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Conductivity Topics

This document discusses electrical conductivity and related concepts. It defines electrical conductivity as the ability of a material to conduct electrical current. It then discusses specific conductivity, which is the conductance between opposite faces of 1 cm3 of a conductor. The document also covers the relationships between electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, temperature, and molar conductivity. It notes that electrical conductivity depends on ion concentrations and temperature, and that the relationship with total dissolved solids can vary depending on water type but is generally estimated around 0.7. Temperature is also noted to affect conductivity through its impact on ion mobility and solution viscosity.

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39 views

Conductivity Topics

This document discusses electrical conductivity and related concepts. It defines electrical conductivity as the ability of a material to conduct electrical current. It then discusses specific conductivity, which is the conductance between opposite faces of 1 cm3 of a conductor. The document also covers the relationships between electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, temperature, and molar conductivity. It notes that electrical conductivity depends on ion concentrations and temperature, and that the relationship with total dissolved solids can vary depending on water type but is generally estimated around 0.7. Temperature is also noted to affect conductivity through its impact on ion mobility and solution viscosity.

Uploaded by

reza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Conductivity:

 Electrical conductivity is an indicator of water quality. Conductivity is the ability of a


material to conduct electrical current
 The basic unit of conductivity is the siemens (S) or mho. Since cell geometry affects
conductivity values, standardized measurements are expressed in specific
conductivity units (S/cm) to compensate for variations in electrode dimensions
Specific conductivity:
 The reciprocal of resistivity is called specific conductivity. It’s defined as the
conductance between the opposite faces of 1 cm3 of a conductor. It is denoted by k
(kappa).
1
k=
ρ
 The unit of specific conductivity:
S
k =ohm−1 cm−1= The specific conductivity of a solution at a given dilution is the
cm
conductance of 1 cm3 of the solution. It is represented by k(kappa).
Note: The specific conductivity of a solution of electrolyte depends upon the dilution
or molar concentration of the solution.

 Ohm's law: The strength of current flowing through a conductor is directly


proportional to the potential difference applied across the conductor and inversely
proportional to resistance of the conductor.
V ≈I
V
V =I × R  R=
I
 EC is the measure of liquid capacity to conduct an electric charge [6,8]. Its ability
depends on dissolved ion concentrations, ionic strength, and temperature of
measurements
 Correlation of EC and TDS:
TDS
[ ]
mg
L
=k × EC
μS
cm[ ]
o k: a constant of proportionality or known as a factor called cell constant relates
to the physical characteristics of the measuring cell and is affected by many
measurements, such as temperature, etc . The value of k will increase along
with the increase of ions in water.
o The value of K is different for different waters (ground water, surface water, industrial
water) depending upon concentrations of different ions in that water
o The relationship between conductivity and TDS is not directly linear; it depends
on the activity of specific dissolved ions average activity of all ions in the liquid,
and ionic strength
o While conductivity is entirely dependent on ionic charge, TDS is not. There can be
nonionized substances in solution which contribute to TDS but not EC
o In addition to non-ionized solutes, the measurement of TDS takes into account
Na, K, Ca, and Mg as major cations and HCO3- (bicarbonate), SO4-2 (sulfate), Cl-
(chloride), and NO3- (nitrate) as major anions. Other cations and anions (Sr2+, F-,
Br-, I-, and Fe2+) are often excluded from TDS summation calculations because in
most cases they contribute relatively little compared to the major ions.
o EC also showed a correlation with organics and soluble nutrients in liquid manure
but did not show any relationship with phosphorus

Source: 10.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012019
 We can obtain the correlation between TDS and EC through a chart diagram, and determine
the formula based on the higher slope/gradien (m) as TDS/EC, no matter it use linear
method, logarithm, or others, as well as the correlation value (R 2)
 TDS/EC ratio for freshwater can be vary 0.5 till ≥ 1.00.
o For most natural waters, the key value varies from 0.55 to 0.85, and the average
of these two extremes (0.7) is widely used.
o TDS to EC ranged from 0.58 to 0.67 for industrial wastewaters.
o In groundwater ranged from 0.527 to 0.597 for water with an EC of 106-2050
µS/cm
 TDS: TDS concentration describes the present of inorganic salts and small amounts of
organic matter in water
 TDS was a geochemical parameter that established a relationship between bulk
conductivity and microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in groundwater
 EC and TDS are water quality parameters which indicate level of salinity
 The relationship between TDS and EC is not always linear. The higher the salinity
level or material contents, the more complex mathematical equations needed in
describing those parameters
 The relative contributions to EC for the major ions are unequal since the molar
conductance of individual ions varies.
o Molar conductance level: HCO3- < Na+ < K+ < Cl- < OH- < H+
MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY
 Definition:
o The conductance property of a solution containing one mole of the electrolyte or
it is a function of the ionic strength of a solution or the concentration of salt.
o The conducting power of all the ions that are formed by dissolving a mole of
electrolyte in a solution
o The property of an electrolyte solution that is mainly used in determining the
efficiency of a given electrolyte in conducting electricity in a solution
 Formula:
K 1000 × EC 25
Λ m [ S ⋅m ⋅mol ] = =
2 −1
C C

o K: Specific Conductivity
o C: Concentration/Molarity (mole/L)
 Molar conductivity of an electrolytic solution is the conductance of the volume of the
solution containing a unit mole of electrolyte that is placed between two electrodes
of unit area cross-section or at a distance of one-centimeter apart.
 The main physical effect of temperature is to increase ionic mobility at higher
temperatures through decreasing the viscosity of the solution.
o The well known approximation of the effect of temperature upon EC of about 2%
per 10 C is a very general average which is reasonable enough
o However, each individual ion has its own often very different temperature
coefficient, which varies with both concentration and absolute temperature, with
especially large departures (up to 10 times) from the 2% approximation evident
in very cold and very hot water, where viscosity changes, and dissolved CO,
ionisation rates change rapidly.
 Linear equation to observ variations in EC with temperatures:
EC 25=EC t × ( 1+0.022 ( 25−t ) )

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