.]
Column I Column II
4
(A) The set of points z satisfying z - i z = z + i z (p) an ellipse with eccentricity
5
is contained in or equal to
(B) The set of points z satisfying |z+4|+|z–4|=10 (q) the set of points z satisfying Im z = 0
is contained in or equal to
(C) If |w|= 2, then the set of points (t) the set of points z satisfying |Im z| < 1
1
z=w- is contained in or equal to
w
(D) If |w| = 1, then the set of points (s) the set of points z satisfying |Re z|£ 2
1
z=w+ is contained in or equal to (t) the set of points z satisfying |z|£ 3
w
9. Let z1 and z2 be two distinct complex numbers and let z = (1 – t)z1 + tz2 for some real number t with
0 < t < 1. If Arg(w) denotes the principal argument of a nonzero complex number w, then
(A) |z – z1|+|z – z2|=|z1 – z2| (B) Arg(z – z1) = Arg(z – z2) [JEE 10, 3M]
z - z1 z - z1
(C) z - z =0 (D) Arg(z – z1) = Arg(z2 – z1)
2 1 z2 - z1
2p 2p
10. Let w be the complex number cos + i sin . Then the number of distinct complex numbers z satisfying
3 3
z +1 w w2
w z + w2 1 = 0 , is equal to [JEE 10, 3M]
w2 1 z+w
11. If z is any complex number satisfying |z – 3 – 2i| < 2, then the minimum value of |2z – 6 + 5i|
is [JEE 2011, 4M]
2
12. Let w = e i 2 p / 3 , and a, b, c, x, y, z be non-zero complex numbers such that a + b + c = x, a + bw + cw = y
2 |x|2 +|y|2 +|z|2

a + bw + cw = z. Then the value of is [JEE 2011, 4M]
|a|2 +|b|2 +|c|2
2
13. Let z be a complex number such that the imaginary part of z is nonzero and a = z + z + 1 is real. Then
a cannot take the value - [JEE 2012, 3M, –1M]
1 1 3
(A) –1 (B) (C) (D)
3 2 4
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
14. Let complex numbers a and lie on circles (x – x0) + (y – y0) = r and (x – x0) + (y – y0) = 4r respectively..
a
2 2
If z0 = x0 + iy0 satisfies the equation 2|z0| = r + 2, then |a| = [JEE(Advanced) 2013, 2M]
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 7 3
86
Complex Nu mber
3 +i n ì 1ü ì -1 ü
15. Let w = and P = {w : n = 1, 2, 3, ..}. Further H1 = íz Î C: Re z > ý and H2 = í z Î C: Re z < ý,
2 î 2þ î 2þ
where C is the set of all complex numbers. If z1 Î P Ç H1, z2 Î P Ç H2 and O represents the origin, then
Ðz1Oz2 = [JEE-Advanced 2013]
p p 2p 5p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 6 3 6
Paragraph for Question 16 and 17
ìï é z - 1 + 3i ù üï
Let S = S 1 Ç S 2 Ç S 3 , whe re S 1= {z Î C : |z| < 4}, S 2 = íz Î C : Im ê ú > 0 ý a nd
îï ë 1 - 3i û ïþ
S3 = {z Î C : Re z > 0}.
16. min|1 - 3i - z|= [JEE(Advanced) 2013]

zÎS
2- 3 2+ 3 3- 3 3+ 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
17. Area of S = [JEE(Advanced) 2013]

10p 20p 16p 32p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
æ 2kp ö æ 2kp ö
18. Let zk = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ ; k = 1, 2,...,9. [JEE(Advanced) 2014]
è 10 ø è 10 ø
List I List II
P. For each zk there exists a zj such that z . zj = 1 1. True
Q. There exists a k Î {1, 2, ..., 9} such that z1 . z = zk has no 2. False

solution z in the set of complex numbers.
|1 - z1 ||1 - z 2 |...|1 - z 9 |
R. equals 3. 1
10
æ 2kp ö
å
9
S. 1 - cos ç ÷ equals 4. 2
k =1 è 10 ø
P Q R S
(A) 1 2 4 3
(B) 2 1 3 4
(C) 1 2 3 4
(D) 2 1 4 3
12
æ kp ö æ kp ö
åa k +1 - ak
19. For any integer k, let a k = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ , where i = -1 . The value of the expression 3
k =1
è 7 ø è 7 ø
åa
k =1
4 k -1 - a4k-2
is [JEE(Advanced) 2015]
87
JEE-Mathematics
20. Let a, b Î ¡ and a 2 + b2 ¹ 0 . Suppose S = z Î £ : z = { 1

a + ibt }
, t Î ¡, t ¹ 0 , where i = -1 . If z = x + iy
and z Î S , then (x, y) lies on [JEE(Advanced) 2016]

1 æ 1 ö
(A) the circle with radius and centre ç , 0 ÷ for a > 0, b ¹ 0
2a è 2a ø
1 æ 1 ö
(B) the circle with radius - and centre ç - , 0 ÷ for a < 0, b ¹ 0
2a è 2a ø
(C) the x-axis for a ¹ 0, b = 0
(D) the y-axis for a = 0, b ¹ 0
21. Let a, b, x and y be real numbers such that a – b = 1 and y ¹ 0. If the complex number z = x + iy satisfies
æ az + b ö
Im çè ÷ = y, then which of the following is(are) possible value(s) of x? [JEE(Advanced) 2017]
z+1 ø
(A) -1 - 1 - y 2 (B) 1 + 1 + y 2 (C) 1 - 1 + y 2 (D) -1 + 1 - y 2
22. For a non-zero complex number z, let arg(z) denote the principal argument with –p <arg(z) £ p Then, which of
the following statement(s) is (are) FALSE? [JEE(Advanced) 2018]
p
(A) arg(–1 – i) = , where i = -1
4
(B) The function f : ¡ ® (-p, p], defined by f(t) = arg(–1 + it) for all t Î ¡ , is continuous at all points of ¡ ,
where i = -1
æz ö
(C) For any two non-zero complex numbers z1 and z2, arg ç 1 ÷ - arg(z1 ) + arg(z 2 ) is an integer multiple of 2p
è z2 ø
(D) For any three given distinct complex numbers z 1, z2 and z3, the locus of the point z satisfying the condition
æ (z - z1 )(z 2 - z 3 ) ö
arg ç ÷ = p, lies on a straight line
è (z - z 3 )(z 2 - z1 ) ø
23. Let s, t, r be non-zero complex numbers and L be the set of solutions z = x + iy (x, y Î¡ , i = -1) of the
equation sz + tz + r = 0 , where z = x - iy . Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE?
(A) If L has exactly one element, then |s|¹|t| [JEE(Advanced) 2018]
(B) If |s| = |t|, then L has infinitely many elements
(C) The number of elements in L Ç {z :| z –1 + i|=5} is at most 2
(D) If L has more than one element, then L has infinitely many elements
24. Let S be the set of all complex numbers z satisfying z - 2 + i ³ 5 . If the complex number z0 is such that
1 ìï 1 üï 4 - z0 - z0
is the maximum of the set í : z Î Sý , then the principal argument of is
z0 - 1 ïî z - 1 ïþ z0 - z0 + 2i
[JEE-Advanced 2019]
p p 3p p
(A) (B) - (C) (D)
4 2 4 2
2 2
25. Let w ¹ 1 be a cube root of unity. Then the minimum of the set {|a + bw + cw | : a, b, c distinct non-zero
integers} equals ____ [JEE-Advanced 2019]
88
Complex Nu mber
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A B B D A D C D D A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Ans. A C A A C D C
EXERCISE-2
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. ABC ABCD AD BCD BC BC ABD CD A C
Que. 11 12 13 14
Ans. A C B A
EXERCISE-3
l Numerical : 1. 2 2. 216 3. 48 4. 697 5. 9
l Match the Column 6. (A) ® (s), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (r)
7. (A) ® (q), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q, s), (D) ® (r)
EXERCISE-4A
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 3 4 2 2 4 2 3 2 3 2
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 1 1 4 1 4 2 1 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 3 3 4 3 2 1 3 2 Bonus 4
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Ans. 4 2 1 4 2 1 3 4
EXERCISE-4B
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 4 3 1 4 1 1 3 3 4
EXERCISE-5
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ans. B C BCD D D A (A)- (P); (B)- (S,T); (C)- (R); (D)-(Q,S)
Que. 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ans. (A)- (qr); (B)- (p); (C)- (pst); (D)-(qrst) ACD 1 5 3 D

Que. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Ans. C CD C B C 4 ACD AD ABD ACD
Que. 24 25
Ans. B 3.00
* * * * * * *
89
90
JEE-Mathematics
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CHAPTER

Recap of Early Classes

Complex Number (a + ib)

Purely real Purely imaginary Imaginary

2.0 ARGAND DIAGRAM

Master Argand had done a systematic study on complex numbers and

3.0 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS

Fundamental operations with complex numbers; (a, b, c, d Î R)

3.1 Equality In Complex Number

Solution (1 + i)x - 2i (2 - 3i)y + i

Illustration 4. Find the square root of 7 + 24 i.

7 + 24i = ±(4 + 3i)

4.0 THREE IMPORTANT TERMS : CONJUGATE/MODULUS/ARGUMENT

4.1 Conjugate Complex

Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.

(1) If z = 0, arg(z) is not defined

(2) If z is real and negative, arg(z) = p.

(a) 1 + i 3 (b) –1 + i 3 (c) 1 – i 3 (d) –1 – i 3

INTEGRAL POWERS OF IOTA, MODULUS AND AMPLITUDE

5. Find square root of –15 – 8i

6. Find the modulus and principal amplitude of following complex numbers.

5.0 REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS

5.2 Trigonometric / Polar Representation

5.3 Exponential Representation

Illustration 8. Find the locus of :

Here q = least positive argument

and f = maximum positive argument

and exponential form is z = 2 e3 p / 4

and exponential form is z = 2e 5 p / 12

REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS, LOCUS

2. Find the locus of |z – 2 – 3i| = 1.

5. Find the complex number z, satisfying the equations |z – i| = |z + 1| = 1.

6. Sketch the locus of complex number z, satisfying logcos1|z| ³ logcos1 |z – 1|.

7. For any complex number z, find minimum value of |z| + |z – 2i|.

8. If points z, –iz and 1 are collinear then, find the locus of z.

6.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE

6. z1 z2 = z1 . z2 . In general z1 z2 .........z n = z1.z2 .........zn

7.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF MODULUS

1. |z| ³ 0 2. |z| ³ |Re (z)| 3. |z| ³ |Im (z)|

6. |z1 z2| = |z1|.|z2| . In general |z1z 2 .........z n |=|z1 |.|z2 |.........|z n |

|z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z 2| + 2Re ( z1 z2 )

8.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF AMPLITUDE

(i) amp (z1. z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 kp; k Î I

Þ 4y = 0; y = 0, which is x-axis Ans.(A)

z2 = r2 ( cos q2 + i sin q2 ) ,|z2 | = r2

|(z1 + z2)| = ( r1 cos q1 + r2 cos q2 ) + i ( r1 sin q1 + r2 sin q2 )

= r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 cos(q1 - q2 ) = |z1 |2 + |z 2 |2 if cos(q1 - q2 ) = 0

(A) 1 + 2 (B) 2 + 2 (C) 3 + 1 (D) 5 + 1

Therefore, the greatest value of z is 5 + 1 . Ans. (D)

Illustration 19. Shaded region is given by -

PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE AND MODULUS, ARGUMENT

1. Find the number of solutions of z 3 + z = 0 .

6. Which of the following is not correct.

7. For any integer n, find the argument of z = .

9.0 VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

position vector. If the point P represents the complex number z then,

11.0 DE'MOIVRE’S THEOREM

Case 1– If n is any integer then

Case 2 – If p, q Î Z and q ¹ 0 then