Introduction To Accounting: (Meaning and Objectives of Accounting and Accounting Information)

CHAPTER
1
Introduction to Accounting
(Meaning and Objectives of Accounting and Accounting Information)
MEANING OF KEY TERMS USED IN THE CHAPTER
1. Accounting Accounting is a systematic process of identifying, measuring, collecting,

recording, classifying, summarising, analysing, interpreting and
communicating financial information to the users.
2. Book Keeping Book Keeping is the process of recording financial transactions in a

systematic manner and classifying them into ledgers. Book Keeping, thus,
involves:
(i ) Identifying financial transactions and events,
(ii) Measuring them in terms of money,
(iii) Recording the identified financial transactions and events in the books
of account, and
(iv) Classifying, i.e., posting them into ledger accounts.
3. Accountancy Accountancy is a systematic knowledge of accounting, i.e., it educates how

to maintain the books of account.
4. Trading and Profit Trading and Profit & Loss Account (Statement of Profit & Loss, in
& Loss Account case of companies) (Income Statement) shows the profit earned or
(Income Statement) loss incurred by the enterprise during the accounting year.
5. Balance Sheet Balance Sheet or Position Statement is the statement which shows
(Position Statement) the financial position of the enterprise on a particular date.
6. Accounting Accounting Information is used for forecasting, comparing and

Information evaluating financial performance and position. It also helps in taking
economic decisions.
7. Double Entry System Double Entry System of Accounting means a system of accounting
of Accounting whereby both, debit and credit, aspects of a transaction are recorded.
8. Accounts from Accounts from Incomplete Records or Single Entry System of

Incomplete Records Accounting is a system under which both aspects of the transactions
(Single Entry System are not recorded in all the cases. In some cases both aspects are
of Accounting) recorded, while in others either one aspect is recorded or a transaction is
not recorded at all.
1.2 Double Entry Book Keeping—CBSE XI
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Meaning of Accounting: Accounting is a systematic process of identifying, measuring,

recording, classifying and summarising in terms of money, transactions and events of a financial
nature, analysing, interpreting and communicating the results thereof to the users.
• Attributes of Accounting: 1. Identification of Financial Transactions and Events,
2. Measuring the Identified Transactions and Events, 3. Recording, 4. Classifying,
5. Summarising, 6. Analysis and Interpretation, 7. Communicating.
• Process of Accounting: Process of Accounting refers to the sequence of accounting
procedure for recording, classifying and summarising transactions.
Recording is the process of entering the financial transactions in the books of original
entry (i.e., Journal) in the chronological manner, i.e., date-wise, classifying is the process
of posting of entries in the ledger so that the transactions of similar nature are accumulated
at one place and summarising is concerned with the preparation of Financial Statements
such as Income Statement and Balance Sheet. Analysing and Interpreting is the next stage
of the accounting process.
Accounting Process
Communicating Financial Transactions

to Users and Events
Analysis and Journal

Interpretation 1. Cash Book
2. Purchases Book
3. Sales Book
Summarising 4. Purchases Return Book
1. Trial Balance 5. Sales Return Book
2. Trading and Profit & Loss Account 6. Bills Payable Book* Recording
(Statement of Profit and Loss) 7. Bills Receivable Book*
8. Journal Proper
3. Balance Sheet
Classifying (Posting into Ledger)
*Not in Syllabus.
• Difference between Book Keeping and Accounting: Accounting is a wider concept which
includes Book Keeping. Book Keeping is mainly concerned with the recording of financial
data which is one aspect of accounting. Accounting is an art of recording, classifying and
summarising financial data and interpreting the results thereof to the users. Accounting
begins where Book Keeping ends.
• Objectives of Accounting: 1. Maintaining Systematic Records of Transactions,
2. Determining Profit or Loss, 3. Ascertaining Financial Position, 4. Facilitating Management,
5. Providing Accounting Information to Users, 6. Protecting Business Assets.
• Accounting Information: Accounting information is the information of financial nature
relating to entities. It is useful in taking decisions. Accounting information is provided to the
users through financial statements.
Introduction to Accounting 1.3
• Users of Accounting Information: Internal users and External users.

Parties Areas of Interest
Internal Users
1. Owners or Investors (i) Profitability, (ii) Financial Position, (iii) Future Prospects.
2. Management (i) Profitability in Relation to Investment, (ii) Managerial Decisions, (iii) Liquidity
of the Concern.
External Users
3. Employees and Workers (i) Profitability.
4. Banks and Financial Institutions (i) Performance, (ii) Profitability, (iii) Financial Position.
5. Investors and Potential Investors (i) Earning Capacity, (ii) Safety.
6. Creditors (i) Profitability, (ii) Financial Position.
7. Government and its Authorities (i) Profitability, (ii) Financial Position, (iii) Tax Liability.
8. Researchers (i) Accounting Theory, (ii) Business Practices, (iii) Future Profitability.
9. Consumers (i) Pricing.
10. Public (i) Protecting Environment, (ii) Indirect Contribution for Betterment.
• Advantages of Accounting: 1. Financial Information about Business, 2. Assistance to

Management, 3. Replaces Memory, 4. Facilitates Comparative Study, 5. Facilitates Settlement
of Tax Liability, 6. Facilitates Loan, 7. Evidence in Court, 8. Facilitates Sale of Business,
9. Assistance in the event of insolvency, 10. Helpful in Partnership Accounts and 11. Helpful
in Decision-making.
• Limitations of Accounting: 1. Accounting is not Fully Exact because estimations also
have to be made. 2. Accounting does not Indicate the Realisable Value. 3. Accounting
Ignores the Qualitative Elements. 4. Accounting Ignores the Effect of Price Level Changes.
5. Accounting may Lead to Window-Dressing.
• Systems of Accounting: 1. Double Entry System, and 2. Single Entry System.
CHAPTER
3
Theory Base of Accounting, Accounting
Standards and Indian Accounting
Standards (Ind-AS)
1. Generally Accepted Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are basic or fundamental

Accounting Principles propositions accepted by the accountants based on which transactions
(GAAP) are recorded in the books of account and financial statements
are prepared.
2. Fundamental Accounting Assumptions
i. Going Concern Under the assumption, it is presumed that the business will continue
Assumption for a foreseeable future and there is no intention to close down the business
or scale down its operations significantly.
ii. Accrual Assumption Under the assumption, a transaction is accounted at the time when it is
entered into and not when settlement takes place.
iii. Consistency Under the assumption, accounting practices once adopted should be
Assumption applied consistently year after year. They may be changed under following
three conditions:
(a) Law requires the change,
(b) Accounting standard requires the change, or
(c) It will result in more fair presentation of financial affairs of the business.
3. Accounting Accounting Standards are the written policy documents covering the
Standards aspects of recognition, measurement, treatment, presentation and disclosure
of accounting transactions in the financial statements.
4. International Financial International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of
Reporting Standards accounting standards issued by IASB based on sound and clearly
(IFRS) stated principles.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Accounting Principles: Accounting is the language of business. To understand the

accounting information and for maintaining uniformity and consistency, accounting principles
are necessary in accounting.
Accounting Principles are the norms or rules which are to be followed in treating various
items of assets, liabilities, expenses, incomes, etc.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAPs) means the rules or guidelines for recording
and reporting business transactions, in order to bring uniformity and consistency in the
preparation and presentation of financial statements.
• Features of Accounting Principles
1. Accounting Principles are man-made.
2. Accounting Principles are flexible.
3. Accounting Principles are generally accepted. The general acceptance of an Accounting
Principle usually depends on how well it meets the three criteria: relevance, objectivity and
feasibility.
• Accounting Principles can be classified into two categories:
1. Accounting Concepts, and 2. Accounting Conventions.
• Fundamental Accounting Assumptions or Concepts
1. Going Concern Assumption: The business will continue for an indefinite period and

there is no intention to close the business or downsize its operations significantly.
2. Consistency Assumption: Accounting practices once selected and adopted should be
applied consistently year after year.
3. Accrual Assumption: Transactions are recorded when they have been entered into and
not when the settlement takes place.
• Accounting Principles
1. Accounting Entity or Business Entity Principle: Business is treated as a separate

entity distinct from its owners.
2. Money Measurement Principle: Transactions and events that can be expressed in
money or in money terms are recorded in the books of account.
3. Accounting Period Principle: Life of an enterprise is divided into time intervals which
are known as accounting periods, at the end of which an income statement and position
statement are prepared to show the performance and financial position.
4. Full Disclosure Principle: According to this convention, financial statements should

be prepared and to that end, full disclosure of all significant information should be made.
5. Materiality Principle: Items or events having a significant effect should be disclosed.

6. Prudence or Conservatism Principle: Do not anticipate profits but provide for all

possible losses.
7. Cost Concept or Historical Cost Principle: The underlying principle of cost concept is

that the asset be recorded at its cost price, which is the cost of acquisition less depreciation.
8. Matching Concept or Matching Principle: Cost incurred during a particular period

should be set out against the revenue of that period to ascertain profits.
9. Dual Aspect Concept or Duality Principle: Every transaction has two aspects: one
aspect of a transaction is debited while the other is credited.
10. Revenue Recognition Concept: Revenue is recognised in the period in which it is

earned irrespective of the fact whether it is received or not during that period.
11. Verifiable Objective Concept: There must be objective evidence of transactions which
are capable of verification.
Theory Base of Accounting, Accounting Standards and Ind-AS 3.3
• Accounting Standards are a set of guidelines, i.e., Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,
issued by the accounting body of the country, i.e., The Institute of Chartered Accountants of
India (ICAI), that are followed for preparation and presentation of financial statements.
• The objective of setting Accounting Standards is to bring uniformity in accounting practices
and to ensure transparency, consistency and comparability.
• International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of accounting standards
issued by IASB, which came into existence in the year 2001.
• IASB adopted existing International Accounting Standards (IAS) and SIC as their standards.
Out of 41 IAS, 12 IAS stand withdrawn and in effect 29 IAS are still applicable.
• IASB issued 9 IFRS and a standard for Small and Medium Enterprises.
• IFRS compliant financial statements are:
1. Statement of Financial Position,
2. Comprehensive Income Statement,
3. Statement of Changes in Equity,
4. Statement of Cash Flow, and
5. Notes and Summary of Accounting Policies.
• Objectives of IASB are:
1. To develop, in the public interest, a single set of high-quality, understandable, and
enforceable global accounting standards that require high-quality, transparent, and
comparable information in financial statements and other financial reporting to help
participants in the various capital markets of the world and other users of the information
to make economic decisions;
2. To promote the use and rigorous application of those standards;
3. In fulfilling the objectives associated with (1) and (2), to take account of, as appropriate,
the special needs of small and medium-sized entities and emerging economies; and
4. To bring about convergence of national accounting standards and International Financial
Reporting Standards to high-quality solutions.
• Difference between IFRS and Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-As). The principal
difference between the two is that while IFRS are based on principle and fair value, Indian
Accounting Standards are based on rules and historical value.
• India decided to converge Indian Accounting Standards with IFRS and has issued converged
International Accounting Standards titled ‘Ind-AS’.
India has issued Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS) that converge into IFRS. They are the
Indian Equivalent of IFRS applicable to select types of companies, i.e.,
(i) Companies listed on the Stock Exchange in India;
(ii) Companies having net worth of ` 250 crores or more;
(iii) Their Holding, Subsidiary, Associate and Joint Venture Companies.
Ind-AS are notified Indian Accounting Standards under the Companies Act, 2013 and are
mandatory for companies to which they apply. Other companies are encouraged to adopt them.
So far 40 Ind-AS have been issued.
CHAPTER
4
Bases of Accounting
1. Cash Basis of It is a system of accounting according to which transactions are

Accounting recorded in the books of account when cash is transacted whether
received or paid.
2. Accrual Basis of It is a system of accounting according to which transactions are

Accounting recorded in the books of account when transaction is entered into
irrespective of cash having been received or not.
3. Outstanding They are those expenses which have been incurred during the
Expenses accounting period but have not yet been paid during the year. In the
Balance Sheet, they are shown as liability.
4. Prepaid Expenses They are those expenses which have been paid in advance. In the Balance
Sheet, they are shown as an asset.
5. Accrued Income It is an income which has been earned during the accounting period
but has not yet become due for payment and, therefore, has not been
received. In the Balance Sheet, it is shown as an asset.
6. Income Received It is an income which has been received before it has been earned,
in Advance i.e., goods have been sold or services have been rendered. In the Balance
Sheet, it is shown as a liability.
Terms at serial numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6 will appear when accrual basis of accounting is followed.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Bases of Accounting: For recording financial transactions, there can be two broad
approaches to accounting. These are:
1. Cash Basis and 2. Accrual or Mercantile Basis.
• Cash Basis of Accounting: A system in which accounting entries are made only when cash
is transacted whether received or paid.
• Accrual or Mercantile Basis of Accounting: A system in which income is recorded when
it is earned, whether received or not. Similarly, expense is recorded when incurred, whether
paid or not.
This basis is also known as Mercantile Basis of Accounting. Under the Companies Act,
2013, all companies are required to maintain the books of account according to accrual basis
of accounting.
CHAPTER
5
Accounting Equation
1. Accounting Equation Accounting Equation shows the relationship between capital, liabilities
and assets. Total assets are equal to the sum of capital and liabilities.
Mathematical Expression of Accounting Equation:
(i) Assets = Liabilities + Capital; or
(ii) Capital = Assets – Liabilities; or
(iii) Liabilities = Assets – Capital.
2. Assets Assets are the resources that the business owns. They refer to property
or legal rights owned by the business, which can be measured in terms
of money.
3. Liabilities Liabilities are the financial obligations of an enterprise other than owner’s
fund or capital.
4. Capital Capital is the amount invested by the owner in the business.
Or
Capital is the excess of assets over external liabilities.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Accounting Equation is the basis for Double Entry System of Book Keeping. Total assets
of the business firm are provided by the creditors/lenders and the owners. Therefore, at any
point of time, the total assets of a business are equal to its total liabilities (those of outsiders
and of the proprietors). Liabilities to the outsiders are known as ‘liabilities’ but liability to
the owners, in accounting is referred to as ‘capital’.
We can express the relationship that exists among assets, liabilities and capital in the form
of an accounting equation as follows:
Total Assets = Total Liabilities
Or
Total Assets = Liabilities + Capital
Or
Capital = Total Assets – Liabilities
• A transaction may affect either both sides of the equation by the same amount or on one side
of the equation only, by both increasing or decreasing it by the equal amounts.
• An increase in an asset, without a corresponding increase in liability or corresponding decrease
in another asset, must represent an increase in capital.
Conversely, an increase in liability without a corresponding increase in asset or a corresponding
decrease in another liability, will indicate a decrease in capital.
Solved Questions
1. Show an Accounting Equation for the following transactions:

(i) D. Mahapatra commenced business with cash ` 50,000 and ` 1,00,000 by cheque; goods
` 60,000; machinery ` 1,00,000 and furniture ` 50,000.
(ii) 1/3rd of the above goods sold at a profit of 10% on cost and half of the payment is
received in cash.
(iii) Depreciation on machinery provided @ 10%.
(iv) Cash withdrawn for personal use ` 10,000.
(v) Interest on drawings charged @ 5%.
(vi) Goods sold to Gupta for ` 10,000 and received a cheque for the same amount.
Solution: Refer to Page No. 5.3.
2. Show an Accounting Equation on the basis of the following transactions:

`
(i) Sunil started business with cash 1,50,000
(ii) Opened a Bank Account by depositing ` 25,000 out of cash
(iii) He sold his personal car for ` 50,000 and deposited the amount
in the firm’s Bank Account
(iv) He purchased a building and furniture for 1,00,000
(v) He purchased goods from Ram on credit 50,000
(vi) He paid cartage 500
(vii) He sold to Shyam on credit goods costing ` 6,000 for 9,000
(viii) Received rent from tenants 1,000
(ix) Received security deposit from tenants 1,500
(x) Purchased stationery for cash 100
(xi) Invested in shares (personal) 5,000
(xii) Received interest in cash 200
(xiii) Introduced fresh capital 25,000
(xiv) Goods destroyed by fire 500

Solution: Refer to Illustration 1 Page No. 5.2.
Transaction Assets = Liabilities + Capital
No. Cash + Bank + Stock + Machinery + Furniture + Debtors = Creditors + Capital

` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
Accounting Equation
(i) 50,000 + 1,00,000 + 60,000 + 1,00,000 + 50,000 + 0

= 0 + 3,60,000
(ii) 11,000 + 0 + (20,000) + 0 + 0 + 11,000 = 0 + 2,000
New Equation 61,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 1,00,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,62,000
(iii) 0 + 0 + 0 + (10,000) + 0 + 0 = 0 + (10,000)
New Equation 61,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 90,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,52,000

(iv) (10,000)
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0 = 0 + (10,000)
New Equation 51,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 90,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,42,000

(v) 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0 = 0 + 500

– 500
New Equation 51,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 90,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,42,000
(vi) 0 + 10,000 + (10,000) + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0
New Equation 51,000 + 1,10,000 + 30,000 + 90,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,42,000
3,42,000 = 3,42,000
5.3
5.4
Transaction Assets = Liabilities + Capital
No. Cash + Bank + Building and + Stock + Debtors = Creditor + Security + Capital
` ` Furniture (`) ` ` ` Deposit (`) `

(i) 1,50,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 1,50,000

(ii) (25,000) + 25,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0
ew Equation
N 1,25,000 + 25,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 1,50,000
(iii) 0 + 50,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 50,000
ew Equation
N 1,25,000 + 75,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 2,00,000
(iv) (1,00,000) + 0 + 1,00,000 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0
ew Equation
N 25,000 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 2,00,000
(v) 0 + 0 + 0 + 50,000 + 0 = 50,000 + 0 + 0
ew Equation
N 25,000 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 50,000 + 0 = 50,000 + 0 + 2,00,000
(vi) (500) + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + (500)
ew Equation
N 24,500 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 50,000 + 0 = 50,000 + 0 + 1,99,500
(vii) 0 + 0 + 0 + (6,000) + 9,000 = 0 + 0 + 3,000
ew Equation
N 24,500 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 44,000 + 9,000 = 50,000 + 0 + 2,02,500
(viii) 1,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 1,000
ew Equation
N 25,500 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 44,000 + 9,000 = 50,000 + 0 + 2,03,500
(ix) 1,500 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 1,500 + 0
ew Equation
N 27,000 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 44,000 + 9,000 = 50,000 + 1,500 + 2,03,500
(x) (100) + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + (100)
ew Equation
N 26,900 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 44,000 + 9,000 = 50,000 + 1,500 + 2,03,400
(xi) (5,000) + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + (5,000)
ew Equation
N 21,900 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 44,000 + 9,000 = 50,000 + 1,500 + 1,98,400
(xii) 200 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 200
ew Equation
N 22,100 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 44,000 + 9,000 = 50,000 + 1,500 + 1,98,600
(xiii) 25,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 25,000
ew Equation
N 47,100 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 44,000 + 9,000 = 50,000 + 1,500 + 2,23,600
(xiv) 0 + 0 + 0 + (500) + 0 = 0 + 0 + (500)
New Equation 47,100 + 75,000 + 1,00,000 + 43,500 + 9,000 = 50,000 +
1,500 + 2,23,100
Double Entry Book Keeping—CBSE XI
Accounting Equation 5.5
3. Draw an Accounting Equation from the following transactions:

(i) Commenced business with cash ` 50,000, cheque ` 1,00,000, goods ` 30,000 and furniture
` 20,000.
(ii) Personal Car of the proprietor was sold for ` 1,00,000 against cheque which he deposited
in his Savings Account.
(iii) An amount of ` 50,000 was transferred from his Savings Account to the firm’s Bank
Account.
(iv) A car of ` 6,00,000 was purchased for office use. It was paid by taking loan from Bank
of ` 5,00,000 and issue of cheque of ` 1,00,000.
(v) Sold goods to Ajay on credit costing ` 4,000 for ` 5,000.
(vi) Sold goods for cash costing ` 12,000 for ` 16,000.
(vii) Purchased goods for cash ` 40,000.
(viii) Purchased goods on credit for ` 20,000.
(ix) Paid rent ` 3,000 including ` 2,000 in advance.
(x) Paid salaries ` 2,000.
(xi) Sold goods costing ` 8,000 for ` 10,000.
(xii) Salaries outstanding ` 1,000.
(xiii) Charge depreciation on furniture ` 500.

5.6
Transaction No. Assets = Liabilities + Capital

Cash + Bank + Stock + Furniture + Car + Debtors + Prepaid = Bank + Creditors + O/s + Capital
Rent Loan Salary

` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
(i) 50,000 + 1,00,000 + 30,000 + 20,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 2,00,000
(ii) 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0
New Equation 50,000 + 1,00,000 + 30,000 + 20,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 2,00,000
(iii) 0 + 50,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 50,000
New Equation 50,000 + 1,50,000 + 30,000 + 20,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 2,50,000
(iv) 0 + (1,00,000) + 0 + 0 + 6,00,000 + 0 + 0 = 5,00,000 + 0 + 0 + 0
New Equation 50,000 + 50,000 + 30,000 + 20,000 + 6,00,000 + 0 + 0 = 5,00,000 + 0 + 0 + 2,50,000
(v) 0 + 0 + (4,000) + 0 + 0 + 5,000 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 1,000
New Equation 50,000 + 50,000 + 26,000 + 20,000 + 6,00,000 + 5,000 + 0 = 5,00,000 + 0 + 0 + 2,51,000
(vi) 16,000 + 0 + (12,000) + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 4,000
New Equation 66,000 + 50,000 + 14,000 + 20,000 + 6,00,000 + 5,000 + 0 = 5,00,000 + 0 + 0 + 2,55,000
(vii) (40,000) + 0 + 40,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0
New Equation 26,000 + 50,000 + 54,000 + 20,000 + 6,00,000 + 5,000 + 0 = 5,00,000 + 0 + 0 + 2,55,000

(viii) 0 + 0 + 20,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 20,000 + 0 + 0
New Equation 26,000 + 50,000 + 74,000 + 20,000 + 6,00,000 + 5,000 + 0 = 5,00,000 + 20,000 + 0 + 2,55,000
(ix) (3,000) + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2,000 = 0 + 0 + 0 + (1,000)
New Equation 23,000 + 50,000 + 74,000 + 20,000 + 6,00,000 + 5,000 + 2,000 = 5,00,000 + 20,000 + 0 + 2,54,000
(x) (2,000) + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + (2,000)
New Equation 21,000 + 50,000 + 74,000 + 20,000 + 6,00,000 + 5,000 + 2,000 = 5,00,000 + 20,000 + 0 + 2,52,000
(xi) 10,000 + 0 + (8,000) + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 2,000
New Equation 31,000 + 50,000 + 66,000 + 20,000 + 6,00,000 + 5,000 + 2,000 = 5,00,000 + 20,000 + 0 + 2,54,000
(xii) 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 +
1,000 + (1,000)
New Equation 31,000 + 50,000 + 66,000 + 20,000 + 6,00,000 + 5,000 + 2,000 = 5,00,000 + 20,000 +
1,000 + 2,53,000

(xiii) 0 + 0 + 0 + (500) + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + (500)
New Equation 31,000 + 50,000 + 66,000 + 19,500 + 6,00,000 + 5,000 + 2,000 = 5,00,000 + 20,000 +
1,000 + 2,52,500
7,73,500 = 7,73,500
Accounting Equation 5.7
Unsolved Questions
1. Complete the following Accounting Equation by filling the missing amounts:
Accounting Equation
No. Transactions Assets (`) = Liabilities (`) + Capital (`)
(i) Misha Commenced business with cash ` 50,000
and goods ` 30,000 ...(1)... = 0 + ...(2)...
(ii) Sold 40% goods at a profit of 25% to Mohan ...(3)... = 0 + ...(4)...
New Equation ...(5)... = 0 + ...(6)...
(iii) Paid salary ` 4,000 and ` 1,000 is outstanding ...(7)... = ...(8)... + (5,000)
New Equation ...(9)... = 1,000 + ...(10)...
(iv) Paid ` 2,000 as insurance premium including
` 500 prepaid ...(11)... = 0 + ...(12)...
New Equation ...(13)... = 1,000 + ...(14)...
(v) Prepaid Rent ` 1,000 ...(15)... = 0 + ...(16)...
New Equation ...(17)... = ...(18)... + 76,500
(vi) Goods costing ` 2,000 distributed as samples
and ` 3,000 taken by Misha for personal use ...(19)... = 0 + ...(20)...
New Equation ...(21)... = 1,000 + ...(22)...
[1: ` 80,000; 2: ` 80,000; 3: ` 3,000; 4: ` 3,000; 5: ` 83,000; 6: ` 83,000; 7: (` 4,000); 8: ` 1,000;

9: ` 79,000; 10: ` 78,000; 11: (` 1,500); 12: (` 1,500); 13: ` 77,500; 14: ` 76,500; 15: 0; 16: 0;
17: ` 77,500; 18: ` 1,000; 19: (` 5,000); 20: (` 5,000); 21: ` 72,500; 22: ` 71,500.]
2. Complete the following Accounting Equation by filling the missing amounts:

Accounting Equation
No. Transactions Assets (`) = Liabilities (`) + Capital (`)
(i) Nisha Commenced business with cash ` 40,000
and goods ` 20,000 ...(1)... = 0 + ...(2)...
(ii) Sold half goods at 25% profit to Ram ...(3)... = 0 + ...(4)...
New Equation ...(5)... = 0 + ...(6)...
(iii) Sold half goods at 10% loss for cash ...(7)... = 0 + ...(8)...
New Equation ...(9)... = 0 + ...(10)...
(iv) Bought goods from Rakesh ` 25,000 and
paid ` 9,000 in cash ...(11)... = ...(12)... + 0
New Equation ...(13)... = 16,000 + ...(14)...
(v) Bought furniture ` 7,000 for office use and
` 3,000 for domestic use ...(15)... = 0 + ...(16)...
New Equation ...(17)... = 16,000 + ...(18)...
[1: ` 60,000; 2: ` 60,000; 3: ` 2,500; 4: ` 2,500; 5: ` 62,500; 6: ` 62,500; 7: (` 1,000); 8: (` 1,000);

9: ` 61,500; 10: ` 61,500; 11: ` 16,000; 12: ` 16,000; 13: ` 77,500; 14: ` 61,500; 15: (` 3,000);
16: (` 3,000); 17: ` 74,500; 18: ` 58,500.]
CHAPTER
6
Accounting Procedures—
Rules of Debit and Credit
1. Account It is a summarised record of transactions at one place relating to a

particular head. It records not only the amount of transactions but
also their effect and direction.
2. Balancing It means totalling the two sides of an account and striking a balance.
(a) Debit Balance It is the difference between total of debit and credit sides of an
account, total of debit side being bigger.
(b) Credit Balance It is the difference between total of debit and credit sides of an
account, total of credit side being bigger.
3. Rules of Debit and
Credit
(A) Traditional Classification

(i) Personal Account Debit the receiver and credit the giver.
(ii) Real Account Debit what comes in and credit what gives out.
(iii) Nominal Account Debit all expenses and losses and credit all incomes and gains.
(B) Modern Classification

(i) Assets Assets are the financial resources of an organisation. Assets have a
debit balance. An increase in assets is debited and decrease credited.
(ii) Liabilities Liabilities are the claim against the financial resources (i.e., assets).
Liabilities have credit balance. An increase in liabilities is credited
and decrease debited.
(iii) Capital An amount or fund introduced in the business by the owner is
known as capital. Capital has a credit balance. An increase in capital
is credited and decrease debited.
(iv) Expenses Expense is a value which has expired during the accounting period.
Expenses have a debit balance. An increase in expenses is debited
and decrease credited.
(v) Revenue Revenue is amount earned on sales of goods, services
rendered or for use by others of enterprise’s resources.
Revenue has a credit balance. An increase in revenue is credited and
decrease debited.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• An Account is a summarised record of relevant transactions at one place relating to a particular

head. It records not only the amount of transactions but also their effect and direction.
• Debit and Credit: Debit and Credit are simply additions to or subtraction from an account. In
accounting, debit refers to the left hand side of any account and credit refers to the right hand side.
In accounting the abbreviated form Dr. stands for debit and Cr. stands for credit.
Both debit and credit may represent either increase or decrease depending upon the nature
of an account.
• Traditional Classification of Accounts

Accounts
Personal Impersonal
Natural Artificial Representative Real Nominal (Revenue or Expense)
The Rule of debit and credit depends on the nature of an account.

Types of Account Account to be Debited Account to be Credited
1. Personal Account Receiver Giver
2. Real Account What comes in What goes out
3. Nominal Account Expenses and Losses Income and Gains
• Modern Classification of Accounts
Accounts
Asset Account Liability Account Capital Account Revenue Account Expense Account
The Rule of debit and credit depends on the nature of an account.
RULES FOR DEBIT AND CREDIT

Types of Account Account to be Debited Account to be Credited
1. Asset Account Increase ↑ Decrease
↓
2. Liability Account Decrease ↓ Increase
↑
3. Capital Account Decrease ↓ Increase
↑
4. Revenue Account Decrease ↓ Increase
↑
5. Expense Account Increase ↑ Decrease
↓
• Assets, expenses and losses accounts normally have debit balances; liability, income and
capital accounts normally have credit balances.
Accounting Procedures—Rules of Debit and Credit 6.3
Solved Questions
1. On which side will the increase in the following accounts be recorded? Also, mention the
nature of the account.
(i) Machinery A/c (ii) Creditor’s A/c (iii) Mohan (Proprietor)
(iv) Sales A/c (v) Carriage Outwards A/c (vi) Cash A/c
(vii) Debtor’s A/c (viii) Rent A/c (ix) Interest Payable A/c
Solution:
(i) Debit—Asset (ii) Credit—Liability (iii) Credit—Capital
(iv) Credit—Revenue (v) Debit—Expense (vi) Debit—Asset
(vii) Debit—Asset (viii) Debit—Expense (ix) Credit—Liability
2. On which side will the decrease in the following accounts be recorded? Also, mention the
nature of account.
(i) Mohan (Proprietor) (ii) Freight A/c (iii) Cartage A/c
(iv) Bank A/c (v) Furniture A/c (vi) Machinery A/c
(vii) Sohan (Customer) (viii) Salary Outstanding A/c (ix) Ram (Supplier)
Solution:
(i) Debit—Capital (ii) Credit—Expense (iii) Credit—Expense
(iv) Credit—Asset (v) Credit—Asset (vi) Credit—Asset
(vii) Credit—Asset (viii) Debit—Liability (ix) Debit—Liability
3. State with reasons, when each of the following accounts are debited or credited:
(i ) Accounts to be debited (ii) Accounts to be credited
(a) Pushkar’s Drawings A/c (a) Pushkar’s Capital A/c
(b) Furniture A/c (b) Machinery A/c
(c) Salary A/c (c) Commission A/c
(d) Bank A/c (d) Bank A/c
Solution:
(i) Reasons when the following are debited:
(a) Pushkar’s Drawings A/c: At the time when the proprietor withdraws cash, goods
or services from his business for personal use, Drawings Account is debited.
(b) Furniture A/c: At the time when the furniture is purchased not with the purpose
to resell but for use in business, it is a fixed asset.
(c) Salary A/c: Salary to the office staff, paid or payable is debited to Salary Account
being an expense and at the year-end it is transferred to Profit & Loss Account.
(d) Bank A/c: At the time when cash or a cheque or a bank draft is deposited.
(ii) Reasons when the following are credited:

(a) Pushkar’s Capital A/c: At the time when Pushkar introduces cash or assets into his
business as capital.
(b) Machinery A/c: At the time when machinery is sold or discarded.
(c) Commission A/c: At the time when commission is earned.
(d) Bank A/c: At the time when cash is withdrawn or a cheque issued or a Bill Payable
is presented for payment.
Unsolved Questions
1. Following is the list of various accounts. Find out which are Asset, Liability, Capital,
Revenue or Expense Account:
(i) Machinery (ii) Bank (iii) Sales
(iv) Purchases (v) Unsold Stock (vi) Bank Overdraft
(vii) Ram (Customer) (viii) Cash (ix) Interest Received
(x) Mohan (Proprietor)
[Asset—(i), (ii), (v), (vii), (viii); Liability—(vi); Capital—(x);
Revenue—(iii), (ix); Expense—(iv).]
2. You are given a number of accounts below. State which of them will show a debit balance
and which a credit balance:
(i) Carriage (ii) Machinery (iii) Sales
(iv) Cash (v) Ram (Customer) (vi) Sales Return
(vii) Purchases (viii) Bad Debts (ix) Discount Allowed
(x) Rent (xi) Commission Received (xii) Capital
(xiii) Repairs (xiv) Purchases Return
[(iii), (xi), (xii), and (xiv) will show Credit Balance.
Rest of them will have Debit Balance.]
3. Put the following transactions on the proper side of an Interest Account:

(i) Interest earned ` 2,000 (ii) Interest paid ` 1,000 (iii) Interest due ` 500.
[(i)—Credit; (ii)—Debit; (iii)—Debit.]
CHAPTER
7
Origin of Transactions—Source Documents
and Preparation of Vouchers
1. Source Documents It is a written document evidencing the transaction and contains details
or Source Voucher
of the transaction. Examples are: Cash Memo, Invoice, Bill, etc.
2. Cash Memo Cash Memo is a document of sale of goods against cash. It is issued by seller
to the buyer. It has details of goods sold such as quantity, rate of each item
and total amount received.
3. Invoice or Bill Invoice is a document of sale of goods on credit. It has the details of goods
sold and also the name of the buyer.
4. Receipt Receipt is an acknowledgment of amount received. It has the details for date,
amount and the name of the payee of the amount.
5. Pay-in-Slip This is a form provided by the bank to deposit amount into the bank.
6. Cheque Cheque is an order to the bank, in writing, to pay specified amount to the
bearer or to the person named in it.
7. Debit Note Debit Note is issued by a firm to its supplier/creditor for debiting his account
say, for goods returned to supplier or any other reason.
8. Credit Note Credit Note is issued by a firm to its customer for crediting his account say,
for goods returned by the customer or any other reason.
9. Accounting Voucher It is a written document prepared on the basis of Source Document or Source
Voucher showing the account debited or credited.
10. Cash Voucher Cash Voucher is used for cash transactions.
11. Debit Voucher Debit Voucher is prepared when payment is made.
12. Credit Voucher Credit Voucher is prepared when cash is received.
13. Transfer Voucher Transfer Vouchers are used for recording non-cash transactions
like, goods returned (both returns inward and returns outward) adjustment
entries, etc.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Financial accounting records contain factual financial information and, therefore, all business
transactions should be evidenced by documentary evidence. For example, a cash memo
showing cash sales, an invoice showing sale of goods on credit, the receipt made out by the
payee against cash payment, are all examples of source documents.
• A voucher is a document providing evidence of a business transaction.
• Types of Vouchers: 1. Supporting Vouchers and 2. Accounting Vouchers.
1. Supporting Vouchers: These vouchers are generated following a business transaction.
These vouchers are the documentary evidence of business transactions having taken place.
2.
Accounting Vouchers: These are secondary vouchers prepared on the basis of supporting
vouchers by an Accountant and countersigned by an authorised person of the organisation
for the purpose of recording in the books of account.
These vouchers may be classified into the following categories:
(i) Cash Vouchers and (ii) Non-Cash Vouchers or Transfer Vouchers.
CHAPTER
8
Journal
1. Journal It is the primary book of account in which transactions are first recorded in
a chronological order, i.e., in the order they are entered into.
2. Book of Original It is the book in which a transaction is first recorded, i.e., Journal book.
Entry
3. Bad Debts It is the amount which is not recoverable and hence, written off.
4. Bad Debts It is the amount which was earlier written off as Bad Debt and is later
Recovered recovered, in full or in part.
5. Discount
• Trade Discount It is a discount allowed to the purchaser of goods when goods are
purchased in large quantity.
• Cash Discount It is a discount allowed on receipt of amount promptly, i.e., within the
agreed time.
• Rebate Rebate is the discount allowed for reasons other than those for which trade
discount and cash discount are allowed. For example, rebate allowed for poor
quality of goods, goods being not as per specification, etc.
6. Simple Journal It is a Journal entry in which one account is debited and another account
Entry is credited.
7. Compound Journal It is a Journal entry in which one or more accounts are debited and/or
Entry credited.
8. Opening Entry It is the first entry passed in the Journal book incorporating the closing
balances of previous year.
9. Goods and Services Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a comprehensive indirect tax charged
Tax (GST) each time the supply is made, i.e., each time the goods are sold and/or
services are rendered, except on the exempt goods and services.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Journal is the primary book of account in which transactions are first recorded in a
chronological (day-to-day) order.
• Journal is a book of original entry because a transaction is first entered in the Journal from
where it is posted to the Ledger.
• Journal entry may be (i) Simple Journal Entry; or (ii) Compound Journal Entry.
(i) Simple Journal Entry is a Journal entry in which one account is debited and another
account is credited.
(ii) Compound Journal Entry is a Journal entry, which involves more than two accounts.
It means it is an entry in which one or more than one accounts are debited
and/or credited.
• Opening Entry: In case of an existing business, assets and liabilities existing in the previous
year’s Balance Sheet will have to be brought forward to the current year. These assets and
liabilities are brought in the books of account of new financial year by means of a Journal
entry termed as Opening Entry.
• Steps in Journalising
Step 1: Identify the accounts involved in the transaction.
Step 2: Determine the nature of accounts, i.e., Asset, Liability, Capital, Expense or Revenue.
Step 3: Apply the rules for ‘Debit’ and ‘Credit’.
Step 4: Draw ruling of a Journal and record the transaction.
• Advantages of Journal
1. It reduces the possibility of errors.
2. It provides an explanation to an entry by way of narration.
3. It provides a chronological record of transactions.
4. It provides the base for posting of transactions in ledger accounts.
5. It helps in locating the errors.
• Disadvantages of Journal
1. Unsuitable for Large Volume of Transactions.
2. Not a simple system of recording.
3. Cash Balance is not revealed.
4. Not a substitute of ledger.
IMPORTANT JOURNAL ENTRIES

Transaction Journal Entry
1. Amount brought into the business as capital Cash or Bank A/c ...Dr.
To Capital A/c
2. Cash and other assets brought into business Building A/c ...Dr.
Plant and Machinery A/c ...Dr.
Furniture A/c ...Dr.
Cash or Bank A/c ...Dr.
To Capital A/c
3. Goods purchased on credit Purchases A/c ...Dr.

To Supplier’s A/c
4. Sale of goods on credit Customer’s A/c ...Dr.

To Sales A/c
5. Goods purchased for cash Purchases A/c ...Dr.

To Cash or Bank A/c
Journal 8.3
6. Cash sales Cash or Bank A/c ...Dr.

To
Sales A/c
7. Opening a Bank Account Bank A/c ...Dr.
To
Cash A/c
To Capital A/c (If opened with personal cash/cheque)
8. Withdrawal of cash from bank Cash A/c (Office Cash) ...Dr.

Drawings A/c (Personal use) ...Dr.
To
Bank A/c
9. Collection of cash/cheque from customers Cash or Bank A/c (Net amount) ...Dr.
(and discount allowed, if any) Discount Allowed A/c (Discount) ...Dr.
To
Customers’ A/c
10. For payment of cash/cheque to suppliers Suppliers’ A/c ...Dr.

(and discount received, if any) To Cash or Bank A/c (Net Amount)
To Discount Received A/c (Discount)
11. Bad Debts Bad Debts A/c ...Dr.

To
Debtor’s A/c
12. Recovery of Bad Debts Cash or Bank A/c ...Dr.

To Bad Debts Recovered A/c
13. Purchase of machinery for cash Machinery A/c ...Dr.

To Cash or Bank A/c
14. Purchase of Machinery on Credit Machinery A/c ...Dr.

To Supplier’s A/c
15. Depreciation charged on assets Depreciation A/c ...Dr.

To Asset A/c
16. Sale or disposal of any old asset at a loss Cash or Bank A/c ...Dr.
Loss on Sale of Asset A/c (Profit & Loss A/c) ...Dr.
To Asset A/c
17. Sale or disposal of any old asset at a profit Cash or Bank A/c ...Dr.
To Asset A/c
To Gain (Profit) on Sale of Asset A/c (Profit & Loss A/c)
18. Goods returned by the customer Returns Inward A/c ...Dr.

To Debtor’s A/c
19. Goods returned to the supplier Creditor’s A/c ...Dr.

To Returns Outward A/c
20. Distribution of goods as samples Advertisement/Samples/Sales Promotion Expenses A/c ...Dr.

To Purchases A/c (Trader)
21. For abnormal loss of goods (Fire/Stolen) Bank A/c (Insurance claim received) ...Dr.
Or
Insurance Claim A/c (Insurance claim admitted) ...Dr.
Abnormal Loss A/c (Insurance claim not admitted) ...Dr.
To Purchases A/c
Solved Questions
1 Journalise the following transactions in the books of Gupta Bros.:
Date Particulars `
2023
March 1 Started business with cash ` 30,000; goods ` 15,000 and furniture ` 20,000
March 2 Paid into bank 20,000
March 3 Bought goods from Mohan Bros. on credit 7,000
March 4 Sold goods to Goyal Bros. on credit 6,000
March 5 Bought a vehicle for delivering goods to customers 10,000
March 7 Received from salesman for goods sold by him after deducting commission ` 150 3,000
March 9 Drawn a cheque for ` 800 for personal use
March 10 Goyal Bros. gave cheque; deposited in the bank 6,000
March 11 Paid to Mohan Bros. by cheque 6,700
Discount allowed by him 300
March 13 Paid for repairs of furniture 200
March 13 Received an order for goods from Mahesh 5,000
March 14 Sold old newspapers 80
March 15 Interest received from bank 400
March 16 Paid ` 300 for expenses on goods sold to Goyal Bros. This amount to be realised from Goyal Bros.
March 19 Bought goods from Sohan Lal & Sons 400
Paid cartage on these goods 50
March 20 Bank intimates that the cheque of Goyal Bros. has been returned dishonoured
March 21 The vehicle bought on March 5 met with an accident resulting in complete loss. Its salvage was sold for ` 500
March 22 Paid rent by cheque 600
March 23 Salaries for the month of February remain unpaid 300
March 25 Paid Municipal taxes in cash 800
March 31 Depreciation charged on furniture @ 10%
Received an order for goods ` 5,000 from Shyam and received ` 1,000 as advance
Journal 8.5
Solution: In the Books of Gupta Bros.

JOURNAL
Date Particulars L.F. Dr. (`) Cr. (`)
2023
March 1 Cash A/c ...Dr. 30,000
Stock A/c ...Dr. 15,000
Furniture A/c ...Dr. 20,000
To Capital A/c 65,000
(Being the business started with cash, goods and furniture)
March 2 Bank A/c ...Dr. 20,000
To Cash A/c 20,000
(Being the cash paid into bank)
March 3 Purchases A/c ...Dr. 7,000
To Mohan Bros. 7,000
(Being the goods purchased from Mohan Bros.)
March 4 Goyal Bros. ...Dr. 6,000
To Sales A/c 6,000
(Being the goods sold to Goyal Bros.)
March 5 Vehicle A/c ...Dr. 10,000
To Cash A/c 10,000
(Being a vehicle purchased for delivering goods to customers)
Commission Paid A/c ...Dr. 150
To Sales A/c 3,150
(Being the cash received from salesman after deducting
commission)
March 9 Drawings A/c ...Dr. 800
To Bank A/c 800
(Being the cheque drawn out of bank for personal use)
To Goyal Bros. 6,000
(Being the cheque received from Goyal Bros., deposited in bank)
March 11 Mohan Bros. ...Dr. 7,000
To Bank A/c 6,700
To Discount Received A/c 300
(Being the payment made by cheque and discount received)
March 13 Repairs A/c ...Dr. 200
To Cash A/c 200
(Being the amount paid for repairs of furniture)
Total c/f 1,25,150 1,25,150
Total b/f 1,25,150 1,25,150

March 13 In receipt of an order or on placing an order or tender, no entry will be passed,
because it is not a transaction.
March 14 Cash A/c ...Dr. 80
To Sundry Receipts A/c 80
(Being the cash received by sale of old newspapers)
March 15 Bank A/c ...Dr. 400
To Interest Received A/c 400
(Being the interest received from bank)
March 16 Goyal Bros. ...Dr. 300
To Cash A/c 300
(Being the expenses on goods sold to Goyal Bros.)
March 19 Purchases A/c ...Dr. 400
Cartage A/c ...Dr. 50
To Sohan Lal & Sons 400
To Cash A/c 50
(Being the goods purchased from Sohan Lal & Sons and paid cartage)
To Bank A/c 6,000
(Being the cheque received from Goyal Bros. dishonoured)
March 21 Cash A/c ...Dr. 500
Loss by Accident A/c (Profit & Loss A/c) ...Dr. 9,500
To Vehicle A/c 10,000
(Being the cash received by sale of salvage of vehicle)
March 22 Rent A/c ...Dr. 600
To Bank A/c 600
(Being the rent paid by cheque)
March 23 Salaries A/c ...Dr. 300
To Outstanding Salaries A/c 300
(Being the salaries for the month of February unpaid)
March 25 Municipal Taxes A/c ...Dr. 800
To Cash A/c 800
(Being the amount paid for municipal taxes)
March 31 Depreciation A/c ...Dr. 2,000

To Furniture A/c 2,000
(Being the depreciation charged on furniture @ 10%)
Cash A/c ...Dr. 1,000

To Advance from Shyam A/c 1,000
(Being the cash received from Shyam as advance)
Total 1,47,080 1,47,080

Journal 8.7
2. Journalise the following transactions in the Journal of a firm:

(i) Car purchased for business use ` 10,000.
(ii) Cash received from a debtor ` 5,000 whose account was written off as bad
debts during the last month.
(iii) Goods costing ` 16,000 were sold at a profit of 20% on sale price to
Amrit and allowed 10% discount on immediate payment.
(iv) Cash embezzled by an employee ` 2,000.
(v) A machine which stood in the books for ` 85,000 on 1st April, 2022 was sold
for ` 51,000 in exchange for a new machine costing ` 1,76,000 supplied by
D.K. Suppliers on 1st June, 2022.
(vi) Cash of ` 24,000 invested in shares of SAIL and payment made
through bank.
(vii) Sold goods to Bhanu for ` 26,400 and freight ` 700 (to be charged from
customer).
(viii) Received an order for 100 Kgs of goods @ ` 450 per kg from Shiv Bros.
(ix) Bought from M/s. Kamath Bros. 200 cases of goods @ ` 350 per case less
Trade Discount of 10%. Purchase terms provide that 15% cash discount
will be allowed provided that payment is made within 15 days of purchase.
60% of the invoice was paid immediately.
(x) Received interest from bank ` 2,500 on fixed deposits.
(xi) Income tax paid ` 5,000.
(xii) Goods (cost ` 3,000, sales price ` 4,000) taken away by the proprietor for his
personal use.
(xiii) Placed an order with Manoj for the supply of goods of the list price of
` 1,00,000. In this connection, issued a cheque of 10% of the list price as an
advance.
(xiv) Paid life insurance premium ` 3,500.
(xv) Paid rent of building ` 80,000 by cheque, half of the building is used by the
proprietor for residential use.
(xvi) Paid ` 9,000 to Mohan on his account for ` 10,000.
(xvii) Cheque of ` 20,000 received from Arun (Debtor) and endorsed to Ramesh
(Creditor) was dishonoured.
(xviii) Goods costing ` 10,000 destroyed in fire.
Solution: JOURNAL
(i ) Car A/c ...Dr. 10,000
To Cash A/c 10,000
(Being a car purchased for business use)
(ii ) Cash A/c ...Dr. 5,000
To Bad Debts Recovered A/c 5,000
(Being cash received against bad debts)
(iii ) (a) Amrit ...Dr. 20,000
To Sales A/c 20,000
(Being the goods sold at profit of 20% on sale price) (WN 1)
(b) Cash A/c ...Dr. 18,000
Discount Allowed A/c ...Dr. 2,000
To Amrit 20,000
(Being cash received and allowed 10% discount)
(iv) Loss by Embezzlement A/c ...Dr. 2,000
To Cash A/c 2,000
(Being cash embezzled by an employee)
(v) (a) D.K. Suppliers ...Dr. 51,000
Loss on Sale of Machine A/c ...Dr. 34,000
To Machinery A/c 85,000
(Being the loss on sale of machine recorded)
(b) Machinery A/c ...Dr. 1,76,000
To D.K. Suppliers 1,76,000
(Being an old machine of ` 85,000 sold at ` 51,000 in exchange
for a new machine costing ` 1,76,000)
Alternatively, combined entry of (a) and (b)
Machinery A/c (New Machine) ...Dr. 1,76,000
Loss on Sale of Machine A/c ...Dr. 34,000
To Machinery A/c (Old Machine) 85,000
To D.K. Suppliers (Net Invoice) 1,25,000
(Being an old machine of ` 85,000 sold at ` 51,000 in exchange
for a new machine costing ` 1,76,000)
(vi ) Investment A/c ...Dr. 24,000
To Bank A/c 24,000
(Being the investment made in shares of SAIL)
(vii ) Bhanu ...Dr. 27,100
To Sales A/c 26,400
To Cash A/c 700
(Being the goods sold on credit and freight to be charged from customer)
(viii ) No entry can be passed. This is not a transaction.
(ix) (a) Purchases A/c ...Dr. 63,000
To M/s. Kamath Bros. 63,000
(Being 200 cases of goods @ ` 350 per case purchased less trade
discount 10%) (WN 2)
(b) M/s. Kamath Bros. ...Dr. 37,800
To Cash A/c 32,130
To Discount Received A/c 5,670
(Being 60% of invoice price of ` 63,000 paid and received 15% cash discount)
Journal 8.9
(x) Bank A/c ...Dr. 2,500

To Interest on Fixed Deposits A/c 2,500
(Being interest received from bank on Fixed Deposits A/c)
(xi ) Drawings A/c ...Dr. 5,000
To Bank A/c 5,000
(Being income tax paid) (WN 3)
(xii ) Drawings A/c ...Dr. 3,000
To Purchases A/c 3,000
(Being goods withdrawn for personal use)
(xiii ) Advance to Manoj A/c ...Dr. 10,000
To Bank A/c 10,000
(Being advance paid to Manoj)
(xiv) Drawings A/c ...Dr. 3,500
To Bank A/c 3,500
(Being life insurance premium paid)
(xv) (a) Rent A/c ...Dr. 80,000
To Bank A/c 80,000
(Being the rent paid for building)
(b) Drawings A/c ...Dr. 40,000
To Rent A/c 40,000
(Being the rent for half building charged to proprietor)
(xvi) Mohan ...Dr. 9,000
To Cash A/c 9,000
(Being the cash paid to Mohan on account)
(xvii) Arun ...Dr. 20,000
To Ramesh 20,000
(Being the cheque of Arun endorsed to Ramesh dishonoured)
(xviii) Loss of Goods by Fire A/c ...Dr. 10,000
(Being the loss of goods)
Working Notes:
1. Calculation of selling price for transaction No. iii:
Goods were sold @ 20% profit on sale price. So, when selling price is ` 100, cost would be ` 80 (i.e., 100 – 20).
Hence, profit % on cost = ` 20/` 80 × 100 = 25% (or 1/4th on cost)
`
Cost of the Goods 16,000
Add: 25% Profit on Cost 4,000
Selling Price 20,000
2. Calculation of invoice price and cash discount received:

`
200 cases of goods @ ` 350 per case 70,000
Less: Trade discount 10% 7,000
Invoice Price 63,000
60% of Invoice Price (60/100 × 63,000) 37,800
Less: Cash discount (15% of ` 37,800) 5,670
Amount paid 32,130
3. It is assumed that income tax was paid for the proprietor as it is not a company. Thus, it is treated as drawings
of the proprietor.
3. Journalise the following transactions in the books of M/s. Consolidated Sales:

(i) Purchased goods of list price of ` 50,000 from Rahul at 20% trade discount.
(ii) Purchased goods of list price of ` 25,000 from Vikas at 20% trade discount
against cheque payment.
(iii) Purchased goods of list price of ` 25,000 from Nitin at 15% trade discount
against cash.
(iv) Purchased goods of list price of ` 40,000 for ` 35,000 for cash.
(v) Goods returned of list price ` 10,000 purchased from Rahul.
(vi) Sold goods to Amit at list price of ` 10,000 at 10% trade discount.
(vii) Sold goods to Raman at list price of ` 20,000 at 10% trade discount against
cheque payment.
(viii) Sold goods to Akash at list price of ` 15,000 at 10% trade discount against
cash.
(ix) Sold goods to Yogesh at list price of ` 15,000 for ` 14,000.
(x) Sold goods costing ` 10,000 at cost plus 20% profit less 10% trade discount
to Sujit.
(xi) Sold goods purchased at list price of ` 25,000 less 15% trade discount sold at
a profit of 20% less 10% trade discount against cheque.
(xii) Akash returned goods of list price ` 5,000 sold to him at 10% trade discount.
Solution: JOURNAL
(i) Purchases A/c ...Dr. 40,000
To Rahul 40,000
(Being the goods purchased of list price ` 50,000 less 20% trade discount)
(ii) Purchases A/c ...Dr. 20,000
To Bank A/c 20,000
(Being the goods purchased of list price ` 25,000 at 20% trade discount
against cheque payment)
(iii) Purchases A/c ...Dr. 21,250
To Cash A/c 21,250
(Being the goods purchased of list price ` 25,000 less 15% trade
discount against cash payment)
(iv) Purchases A/c ...Dr. 35,000
To Cash A/c 35,000
(Being the goods purchased of list price of ` 40,000 for ` 35,000
against cash payment)
Note: Purchase of goods for ` 35,000 against list price of ` 40,000
means ` 5,000 is trade discount.
(v) Rahul ...Dr. 8,000
To Purchases Return A/c 8,000
(Being the goods of list price ` 10,000 less 20% trade discount returned)
Journal 8.11
(vi ) Amit ...Dr. 9,000

To Sales A/c 9,000
(Being the goods of list price ` 10,000 sold at 10% trade discount)
(vii) Bank A/c ...Dr. 18,000
To Sales A/c 18,000
(Being the goods of list price ` 20,000 sold at 10% trade discount
against cheque)
(viii) Cash A/c ...Dr. 13,500
To Sales A/c 13,500
(Being the goods of list price ` 15,000 sold at 10% trade discount
to Akash against cash payment)
(ix) Yogesh ...Dr. 14,000
To Sales A/c 14,000
(Being the goods of list price ` 15,000 sold for ` 14,000)
Note: Sale of goods for ` 15,000 for ` 14,000 means trade discount
of ` 1,000 has been allowed.
(x) Sujit ...Dr. 10,800
To Sales A/c 10,800
(Being the goods sold at cost + 20% profit – 10% trade discount, i.e.,
`
Cost 10,000
Add: Profit of 20% 2,000
12,000
Less: Trade Discount 10% 1,200
10,800 )
(xi) Bank A/c ...Dr. 22,950
To Sales A/c 22,950
(Being the goods sold against cheque `
List price 25,000
Less: Trade Discount (15%) Received 3,750
21,250
Add: Profit (20%) 4,250
25,500
Less: Trade Discount (10%) Allowed 2,550
22,950 )
(xii) Sales Return A/c ...Dr. 4,500
To Akash 4,500
(Being the goods returned by Akash of list price ` 5,000
less 10% trade discount)
4. Journalise the following transactions in the books of Bhushan Agencies:

(i) Received from Sahil ` 10,000 in cash allowed him discount of ` 200.
(ii) Received from Mukesh ` 25,000 by cheque allowed him discount of ` 500.
(iii) Received from Abhay ` 26,500 in settlement of his dues of ` 27,500 in cash.
(iv) Received from Satish ` 40,000 by cheque on account against dues of
` 60,000.
(v) Paid cash ` 20,000 to Kamal availed discount of 2%.

(vi) Paid by cheque of ` 15,000 to Manoj and settled his dues of ` 16,000.
(vii) Paid to ` 25,000 Sushil by cheque on account.
(viii) Purchased goods costing ` 25,000 against cheque and availed discount of 2%.
(ix) Purchased goods costing ` 50,000 from Rakesh & Co. paid 50% immediately
for availing 2% discount.
(x) Sold goods of ` 20,000 against cheque allowing 2% discount.
(xi) Sold goods of ` 60,000 to Vishal, received 50% of due amount allowing 2%
discount.
Solution: JOURNAL
(i) Cash A/c ...Dr. 10,000
Discount Allowed A/c ...Dr. 200
To Sahil 10,200
(Being the cash received from Sahil and allowed discount)
(ii) Bank A/c ...Dr. 25,000
To Mukesh 25,500
(Being the cheque received from Mukesh and allowed discount)
(iii) Cash A/c ...Dr. 26,500
To Abhay 27,500
(Being the amount received from Abhay and allowed discount)
(iv) Bank A/c ...Dr. 40,000
To Satish 40,000
(Being the amount received on account)
(v) Kamal ...Dr. 20,400
To Cash A/c 20,000
(Being the amount paid and cash discount received)
(vi ) Manoj ...Dr. 16,000
To Bank A/c 15,000
(Being the amount paid and discount received)
(vii) Sushil ...Dr. 25,000
To Bank A/c 25,000
(Being the amount paid on account)
(viii) Purchases A/c ...Dr. 25,000
To Bank A/c 24,500
(Being the goods purchased against cheque and discount availed)
Note: Cash discount received is accounted as income
Journal 8.13
(ix) Purchases A/c ...Dr. 50,000

To Cash A/c 24,500
To Rakesh & Co. 25,000
(Being the goods purchased paying 50% availing 2% discount)
Note: Cash discount will be received on amount paid, i.e., 2% of ` 25,000.
(x) Bank A/c ...Dr. 19,600
To Sales A/c 20,000
(Being the goods sold against cheque allowing 2% discount)
(xi) Cash A/c ...Dr. 29,400
Vishal ...Dr. 30,000
To Sales A/c 60,000
(Being the goods sold receiving 50% of sales, allowing 2% discount)
Note: Cash discount will be allowed on amount received, i.e., 2% of ` 30,000.
5. Pass the correct Journal entries on the basis of the narrations:

JOURNAL
(i) Purchase A/c ...Dr. 2,000
To Cash A/c 2,000
(Being the goods returned by Y costing ` 2,000)
(ii) Income Tax A/c ...Dr. 1,000
To Cash A/c 1,000
(Being the income tax paid)
(iii) Bank A/c ...Dr. 5,000
To Y 5,000
(Being the cheque received from Y dishonoured)
(iv) Cash A/c ...Dr. 1,000
To Commission A/c 1,000
(Being the commission 1/5th received in advance out of ` 1,000)
(v) Charity A/c ...Dr. 2,000
(Being the goods distributed as samples)
(vi) Interest A/c ...Dr. 4,000
To Accrued Interest A/c 4,000
(Being the interest accrued)
(vii) Outstanding Salary A/c ...Dr. 12,000
To Salary A/c 12,000
(Being the salary outstanding was paid by giving a cheque of ` 12,000)
(viii) Cash A/c ...Dr. 25,000
To Lata’s Loan A/c 25,000
(Being Lata’s loan of ` 25,000 was repaid by giving a machine of
` 20,000 in full settlement)
(ix) Electricity A/c ...Dr. 3,000
To Cash A/c 3,000
(Being the electricity bill remain unpaid)
(x) Purchases Return A/c ...Dr. 2,000
To Kailash 2,000
(Being the goods of ` 2,000 returned to Kailash)
Solution: CORRECT JOURNAL
(i) Sales Return A/c ...Dr. 2,000

Y 2,000
To
(Being the goods returned by Y costing ` 2,000)
(ii) Drawings A/c ...Dr. 1,000

To Cash A/c 1,000
(Being the income tax paid)
(iii) Y ...Dr. 5,000

To Bank A/c 5,000
(Being the cheque received from Y dishonoured)
(iv) Cash A/c ...Dr. 1,000

To Commission A/c 800
To Commission Received in Advance A/c 200
(Being the commission received out of which 1/5th is received in advance)
(v) Samples A/c or Advertisement A/c ...Dr. 2,000

(Being the goods distributed as samples)
(vi ) Accrued Interest A/c ...Dr. 4,000

To Interest A/c 4,000
(Being the interest accrued)
(vii ) Outstanding Salary A/c ...Dr. 12,000

To Bank A/c 12,000
(Being the salary outstanding was paid by giving a cheque of ` 12,000)
(viii) Lata’s Loan A/c ...Dr. 25,000

To Machinery A/c 20,000
To Profit & Loss A/c 5,000
(Being Lata’s loan of ` 25,000 was repaid by giving a machine of
` 20,000 in full settlement, gain on disposal transferred to Profit & Loss A/c)
(ix) Electricity Expenses A/c ...Dr. 3,000

To Outstanding Electricity Expenses A/c 3,000
(Being the electricity bill remain unpaid)
(x) Kailash ...Dr. 2,000

(Being the goods of ` 2,000 returned to Kailash)
Journal 8.15
6. Journalise the following transactions in the books of Gupta Bros., Lucknow (UP):
2023 `
March 1 Started business with cash ` 30,000; goods worth ` 15,000 and furniture worth ` 20,000
March 2 Paid into bank 20,000
March 3 Bought goods from Mohan Bros., Lucknow 7,000
March 4 Sold goods to Goyal Bros., Kanpur 6,000
March 5 Bought a computer against cheque 20,000
March 7 Received from salesman for goods sold by him after deducting conveyance expenses ` 150 2,850
March 10 Goyal Bros. gave cheque; deposited in the bank 6,000
March 11 Paid to Mohan Bros. by cheque 6,700
Discount allowed by him 300
March 13 Received an order for goods along with advance of ` 1,000 in cash from Mahesh 5,000
March 15 Interest received from bank 400
March 20 Bank intimates that the cheque of Goyal Bros. is returned dishonoured
March 22 Paid rent by cheque 6,000
March 23 Salaries for the month of February remains unpaid 30,000
Solution: JOURNAL OF GUPTA BROS.

2023
Stock A/c ...Dr. 15,000
(Being the business started with cash, goods and furniture)

To Cash A/c 20,000
(Being the cash paid into bank)
March 3 Purchases A/c ...Dr. 7,000

To Mohan Bros. 7,000
(Being the goods purchased from Mohan Bros., Lucknow)
To Sales A/c 6,000
(Being the goods sold to Goyal Bros., Kanpur)
March 5 Computer A/c ...Dr. 20,000

To Bank A/c 20,000
(Being the computer purchased against cheque)

Conveyance Expenses A/c ...Dr. 150
To Sales A/c 3,000
(Being the cash received from salesman after deducting conveyance expenses)

To Goyal Bros. 6,000
(Being the cheque received from Goyal Bros. deposited in bank)
March 11 Mohan Bros. ...Dr. 7,000

To Bank A/c 6,700
(Being the payment made by cheque and discount received)
To Advance from Mahesh A/c 1,000
(Being the cash received from Mahesh as advance)
March 15 Bank A/c ...Dr. 400
To Interest A/c 400
(Being the interest received from bank)
To Bank A/c 6,000
(Being the cheque received from Goyal Bros. dishonoured)
March 22 Rent A/c ...Dr. 6,000
To Bank A/c 6,000
(Being the rent paid by cheque)
March 23 Salaries A/c ...Dr. 30,000
To Outstanding Salaries A/c 30,000
(Being the salaries for the month of February unpaid)
Note: No entry will be passed for receipt of an order of goods from Mahesh on 13th March, 2023, because it is
not a transaction. Only advance received will be recorded.
7. Journalise the following transactions in the books of Gaurav, Delhi:
Balances as on 1st April, 2023
Debit Balances: Cash in Hand—` 18,000; Cash at Bank—` 25,600; Stock of Goods—
` 50,000; Furniture—` 10,000; Building—` 4,51,400.
Debtors: Vijay—` 2,700; Anil—` 1,500; Ashwani—` 2,000; Anupam—` 1,800; and
Madhu—` 5,000.
Credit Balances: Creditors: Anand—` 5,400; Arya & Co.—` 77,000; Balwant—
` 52,000; and Anita’s Loan—` 1,00,000.
2023
April 1 Purchased from Rahul Traders, Faridabad goods of ` 50,000 less 20% trade discount and 5% cash discount.
April 3 ` 2,646 received from Vijay and allowed him discount ` 54.
April 8 Goods costing ` 5,000 purchased from Kolkata were damaged in transit; a claim was made on the transporter.
April 10 Cash ` 5,292 paid to Anand and discount allowed by him ` 108.
April 13 Received by cheque in full settlement of claim for damages in transit.
April 15 Anupam is declared insolvent and a dividend of 50 paise in the rupee is received from him in full settlement.
April 22 Paid for: Donation ` 501
Postage ` 200
April 30 One month’s interest on Anita’s Loan @ 12% p.a. became due but was not paid.
April 30 Received amount from salesman for goods sold by him for ` 5,000 after deducting his travelling expenses
` 150.
April 30 Sold goods for ` 12,000 less 10% trade discount.
April 30 New furniture was purchased for ` 50,000 from M/s. Rohan Furnitures. The existing furniture was given
in exchange valued at ` 5,000 (Book Value Nil).
Journal 8.17
Solution: JOURNAL
2023
April 1 Cash A/c ...Dr. 18,000
Bank A/c ...Dr. 25,600
Stock A/c ...Dr. 50,000
Building A/c ...Dr. 4,51,400
Vijay ...Dr. 2,700
Anil ...Dr. 1,500
Ashwani ...Dr. 2,000
Anupam ...Dr. 1,800
Madhu ...Dr. 5,000
To Anand 5,400
To Arya & Co. 77,000
To Balwant Rai 52,000
To Mrs. Anita’s Loan A/c 1,00,000
To Capital A/c (Balancing Figure) 3,33,600
(Being the balances brought in from previous year)
April 1 Purchases A/c ...Dr. 40,000
To Bank A/c 38,000
(Being the goods of ` 50,000 bought for cash less 20% trade
discount and 5% cash discount)
To Vijay 2,700
(Being the cash received from Vijay and allowed him discount)
April 8 Claim for Damages A/c ...Dr. 5,000
(Being the claim sent to transporter for goods damaged in transit)
April 10 Anand ...Dr. 5,400
To Cash A/c 5,292
(Being the cash paid to Anand and discount allowed by him)
April 13 Bank A/c ...Dr. 5,000
To Claim for Damages A/c 5,000
(Being the cheque received of claim for damages)
April 15 Cash A/c ...Dr. 900
Bad Debts A/c ...Dr. 900
To Anupam 1,800
(Being the half of the amount due received from Anupam and balance
written off as bad debts)
April 22 Donation A/c ...Dr. 501
Postage A/c ...Dr. 200
To Cash A/c 701
(Being the cash paid for charity, postage and stationery)
April 30 Interest A/c ...Dr. 1,000

To Anita’s Loan A/c 1,000
(Being the interest payable on Anita’s Loan ` 1,00,000
@ 12% p.a. for one month)
Travelling Expenses A/c ...Dr. 150
To Sales A/c 5,000
(Being ` 5,450 cash received for sales from salesman after
deducting his travelling expenses ` 150)
To Sales A/c 10,800
(Being the sales of goods worth ` 12,000 less 10% trade discount)
April 30 Furniture A/c (New) ...Dr. 50,000
To M/s. Rohan Furnitures 50,000
(Being the new furniture purchased for ` 50,000)
April 30 M/s. Rohan Furnitures ...Dr. 5,000
To Miscellaneous Sales A/c* 5,000
(Being the old furniture having nil book value given in exchange)
*Sale of old Furniture having Book Value Nil.

CHAPTER
9
Ledger
1. Ledger Ledger is the principal book which contains all accounts (Real, Personal
and Nominal Accounts, under Traditional Classification and Asset
Accounts, Liability Accounts, Capital Accounts, Revenue Accounts
and Expense Accounts, under Modern Classification to which the
transactions recorded in the books of original entry (Journal) are
transferred, i.e., posted.
2. Principal Book It is the book which has record of the transactions in a summarised
manner, i.e., Ledger.
3. Posting The process of transferring the transactions recorded in the books of
original entry to the account in the ledger is called posting.
4. Balancing of Accounts It means totalling the two sides of the account and determining the
difference. Difference between the totals of the two sides is written
on the side with smaller total.
If the total of debit side is smaller, it means that the account has credit
balance. If the total of credit side is smaller, it means that the account
has debit balance.
5. Trial Balance It is a statement in which the balances of the Ledger Accounts are
written. The total of amounts in the two columns should be same and
this is a proof of arithmetical accuracy of transactions recorded in the
books of account.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Ledger is a book or register in which all the accounts are put together.
• Posting to the Ledger is the process of transferring information contained in the Journal
to the Ledger.
• Utility of Ledger. Being the principal book of account, a Ledger contains all the information
regarding various accounts. It helps in preparing the final accounts.
• Both Journal and Ledger are essential for a complete and efficient accounting system.
• Balancing of Accounts means totalling the two sides of the account and writing the
difference between the two on the side with the smaller total. In the case of Real Accounts
and Personal Accounts, the difference is carried forward to the credit side—if the credit side
is greater, by writing ‘By Balance b/d’ and to the debit side, if the debit side is greater,
by writing, ‘To Balance b/d’.
Personal and Real Accounts are balanced but Nominal Accounts are closed at the end of
the period by transferring them to Trading Account or Profit & Loss Account.
• Trial Balance. A Trial Balance is a statement in which the debit and credit balances of
all accounts are written with a view to ascertaining the arithmetical accuracy of the books
of account.
Solved Questions
1. From the following transactions of M/s. Wise & Active, write up the Journal in
proper form, post the Ledger and prepare a Trial Balance:
2023 `
Jan. 1 Assets: Cash in Hand ` 200; Cash at Bank ` 6,800; Stocks of Goods ` 4,000;
Machinery ` 10,000; Furniture ` 1,000; M/s. Narain Bros. owe ` 1,500;
M/s. B.K. Bros. owe ` 2,500. Liabilities: Bank Loan ` 5,000; sum owing to Jacob Bros. Ltd., ` 2,000
Jan. 2 Bought goods on credit from Samuel & Co. 1,000
Jan. 3 Sold goods for cash to Dhiraj & Co. 400
Jan. 4 Sold goods to Narain Bros. on credit 1,000
Jan. 5 Received from Narain Bros. in full settlement of amount due on January 1 1,450
Jan. 6 Payment made to Jacob Bros. Ltd. by cheque; 975
they allowed discount 25
Jan. 9 Old furniture sold for cash 100
Jan. 10 Bought goods for cash 750
Jan. 11 B.K. Bros. paid by cheque; cheque deposited in the bank 2,500
Paid for repairs of machinery 100
Jan. 13 Bought goods from Jacob Bros. Ltd. 1,000
Paid cartage on these goods 50
Jan. 16 Received cheque from Narain Bros. and the cheque deposited in bank 950
Discount allowed to them 50
Jan. 17 Paid cheque to Jacob Bros. Ltd. 1,000
Jan. 18 Bank intimates that cheque of Narain Bros. has been returned unpaid
Jan. 19 Sold goods for cash to Kay Bros. 600
Jan. 21 Cash deposited in bank 500
Jan. 24 Paid Municipal Taxes in cash 100
Jan. 25 Borrowed from Urania Ltd. for erecting own premises. Money
deposited with bank for the time being 10,000
Jan. 27 Old newspapers sold 20
Jan. 28 Paid for advertisements 100
Jan. 31 Paid rent by cheque 150
Jan. 31 Paid salaries for the month 300
Jan. 31 Drew out of bank for personal use 250
Jan. 31 Narain Bros. becomes insolvent, a dividend of 50 paise in the rupee is received
Jan. 31 An old amount written off as bad debt during last year is recovered 150
Solution: In the Books of M/s. Wise & Active

JOURNAL
2023
Jan. 1 Cash A/c ...Dr. 2 200
Bank A/c ...Dr. 3 6,800
Stock A/c ...Dr. 4 4,000
Machinery A/c ...Dr. 5 10,000
Furniture A/c ...Dr. 6 1,000
Narain Bros. ...Dr. 7 1,500
B.K. Bros. ...Dr. 8 2,500
To Bank Loan A/c 9 5,000
To Jacob Bros. Ltd. 10 2,000
To Capital A/c 1 19,000
(Being the assets and liabilities brought forward from last year, capital found
by deducting liabilities from assets, i.e., ` 19,000 = ` 26,000 – ` 7,000)
Jan. 2 Purchases A/c ...Dr. 4 1,000
To Samuel & Co. 11 1,000
(Being the goods purchased from Samuel & Co. as per their bill No. .... dated....)
Total c/f 27,000 27,000
Ledger 9.3
Total b/f 27,000 27,000

Jan. 3 Cash A/c ...Dr. 2 400
To Sales A/c 4 400
(Being the goods sold for cash to Dhiraj & Co. as per cash memo No. ....)
Jan. 4 Narain Bros. ...Dr. 7 1,000
To Sales A/c 4 1,000
(Being the goods sold to Narain & Bros. as per invoice No. .... dated...)
Jan. 5 Cash A/c ...Dr. 2 1,450
Discount Allowed A/c ...Dr. 13 50
To Narain Bros. 7 1,500
(Being the amount of ` 1,450 received in cash for a debt of
` 1,500; hence discount allowed is ` 50)
Jan. 6 Jacob Bros. Ltd. ...Dr. 10 1,000
To Bank A/c 3 975
To Discount Received A/c 13 25
(Being the amount paid by cheque [out of Bank] to Jacob Bros. Ltd.
received discount of ` 25)
Jan. 9 Cash A/c ...Dr. 2 100
To Furniture A/c 6 100
(Being the sale of old furniture, payment received in cash)
Jan 10 Purchases A/c ...Dr. 4 750
To Cash A/c 2 750
(Being the purchases of goods for cash as per voucher No. ....)
Jan. 11 Bank A/c ...Dr. 3 2,500
To B.K. Bros. 8 2,500
(Being the cheque received from B.K. Bros. and deposited in Bank)
Jan. 11 Repairs A/c ...Dr. 15 100
To Cash A/c 2 100
(Being the amount paid for repairs to machinery as per repairs
bill No. .... dated....)
Jan. 13 Purchases A/c ...Dr. 4 1,000
To Jacob Bros. Ltd. 10 1,000
(Being the goods purchased from Jacob Bros. Ltd. as per their
bill No. .... dated....)
Jan. 13 Cartage A/c ...Dr. 16 50
To Cash A/c 2 50
(Being the amount paid for cartage on goods bought from Jacob Bros. Ltd.)
Jan. 16 Bank A/c ...Dr. 3 950
Discount Allowed A/c ...Dr. 13 50
To Narain & Bros. 7 1,000
(Being the cheque received and deposited in Bank; discount allowed ` 50)
Jan. 17 Jacob Bros. Ltd. ...Dr. 10 1,000
To Bank A/c 3 1,000
(Being the amount paid by cheque to Jacob Bros. Ltd.)
Jan. 18 Narain Bros. ...Dr. 7 1,000
To Bank A/c 3 950
To Discount Allowed A/c 13 50
(Being the cheque received from Narain Bros. returned dishonoured) (Note 2)
Jan. 19 Cash A/c ...Dr. 2 600
To Sales A/c 4 600
(Being the goods sold for cash as per cash memo No. ....)
Total c/f 39,000 39,000
Total b/f 39,000 39,000

Jan. 21 Bank A/c ...Dr. 3 500
To Cash A/c 2 500
(Being the cash sent to bank)
Jan. 24 Municipal Taxes A/c ...Dr. 17 100
To Cash A/c 2 100
(Being the amount paid as tax)
Jan. 25 Bank A/c ...Dr. 3 10,000
To Loan from Urania Ltd. A/c 9 10,000
(Being the amount borrowed from Urania Ltd.)
Jan. 27 Cash A/c ...Dr. 2 20
To Sundry Receipts A/c 18 20
(Being the income derived by sale of old newspapers)
Jan. 28 Advertisement A/c ...Dr. 19 100
To Cash A/c 2 100
(Being the advertisements paid for as per bill No. .... dated....)
Jan. 31 Rent A/c ...Dr. 20 150
To Bank A/c 3 150
(Being the amount paid as rent by cheque No. ....)
Jan. 31 Salaries A/c ...Dr. 22 300
To Cash A/c 2 300
(Being the salaries paid for the month)
Jan. 31 Drawings A/c ...Dr. 1 250
To Bank A/c 3 250
(Being the amount drawn out of bank by the proprietor for personal use)
Jan. 31 Cash A/c ...Dr. 2 500
Bad Debts A/c ...Dr. 21 500
To Narain Bros. 7 1,000
(Being half the sum due from Narain Bros. received in cash and the other
half written off as being irrecoverable)
Jan. 31 Cash A/c ...Dr. 2 150
To Bad Debts Recovered A/c 21 150
(Being the sum previously written off as bad debt, now recovered — it is a gain.)
Grand Total 51,570 51,570
Notes:
1. Entries in the ‘Folio’ column are imaginary.
2. Narain Bros. is debited with the full amount due; Bank credited with ` 950 because the previous debit had to
be cancelled; Discount Allowed Account credited (because the discount allowed previously will be written
back).
Ledger
Dr. CAPITAL ACCOUNT Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. ` Date Particulars J.F. `
2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Balance c/d 19,000 Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 11 19,000
19,000 19,000
Feb. 1 By Balance b/d 19,000
Ledger 9.5
Dr. CASH ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 11 200 Jan. 10 By Purchases A/c 12 750
Jan. 3 To Sales A/c 11 400 Jan. 11 By Repairs A/c 12 100
Jan. 5 To Narain Bros. 12 1,450 Jan. 13 By Cartage A/c 12 50
Jan. 9 To Furniture A/c 12 100 Jan. 21 By Bank A/c 13 500
Jan. 19 To Sales A/c 13 600 Jan. 24 By Municipal Taxes A/c 13 100
Jan. 27 To Sundry Receipts A/c 13 20 Jan. 28 By Advertisement A/c 13 100
Jan. 31 To Narain Bros. 13 500 Jan. 31 By Salaries A/c 13 300
Jan. 31 To Bad Debts Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 1,520
Recovered A/c 13 150
3,420 3,420
Feb. 1 To Balance b/d 1,520
Dr. BANK ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 11 6,800 Jan. 6 By Jacob Bros. Ltd. 12 975
Jan. 11 To B.K. Bros. 12 2,500 Jan. 17 By Jacob Bros. Ltd. 12 1,000
Jan. 16 To Narain Bros. 12 950 Jan. 18 By Narain Bros. 13 950
Jan. 21 To Cash A/c 13 500 Jan. 31 By Rent A/c 13 150
Jan. 25 To Loan from Urania 10,000 Jan. 31 By Drawings A/c 13 250
Ltd. A/c 13 Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 17,425

20,750 20,750
Dr. MACHINERY ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 11 10,000 Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 10,000
Dr. FURNITURE ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 11 1,000 Jan. 9 By Cash A/c 12 100
Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 900
1,000 1,000
Feb. 1 To Balance b/d 900
Dr. STOCK ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 11 4,000 Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 4,000
Dr. PURCHASES ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 2 To Samuel & Co. 11 1,000 Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 2,750
Jan. 10 To Cash A/c 12 750
Jan. 13 To Jacob Bros. Ltd. 12 1,000
2,750 2,750
Dr. SALES ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Balance c/d 2,000 Jan. 3 By Cash A/c 11 400
Jan. 4 By Narain Bros. 11 1,000
Jan. 19 By Cash A/c 13 600
2,000 2,000
Dr. NARAIN BROS. Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 11 1,500 Jan. 5 By Cash A/c 12 1,450
Jan. 4 To Sales A/c 11 1,000 Jan. 5 By Discount Allowed A/c 12 50
Jan. 18 To Bank A/c 13 950 Jan. 16 By Bank A/c 12 950
Jan. 18 To Discount Allowed A/c 13 50 Jan. 16 By Discount Allowed A/c 12 50
Jan. 31 By Cash A/c 13 500
Jan. 31 By Bad Debts A/c 13 500
3,500 3,500
Dr. B.K. BROS. Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 2,500
Jan.
11
By
Bank A/c 11 2,500
Dr. BANK LOAN ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Balance c/d 5,000 Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 1 5,000
Dr. LOAN FROM URANIA LTD. ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Balance c/d 10,000
Jan.
25
By
Bank A/c 13 10,000
Ledger 9.7
Dr. JACOB BROS. LTD. Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 6 To Bank A/c 12 975 Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 11 2,000
Jan. 6 To Discount Received A/c 12 25 Jan. 13 By Purchases A/c 12 1,000
Jan. 17 To Bank A/c 12 1,000
3,000 3,000
Dr. SAMUEL & CO. Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 2
By
Purchases A/c 11 1,000
Dr. DISCOUNT ALLOWED ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 5 To Narain Bros. 12 50 Jan. 18 By Narain Bros. 13 50
Jan. 16 To Narain Bros. 12 50 Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 50
100 100
Dr. DISCOUNT RECEIVED ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Balance c/d 25 Jan. 6 By Jacob Bros. Ltd. 12 25
Feb. 1 By Balance b/d 25
Dr. REPAIRS ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 11 To Cash A/c 12 100 Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 100
Dr. CARTAGE ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023

Dr. MUNICIPAL TAXES ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Dr. SUNDRY RECEIPTS ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Balance c/d 20
Jan.
27
By
Cash A/c 13 20
Dr. ADVERTISEMENT ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Dr. RENT ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Bank A/c 13 150 Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 150
Dr. SALARIES ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Dr. DRAWINGS ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Bank A/c 13 250 Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 250
Dr. BAD DEBTS ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Narain Bros. 13 500 Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 500
Dr. BAD DEBTS RECOVERED ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
Jan. 31 To Balance c/d 150
Jan.
31
By
Cash A/c 13 150
Ledger 9.9
TRIAL BALANCE
as at 31st January, 2023
S. No. Heads of Accounts L.F. Dr. (`) Cr. (`)
1. Capital A/c ... 19,000

2. Cash A/c 1,520 ...
3. Bank A/c 17,425 ...
4. Machinery A/c 10,000 ...
5. Furniture A/c 900 ...
6. Stock A/c 4,000 ...
7. Purchases A/c 2,750 ...
8. Sales A/c ... 2,000
9. Bank Loan A/c ... 5,000
10. Jacob Bros. Ltd. ... 1,000
11. Samuel & Co. ... 1,000
12. Discount Allowed A/c 50
13. Discount Received A/c ... 25
14. Repairs A/c 100 ...
15. Cartage A/c 50 ...
16. Municipal Taxes A/c 100 ...
17. Sundry Receipts A/c ... 20
18. Advertisement A/c 100 ...
19. Rent A/c 150 ...
20. Salaries A/c 300 ...
21. Drawings A/c 250 ...
22. Bad Debts A/c 500 ...
23. Bad Debts Recovered A/c ... 150
24. Loan from Urania Ltd. A/c ... 10,000
Total 38,195 38,195
2. From the following particulars, prepare the account of Budhiraja, the proprietor
of the business:
`
(i) Capital introduced 30,000
(ii) Drawings made by him 6,500
(iii) Further Capital introduced 22,000
(iv) Profits for the period 7,500
Balance the same and explain what does the closing balance indicate.
Solution:
Dr. BUDHIRAJA’S CAPITAL ACCOUNT Cr.
Particulars
` Particulars `
To Drawings A/c 6,500 By Cash A/c—Capital 30,000

To Balance c/d 53,000 By Cash A/c—Capital 22,000
By Profit & Loss A/c (Profit) 7,500
59,500 59,500
By Balance b/d 53,000
Explanation: Proprietor’s Capital Account has a credit balance of ` 53,000 which means that the business owes
him this amount.
3. Manish Gupta has the following transactions with Subrat Mukherjee for the month
of April, 2023:
April 1 Balance due from Subrat Mukherjee ` 5,000.

April 5 Rebate was given of ` 800 for poor quality of goods.
Cheque received in settlement of account; less ` 200 cash discount.
April 6 Sold goods for ` 10,000.
April 10 Received a letter from Subrat Mukherjee in which he informed that he would forward
a cheque of ` 10,000 on 20th April.
April 20 Received a cheque for ` 9,500 and allowed cash discount of ` 500.
April 30 Subrat Mukherjee’s cheque returned by bank marked “Refer to Drawer”.
Show how the account of Subrat Mukherjee would appear in the ledger of Manish
Gupta and balance the account on 30th April, 2023.
Solution: Ledger of Manish Gupta

Dr. SUBRAT MUKHERJEE Cr.
2023 2023
April 1 To Balance b/d 5,000 April 5 By Rebate Allowed A/c 800
April 6 To Sales A/c 10,000 April 5 By Bank A/c 4,000
April 30 To Bank A/c 9,500 April 5 By Discount Allowed A/c 200
(Cheque Returned) April 20 By Bank A/c 9,500
April 30 To Discount Allowed A/c 500 April 20 By Discount Allowed A/c 500
(Note 1) April 30 By Balance c/d 10,000
25,000 25,000
Notes: 1. Discount already allowed is cancelled due to return of cheque.

2. Rebate is reduction in sale value due to reasons other than for which trade discount and cash discount
are allowed.
Ledger 9.11
Unsolved Question
1. Enter the following transactions in the Journal of M/s. Karim Bros., post to the Ledger and
prepare a Trial Balance:
2023 `
April 1 Assets: Cash in Hand.......................................................................................................................................... 20,000
Cash at Bank........................................................................................................................................... 35,000
Stock.......................................................................................................................................................... 15,000
Furniture.................................................................................................................................................. 4,500
Debtors: Poonam.................................................................................................................................................... 20,000

Sonu.......................................................................................................................................................... 10,000
Liabilities: Ashok........................................................................................................................................................ 13,500

Pankaj........................................................................................................................................................ 21,500
April 4 Purchased goods from Pankaj....................................................................................................................................... 5,000
April 7 Paid Ashok by cheque in full settlement of his account....................................................................................... 13,000
April 10 Sold goods to Poonam..................................................................................................................................................... 11,000
April 12 Purchased goods from Ashok........................................................................................................................................ 15,000
April 15 Sold goods to Sonu............................................................................................................................................................ 6,000
April 18 Received cheque from Poonam.................................................................................................................................... 24,500
Allowed her discount........................................................................................................................................................ 1,500
April 25 Paid for stationery.............................................................................................................................................................. 1,200
April 27 Paid rent by cheque........................................................................................................................................................... 3,500
April 30 Paid salaries........................................................................................................................................................................... 6,000
[Trial Balance—` 1,28,500.]

CHAPTER
10
Special Purpose Books I—Cash Book
1. Special Purpose Sub-division of the Journal into various books recording transactions
Books or of similar nature are called Subsidiary Books.
Subsidiary Books
2. Cash Book Cash Book is a Special Purpose Subsidiary Book or Journal in which cash
receipts and cash payments are recorded.
Kinds of Cash Book
(i ) Simple Cash It is a cash book in which only cash transactions are recorded. It has
Book only one column on each side of the cash book.
(ii ) Double Column or It is a cash book which has two columns on each side to record cash
Two-column Cash receipts and payments and Bank transactions. It has two columns, i.e.,
Book: Cash Book Cash and Bank on each side.
with Bank Column
(iii) Petty Cash Book It is a cash book in which payments of small amounts are recorded.
3. Imprest System of It is a system whereby an estimate of expenditure is made and the
Petty Cash estimated amount is given to the Petty Cashier. Thereafter, he submits the
statement of expenses at the end of the period decided (a week, Fortnight
or Month), which is reimbursed to him to make the petty cash equal to the
original petty cash amount.
4. Cash Discount Cash discount is the amount of discount received or allowed on cash
payments and cash receipts respectively. Discount received is an income
for the business while discount allowed is an expense.
Note: Discount Received, Discount Allowed and Cancellation of Discount
Received or Discount Allowed (in case of dishonour of cheque) is
recorded through Journal Proper.
5. Cheques in Hand It means cheques which have been received but not deposited in bank.
6. Contra Entry It means a transaction involving both cash and bank. Such transactions
though recorded in the cash book are not posted in the ledger. In the folio
for ledger letter ‘C ’ is written to indicate that it is a contra entry.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Cash Book: Cash Book records cash transactions. Even banking transactions can be recorded
in the Cash Book. When a Cash Book is maintained, a separate Cash Account is not opened
in the Ledger as the purpose of opening a Cash Account is served by maintenance of a Cash
Book. Thus, the Cash Book plays a dual role as a Journal as well as a Ledger.
• Contra Entries: Contra entries mean entries that are made on both sides of the Cash Book.
• Petty Cash Book: This book is maintained for recording petty payments or expenses in cash.
• Imprest System of Petty Cash: Under this system, the Petty Cashier is given a certain
amount of cash for a particular period (say for a week, a fortnight or a month) to meet various
petty expenses for the period. At the end of the period, the amount actually spent by the Petty
Cashier is reimbursed to him by the Chief Cashier.
Solved Questions
1. Enter the following transactions in Single Column Cash Book of Vijay of Delhi:
Date Particulars ` Date Particulars `
2023 2023
April 1 Vijay commenced business April 17 Paid for stationery 150
with cash 20,000 Paid for office furniture 1,850
April 3 He bought goods for cash 5,000 April 21 Received from Ram Chand 6,800
April 4 Bought goods from Hari Kishan April 22 Paid for advertising 900
on credit 2,200 April 25 Purchased postage stamps 80
April 5 Sold goods for cash 1,000 April 28 Paid rent 1,000
April 6 Received cash from Manohar Lal 3,600 April 30 Paid electricity charges 150
April 9 Paid into bank 3,000 April 30 Paid salary by cheque 2,000
April 13 Paid cash to Hari Kishan in full
settlement of his account 2,150
April 16 Sold goods for cash 1,500
Solution: In the Books of Vijay

Dr. SINGLE COLUMN CASH BOOK Cr.
Date Particulars L.F. ` Date Particulars J.F. `
2023 2023
April 1 To Capital A/c 20,000 April 3 By Purchases A/c 5,000
April 5 To Sales A/c 1,000 April 9 By Bank A/c 3,000
April 6 To Manohar Lal 3,600 April 13 By Hari Kishan 2,150
April 16 To Sales A/c 1,500 April 17 By Stationery A/c 150
April 21 To Ram Chand 6,800 April 18 By Furniture A/c 1,850
April 22 By Advertising A/c 900
April 25 By Postage A/c 80
April 28 By Rent A/c 1,000
April 30 By Electric Charges A/c 150
April 30 By Balance c/d 18,620
32,900 32,900
May 1 To Balance b/d
18,620
Notes:
1. Entry on 4th April, 2023 for credit purchase of goods will not be recorded.
2. Transaction of 13th April, 2023 is related to payment of cash and discount received. Entry for discount received
will be passed through Journal Proper:
2023 ` `
April 13 Hari Kishan ...Dr. 50
3. 30th April, 2023, salary paid by cheque will not appear in the Single Column Cash Book.
Special Purpose Books I—Cash Book 10.3
2. Enter the following transactions in Two-column Cash Book with Cash and Bank
Columns. Also pass the Journal entries.
2023 `
Jan. 1 Chander commences business with Cash................................................................................................................. 20,00,000
Jan. 3 He paid into Bank Current A/c....................................................................................................................................... 19,00,000
Jan. 4 He receives cheque from Kirti & Co. on account..................................................................................................... 60,000
Jan. 7 He deposits into Bank Kirti & Co.’s cheque................................................................................................................ 60,000
Jan. 10 He pays Ratan & Co. by cheque and is allowed discount ` 2,000...................................................................... 33,000
Jan. 12 Tripathi & Co. pays into the Bank A/c........................................................................................................................... 47,500
Jan. 15 He receives cheque from Warsi and allows him discount ` 3,500.................................................................... 45,000
Jan. 20 He receives cash ` 7,500 and cheque ` 10,000 for sales
Jan. 25 He pays into Bank, including cheques received on 15th and 20th January.................................................. 1,00,000
Jan. 27 He pays by cheque for cash purchases....................................................................................................................... 27,500
Jan. 30 He pays sundry expenses in cash.................................................................................................................................. 5,000
Jan. 30 He pays John & Co. in cash and is allowed discount ` 3,500............................................................................... 37,500
Jan. 31 He pays office rent by cheque........................................................................................................................................ 20,000
Jan. 31 He draws a cheque for personal use............................................................................................................................ 25,000
Jan. 31 He pays staff salaries by cheque.................................................................................................................................... 30,000
Jan. 31 He draws a cheque for office use.................................................................................................................................. 40,000
Jan. 31 He purchases stationery in cash.................................................................................................................................... 2,500
Jan. 31 He purchases goods for cash.......................................................................................................................................... 12,500
Jan. 31 He pays Jagpal by cheque for commission............................................................................................................... 30,000
Jan. 31 He issues cheque to Ram Saran for purchase of furniture for office................................................................ 1,57,500
Jan. 31 He receives cheque for commission from Raghubir & Co. and pays the same into bank........................ 50,000
Jan. 31 Cash Sales.............................................................................................................................................................................. 45,000
Solution:
In the Books of Chander
Dr. TWO-COLUMN CASH BOOK Cr.
Date Particulars L.F. Cash (`) Bank (`) Date Particulars L.F. Cash (`) Bank (`)
2023 2023
Jan. 1 To Capital A/c 20,00,000 ... Jan. 3 By Bank A/c C 19,00,000 ...
Jan. 3 To Cash A/c C ... 19,00,000 Jan. 10 By Ratan & Co. ... 33,000
Jan. 7 To Cheques in Jan. 25 By Bank A/c C 45,000 ...
Hand A/c ... 60,000 Jan. 27 By Purchases A/c ... 27,500
(Kirti & Co.) Jan. 30 By Sundry Exp. A/c 5,000 ...
Jan. 12 To Tripathi & Co. ... 47,500 Jan. 30 By John & Co. 37,500 ...
Jan. 20 To Sales A/c 7,500 ... Jan. 31 By Rent A/c ... 20,000
Jan. 25 To Cash A/c C ... 45,000 Jan. 31 By Drawings A/c ... 25,000
Jan. 25 To Cheques in Jan. 31 By Salaries A/c ... 30,000
Hand A/c ... 55,000 Jan. 31 By Cash A/c C ... 40,000
Jan. 31 To Bank A/c C 40,000 ... Jan. 31 By Stationery A/c 2,500 ...
Jan. 31 To Commission Jan. 31 By Purchases A/c 12,500 ...
Received A/c ... 50,000 Jan. 31 By Commission A/c ... 30,000
Jan. 31 To Sales A/c 45,000 ... Jan. 31 By Furniture A/c ... 1,57,500
Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 90,000 17,94,500
20,92,500 21,57,500 20,92,500 21,57,500
Feb. 1 To Balance b/d 90,000 17,94,500
JOURNAL
2023
Jan. 4 Cheques in Hand A/c ...Dr. 60,000
To Kirti & Co. 60,000
(Being the cheque received not yet deposited)
Jan. 10 Ratan & Co. ...Dr. 2,000
(Being the discount received from Ratan & Co. against
payment of ` 33,000)
To Warsi 48,500
(Being the cheque received from ` 45,000 from Warsi and
allowed him discount)
To Sales A/c 10,000
(Being the cheque received against sales)
Jan. 30 John & Co. ...Dr. 3,500
(Being the discount received from John & Co. against
payment of ` 37,500)
3. On 1st April 2023, the two-columnar Cash Book of Satish showed that he had
` 5,000 Cash in hand and there was a bank overdraft of ` 20,000. During the day,
the following transactions took place:
(i) Cash withdrawn from bank for office use ` 5,000.
(ii) Paid salaries in cash ` 4,000.
(iii) Cash paid to Hari ` 2,500.
(iv) Drawings in cash made by Satish for household expenses ` 2,500.
(v) Cash sales ` 6,000.
(vi) Received from Om Prakash in settlement of an account of ` 10,000, ` 1,800
in cash and a cheque of ` 8,000. The cheque was immediately deposited in
bank.
(vii) Bank returns a cheque of ` 14,900, received from Shiv & Co. in settlement
of an account of ` 15,000.
(viii) Paid rent by cheque ` 2,000.
(ix) Cash deposited with bank ` 5,000.
(x) Cash received from Vikas on account ` 1,200.
Write the Cash Book for the day and balance it.
Solution:
Date
Particulars L.F.
Cash Bank
Date Particulars L.F.
Cash Bank

` ` ` `
2023 2023
April 1 To Balance b/d 5,000 April 1 By Balance b/d 20,000
April 1 To Bank A/c C 5,000 (overdraft)
April 1 To Sales A/c 6,000 April 1 By Cash A/c C 5,000
April 1 To Om Prakash 1,800 8,000 April 1 By Salaries A/c 4,000
April 1 To Cash A/c C 5,000 April 1 By Hari 2,500
April 1 To Vikas 1,200 April 1 By Drawings A/c 2,500
April 1 To Balance c/d 28,900 April 1 By Shiv & Co. 14,900
April 1 By Rent A/c 2,000
April 1 By Bank A/c C 5,000
19,000 41,900 19,000 41,900
April 2 To Balance b/d 5,000 April 2 By Balance b/d 28,900
(overdraft)
JOURNAL
2023
April 1 Discount Allowed A/c ...Dr. 200
To Om Prakash 200
(Being the discount allowed to Om Prakash against payment received)
April 1 Shiv & Co. ...Dr. 100
To Discount Allowed A/c 100
(Being the discount allowed written back on dishonour of cheque)
4. Prepare a Cash Book from the following having cash and bank columns:
2023
April 1 Cash in hand ` 10,500; Cash at bank ` 15,500.
April 5 Bought goods by cheque ` 8,000; Bought goods for cash ` 2,000.
April 8 Sold goods for cash ` 5,000; Sold goods for ` 12,000 and received cheque from
the customer. Cheque was deposited into bank the same day.
April 16 Paid office expenses ` 500; Paid for stationery ` 600; Paid cartage ` 100.
April 19 Ramesh who owed us ` 2,000 became bankrupt and paid us @ 25 paise in the
rupee in cash.
April 22 Received cheque of ` 10,000 from Rakesh on account and discount allowed
to him ` 200. The cheque was immediately deposited in bank.
April 24 Paid ` 2,500 in cash to Rajesh; discount allowed by him ` 20.
April 28 Received ` 5,600 in cash and deposited the same into bank.
April 30 Bank charges ` 30 for the month.
Solution:
Date Particulars L.F. Cash Bank Date Particulars L.F. Cash Bank

` ` ` `
2023 2023
Apr. 1 To Balance b/d 10,500 15,500 Apr. 5 By Purchases A/c 2,000 8,000
Apr. 8 To Sales A/c 5,000 12,000 Apr. 16 By Office Expenses A/c 500
Apr. 19 To Ramesh 500 Apr. 16 By Stationery A/c 600
Apr. 22 To Rakesh 10,000 Apr. 16 By Cartage A/c 100
Apr. 28 To Cash A/c C 5,600 Apr. 24 By Rajesh 2,500
Apr. 28 By Bank A/c C 5,600
Apr. 30 By Bank Charges A/c 30
Apr. 30 By Balance c/d 4,700 35,070
16,000 43,100 16,000 43,100
May 1 To Balance b/d 4,700 35,070
JOURNAL
2023
To Rakesh 200
(Being the discount allowed)
April 24 Rajesh ...Dr. 20
(Being the discount received)
5. Write Double Column Cash Book with cash and bank columns from the following
transactions:
2023 `
March 1 Cash in Hand........................................................................................................................................................................ 75,000
Cash at Bank......................................................................................................................................................................... 2,00,000
March 3 Purchased goods................................................................................................................................................................ 60,000
March 5 Deposited in bank ............................................................................................................................................................. 50,000
March 8 Cash sales.............................................................................................................................................................................. 1,00,000
March 10 Cash withdrawn from bank for office use ................................................................................................................ 20,000
March 12 Received cash from Damini............................................................................................................................................ 30,000
March 15 Received cheque from Dolly and deposited in the bank on the same day................................................. 20,000
March 18 Received cheque from Deepak (not banked).......................................................................................................... 50,000
March 19 Cheque received from Deepak deposited in bank
March 24 Paid to Chander by cheque ........................................................................................................................................... 25,000
March 27 Withdrew from bank for personal use ....................................................................................................................... 15,000
March 28 Sold goods to Ashok Mitra ............................................................................................................................................ 40,000
March 30 Purchased goods from Chander................................................................................................................................... 50,000
March 31 Received cheque from Ashok Mitra and deposited in bank.............................................................................. 20,000
March 31 Bank Charges for the month ......................................................................................................................................... 1,000
Solution:
Dr. CASH BOOK (DOUBLE COLUMN) Cr.
2023 2023
Mar. 1 To Balance b/d 75,000 2,00,000 Mar. 3 By Purchases A/c 60,000 ...
Mar. 5 To Cash A/c C ... 50,000 Mar. 5 By Bank A/c C 50,000 ...
Mar. 8 To Sales A/c 1,00,000 ... Mar. 10 By Cash A/c C ... 20,000
Mar. 10 To Bank A/c C 20,000 ... Mar. 24 By Chander ... 25,000
Mar. 12 To Damini 30,000 ... Mar. 27 By Drawings A/c ... 15,000
Mar. 15 To Dolly ... 20,000 Mar. 31 By Bank Charges A/c ... 1,000
Mar. 19 To Cheques in Hand A/c ... 50,000 Mar. 31 By Balance c/d 1,15,000 2,79,000
(Deepak)
Mar. 31 To Ashok Mitra ... 20,000
2,25,000 3,40,000 2,25,000 3,40,000
Apr. 1 To Balance b/d 1,15,000 2,79,000
Notes:
1. Cheque received from Deepak for ` 50,000 on 18th March, 2023 will be recorded in the Journal
Proper as under:
Cheques in Hand A/c ...Dr. ` 50,000
To Deepak ` 50,000
(Being the cheque received from Deepak not yet banked)
When the above cheque is deposited into bank on 19th March, it will be recorded in the debit
column of Bank.
2. Transactions of the 28th March and 30th March, 2023 are not recorded being credit transactions.
6. Record the following transactions in Two-column Cash Book with Cash and Bank
Columns:
2023 `
Jan. 1 Abhishek commences business with Cash................................................................................................................ 2,00,000
Jan. 1 He opened a Bank Current Account with his Savings Account cheque......................................................... 18,00,000
Jan. 4 He receives cheque from Kirti & Co. on account..................................................................................................... 60,000
Jan. 7 He pays into Bank Kirti & Co.’s cheque......................................................................................................................... 60,000
Jan. 10 He pays Ratan & Co. by cheque and is allowed discount ` 2,000...................................................................... 33,000
Jan. 12 Tripathi & Co. pays into his Bank A/c............................................................................................................................ 47,500
Jan. 15 He receives cheque from Warsi and allows him discount ` 3,500.................................................................... 45,000
Jan. 20 He receives cash ` 9,600 and cheque ` 10,000 against sale to Manoj
Jan. 25 He pays into Bank, including cheques received on 15th and 20th January.................................................. 1,00,000
Jan. 27 He pays by cheque for purchases of ` 27,500
Jan. 30 He pays sundry expenses in cash.................................................................................................................................. 5,000
Jan. 30 He pays John & Co. in cash and is allowed discount ` 3,500............................................................................... 37,500
Jan. 31 He pays office rent by cheque........................................................................................................................................ 20,000
Jan. 31 He draws a cheque for personal use............................................................................................................................ 25,000
Jan. 31 He pays staff salaries by cheque.................................................................................................................................... 30,000
Jan. 31 He draws a cheque for office use.................................................................................................................................. 40,000
Jan. 31 He pays cash for stationery............................................................................................................................................. 2,500
Jan. 31 He purchases goods.......................................................................................................................................................... 12,500
Jan. 31 He pays Jagpal by cheque for commission............................................................................................................... 30,000
Jan. 31 He gives cheque to Ram Saran for purchase of furniture for office.................................................................. 1,40,000
Jan. 31 He receives cheque for commission from Raghubir & Co. and pays the same into bank ....................... 50,000
Jan. 31 Cash Sales.............................................................................................................................................................................. 45,000
Solution: In the Books of Abhishek

Dr. TWO COLUMN CASH BOOK Cr.
2023 2023
Jan. 1 To Capital A/c 2,00,000 18,00,000 Jan. 10 By Ratan & Co. ... 33,000
Jan. 7 To Cheques in Jan. 25 By Bank A/c C 45,000 ...
Hand A/c ... 60,000 Jan. 27 By Purchases A/c ... 27,500
(Kirti & Co.) Jan. 30 By Sundry Exp. A/c 5,000 ...
Jan. 12 To Tripathi & Co. ... 47,500 Jan. 31 By John & Co. 37,500 ...
Jan. 20 To Manoj 9,600 ... Jan. 31 By Rent A/c ... 20,000
Jan. 25 To Cash A/c C ... 45,000 Jan. 31 By Drawings A/c ... 25,000
Jan. 25 To Cheques in Jan. 31 By Salaries A/c ... 30,000
Hand A/c ... 55,000 Jan. 31 By Cash A/c C ... 40,000
Jan. 31 To Bank A/c C 40,000 ... Jan. 31 By Stationery A/c 2,500 ...
Jan. 31 To Commission Jan. 31 By Purchases A/c 12,500 ...
Received A/c ... 50,000 Jan. 31 By Commission A/c ... 30,000
Jan. 31 To Sales A/c 45,000 ... Jan. 31 By Furniture A/c ... 1,40,000
Jan. 31 By Balance c/d 1,64,600 17,39,500
2,94,600 20,57,500 2,94,600 20,57,500
Feb. 1 To Balance b/d 1,64,600 17,39,500
JOURNAL
2023
To Kirti & Co. 60,000
(Being the cheque received not yet deposited)
Jan. 10 Ratan & Co. ...Dr. 2,000
(Being the discount received from Ratan against payment of ` 33,000)
To Warsi 48,500
(Being the cheque received of ` 45,000 from Warsi and allowed him discount)
Jan. 20 Manoj ...Dr. 19,600
To Sales A/c 19,600
(Being the sales made)
To Manoj 10,000
(Being the cheque received)
Jan. 30 John & Co. ...Dr. 3,500
(Being the discount received from John & Co. against payment of ` 37,500)
7. Prepare a Petty Cash Book on the imprest system from the following:
2023 `
July 1 Received for petty cash 3,000
July 2 Paid bus fare 20
July 3 Paid cartage 100
July 3 Paid wages for casual labour 250
July 3 Paid for stationery 200
July 4 Paid postage 150
July 5 Paid for repairs to chairs 400
July 5 Paid for bus fare 20
July 6 Paid for Postage and Courier 100
July 6 Paid cartage 150
July 6 Paid for stationery 150
July 6 Refreshments to customers 500
Solution: Refer to Solution given on the Page no. 10.10.

Solution:
10.10
ANALYTICAL PETTY CASH BOOK

Receipts Date V.No. Particulars Total Conveyance Cartage Stationery Postage and Wages Repairs Miscellaneous
Payments Courier Expenses
` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
2023
3,000 July 1 To Cash A/c
July 2 1 By Conveyance A/c 20 20
July 3 2 By Cartage A/c 100 100
July 3 3 By Wages A/c 250 250
July 3 4 By Stationery A/c 200 200
July 4 5 By Postage A/c 150 150
July 5 6 By Repairs A/c 400 400
July 5 7 By Conveyance A/c 20 20
July 6 8 By Postage and Courier A/c 100 100
July 6 9 By Cartage A/c 150 150
July 6 10 By Stationery A/c 150 150
July 6 11 By Miscellaneous
Expenses A/c 500 500
2,040 40 250 350 250 250 400 500
July 6 By Balance c/d 960
3,000 3,000
960 July 7 To Balance b/d
2,040 July 7 To Cash A/c
Unsolved Questions
1. Prepare a Simple Cash Book from the following transactions of R.K.:
2023
April 1 He commenced business with cash ` 50,000.
April 4 Bought goods for cash ` 30,000.
April 5 Spent ` 10,000 on furniture and fixture.
April 10 Sold goods for cash ` 5,000.
April 15 Sold goods on credit to Bhushan ` 4,000.
April 18 Bought goods on credit from Bharat ` 10,000.
April 22 Cash received from Bhushan ` 2,000.
April 24 Cash paid to Bharat ` 5,000.
April 28 Paid for stationery ` 100.
April 29 Paid rent ` 800.
April 30 Paid for electricity charges ` 200. [Cash Balance—` 10,900.]
2. Prepare a Double Column Cash Book (Cash and Bank Column) from the following transactions:
2023
April 1 M/s. Goyal Brothers commenced business with cash ` 2,00,000.
Deposited ` 1,20,000 in the newly opened bank account out of ` 2,00,000.
April 2 Paid cash for office furniture ` 30,000.
April 3 Purchased goods for cash ` 40,000.
Purchased goods on credit from M/s. Gupta & Co. ` 60,000.
April 4 Sold goods for cash ` 10,000. Sold goods on credit to M/s. Chawla & Co. ` 5,000.
April 15 Received cash from M/s. Chawla & Co. ` 2,000.
April 18 Paid cash to M/s. Gupta & Co. ` 15,000.
April 25 Paid through cheque to M/s. Gupta & Co. ` 25,000.
April 28 Withdrew cash from bank for personal use ` 2,000 and for office use—` 5,000.
April 30 Bought goods from Ram on credit ` 5,000.
[Cash Balance—` 12,000, Bank Balance—` 88,000.]
3. Enter the following transactions in a Two-column Cash Book:
2023 `
Jan. 1 Bank Overdraft 12,000
Jan. 1 Cash-in-hand 2,300
Jan. 7 Cheque received from S. N. 4,000
Jan 9 Cheque received from S. N. deposited in bank
Jan. 12 Cheque paid to Radha 2,500
Jan. 15 S. N.’s cheque dishonoured
Jan. 20 Money withdrawn from bank for office use 3,400
Jan. 23 Fees of children paid by cheque 75
Jan. 27 Bank charges 20
[Cash Balance—` 5,700; Bank Overdraft—` 17,995.]
4. Enter the following transactions in Cash Book with Cash and Bank Columns.
2023
May 1 Ganesh Lal started business with ` 10,000.
May 2 Remitted into current account ` 9,000.
May 6 Paid to Charu by cheque ` 4,000 and discount received ` 100.
May 10 Cash sales ` 4,000.

May 11 Paid into bank ` 3,000.
May 15 Deepak paid into our bank account ` 1,000.
May 19 Issued a cheque to Modern Furniture House for furniture ` 2,000.
May 20 Received from Gopal ` 500 and discount allowed ` 50.
May 22 Withdrew from bank ` 200.
May 25 Cash purchases paid by cheque ` 800.
May 31 Paid salaries by cheque ` 1,200.
[Cash in hand—` 2,700, Cash at bank—` 4,800.]
5. Enter the following transactions in Cash Book with Cash and Bank Columns and balance
the Cash Book on 31st January 2023:
2023
Jan. 1 Balance of Cash in hand ` 400 and Bank overdraft ` 5,000.
Jan. 4 Introduced Cash ` 10,000 as further capital, of which ` 5,000 was deposited into the
Bank.
Jan. 5 Sold goods to Mohan for cash ` 3,000.
Jan. 6 Collected from Sanjay ` 8,000 by cheque and allowed him a discount of ` 200.
Jan. 8 Sanjay’s cheque deposited into Bank.
Jan. 10 Purchased goods for cash ` 2,000 and by cheque ` 3,000.
Jan. 11 Paid Ram ` 2,500 by cheque and discount received ` 100.
Jan. 12 Paid commission to an agent ` 500.
Jan. 15 Purchased stationery ` 2,000.
Jan. 16 Paid cartage ` 100.
Jan. 17 Drew a cheque for personal use ` 1,000.
Jan. 18 Cash sales ` 5,000.
Jan. 20 Collected from Deepak ` 4,000 in cash and deposited in the bank on the same day.
Jan. 23 Dividend received by cheque ` 100 and deposited into bank.
Jan. 28 Paid office salaries by cheque ` 2,000.
Jan. 31 Deposited cash into bank ` 7,000.
[Cash Balance—` 1,800; Bank Balance—` 10,600.]
6. Prepare Two-column Cash Book from the following transactions and balance the Cash Book
on 31st January, 2023:
2023 ` 2023 `
Jan. 1 Cash in Hand 5,670 Jan. 17 Purchased a car and paid by cheque 47,990
Jan. 1 Cash at Bank 1,26,750 Jan. 17 Purchased goods for ` 5,000 and availed
Jan. 2 Deposited into Bank 5,000 Trade Discount of 10%. Cash Discount
Jan. 5 Received from A 7,900 of 2% was offered on immediate
and allowed discount 100 payment. The offer made was availed.
Jan. 7 Purchased Furniture Payment was made through cheque.
for cash 2,500 Jan. 17 Paid by cheque to D and 3,670
Jan. 8 Paid to B by cheque and 7,450 received discount 30
received discount 50 Jan. 19 Withdrew from Bank for office use 2,500
Jan. 13 Received from C by cheque Jan. 22 Purchased goods for cash 3,500
and deposited into Bank 5,000 Jan. 25 Paid Establishment
Jan. 15 Cash sales 7,850 expenses through Bank 4,500
Jan. 15 Deposited into Bank 10,000 Jan. 31 Paid rent in cash 500
[Cash Balance—` 2,420; Bank Balance—` 76,230.]

CHAPTER
11
Special Purpose Books II—Other Books
1. Purchases Book It is a subsidiary book in which goods purchased on credit are recorded.
2. Purchases Return It is a subsidiary book in which returns outward, i.e., returns of goods
Book purchased on credit is recorded.
3. Sales Book It is a subsidiary book in which goods sold on credit are recorded.
4. Sales Return Book It is a subsidiary book in which returns inward, i.e., returns of goods sold on
credit are recorded.
5. Journal Proper It is a book in which transactions that are not recorded in any of the other
Subsidiary Books, are recorded.
6. Debit Note It is the document prepared to debit the account of the person.
For example, purchaser of goods prepares a Debit Note when goods are
returned to the seller.
7. Credit Note It is the document prepared to credit the account of the person.
For example, seller of goods prepares a Credit Note when goods are returned
by the purchaser.
8. Trade Discount Trade discount is the discount allowed by the seller to the buyer on
purchase of goods in large quantity. It is recorded in the Purchases Book and
Sales Book. But, in the ledger, purchases and sales are accounted at net amount.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Table showing the Nature of Transactions Recorded in Subsidiary Books and their
Effect on Ledger Accounts
Name of the Book Nature of Transaction Entered Effect on Ledger Accounts
Debit (Dr.) Credit (Cr.)
1. Cash Book All cash and bank transactions. Cash and Bank A/c for receipts of Cash and Bank A/c for Payments
Cash and Cheques. of Cash and Cheque.
2. Purchases All credit purchases of goods. Purchases A/c Suppliers’ A/cs
Book
3. Sales Book All credit sale of goods. Customers’ A/cs Sales A/c
4. Purchases All returns of goods purchased Suppliers’ A/cs Purchases Return/Returns
Return Book by us from suppliers. Outward A/c
5. Sales Return All returns of goods sold by us Sales Return/Returns Inward A/c Customers’ A/cs
Book to customers.
6. Journal Proper All such transactions that cannot Account affected by transactions. Account affected by transactions.
be entered in the above five books.
• Purchases Book is a book of primary entry, used for recording credit purchases of goods,
i.e., goods in which the firm deals or uses for manufacturing goods. Cash purchases are not
recorded in the Purchases Book. They are recorded in the Cash Book.
• Sales Book is used for the purposes of recording the sale of merchandise on credit.
• Purchases Return Book (also known as Returns Outward Book) is used for recording
all return of goods purchased.
• Sales Return Book (also known as Returns Inward Book) is used for the purposes of
recording the return of goods sold.
• Journal Proper is used for making the original record of those transactions which do not
find a place in any other subsidiary book. Entries recorded in the Journal Proper are:
(i) Opening Entry; (ii) Closing Entry; (iii) Transfer Entries; (iv) Credit Purchase of Assets;
(v) Rectifying Entries; (vi) Adjustment Entries; (vii) Credit Sale of Worn-out or Obsolete Assets.
Solved Question
1. Enter the following transactions in various Subsidiary Books and post them into
Ledger and prepare a Trial Balance:
2023
April 1 Cash in hand ` 1,00,000; Cash at Bank ` 75,000 and Capital Account ` 1,75,000.
April 3 Bought goods for cash ` 45,000.
April 4 Purchased goods from Pradeep & Co. ` 20,000 less 10% trade discount.
April 7 Sold goods to Dheeraj & Co. for ` 20,000 less 20% trade discount.
April 9 Withdrew ` 5,000 from bank for personal use.
April 12 Sold goods to Dhruv for ` 15,000.
April 15 Paid ` 17,800 to Pradeep & Co. in full settlement of their account.
April 18 Goods of ` 2,000 returned by Dhruv.
April 20 Received ` 5,000 from Dhruv.
April 21 Purchased goods from KG & Co. ` 25,000.
April 23 ` 20,600 paid to KG & Co. by cheque, discount received ` 400.
April 24 Purchased furniture of ` 20,000 from Modern Furniture House.
April 26 Paid into bank ` 5,000.
April 28 Dhruv is declared insolvent; a first and final dividend of 50 paise in a rupee is received from him.
April 29 Goods costing ` 3,000 returned to KG & Co.
April 30 Goods costing ` 5,000 taken by the proprietor.
April 30 Interest on Capital provided ` 1,000.
April 30 Paid ` 10,000 for advertisement by cheque.
April 30 Paid Salaries to staff ` 10,000.
April 30 Cash Sales ` 15,000.
April 30 Paid into bank ` 15,000.
April 30 Bought 100 shares of a company at ` 10 per share; brokerage paid ` 50.
April 30 Received ` 14,800 from Dheeraj & Co., discount allowed ` 200.
Solution: PURCHASES BOOK
Date Particulars Invoice No. L.F. Details (`) Amount (`)
2023
April 4 Pradeep & Co.
List Price of Goods 20,000
Less: 10% Trade Discount 2,000 18,000
April 21 KG & Co. 25,000
April 30 Purchases A/c ...Dr. 43,000
Special Purpose Books II—Other Books 11.3
SALES BOOK
Date Particulars Invoice No. L.F. Details (`) Amount (`)
2023
April 7 Dheeraj & Co.
List Price of Goods 20,000
Less: 20% Discount
4,000 16,000
April 12 Dhruv 15,000
April 30 Sales A/c ...Cr. 31,000
SALES RETURN BOOK

Date Particulars Credit Note L.F. Details (`) Amount (`)
2023
April 18 Dhruv 2,000
April 30 Sales Return A/c ...Dr. 2,000
PURCHASES RETURN BOOK

Date Particulars Debit Note L.F. Details (`) Amount (`)
2023
April 29 KG & Co. 3,000
April 30 Purchases Return A/c ...Cr. 3,000
Dr. CASH BOOK Cr.

Date Particulars L.F. Cash Bank Date Particulars L.F. Cash Bank
` ` ` `
2023 2023
April 1 To Balance b/d 1,00,000 75,000 April 3 By Purchases A/c 45,000
April 20 To Dhruv 5,000 April 9 By Drawings A/c 5,000
April 26 To Cash A/c C 5,000 April 15 By Pradeep & Co. 17,800
April 28 To Dhruv 4,000 April 23 By KG & Co. 20,600
April 30 To Sales A/c 15,000 April 26 By Bank A/c C 5,000
April 30 To Cash A/c C 15,000 April 30 By Advertisement A/c 10,000
April 30 To Dheeraj & Co. 14,800 April 30 By Salaries A/c 10,000

April
30
By
Bank A/c C
15,000
April 30 By Investments A/c 1,050
(In shares)
April 30 By Balance c/d 44,950 59,400
1,38,800 95,000 1,38,800

95,000
May 1 To Balance b/d 44,950 59,400
JOURNAL PROPER
2023
April 15 Pradeep & Co. ...Dr. 200
(Being the discount received from Pradeep & Co. on payment)
April 23 KG & Co. ...Dr. 400
(Being the discount received from KG & Co. on payment)
April 24 Furniture A/c ...Dr. 20,000
To Modern Furniture House 20,000
(Being the purchase of furniture on credit)
April 28 Bad Debts A/c ...Dr. 4,000
To Dhruv 4,000
(Being the bad debts written off)
April 30 Drawings A/c ...Dr. 5,000
(Being the goods withdrawn by the proprietor)
April 30 Interest on Capital A/c ...Dr. 1,000
(Being the interest on Capital provided)
To Dheeraj & Co. 200
(Being the discount allowed to Dheeraj & Co. on payment received)
Ledger
2023 2023
April 30 To Balance c/d 1,76,000 April 1 By Balance b/d 1,75,000
April 30 By Interest on Capital A/c 1,000
1,76,000 1,76,000
May 1 By Balance b/d 1,76,000

2023 2023
April 24 To Modern Furniture House 20,000 April 30 By Balance c/d
20,000
May 1 To Balance b/d 20,000
Dr. DHRUV Cr.
2023 2023
April 12 To Sales A/c 15,000 April 18 By Sales Return A/c
2,000
April 20 By Cash A/c 5,000
April 28 By Bad Debts A/c 4,000
15,000 15,000
Dr. BAD DEBTS ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
April 28 To Dhruv’s A/c 4,000 April 30 By Balance c/d
4,000
Dr. MODERN FURNITURE HOUSE Cr.

2023 2023
April 30 To Balance c/d 20,000 April 24 By Furniture A/c
20,000
May 1 By Balance b/d 20,000
Dr. INTEREST ON CAPITAL ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
April 30 To Capital A/c 1,000 April 30 By Balance c/d
1,000

2023 2023
April 9 To Bank A/c 5,000 April 30 By Balance c/d
10,000
April 30 To Purchases A/c 5,000
10,000 10,000

2023 2023
April 3 To Cash A/c 45,000 April 30 By Drawings A/c 5,000
April 30 To Sundries as per April 30 By Balance c/d 83,000
Purchases Book 43,000
88,000 88,000
Dr. DHEERAJ & CO. Cr.

2023 2023
April 7 To Sales A/c 16,000 April 30 By Cash A/c
14,800
April 30 By Discount Allowed A/c 200
16,000 16,000

2023 2023
April 30 To Balance c/d 46,000 April 30 By Sundries as per
Sales Book 31,000
46,000 46,000
Dr. PRADEEP & CO. Cr.

2023 2023
April 15 To Cash A/c 17,800 April 4 By Purchases A/c
18,000
April 15 To Discount Received A/c 200
18,000 18,000
Dr. KG & CO. Cr.

2023 2023
April 23 To Bank A/c 20,600 April 21 By Purchases A/c 25,000
April 23 To Discount Received A/c 400
April 29 To Purchases Return A/c 3,000
April 30 To Balance c/d 1,000
25,000 25,000
Dr. SALES RETURN ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
April 30 To Sundries as per April 30 By Balance c/d
2,000
per Sales Return Book 2,000
Dr. PURCHASES RETURN ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
April 30 To Balance b/d 3,000 April 30 By Sundries as per
Purchases Return Book 3,000
Dr. ADVERTISEMENT ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
April 30 To Bank A/c 10,000 April 30 By Balance c/d
10,000

2023 2023
April 30 To Cash A/c 10,000 April 30 By Balance c/d
10,000
Dr. INVESTMENTS ACCOUNT (IN SHARES) Cr.

2023 2023
April 30 To Cash A/c 1,050 April 30 By Balance c/d
1,050
Dr. DISCOUNT ALLOWED ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
April 30 To Dheeraj & Co. 200 April 30 By Balance c/d
200
May 1 To Balance b/d 200
Dr. DISCOUNT RECEIVED ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
April 30 To Balance c/d 600 April 15 By Pradeep & Co. 200
April 23 By KG & Co. 400
600 600
May 1 By Balance b/d 600
TRIAL BALANCE OF SHARMA & SONS as on 30th April, 2023

S. No. Heads of Accounts L.F. Dr. Balances Cr. Balances
` `
1. Capital A/c ............................................................................................. 1,76,000
2. Furniture A/c ............................................................................................. 20,000
3. Bad Debts A/c ............................................................................................. 4,000
4. Modern Furniture House ............................................................................................. 20,000
5. Interest on Capital A/c ............................................................................................. 1,000
6. Drawings A/c ............................................................................................. 10,000
7. Purchases A/c ............................................................................................. 83,000
8. Dheeraj & Co. ............................................................................................. 1,000
9. Sales A/c ............................................................................................. 46,000
10. KG & Co. ............................................................................................. 1,000
11. Sales Return A/c ............................................................................................. 2,000
12. Purchases Return A/c ............................................................................................. 3,000
13. Advertisement A/c ............................................................................................. 10,000
14. Salaries A/c ............................................................................................. 10,000
15. Investments A/c (in Shares) ............................................................................................. 1,050
16. Discount Allowed A/c ............................................................................................. 200
17. Discount Received A/c ............................................................................................. 600
18. Cash in Hand ............................................................................................. 44,950
19. Cash at Bank ............................................................................................. 59,400
Total ............................................................................................. 2,46,600 2,46,600
CHAPTER
13
Bank Reconciliation Statement
1. Bank Reconciliation Bank Reconciliation Statement is a statement prepared on a

Statement particular day to reconcile the bank balance as per Cash Book with the
balance as per Bank Pass Book or Bank Statement showing entries causing
difference between the two balances.
2. Bank Pass Book or Bank Pass Book or Bank Statement is a copy of account of the
Bank Statement account holder in the books of the bank.
3. Favourable or Debit It means that the amount lying deposited with the bank. It is the
Balance as per difference between debit side and credit side of the bank column of
Cash Book the Cash Book, debit side being bigger.
4. Favourable or Credit It means that the amount lying deposited with the bank. It is the
Balance as per difference between credit side and debit side of the Bank Pass
Pass Book or Book or Bank Statement, credit side being bigger.
Bank Statement
5. Unfavourable or It means amount overdrawn, i.e., amount drawn in excess of deposits. It is
Credit Balance as the difference between credit side and debit side of the bank column
per Cash Book of the Cash Book, credit side being bigger.
6. Unfavourable or Debit It means amount overdrawn, i.e., amount drawn in excess of deposits. It is
Balance as per Bank the difference between debit side and credit side of the Bank Pass
Pass Book or Bank Book or Bank Statement, debit side being bigger.
Statement
7. Overdraft A situation when the account holder withdraws more money from the bank
than the deposits in his/her account.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Bank Reconciliation Statement is a statement prepared on a particular date reconciling

the bank balance in the Cash Book with the balance as per Bank Statement or Pass Book
showing the reasons or causes of difference between the two balances.
• Reasons or Causes of Difference can be as follows:
(i) Cheques issued but not presented for payment;
(ii) Cheques deposited but not credited;
(iii) Interest allowed by the bank not recorded in Cash Book;
(iv) Interest and expenses charged by the bank not recorded in Cash Book;
(v) Interest and dividend collected by the bank not recorded in Cash Book;
(vi) Direct payments by the bank not recorded in Cash Book;
(vii) Direct payments into the bank by a customer not recorded in Cash Book;
(viii) Dishonour of bills discounted with the bank not recorded in Cash Book;
(ix) Cheques collected by the bank on behalf of a customer not recorded in Cash Book; and
(x) Errors committed.
• Debit Balance as per Cash Book or Credit Balance as per Pass Book means favourable
balance.
• Credit Balance as per Cash Book or Debit Balance as per Pass Book means unfavourable
balance.
BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT—AT A GLANCE
Particulars Cash Book—Starting Balance Pass Book—Starting Balance
Favourable Overdraft Favourable Overdraft
Balance Balance
(Dr. Balance) (Cr. Balance) (Cr. Balance) (Dr. Balance)
1. Cheques issued but not yet presented for payment. + – – +
2. Cheques deposited into the Bank but not yet collected. – + + –
3. Interest allowed by the Bank but not entered in the Cash Book. + – – +
4. Bank charges not entered in the Cash Book. – + + –
5. Direct deposit into the bank by a customer. + – – +
6. Direct payments from the bank not entered in the
Cash Book. – + + –
7. Direct collections made by the bank not entered in the
Cash Book. + – – +
8. Cheque issued and payment received by the creditor
but not entered in the Cash Book. – + + –
9. Cheque paid into the bank but omitted to be entered
in the Cash Book. + – – +
10. Dishonour of a cheque and bill discounted with the bank. – + + –
11. Cheque entered in the Cash Book but not sent to the Bank. – + + –
Difference between Bank Reconciliation Statement and Bank Statement

Basis Bank Reconciliation Statement Bank Statement
1. Who prepares It is prepared by the account holder. It is prepared by the bank.
2. Objective It is prepared to reconcile the difference between It is prepared to inform the customer, i.e., account
Cash Book Balance and Pass Book Balance. holder about all transactions which have taken
place in his account during the period covered by
the statement.
3. When it is prepared It is prepared on a particular date. It is prepared for a particular period.
4. Necessity It is not compulsory. It is compulsory for the bank to prepare it.
5. Final Result It may show the bank balance as per Cash Book It shows the balance of Customer’s Account as per
or Pass Book at the end of the period. bank ledger at the end of the period.
Solved Questions
1. Prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement from the following particulars:
(i) On 31st March, 2023, Cash Book showed a credit bank balance (i.e., bank
overdraft) of ` 20,000.
(ii) Out of the total cheques amounting to ` 1,00,000 drawn, cheques aggregating
` 30,000 were encashed in March, cheques aggregating ` 40,000 were
encashed in April and the rest have not yet been presented.
Bank Reconciliation Statement 13.3
(iii) Out of the total cheques amounting to ` 50,000 deposited, cheques aggregating
` 15,000 were credited in March, cheques aggregating ` 20,000 were credited
in April, and the rest have not yet been collected.
(iv) Bank has debited ` 5,000 on account of interest on overdraft and ` 1,000 as
bank charges.
(v) Bank has credited ` 7,000 to the account being dividend on shares.
(vi) Cheque of ` 10,000 (discounted with the bank in January) dishonoured on
31st March (but not yet recorded in the Cash Book).
Solution: BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT as on 31st March, 2023
Particulars Amount Amount
Details (`) `
Overdraft Balance as per Cash Book (Cr.) 20,000
Less: Cheques issued but not yet presented for payment 70,000
Dividend collected and credited by Bank 7,000 77,000
57,000
Add: Cheques deposited but not yet collected 35,000
Interest debited by Bank not recorded in Cash Book 5,000
Bank charges debited by Bank not recorded in Cash Book 1,000
Cheque discounted dishonoured by Bank not recorded in Cash Book 10,000 51,000
Balance as per Pass Book (Cr.) 6,000
The above solution can also be presented with two columns using ‘Plus’ and
‘Minus’ method.
BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT as on 31st March, 2023
Particulars Plus Minus
Items Items
` `
Overdraft as per Cash Book (Cr.) 20,000

Cheques drawn but not presented for payment till 31st March 70,000
Dividend collected and credited by bank 7,000
Cheques deposited but not collected till 31st March 35,000
Interest on overdraft and bank charges 6,000
Discounted cheque dishonoured 10,000
Balance as per Pass Book (Cr.) (` 77,000 – ` 71,000) 6,000
77,000 77,000
2. From the following particulars, prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement and

ascertain the balance as per Cash Book on 31st March, 2023 in the books of D.K.:
(i) Pass Book showed an overdraft of ` 15,000 on 31st March, 2023.
(ii) A cheque of ` 200 was deposited in the bank but not recorded in the Cash Book.
(iii) Cheques of ` 17,000 were issued but cheques amounting to ` 10,000 were
presented for payment up to 31st March, 2023.
(iv) Cheques of ` 10,000 were sent to the bank for collection. Out of these,
cheques of ` 2,000 and of ` 1,000 were credited respectively on 7th April and
9th April, 2023 and remaining cheques were credited before 31st March, 2023.
(v) Bank paid ` 300 as Chamber of Commerce fee on behalf of D.K. which was
not recorded in the Cash Book.
(vi) Bank charged interest on overdraft ` 800.
(vii) ` 40 for bank charges were recorded two times in the Cash Book and bank
expenses of ` 35 were not at all recorded in the Cash Book.
(viii) Payments side of the Cash Book was ` 1,000 short.
(ix) Bank received ` 200 as interest on debentures on behalf of D.K.
(MSE Chandigarh 2001, Modified)
Details (`) `
Overdraft Balance as per Pass Book (Dr.) 15,000
Add: Cheque deposited into Bank not recorded in Cash Book 200
Cheques issued but not presented for payment (` 17,000 – ` 10,000) 7,000
Bank charges recorded twice in Cash Book 40
Interest received on Debentures credited to account 200 7,440
22,440
Less: Cheques deposited but not yet credited (` 2,000 + ` 1,000) 3,000
Chamber of Commerce Fee paid by bank not recorded in Cash Book 300
Interest on Overdraft debited by bank 800
Bank Expenses debited by bank 35
Cash Book payments side casted short 1,000 5,135
Overdraft Balance as per Cash Book (Cr.) 17,305
3. Following are the entries recorded in the bank column of the Cash Book of
Mr. V. K. Gupta for the month ended 31st March, 2023:
Dr. CASH BOOK (BANK COLUMN ONLY) Cr.
2023 2023
March 15 To Cash A/c 36,000 March 1 By Balance b/d 40,000
March 21 To Roy 24,000 March 4 By John 2,000
March 22 To Kapoor 10,000 March 6 By Raj 400
March 31 To Balance c/d 7,640 March 15 By Kailash 240
March 20 By Joshi 35,000
77,640 77,640
On 31st March, 2023, Mr. V.K. Gupta received his Bank Statement. On perusal of
the statement, Mr. V.K. Gupta ascertained the following information:
(i) Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank ` 10,000.
(ii) Interest on securities collected by the bank but not recorded in the Cash
Book ` 1,080.
(iii) Credit transfer not recorded in the Cash Book ` 200.
(iv) Dividend collected by the bank directly but not recorded in the Cash Book ` 1,000.
(v) Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 37,400.
(vi) Interest debited by the bank but not recorded in the Cash Book ` 1,000.
(vii) Bank charges not recorded in the Cash Book ` 340.
From the above information, prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement to ascertain
the balance as per the Bank Statement.

Particulars Plus Items Minus Items
` `
Bank Overdraft as per Cash Book (Cr.) 7,640
Cheques deposited but not credited 10,000
Interest on securities collected by the bank but not recorded in the Cash Book 1,080
Credit transfer not recorded in the Cash Book 200
Dividend collected by the bank directly but not recorded in the Cash Book 1,000
Cheques issued but not presented for payment 37,400
Interest debited by the bank but not recorded in the Cash Book 1,000
Bank charges not recorded in Cash Book 340
Bank Balance as per Pass Book (Cr.) (` 39,680 – ` 18,980) 20,700
39,680 39,680
4. On 31st March, 2023, the Cash Book of a merchant showed a debit balance of ` 8,500.
On comparing the Cash Book with the Bank Pass Book, the following discrepancies
were noted:
(i) Cheques issued for ` 6,000 were not presented at bank by 31st March, 2023.
(ii) Cheques for ` 8,000 were deposited in bank but were not cleared.
(iii) ` 20,000 being the proceeds of a cheque collected appear in the Pass Book
but not in the Cash Book.
(iv) A cheque for ` 1,000 received from X & Co. and deposited in Bank was
dishonoured. No advice of non-payment was received from bank till the
1st of next April, 2023.
(v) The bank has paid a bill amounting to ` 4,500 but it has not been entered
in the Cash Book.
(vi) A cheque for ` 8,000 which was discounted with the bank was due this month.
It was dishonoured by the drawee on due date.
(vii) A cheque for ` 5,100 was paid into bank but the bank credited the amount
with ` 5,010 by mistake.
(viii) A cheque for ` 500 was deposited into bank but the same was credited to a
wrong account.
(ix) ` 2,000 was deposited by a customer directly into bank.
(x) The bank received interest on debentures on behalf of the trader the amount
being ` 2,500.
(xi) A cheque for ` 1,500 received from a customer deposited into bank but the
same was not entered into the Cash Book.
(xii) The bank paid ` 1,250 by way of Insurance Premium.
(xiii) The bank charged ` 90 as their commission for collecting outstation cheques
and allowed interest of ` 100 on the trader’s balance.
(xiv) A cheque for ` 250 entered into the Cash Book was omitted to be banked.
Prepare a Bank Reconciliation Statement and show the balance as per Pass Book.

Details (`) `
Balance as per Cash Book (Dr.) 8,500
Add: (i ) Cheques issued but not yet presented for payment 6,000
(iii) Cheque collected by Bank but not recorded in Cash Book 20,000
(ix) Amount directly deposited by a Customer 2,000
(x) Interest on debentures directly received by bank 2,500
(xi) Cheque deposited into bank not recorded in Cash Book 1,500
(xiii) Interest on bank balance 100 32,100
40,600
Less: (ii) Cheques deposited in bank but not collected 8,000
(iv) Cheque deposited in bank dishonoured but not recorded in Cash Book 1,000
(v) Payment of bill by bank but not recorded in Cash Book 4,500
(vi ) Discounted cheque dishonoured and not entered in Cash Book 8,000
(vii) Cheque deposited credited with lower amount (` 5,100 – ` 5,010) 90
(viii) Cheque deposited but credited to wrong account 500
(xii) Insurance premium paid by bank 1,250
(xiii) Bank charges 90
(xiv) Cheque recorded in Cash Book but not deposited in Bank 250 23,680
Balance as per Pass Book (Cr.) 16,920
Unsolved Questions
1. Prepare a Bank Reconciliation Statement from the following on 31st March, 2014:
(i) Balance as per Cash Book ` 12,500.
(ii) Cheques deposited ` 4,500 but not yet credited.
(iii) Bank charges ` 50 entered twice in Cash Book.
(iv) Direct deposit by a customer into bank ` 1,500 not entered in Cash Book.
(v) Discount allowed to customers ` 120 entered in bank column of Cash Book.
(MSE Chandigarh 2015)
[Balance as per Pass Book—` 9,430.]
2. From the following particulars, prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement as on
31st December 2014:
(i) Debit balance as per Cash Book ` 10,000.
(ii) A cheque for ` 500 issued in favour of Karan has not been presented for payment.
(iii) A bill for ` 700 paid by bank on our behalf under a rebate of ` 20, the full amount of
the bill was credited in the bank column of Cash Book.
(iv) A cheque for ` 295 deposited in bank has been dishonoured.
(v) A sum of ` 800 deposited in the bank has been credited as ` 80 in the Pass Book.
(vi) Payments side of Cash Book has been undercast by ` 200. (KVS 2015)
3. From the following particulars, prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement as on 31st March, 2023:
(i) Bank balance as per Cash Book ` 25,450.
(ii) A number of cheques were deposited in the Bank but on 31st March, 2023, a cheque
for ` 500 was not credited in the Pass Book.
(iii) Several cheques aggregating ` 5,000 were issued but only cheques for ` 4,500 were
presented to Bank for payment.
(iv) The Bank had directly collected dividend ` 400 and interest ` 300 but this was not
entered in the Cash Book.
(v) In accordance with instructions, the Bank had honoured a Bill for ` 2,000 but the debit
note was sent to the trader only on 2nd April, 2023.
(vi) Bank charges ` 20 were not entered in the Cash Book.
(vii) The debit balance for November was shown short in the Cash Book by ` 300.
(viii) The Bank Pass Book revealed that a cheque for ` 250 received from a person had been
dishonoured, but no entry was passed in the Cash Book.
4. Prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement as on 30th September, 2022 from the following
particulars: `
(i) Bank balance as per Pass Book. 10,000
(ii) Cheque deposited into the Bank, but no entry was passed in the Cash Book. 500
(iii) Cheque received and entered in the Cash Book but not sent to bank. 1,200
(iv) Credit side of the Cash Book bank column casted short. 200
(v) Insurance premium paid directly by the bank under the standing instruction. 600
(vi) Bank charges entered twice in the Cash Book. 20
(vii) Cheque issued but not presented to the bank for payment. 500
(viii) Cheque received entered twice in the Cash Book. 1,000
(ix) Cheque discounted dishonoured not recorded in the Cash Book. 5,000
[Balance as per Cash Book (Dr.)—` 16,980.]
5. From the following particulars of a trader, prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement as on
31st March, 2023:
(i) Bank overdraft as per Cash Book ` 52,100.
(ii) During the month, cheques for a total amount of ` 94,400 were deposited into the bank,
but of these, one cheque for ` 11,160 has been entered into the Pass Book on 5th April.
(iii) During the month, cheques for ` 89,580 were drawn in favour of creditors. Of them,
one creditor encashed his cheque for ` 38,580 on 7th April, whereas another for ` 4,320
has not yet been encashed.
(iv) As per instructions, the bank on 28th March paid out ` 10,500 to a creditor, but by
mistake the same has not been entered in the Cash Book.
(v) According to agreement, on 25th March, a debtor deposited directly into the bank
` 9,000, but the same has not been recorded in the Cash Book.
(vi) In the month of March the bank, without any intimation, debited his account for ` 120
as bank charges and credited the same for ` 180 as interest.
[Balance as per Pass Book (Overdraft)—` 21,800.]
6. From the following particulars, prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement: `
(i) Bank Overdraft as per Cash Book. 16,200
(ii) A cheque deposited as per Bank Statement, but not recorded in the Cash Book. 700
(iii) Debit side of the Bank Column casted short. 100
(iv) A cheque for ` 5,000 deposited but collection as per Bank Statement. 4,996
(v) A party’s cheque returned dishonoured as per Bank Statement only. 530
(vi) Cheques collected directly by Bank. 3,500
(vii) Bank charges recorded twice in Cash Book. 25
(viii) A cheque for ` 8,000 discounted for ` 7,960 returned dishonoured by the Bank
Bank charges being charged. 15
(ix) Cheques deposited but not yet collected by the Bank. 2,320
(x) Cheques issued but not yet presented for encashment. 1,250
[Balance as per Pass Book (Dr.)—` 21,494.]
7. From the following information supplied by Deep, prepare his Bank Reconciliation
Statement as on 31st March, 2023: `
(i) Bank overdraft as per Pass Book. 3,30,000
(ii) Cheques issued but not presented for payment. 1,75,000
(iii) Cheques deposited but not collected. 2,10,000
(iv) Cheques recorded in the Cash Book but not sent to the bank for collection. 40,000
(v) Payments received from customers directly by the bank. 70,000
(vi) Bank charges debited in Pass Book. 400
(vii) Premium of Life Insurance policy of Deep paid by bank on standing instructions. 3,600
(viii) A cheque for ` 60,000 dishonoured on 30th March, 2023 and bank charged
bank Charges 200
This bill was discounted on 30th January, 2023.
[Overdraft as per Cash Book—` 2,60,800.]
8. What is Bank Reconciliation Statement? Prepare such a statement on 31st March, 2023
from the following particulars:
(i) Abhay’s overdraft as per Pass Book ` 12,000 as on 31st March.
(ii) On 30th March, cheques had been issued for ` 70,000 of which cheques worth ` 3,000
only had been encashed up to 31st March.
(iii) Cheques amounting to ` 3,500 had been paid into the bank for collection but of these
only ` 500 had been credited in the Pass Book.
(iv) The bank has charged ` 500 as interest on overdraft and the intimation of which has
been received on 2nd April, 2023.
(v) The Bank Pass Book shows credit for ` 1,000 representing ` 400 paid by debtor of
Abhay directly into the bank and ` 600 collected direct by bank in respect of interest
on Abhay’s investment. Abhay had no knowledge of these items.
(vi) A cheque for ` 200 has been debited in bank column of Cash Book by Abhay, but it was
not sent to bank at all.
[Overdraft as per Cash Book—` 76,300.]
CHAPTER
14
Trial Balance
Trial Balance
It is a statement prepared with the debit and credit balances of the ledger
accounts. It also includes the balances of cash and Bank taken from the Cash
Book. The total of debit and credit columns should be equal. Specimen of a
Trial Balance with imaginary amounts is as follows:
TRIAL BALANCE as at ...

Heads of Accounts L.F. Debit Balance Credit Balance
` `
Capital A/c ... 80,000
Cash A/c 47,700 ...
Purchases A/c 79,000 ...
Sales A/c ... 50,000
Drawings A/c 1,500 ...
Discount Received A/c ... 200
Salaries A/c 2,000 ...
Total 1,30,200 1,30,200
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• A Trial Balance is a statement of accounts appearing in the Ledger. It may be prepared

either by taking the balance of each account or the total amounts of debit and credit items.
• The agreement of Trial Balance ensures arithmetical accuracy and not accounting accuracy.
• Objectives or Functions of a Trial Balance are to:
(i) ascertain arithmetical accuracy.
(ii) facilitate preparation of Financial Statements.
(iii) provide summary of Ledger Accounts.
(iv) help in locating errors.
• Guidelines, which help in the preparation of Trial Balance, are as follows:
(i) Accounts of expenses and losses have a debit balance.
(ii) Accounts of incomes and gains have a credit balance.
(iii) Accounts of assets have a debit balance.
(iv) Accounts of liabilities have a credit balance.
(v) Capital Account usually has a credit balance.
Solved Questions
1. Make out a Trial Balance from the following balances as on 31st March, 2023:
` `
Repair 5,000 Closing Stock 9,00,000
Debtors 60,000 Sales 2,50,000
Trade Expenses 12,000 Creditors 10,000
Rent 2,500 Interest Received 1,200
Wages 32,000 Purchases Return 2,000
Purchases 2,00,000 Discount Received 1,800
Furniture 25,000 Provision for Doubtful Debts 2,000
Carriage and Freight 5,000 Capital 3,00,000
Sales Return 3,000 Plant and Machinery 90,000
Loans and Advances 20,000 Cash in Hand 3,000
Travelling Expenses 6,000 Bank 20,000
Drawings 25,000 Stock (1st April, 2022) 50,000
Insurance 6,300 Discount Allowed 2,200
Solution: TRIAL BALANCE as at 31st March, 2023
Heads of Accounts L.F. Dr. (`) Cr. (`)
Repair .......................................................................................................................................................... 5,000 ...
Debtors .......................................................................................................................................................... 60,000 ...
Trade Expenses .................................................................................................................................................. 12,000 ...
Rent .......................................................................................................................................................... 2,500 ...
Wages .......................................................................................................................................................... 32,000 ...
Purchases .......................................................................................................................................................... 2,00,000 ...
Furniture .......................................................................................................................................................... 25,000 ...
Carriage and Freight......................................................................................................................................... 5,000 ...
Sales Return......................................................................................................................................................... 3,000 ...
Loans and Advances ....................................................................................................................................... 20,000 ...
Travelling Expenses.......................................................................................................................................... 6,000 ...
Drawings .......................................................................................................................................................... 25,000 ...
Insurance .......................................................................................................................................................... 6,300 ...
Sales .......................................................................................................................................................... ... 2,50,000
Creditors .......................................................................................................................................................... ... 10,000
Interest Received............................................................................................................................................... ... 1,200
Purchases Return............................................................................................................................................... ... 2,000
Discount Received............................................................................................................................................ ... 1,800
Provision for Doubtful Debts........................................................................................................................ ... 2,000
Capital .......................................................................................................................................................... ... 3,00,000
Plant and Machinery........................................................................................................................................ 90,000 ...
Cash in Hand....................................................................................................................................................... 3,000 ...
Bank .......................................................................................................................................................... 20,000 ...
Stock (1st April, 2022)...................................................................................................................................... 50,000 ...
Discount Allowed.............................................................................................................................................. 2,200 ...
Total 5,67,000 5,67,000
Trial Balance 14.3
2. From the following information, prepare Trial Balance of Punjab General Store as
on 31st March, 2023:
Dr. CASH BOOK Cr.

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Capital A/c 1,00,000 By Furniture A/c 30,000

To Mohan 2,50,000 By Salaries A/c 25,000
To Sales A/c 50,000 By Ram 2,10,000
By Purchases A/c 10,000
By Drawings A/c 5,000
By Balance c/d
1,20,000
4,00,000 4,00,000

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Balance c/d
1,00,000 By Cash A/c 1,00,000

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Cash A/c 5,000 By Balance c/d
5,000

Particulars
` Particulars `

30,000

Particulars
` Particulars `
25,000 By Balance c/d

To Cash A/c 25,000

Particulars
` Particulars `

2,60,000
To Sundries as per Purchases Book 2,50,000
2,60,000 2,60,000
Dr. PURCHASES RETURN ACCOUNT Cr.

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Balance c/d
5,000 By Sundries as per Purchases Return Book 5,000
Dr. MOHAN Cr.

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Sales A/c (Credit Sales) 3,00,000 By Sales Return A/c 1,000

By Cash A/c 2,50,000
By Balance c/d 49,000
3,00,000 3,00,000

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Balance c/d
3,50,000 By Cash A/c (Cash Sales) 50,000
By Sundries as per Sales Book (Credit Sales) 3,00,000
3,50,000 3,50,000
Dr. SALES RETURN ACCOUNT Cr.

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Sundries as per Sales Return Book 1,000 By Balance c/d

1,000
1,000 1,000
Dr. RAM Cr.

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Cash A/c 2,10,000 By Purchase A/c 2,50,000

To Balance c/d 35,000
2,50,000 2,50,000
Solution:
TRIAL BALANCE
as at 31st March, 2023
eads of Accounts L.F.
H Dr. Balance Cr. Balance
` `
Cash A/c 1,20,000 ...

Capital A/c ... 1,00,000
Drawings A/c 5,000 ...
Furniture A/c 30,000 ...
Salaries A/c 25,000 ...
Purchases A/c 2,60,000 ...
Purchases Return A/c ... 5,000
Mohan 49,000 ...
Sales A/c ... 3,50,000
Sales Return A/c 1,000 ...
Ram ... 35,000
Total 4,90,000 4,90,000
Trial Balance 14.5
3. Following is the Trial Balance of S.K. Gupta on 30th September, 2022:

Heads of Accounts L.F. Dr. Balance Cr. Balance
` `
Capital ................................................................................................................................................................ ... 4,50,000
A. Lal & Co. (Creditor)..................................................................................................................................... ... 20,000
B. Babu & Co. (Creditor)................................................................................................................................. ... 25,000
C. Chand & Co. (Creditor).............................................................................................................................. ... 25,000
Machinery ......................................................................................................................................................... 1,00,000 ...
Building .............................................................................................................................................................. 3,00,000 ...
Purchases........................................................................................................................................................... 90,000 ...
Vijay Sales .......................................................................................................................................................... 15,000 ...
Akash Sales........................................................................................................................................................ 10,000 ...
Bank ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5,000 ...
Total 5,20,000 5,20,000
You are required to redraft the above Trial Balance as it would appear after
following transactions had taken place:
(i) S.K. Gupta had taken a cash loan of ` 50,000 from K.G. Gupta, out of which
he paid ` 20,000 towards his debts to A. Lal & Co. receiving no discount, and
he banked the balance amount.
(ii) He received ` 5,000 from Vijay Sales. No discount is allowed for this payment.
(iii) He purchased goods of ` 20,000 on credit from Vikas Trading Co.
(iv) He sold one-fifth of his stock on credit for ` 15,000 to Amit & Co.
Solution: Before preparing the Trial Balance, please see the Working Notes.
TRIAL BALANCE OF S.K. GUPTA

as on 30th September, 2022
` `
Capital A/c.......................................................................................................................................................... ... 4,50,000

Cash A/c.............................................................................................................................................................. 5,000 ...
Loan A/c.............................................................................................................................................................. ... 50,000
B. Babu & Co...................................................................................................................................................... ... 25,000
C. Chand & Co................................................................................................................................................... ... 25,000
Vikas Trading Co............................................................................................................................................... ... 20,000
Vijay Sales........................................................................................................................................................... 10,000 ...
Akash Sales........................................................................................................................................................ 10,000 ...
Amit & Co............................................................................................................................................................ 15,000 ...
Purchases A/c.................................................................................................................................................... 1,10,000 ...
Sales A/c............................................................................................................................................................. ... 15,000
Bank A/c.............................................................................................................................................................. 35,000 ...
Machinery A/c.................................................................................................................................................. 1,00,000 ...
Building A/c....................................................................................................................................................... 3,00,000 ...
Total 5,85,000 5,85,000
Working Notes:
1. JOURNAL
Date Particulars J.F. Dr. (`) Cr. (`)
Cash A/c ...Dr. 50,000
To Loan A/c 50,000
(Being received a loan from K.G. Gupta)
A. Lal & Co. ...Dr. 20,000
Bank A/c ...Dr. 30,000
To Cash A/c 50,000
(Being the payment to creditors ` 20,000 and balance of the loan, i.e.,
` 30,000 deposited into bank)
Cash A/c ...Dr. 5,000
To Vijay Sales 5,000
(Being the amount received from debtors)
Purchases A/c ...Dr. 20,000
To Vikas Trading Co. 20,000
(Being the goods purchased on credit)
Amit & Co. ...Dr. 15,000
To Sales A/c 15,000
(Being the goods sold on credit)
2. Ledger
Dr. CASH ACCOUNT Cr.
To Loan A/c 50,000 By A. Lal & Co. 20,000
To Vijay Sales 5,000 By Bank A/c 30,000
55,000 55,000
Dr. LOAN ACCOUNT Cr.

By
Cash A/c 50,000
50,000 50,000
Dr. A. LAL & CO. Cr.

To Cash A/c 20,000 By Balance b/d 20,000
Dr. B. BABU & CO. Cr.

To Balance c/d 25,000 By Balance b/d 25,000
Trial Balance 14.7
Dr. C. CHAND & CO. Cr.

To Balance c/d 25,000 By Balance b/d 25,000
Dr. VIKAS TRADING CO. Cr.


By
Purchases A/c 20,000
Dr. VIJAY SALES Cr.

To Balance b/d 15,000 By Cash A/c 5,000

15,000 15,000
Dr. AKASH SALES Cr.

To Balance b/d 10,000 By Balance c/d 10,000
Dr. AMIT & CO. Cr.

To Sales A/c 15,000 By Balance c/d 15,000

To Balance b/d 90,000 By Balance c/d 1,10,000

To Vikas Trading Co. 20,000
1,10,000 1,10,000

To Balance c/d 15,000 By Amit & Co. 15,000

15,000 15,000
Dr. BANK ACCOUNT Cr.

To Balance b/d 5,000 By Balance c/d 35,000

To Cash A/c 30,000
35,000 35,000
4. Following is the Trial Balance of P.K. Shah, Delhi prepared on 28th February, 2023:
TRIAL BALANCE OF P.K. SHAH as on 28th February, 2023
` `
Capital A/c ........................................................................................................................................................ ... 22,000
Drawings A/c..................................................................................................................................................... 1,300 ...
Sundry Expenses A/c...................................................................................................................................... 2,410 ...
Purchases A/c.................................................................................................................................................... 27,100 ...
Sales A/c ........................................................................................................................................................... ... 43,400
Returns Inward A/c......................................................................................................................................... 600 ...
Ramesh ............................................................................................................................................................. 7,390 ...
Rahul ............................................................................................................................................................... ... 4,800
Input IGST A/c................................................................................................................................................... 2,500 ...
Output CGST A/c............................................................................................................................................. ... 1,500
Output SGST A/c.............................................................................................................................................. ... 1,500
Cash and Bank Balances................................................................................................................................ 31,900 ...
Total 73,200 73,200
During the month of March, 2023, following transactions took place:

(i) Opening Input IGST to the extent of ` 1,500 was adjusted against Opening Output
CGST and balance against Opening SGST. Balance was paid.
(ii) Credit purchases of goods from Rahul ` 8,000, plus CGST and SGST @ 6% each.
(iii) Credit sales of goods to Ramesh, Indore ` 14,000, charged IGST @ 12%.
(iv) Goods of ` 400 were returned to Rahul.
(v) Cash sales of goods of ` 2,000 plus CGST and SGST @ 6% each.
You are required to prepare all Ledger accounts after recording the above transactions
and Trial Balance as on 31st March, 2023 from the Ledger accounts.
Solution: In the Books of P.K. Shah, Delhi
Ledger
2023 2023
March 31 To Balance c/d 22,000 March 1 By Balance b/d 22,000

2023 2023
March 1 To Balance b/d 1,300 March 31 By Balance c/d 1,300

2023 2023
March 31 To Rahul 8,000
35,100 35,100
Trial Balance 14.9
Dr. SUNDRY EXPENSES ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023

2023 2023
March 31 To Balance c/d 59,400 March 1 By Balance b/d 43,400
March 31 By Ramesh 14,000
March 31 By Cash and Bank A/c 2,000
59,400 59,400
Dr. RETURNS INWARD ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
March 1 To Balance b/d 600 March 31 By Balance c/d 600
Dr. RAMESH Cr.

2023 2023
March 31 To Sales A/c 14,000
March 31 To Output IGST A/c 1,680
23,070 23,070
Dr. RAHUL Cr.

2023 2023
March 31 To Returns Outward A/c 400 March 1 By Balance b/d 4,800
March 31 To Input CGST A/c 24 March 31 By Purchases A/c 8,000
March 31 To Input SGST A/c 24 March 31 By Input CGST A/c 480
March 31 To Balance c/d 13,312 March 31 By Input SGST A/c 480
13,760 13,760
Dr. CASH AND BANK ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
March 1 To Balance b/d 31,900 March 1 By Output SGST A/c 500
March 31 To Sales A/c 2,000 March 31 By Balance c/d 33,640
March 31 To Output CGST A/c 120
March 31 To Output SGST A/c 120
34,140 34,140
Dr. RETURNS OUTWARD ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
March 31 To Balance c/d 400
March
31
By
Rahul 400
Dr. INPUT IGST ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
March 1 To Balance b/d 2,500 March 1 By Output CGST A/c 1,500
March 1 By Output SGST A/c 1,000
2,500 2,500
Dr. OUTPUT CGST ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
March 1 To Input IGST A/c 1,500 March 1 By Balance b/d 1,500
March 31 To Balance c/d 120 March 31 By Cash and Bank A/c 120
1,620 1,620
Dr. OUTPUT SGST ACCOUNT Cr.

Date
Particulars J.F. ` Date
Particulars J.F. `
2023 2023
March 1 To Input IGST A/c 1,000 March 1 By Balance b/d 1,500
March 1 To Cash and Bank A/c 500 March 31 By Cash and Bank A/c 120
March 31 To Balance c/d 120
1,620 1,620
Dr. INPUT CGST ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
March 31 To Rahul 480 March 31 By Rahul 24
March 31 By Balance c/d 456
480 480
Dr. INPUT SGST ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
March 31 To Rahul 480 March 31 By Rahul 24
March 31 By Balance c/d 456
480 480
Dr. OUTPUT IGST ACCOUNT Cr.

2023 2023
March 31 To Balance c/d 1,680
March
31
By
Ramesh 1,680
Trial Balance 14.11
TRIAL BALANCE as on 31st March, 2023

Heads of Accounts L.F. Dr. Balance Cr. Balance
` `
Capital A/c ...................................................................................................................................................... ... 22,000
Drawings A/c................................................................................................................................................... 1,300 ...
Purchases A/c.................................................................................................................................................. 35,100 ...
Sundry Expenses A/c.................................................................................................................................... 2,410 ...
Sales A/c ....................................................................................................................................................... ... 59,400
Returns Inward A/c....................................................................................................................................... 600 ...
Ramesh ............................................................................................................................................................. 23,070 ...
Rahul .................................................................................................................................................................. ... 13,312
Cash and Bank A/c........................................................................................................................................ 33,640 ...
Returns Outward A/c................................................................................................................................... ... 400
Output CGST A/c........................................................................................................................................... ... 120
Output SGST A/c............................................................................................................................................ ... 120
Output IGST..................................................................................................................................................... ... 1,680
Input CGST A/c............................................................................................................................................... 456 ...
Input SGST A/c............................................................................................................................................... 456 ...
Total 97,032 97,032
5. From the following Trial Balance (containing errors), prepare a correct Trial Balance:
Heads of Accounts Dr. (`) Cr. (`)
Purchases (Not Adjusted)...................................................................................................................................... 60,000 ...
Reserve ................................................................................................................................................................. 20,000 ...
Sales ................................................................................................................................................................. ... 1,00,000
Purchases Return...................................................................................................................................................... 1,000 ...
Sales Return................................................................................................................................................................ ... 2,000
Opening Stock........................................................................................................................................................... 30,000 ...
Closing Stock............................................................................................................................................................. ... 40,000
Expenses ................................................................................................................................................................. ... 20,000
Outstanding Expenses........................................................................................................................................... 2,000 ...
Bank Balance.............................................................................................................................................................. 5,000 ...
Fixed Assets................................................................................................................................................................ 50,000 ...
Creditors ................................................................................................................................................................. ... 30,000
Debtors ................................................................................................................................................................. ... 80,000
Capital ................................................................................................................................................................. 94,000 ...
Suspense A/c.............................................................................................................................................................. 10,000 ...
Total 2,72,000 2,72,000
Solution: TRIAL BALANCE as at ...

Heads of Accounts L.F. Dr. (`) Cr. (`)
Purchases (Adjusted)...................................................................................................................................... 50,000 ...
Reserve ........................................................................................................................................................ ... 20,000
Sales ........................................................................................................................................................ ... 1,00,000
Purchases Return............................................................................................................................................. ... 1,000
Sales Return....................................................................................................................................................... 2,000 ...
Closing Stock.................................................................................................................................................... 40,000 ...
Expenses ........................................................................................................................................................ 20,000 ...
Outstanding Expenses.................................................................................................................................. ... 2,000
Bank Balance..................................................................................................................................................... 5,000 ...
Fixed Assets....................................................................................................................................................... 50,000 ...
Creditors ........................................................................................................................................................ ... 30,000
Debtors ........................................................................................................................................................ 80,000 ...
Capital ........................................................................................................................................................ ... 94,000
Total 2,47,000 2,47,000
Note: Adjusted Purchases = Opening Stock + Purchases – Closing Stock

= ` 30,000 + ` 60,000 – ` 40,000 = ` 50,000.
Unsolved Question
1. The following Trial Balance of Mr. Pradeep Chamoli was drafted by his Accountant. But due to
imperfect knowledge of the subject, it has been prepared incorrectly. You are asked to redraft it.
TRIAL BALANCE
for the year ended 31st March, 2023
Ledger Account Dr. (`) Cr. (`)
Opening Stock................................................................................................................................................................ 49,770 ...

Closing Stock.................................................................................................................................................................. ... 61,740
Capital............................................................................................................................................................................... ... 3,00,000
Fixed Assets..................................................................................................................................................................... 2,37,000 ...
Sundry Creditors............................................................................................................................................................ ... 61,500
Sundry Debtors.............................................................................................................................................................. 1,07,010 ...
Returns Inward............................................................................................................................................................... 7,200 ...
Sales................................................................................................................................................................................... ... 3,07,800
Purchases......................................................................................................................................................................... 1,82,760 ...
Discount Allowed.......................................................................................................................................................... ... 2,280
Taxes................................................................................................................................................................................... 21,390 ...
Commission Received................................................................................................................................................. ... 2,610
Cash in Hand................................................................................................................................................................... 1,140 ...
Bank Overdraft............................................................................................................................................................... 33,000 ...
Interest Paid..................................................................................................................................................................... ... 3,300
Rent Received................................................................................................................................................................. 11,400 ...
Wages and Salaries....................................................................................................................................................... 94,200 ...
Export Duty..................................................................................................................................................................... ... 2,400
Returns Outward........................................................................................................................................................... ... 3,690
Carriage Inwards............................................................................................................................................................ 2,400 ...
Import Duty..................................................................................................................................................................... 3,600 ...
Carriage Outwards..................................................................................................................................................... ... 5,550
Total 7,50,870 7,50,870
[Total of Correct Trial Balance—` 7,20,000.]

CHAPTER
15
Depreciation
1. Depreciation Depreciation means fall in the value of tangible asset because of:
(i) usage, i.e., wear and tear; (ii) efflux of time;
(iii) obsolescence; or (iv) accident.
2. Depletion The term ‘Depletion’ is associated with extraction of natural resources like
quarries, mines, etc.
3. Amortisation Amortisation means writing off intangible assets over their
estimated useful life.
4. Obsolescence It refers to decline in the economic value of the asset due to innovation or
improved technique, change in taste or fashion or inadequacy of existing
asset due to improved demand.
5. Original or Historical Cost It means cost incurred to acquire the asset up to the point it is ready for
use. It is the basis for depreciation.
6. Residual Value It is the estimated sale value of the asset at the end of its useful
economic life.
7. Accumulated It is a method of recording depreciation under which depreciation is
Depreciation credited to ‘Provision for Depreciation Account or Accumulated
Depreciation Account’. It is the total depreciation expenses already
charged as expense in different accounting periods.
8. Straight Line Method It is a method of providing depreciation under which net cost of the asset
(Historical Cost – Realisable Value) is written off equally over the useful
life of the asset.
9. Written Down Value It is a method of providing depreciation under which a percentage of
Method depreciation is applied every year on the book value (i.e., cost less
depreciation).
CHAPTER SUMMARY
 Depreciation is the cost of fixed asset that has expired because of its usage and/or with
efflux of time.
 Causes of Depreciation are:
(i) wear and tear, (ii) efflux of time, (iii) obsolescence and (iv) accident.
 Objectives of providing Depreciation are to:
(i) ascertain correct profit or loss.
(ii) show a true and fair view of the financial position.
(iii) show the assets at their correct values.
(iv) determine the correct cost of production.
(v) retain funds out of profit, for replacement.
(vi) comply with legal provisions.
 Depreciation can be recorded either by:

(i) crediting the depreciation to respective Asset Account; or
(ii) crediting the depreciation to Provision for Depreciation Account.
 Accumulated Depreciation: It is the total depreciation charged as expense in different
accounting periods.
 Methods of Recording (Accounting) Depreciation: Depreciation can be recorded in the
books of account in the following two methods: (i) When Depreciation is charged or credited
to Assets Account: Under this method, depreciation is charged directly to the Asset Account.
(ii) When Depreciation is credited to Provision for Depreciation Account or Accumulated
Depreciation Account: Under this method, depreciation is credited to Provision for Depreciation
Account.
 These are two Methods of charging depreciation:
(i) Straight Line Method and (ii) Written Down Value Method.
 Gain (Profit) on Sale of Fixed Asset: Sale Proceeds – Book value as on date of sale.
 Loss on Sale of Fixed Asset: Book value as on date of sale – Sale Proceeds.
 Asset Disposal Account: An account to which the balance in Asset Account is transferred.
Also, the amount received on sale is credited to the account and the resultant gain (profit) or
loss is transferred to the Profit & Loss Account.
Important Points for Asset Disposal Account

• Asset Disposal Account is debited with the Historical Cost of the asset (i.e., cost at
which it was purchases less depreciation provided till date) disposed off, i.e., sold.
• Asset Disposal Account is credited with (a) the Accumulated Depreciation on the
asset sold, and (b) the Sale Proceeds of the asset sold.
• Excess of debit side total over credit side total means loss on sale of asset and is
transferred to debit of Profit & Loss Account.
• Excess of credit side total over debit side total means gain (profit) on sale of asset
and is transferred to the credit of Profit & Loss Account.
Solved Questions
1. Following balances appear in the books of Goyal Brothers:

Date Particulars `
1st April, 2022 Machinery A/c 8,00,000

Provision for Depreciation A/c 3,20,000
On 1st April, 2022, they decide to sell a machine for ` 2,00,000 which was purchased
on 1st April, 2019 for ` 3,00,000. Prepare a Machinery Account and Provision
for Depreciation Account on 31st March, 2023 assuming that the firm has been
charging depreciation at 10% p.a. on the Straight Line Method.
Depreciation 15.3
Solution:
2022 2022
April 1 To Balance b/d 8,00,000 April 1 By Bank A/c 2,00,000
By Provision for Depreciation A/c 90,000
By Loss on Sale of Machinery A/c 10,000
(Profit & Loss A/c) (Note)
2023
March 31 By Balance c/d 5,00,000
8,00,000 8,00,000
Dr. PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT Cr.

2022 2022
April 1 To Machinery A/c 90,000 April 1 By Balance b/d 3,20,000
2023 2023
March 31 To Balance c/d 2,80,000 March 31 By Depreciation A/c 50,000
(` 5,00,000 × 10/100)
3,70,000 3,70,000
Note: `
Actual value of machinery sold (1st April, 2019) 3,00,000
Less: Accumulated Depreciation since April, 2019 (` 30,000 × 3) 90,000
Book value on 1st April, 2022 2,10,000
Less: Sale proceeds 2,00,000
Loss on Sale of Machinery 10,000
2. A company, whose accounting year is the calendar year, purchased on 1st April,
2020 machinery costing ` 30,000.
It purchased further machinery on 1st October, 2020 costing ` 20,000 and on

1st July, 2021 costing ` 10,000.
On 1st January, 2022, one-third of the machinery installed on 1st April, 2020
became obsolete and was sold for ` 3,000.
Show the Machinery Account as it would appear in the books of the company, it
being given that machinery was depreciated by Fixed Instalment Method at 10% p.a.
What would be the value of Machinery Account on 1st January, 2023?
Solution:
2020 2020
April 1 To Bank A/c (Mach. I) 30,000 Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c:
Oct. 1 To Bank A/c (Mach. II) 20,000 Mach. I 2,250
(30,000 × 9/12 × 10/100)
Mach. II 500 2,750
(20,000 × 3/12 × 10/100)
Dec. 31 By Balance c/d:
Mach. I (30,000 – 2,250) 27,750
Mach. II (20,000 – 500) 19,500
50,000 50,000
2021 2021
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d: Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c:
Mach. I 27,750 Mach. I 3,000
Mach. II 19,500 (30,000 × 10/100)
July 1 To Bank A/c (Mach. III) 10,000 Mach. II 2,000
(20,000 × 10/100)
Mach. III 500 5,500
(10,000 × 10/100 × 6/12)
Dec. 31 By Balance c/d:
Mach. I 24,750
(27,750 – 3,000)
Mach. II 17,500
(19,500 – 2,000)
Mach. III 9,500 51,750
(10,000 – 500)
57,250 57,250
2022 2022
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d: Jan. 1 By Bank A/c (Sale) 3,000
Mach. I 24,750 Jan. 1 By Loss on Sale of Machinery A/c 5,250
Mach. II 17,500 (Profit & Loss A/c) (Note 2)
Mach. III 9,500 Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c:
Mach. I 2,000
(30,000 – 10,000) × 10/100
Mach. II 2,000
(20,000 × 10/100)
Mach. III 1,000 5,000
(10,000 × 10/100)
By Balance c/d:
Mach. I 14,500
(16,500* – 2,000)
Mach. II 15,500
(17,500 – 2,000)
Mach. III 8,500 38,500
(9,500 – 1,000)
51,750 51,750
2023
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 38,500
*Book value as on 1st January, 2022 of remaining 2/3 Mach. I = ` 24,750 × 2/3 = ` 16,500.
Depreciation 15.5
Notes:
1. Mach. I, stands for Machine I and Mach. II stands for Machine II and so on.
2. Calculation of Profit/Loss on Sale of Machine: `
Cost of Machine (1st April, 2020) (Mach. I, ` 30,000 × 1/3) 10,000
Less: Depreciation for 2020 (` 2,250 × 1/3) 750
Book value as on 1st January, 2021 9,250
Less: Depreciation for 2021 1,000
Book Value as on 1st January, 2022 8,250
Less: Sale Proceeds 3,000
Loss on Sale 5,250
3. A company purchased a machinery for ` 80,000 on 1st April, 2020 and
decided to write off at 10% annually on the Diminishing Balance Method. On
1st July, 2022 a part of the machinery valued in the books of the firm at ` 16,000
on 1st April, 2020 was sold for ` 10,000.
Show the Machinery Account in the books of the company for the years 2020, 2021
and 2022. Accounts are closed each year on 31st December.
Solution:
2020 2020
April 1 To Bank A/c 80,000 Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c 6,000
Dec. 31 By Balance c/d 74,000
80,000 80,000
2021 2021
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 74,000 Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c 7,400
74,000 74,000
2022 2022
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 66,600 July 1 By Bank A/c—Sale 10,000
July 1 By Depreciation A/c (Note 1) 666
July 1 By Loss on Sale of Machinery A/c 2,654
(Profit & Loss A/c) (Note 1)
Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c 5,328
(Unsold Machinery) (Note 2)
66,600 66,600
Notes:
1. Calculation of Loss on Sale of Machinery: `
Book value of Machinery (1st April, 2020) 16,000
Less: Depreciation (2020) (` 16,000 × 10/100 × 9/12) 1,200
Book Value of Machinery (1st January, 2021) 14,800
Less: Depreciation (2021) (` 14,800 × 10/100) 1,480
Less: Depreciation (2022) (` 13,320 × 10/100 × 6/12) 666
Book Value of Machinery (1st July, 2022) 12,654
Loss on Sale 2,654
2. Calculation of Depreciation after Sale of Machinery:

Less: Book Value of Machinery sold (1st January, 2022) (Note 1) 13,320
Book value of unsold machinery on 1st January, 2022 53,280
Depreciation for 2022 = ` 53,280 × 10/100 = ` 5,328.
4. On 1st January, 2000 X Ltd. purchased from Y Ltd. a plant costing ` 4,00,000 on
instalment basis payable as follows:
on 1st January, 2000 ` 1,00,000
on 1st July, 2000 ` 1,00,000
on 1st January, 2001 ` 1,00,000
on 1st January, 2002 ` 1,00,000
The company spent ` 10,000 on transportation and installation of the plant. It was
decided to provide Depreciation on the Straight Line Method. Useful life of the
plant was estimated at 5 years. It was also estimated that at the end of the useful
life, realisable value of the plant would be ` 12,000 (gross) and dismantling cost of
plant, to be paid by company was estimated at ` 2,000. The plant was destroyed
by fire on 31st December, 2003 and an insurance claim of ` 50,000 was admitted
by the insurance company. Prepare the Plant Account, Accumulated Depreciation
Account and Plant Disposal Account assuming that the company closes its books
on 31st December every year. (KVS 2005)
Solution:
Total Cost – Net Scrap Value
Annual Depreciation =
Estimated Useful Life of Plant (in years)
` 4,00,000  ` 10,000 – ( ` 12,000 – ` 2,000)

=
5
` 4,00,000
= = ` 80,000 per year.
5
Dr. PLANT ACCOUNT Cr.
2000 2000
Jan. 1 To Bank A/c 1,00,000 Dec. 31 By Balance c/d 4,10,000
To Bank A/c 10,000
To Supplier 3,00,000 4,10,000
4,10,000 4,10,000
2001 2001
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 4,10,000 Dec. 31 By Balance c/d 4,10,000
4,10,000 4,10,000
2002 2002
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 4,10,000 Dec. 31 By Balance c/d 4,10,000
4,10,000 4,10,000
2003 2003
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 4,10,000 Dec. 31 By Plant Disposal A/c (Transfer) 4,10,000
4,10,000 4,10,000
Depreciation 15.7

2000 2000
Dec. 31 To Balance c/d 80,000 Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c 80,000
80,000 80,000
2001 2001
Dec. 31 To Balance c/d 1,60,000 Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 80,000
1,60,000 1,60,000
2002 2002
Dec. 31 To Balance c/d 2,40,000 Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 1,60,000
2,40,000 2,40,000
2003 2003
Dec. 31 To Plant Disposal A/c 3,20,000 Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 2,40,000
3,20,000 3,20,000
Dr. PLANT DISPOSAL ACCOUNT Cr.

2003 2003
Dec. 31 To Plant A/c 4,10,000 Dec. 31 By Provision for Depreciation A/c 3,20,000
Dec. 31 By Bank A/c (Insurance Claim) 50,000
Dec. 31 By Loss on Sale of Plant A/c 40,000
(Profit & Loss A/c) (Bal. Fig.)
4,10,000 4,10,000
5. On 1st April, 2021, R.K. Traders purchased an old machine for ` 28,000 and paid
` 4,600 for its repairs and installation. The machinery started functioning on
1st June, 2021. Another new plant was purchased for ` 45,000 and incurred
installation charges ` 3,000 on 1st October, 2021. On 31st October, 2022, the plant
installed on 1st April, 2021 was sold for ` 27,400 due to some mechanical problem.
Depreciation is charged @ 10% p.a. on Fixed Instalment Basis. Show Machinery
Account and Depreciation Account for 2 years ended 31st December, 2022.
Solution:
2021 2021
April 1 To Bank A/c (Purchase) 28,000 Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c (Note 1) 3,102
To Bank A/c (Installation) 4,600 By Balance c/d 77,498
Oct. 1 To Bank A/c (Purchase) 45,000
To Bank A/c (Installation) 3,000
80,600 80,600
2022 2022
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 77,498 Oct. 31 By Bank A/c (Sale) 27,400
By Loss on Sale of Machinery A/c 581
Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c (Note 2) 7,517
77,498 77,498
Dr. DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT Cr.

2021 2021
Dec. 31 To Machinery A/c 3,102 Dec. 31 By Profit & Loss A/c 3,102
2022 2022
Dec. 31 To Machinery A/c 7,517 Dec. 31 By Profit & Loss A/c 7,517
Notes:
1. Calculation of Depreciation for the year 2021: `
Depreciation on ` 32,600 for 7 months @ 10% 1,902
3,102
2. Calculation of Depreciation for the year 2022:
Depreciation on ` 48,000 for full year @ 10% 4,800
7,517
3. Calculation of profit /loss on Sale of Machine:
Value of the machine on 1st April, 2021 32,600
Less: Depreciation for 7 months @ 10% 1,902
Book Value on 1st January, 2022 30,698
Less: Depreciation for 10 months @ 10% 2,717
Book Value of the machine on the date of sale 27,981
Loss on Sale of Machine 581
6. You are given the following balances as on 1st April, 2022:

Machinery A/c ` 5,00,000
Provision for Depreciation A/c ` 1,16,000
Depreciation is charged on machinery @ 20% p.a. by the Diminishing Balance
Method. A piece of machinery purchased on 1st April, 2020 for ` 1,00,000 was sold
on 1st October, 2022 for ` 60,000. Prepare Machinery Account and Provision for
Depreciation Account for the year ended 31st March, 2023. Also, prepare Machinery
Disposal Account.
Solution:
2022 2022
April 1 To Balance b/d 5,00,000 Oct. 1 By Machinery Disposal A/c 1,00,000
2023
March 31 By Balance c/d 4,00,000
5,00,000 5,00,000
2023
April 1 To Balance b/d 4,00,000
Depreciation 15.9

2022 2022
Oct. 1 To Machinery Disposal A/c 42,400 April 1 By Balance b/d 1,16,000
(WN 1) Oct. 1 By Depreciation A/c (WN 1) 6,400
2023 2023
March 31 To Balance c/d 1,44,000 March 31 By Depreciation A/c (WN 2) 64,000
1,86,400 1,86,400
2023
April 1 By Balance b/d 1,44,000
Dr. MACHINERY DISPOSAL ACCOUNT Cr.

2022 2022
Oct. 1 To Machinery A/c 1,00,000 Oct. 1 By Bank A/c 60,000
Oct. 1 To Gain (Profit) on Sale of Oct. 1 By Provision for
Machinery A/c (Bal. Fig.) 2,400 Depreciation A/c 42,400
(Profit & Loss A/c)
1,02,400 1,02,400
Working Notes:
1. Depreciation provided on Machinery sold till 1st October, 2022:
`
For 2020–2021 20,000
 20 
For 2021–2022 ( ` 1,00,000  ` 20,000)  16,000
 100 
20 6 
For 2022–2023 ( ` 1,00,000  ` 20,000  ` 16,000)   6,400
 100 12  42,400
2. Calculation of Depreciation provided for 2022–23:
Balance of Provision for Depreciation on 1st April, 2022 1,16,000
Add: Depreciation provided on Machinery sold 6,400
1,22,400
Less: Accumulated Depreciation on Machinery sold (WN 1) 42,400
Depreciation on the remaining Machinery 80,000
Cost of remaining Machinery (` 5,00,000 – ` 1,00,000) 4,00,000
Less: Depreciation on remaining Machinery (As above) 80,000
3,20,000
Depreciation provided during 2022–23 = ` 3,20,000 × 20/100 = ` 64,000.
7. M Ltd., which depreciates its machinery at 10% p.a. according to Diminishing

Balance Method, had balance on 1st January, 2022 of ` 9,82,000 (cost) in its
Machinery Account and balance of ` 2,76,000 in Provision for Depreciation Account.
On 1st June, 2022, a new machine was purchased at ` 3,20,000 and paid ` 30,000
for its carriage and installation. The machine started functioning from 1st June, 2022.
On 1st July, 2022, an old machinery was sold at ` 2,15,000 which was installed on
1st April, 2020 costing ` 3,88,000.
Show Machinery Account, Provision for Depreciation Account and Machinery
Disposal Account for the year ended 31st December, 2022.
Solution:
2022 2022
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d (cost) 9,82,000 July 1 By Machinery Disposal A/c 3,88,000
June 1 To Bank A/c—Purchase 3,20,000 Dec. 31 By Balance c/d 9,44,000
To Cash A/c—Carriage and
Installation 30,000
13,32,000 13,32,000
2023
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 9,44,000

2022 2022
July 1 To Machinery Disposal A/c (WN 2) 81,140 Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 2,76,000
Dec. 31 To Balance c/d 2,69,726 July 1 By Depreciation A/c 16,150
Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c (Note 2) 58,716
3,50,866 3,50,866
2023
Jan. 1 By Balance b/d 2,69,726

2022 2022
July 1 To Machinery A/c 3,88,000 July 1 By Provision for Depreciation A/c 81,140
By Bank A/c—Sale 2,15,000
(Profit & Loss A/c) (WN 1)
3,88,000 3,88,000
Working Notes:
1. Calculation of Profit/Loss on Sale of Machinery on 1st July, 2022: `
Book Value on 1st April, 2020 3,88,000
Less: Depreciation for 9 months @ 10% p.a. 29,100
Book Value on 1st January, 2021 3,58,900
Less: Depreciation for full year @ 10% p.a. 35,890
Book Value on 1st January, 2022 3,23,010
Less: Depreciation for 6 months @ 10% p.a. 16,150
Book Value on 1st July, 2022 3,06,860
Less: Sale proceeds 2,15,000
Loss on sale of Machinery 91,860
2. Total depreciation charged on the machine sold = ` (29,100 + 35,890 + 16,150)

= ` 81,140.
Depreciation 15.11
3. Calculation of depreciation on remaining machinery:

Book Value of machinery on 1st January, 2022 (cost) 9,82,000
Less: Cost of machine sold 3,88,000
Book Value of machinery (remaining) on 1st January, 2022 (at cost) 5,94,000
Provision for Depreciation Account balance on 1st January, 2022 2,76,000
Less: Total depreciation of the machine sold up to 1st January, 2022
(` 29,100 + ` 35,890) 64,990
Total depreciation of the remaining machinery up to 1st January, 2022 2,11,010
Book Value of remaining machinery (at cost) on 1st January, 2022 5,94,000
Less: Total Depreciation up to 1st January, 2022 charged 2,11,010
Written down value on 1st January, 2022 3,82,990
Depreciation on ` 3,82,990 for full year @ 10% p.a. 38,299
Depreciation on ` 3,50,000 for 7 months @ 10% p.a. 20,417
Total depreciation 58,716
8. On 1st April, 2022, the Machinery Account and Provision for Depreciation Account
of Mr. Akash Agarwal shows a balance of ` 94,000 and ` 37,400 respectively. On
31st July, 2022, a machine costing ` 56,000 was purchased and paid for its freight
and installation ` 12,000. On 31st December, 2022, an old machine was sold at
` 23,600, which was installed on 1st September, 2020, at a cost of ` 45,000.
Depreciation is charged @ 10% p.a. on the Diminishing Balance Method. Show
the Machinery Account, Provision for Depreciation Account, Machinery Disposal
Account and Depreciation Account for the year ended 31st March, 2023. Also, show
position of the Machinery Account in the Balance Sheet.
Solution:
2022 2022
April 1 To Balance b/d 94,000 Dec. 31 By Machinery Disposal A/c 45,000
July 31 To Bank A/c 56,000 2023
To Cash A/c 12,000 March 31 By Balance c/d 1,17,000
(Freight and Installation)
1,62,000 1,62,000
Dr. DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT Cr.

2022 2023
Dec. 31 To Provision for Depreciation A/c 2,860 March 31 By Profit & Loss A/c 9,239
2023 —transferred
March 31 To Provision for Depreciation A/c 6,379
9,239 9,239

2022 2022
Dec. 31 To Machinery Disposal A/c (WN 3) 9,722 April 1 By Balance b/d 37,400
2023 2023
March 31 To Balance c/d 36,917 March 31 By Depreciation A/c (WN 2) 6,379
46,639 46,639

2022 2022
Dec. 31 To Machinery A/c 45,000 Dec. 31 By Bank A/c (Sale Proceeds) 23,600
By Provision for Depreciation A/c 9,722
(Profit & Loss A/c) (WN 1)
45,000 45,000
BALANCE SHEET as at 31st March, 2023

Liabilities ` Assets `
Machinery 1,17,000
Less: Provision for Depreciation 36,917 80,083
Working Notes:
1. Calculation of profit or loss on Sale of Machinery on 31st December, 2022: `
1st September, 2020 Purchased 45,000
31st March, 2021 Less: Depreciation @ 10% p.a. for 7 months 2,625
1st April, 2021 Book Value 42,375
31st March, 2022 Less: Depreciation @ 10% p.a. 4,237
1st April, 2022 Book Value 38,138
31st December, 2022 Less: Depreciation @ 10% p.a. for 9 months 2,860
Book Value on the date of sale 35,278
Loss on sale of machinery 11,678
2. Calculation of depreciation on the remaining machinery:

Written down value of Machinery Account balance on 1st April, 2022 (` 94,000 – ` 37,400) 56,600
Less: Book value (on 1st April, 2022) of the machine sold (as per WN 1) 38,138
Book value of the remaining old machinery 18,462
Depreciation on the remaining old machinery of ` 18,462 @ 10% p.a. 1,846
Depreciation on the machine purchased for ` 68,000 on 31st July, 2022 @ 10% p.a.
for 8 months 4,533
6,379
3. Accumulated depreciation balance of the machine sold transferred from Provision for Depreciation Account
to Machinery Disposal Account = ` 2,625 + ` 4,237 + ` 2,860 = ` 9,722.
Depreciation 15.13
9. A firm charged depreciation @ 20% p.a. on written down value. Machinery

costing ` 1,00,000, ` 40,000 and ` 30,000 were purchased on 1st January, 2019,
1st July, 2020 and 1st October, 2021 respectively. On 1st October, 2022, machinery
purchased on 1st July, 2020 was damaged and replaced by a new machine
costing ` 50,000. The damaged machinery was insured and an insurance claim of
` 24,800 (after adjustment of value of scrap) was admitted by the Insurance Co.
The scrap was sold for ` 2,200.
Show Machinery Account, Accumulated Depreciation Account and Machinery
Disposal Account for the year 2022.
Solution:
2022 2022
Jan. 1 To Balance b/d 1,70,000 Oct. 1 By Machinery Disposal A/c 40,000
(` 1,00,000 + ` 40,000 Dec. 31 By Balance c/d 1,80,000
+ ` 30,000)
Oct. 1 To Bank A/c 50,000
2,20,000 2,20,000
Dr. ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT Cr.

2022 2022
Oct. 1 To Machinery Disposal A/c 15,520 Jan. 1 By Balance b/d (WN 1 and 2) 61,500
(WN 1 and 3) Oct. 1 By Depreciation A/c 4,320
Dec. 31 To Balance c/d 68,740 Dec. 31 By Depreciation A/c 18,440
(` 10,240 + ` 5,700 + ` 2,500)
84,260 84,260

2022 2022
Oct. 1 To Machinery A/c 40,000 Oct. 1 By Accumulated Depreciation A/c 15,520
To Gain (Profit) on Sale of Machinery A/c 2,520 By Cash A/c 2,200
(Profit & Loss A/c) (Bal. Fig.) By Insurance Company A/c 24,800
42,520 42,520
Working Notes:
1. CALCULUATION OF DEPRECIATION ON MACHINERY
Date of Purchase 1st January, 1st July, 1st October, 1st October,
2019 (`) 2020 (`) 2021 (`) 2022 (`)
Cost of Machinery 1,00,000 40,000 30,000 50,000
Depreciation for 2020 20,000 ... ... ...
WDV on 1st January, 2020 80,000 ... ... ...
Depreciation for 2020 16,000 4,000 ... ...
WDV on 1st January, 2021 64,000 36,000 ... ...
Depreciation for 2021 12,800 7,200 1,500 ...
(3 months)
WDV on 1st January, 2022 51,200 28,800 28,500 ...
Depreciation for 2022 10,240 4,320 5,700 2,500
(9 months) (3 months)
2. Balance of Accumulated Depreciation Account on 1st January, 2022

= (` 20,000 + ` 16,000 + ` 12,800) + (` 4,000 + ` 7,200) + ` 1,500 = ` 61,500.
3. Accumulated Depreciation on Machinery Sold = ` 4,000 + ` 7,200 + ` 4,320 = ` 15,520.
10. On 1st April, 2020, a company purchased Plant and Machinery for ` 2,00,000. New
machinery for ` 10,000 was purchased on 1st January, 2021 and for ` 20,000 on
1st October, 2021. On 1st July, 2022, a machinery whose book value had been
` 30,000 on 1st April, 2020 was sold for ` 16,000 and the entire amount was credited
to Plant and Machinery A/c. Depreciation had been charged at 10% p.a. on straight
line method. Accounts are closed on 31st March every year. Show the Plant and
Machinery Account from 1st April, 2020 to 31st March, 2023. (KVS 2015, Modified)
Solution:
2020 2021
April 1 To Bank A/c—Mach I 2,00,000 March 31 By Depreciation A/c:
2021 —Mach I 20,000
Jan. 1 To Bank A/c—Mach II 10,000 —Mach II 250 20,250
March 31 By Balance c/d:
—Mach I 1,80,000
—Mach II 9,750 1,89,750
2,10,000 2,10,000
2021 2022
April 1 To Balance b/d: March 31 By Depreciation A/c:
—Mach I 1,80,000 —Mach I 20,000
—Mach II 9,750 1,89,750 —Mach II 1,000
Oct. 1 To Bank A/c—Mach III 20,000 —Mach III 1,000 22,000
—Mach I 1,60,000
—Mach II 8,750
—Mach III 19,000 1,87,750
2,09,750 2,09,750
2022 2022
April 1 To Balance b/d: July 1 By Depreciation A/c 750
—Mach I 1,60,000 —Mach I (Sold part)
—Mach II 8,750 July 1 By Bank A/c 16,000
—Mach III 19,000 1,87,750 July 1 By Loss on Sale of Machinery A/c 7,250
2023
March 31 By Depreciation A/c:
—Mach I 17,000
—Mach II 1,000
—Mach III 2,000 20,000
—Mach I 1,19,000
—Mach II 7,750
—Mach III 17,000 1,43,750
1,87,750 1,87,750
Depreciation 15.15
Note: Calculation of Profit and Loss on Sale of Machine (I, Part) `

Book value of Machine (1st April, 2020) 30,000
Less: Depreciation charged (` 3,000 + ` 3,000 + ` 750*) 6,750

Book value on 1st July, 2022 (Date of Sale) 23,250
Loss on Sale of Machinery 7,250
*` 30,000 × 10/100 × 3/12 = ` 750.

11. On 1st April, 2020, Z Ltd. purchased machinery for ` 1,20,000 and on
30th September, 2021, it acquired additional machinery for ` 20,000. On
30th June, 2022 one of the original machine (purchased on 1st April, 2020) which
had cost ` 5,000 was found to have become obsolete and was sold as scrap for
` 500. On the same date a new machine was purchased for ` 8,000. Depreciation
is to be charged @ 15% p.a. on written down value. Accounts are closed on
31st March each year. Show Machinery Account for the first three years.
(KVS 2015, Modified)
Solution:
2020 2021
April 1 To Bank A/c—Mach I 1,20,000 March 31 By Depreciation A/c—Mach I 18,000
March 31 By Balance c/d— Mach I 1,02,000
1,20,000 1,20,000
2021 2022
April 1 To Balance b/d— Mach I 1,02,000 March 31 By Depreciation A/c:
Sep. 30 To Bank A/c—Mach II 20,000 —Mach I 15,300
—Mach II 1,500 16,800
—Mach I 86,700
—Mach II 18,500 1,05,200
1,22,000 1,22,000
2022 2022
April 1 To Balance b/d: June 30 By Depreciation A/c 135
—Mach I 86,700 —Mach I (Sold part)
—Mach II 18,500 1,05,200 June 30 By Bank A/c 500
June 30 To Bank A/c—Mach III 8,000 June 30 By Loss on Sale of Machinery A/c 2,978
(Profit & Loss A/c) (Note)
2023 By Depreciation A/c:
March 31 —Mach I 12,463
—Mach II 2,775
—Mach III 900 16,138
—Mach I 70,624*
—Mach II 15,725
—Mach III 7,100 93,449
1,13,200 1,13,200
*` 86,700 – ` 3,613 (sold) – ` 12,463 (Depreciation) = ` 70,624.

Note: Calculation of Profit and Loss on Sale of Machine `

Book value 1st April, 2020 5,000
Depreciation 31st March, 2021 750
Book Value 1st April, 2021 4,250
Depreciation 31st March, 2022 637
Book value 1st April, 2022 3,613
Depreciation up to 30th June, 2022 135
Book value 30th June, 2022 (Date of Sale) 3,478
Less: Sale Proceeds 500
Loss on Sale of Machine 2,978

12. The following balances appear in the books of M/s. Sohan Lal Sons:
`
1st April, 2008 Furniture Account 1,00,000
1st April, 2008 Provision for Depreciation A/c 35,000
On 1st April, 2008 they decided to dispose off some furniture for ` 10,000. This
furniture was purchased on 1st October, 2004 for ` 15,000. You are required to
prepared Furniture A/c, Provision for Depreciation A/c and Furniture Disposal
A/c for the year 2008–2009, assuming that the firm has been charging depreciation
at 10% p.a. on Straight Line Method. (MSE Chandigarh 2015)
Solution:
2008 2008
April 1 To Balance b/d
1,00,000 April 1 By Furniture Disposal A/c 15,000
2009
March 31 By Balance c/d 85,000
1,00,000 1,00,000

2008 2008
April 1 To Furniture Disposal A/c 5,250 April 1 By Balance b/d
35,000
` (750 + 1,500 + 1,500 + 1,500) 2009
2009 March 31 By Depreciation A/c 8,500
March 31 To Balance c/d 38,250
43,500 43,500
Dr. FURNITURE DISPOSAL ACCOUNT Cr.

2008 2008
April 1 To Furniture A/c 15,000 April 1 By Provision for Depreciation A/c 5,250
April 1 To Gain (Profit) on Sale of Furniture A/c 250 April 1 By Bank A/c 10,000
(Profit & Loss A/c)
15,250 15,250

Depreciation 15.17
Unsolved Questions
1. On 1st January, 2004, machinery was purchased by X for ` 50,000. On 1st July, 2005,
additions were made to the extent of ` 10,000. On 1st April, 2006, further additions were
made to the extent of ` 6,400.
On 30th June, 2007 machinery, the original value of which was ` 8,000 on 1st January,
2004, was sold for ` 6,000. Depreciation is charged at 10% p.a. on the original cost.
Show the Machinery Account for the years from 2004 to 2007 in the books of X. X closes
the books on 31st December.
[Profit on Sale of Machinery—` 800; Balance of Machinery A/c (31.12.07)—` 37,980.]
2. Following balances appear in the books of Gulshan Sugars and Chemical Ltd. as on
1st April, 2007: `
Machinery A/c 8,00,000
Provision for Depreciation A/c 3,10,000
On 1st July, 2007 a machine which was purchased on 1st April, 2004 for ` 1,20,000 was
sold for ` 50,000 and on the same date another machine was purchased for ` 3,20,000.
The company charges Depreciation @ 15% p.a. on original cost and closes its books on
31st March, every year.
Prepare the Machinery Account and Provision for Depreciation Account for the year 2007–08.
Show your working clearly. Also, give the Journal entry for sale of machinery.
[Balance of Machinery Account on 31st March, 2008—` 10,00,000;
Loss on Sale of Machinery—` 11,500; Balance of Provision for
Depreciation Account on 31st March, 2008—` 3,94,000.]
3. On April 1, 2010, following balances appeared in the books of Lavi Traders: `
Furniture Account 1,00,000
Provision for Depreciation on Furniture Account 44,000
On October 1, 2010, a part of Furniture purchased for ` 40,000 on April 1, 2006, was sold for
` 10,000. On the same date a new furniture costing ` 50,000 was purchased. The depreciation
was provided @ 10% p.a. on straight line method and no depreciation was charged in the
year of sale. Prepare ‘Furniture Account’ and ‘Provision for Depreciation Account’ for the
year ending March 31, 2011.
[Balance of Furniture A/c (31st March, 2011)—` 1,10,000; Provision for
Depreciation A/c (31st March, 2011)—` 36,500; Loss on Sale of Furniture—` 12,000.]
4. A joint stock company had bought machinery for ` 1,00,000 including a boiler worth
` 10,000. This Machinery Account was for the first four years credited for Depreciation
on the Reducing Instalment System at the rate of 10% p.a. During the fifth year, i.e., the
current year, the boiler becomes useless on account of damage to its parts. The damaged
boiler is sold for ` 2,000 which amount is credited to the Machinery Account.
Prepare the Machinery Account for the current year, adjusting therein the cash received
and the loss suffered on the damaged boiler and the Depreciation of the Machinery for the
current year. [Loss on Sale of Boiler—` 4,561; Balance of Machinery A/c—` 53,144.]
5. On 1st October, 1999, the Sahara Transport Company purchased a truck for ` 4,00,000.
On 1st April, 2001, this truck was involved in an accident and was completely destroyed
and ` 3,00,000 were received from the Insurance Company in full settlement. On the same
date another truck was purchased by the company for ` 5,00,000. The company writes off
20% Depreciation per annum on Written Down Value Method and closes its books on
31st December every year. Give the Truck Account from 1999 to 2001.
[Balance of Truck A/c (31.12.01)—` 4,25,000; Gain (Profit) on Sale of Truck—` 11,200.]
6. On 1st April, 2010, following balance appeared in the books of M/s Krishna Traders:
Furniture Account ` 50,000
Provision for Depreciation of Furniture Account ` 22,000
On 1st October, 2010 a part of Furniture purchased for ` 20,000 on 1st April, 2006 was
sold for ` 5,000. On the same date a new furniture costing ` 25,000 was purchased. The
depreciation was provided @ 10% p.a. on original cost of the asset and no depreciation was
charged on the asset in the year of sale. Prepare ‘Furniture Account’ and ‘Provision for
Depreciation Account’ for the year ending 31st March, 2011.
[Loss on Sale of Furniture—` 7,000; Balance of Furniture Account (31.3.2011) ` 55,000;
and Provision for Depreciation Account (31.3.2011) ` 18,250.]
7. A limited company purchased on 1st January, 1999 a plant for ` 38,000 and spent
` 2,000 for carriage and brokerage. On 1st April, 2000 it purchased additional plant costing
` 20,000. On 1st August, 2001 the plant purchased on 1st January, 1999 was sold for ` 25,000.
On the same date, the plant purchased on 1st April, 2000 was sold at a profit of ` 2,800.
Depreciation is provided @ 10% per annum on diminishing balance method every year.
Accounts are closed on 31st December every year. Show the Plant Account for 3 years.
[Loss on Sale of Plant I—` 5,510; Sale proceeds of Plant II—` 20,221.]
8. X Ltd. imported a machine on 1st July, 2005 for ` 2,00,000, paid custom duty and freight
` 40,000 and incurred erection charges ` 60,000. Another local machinery costing
` 1,00,000 was purchased on 1st January, 2006. On 1st July, 2007, one-third of the imported
machine got out of order and was sold for ` 40,000. Another machinery was purchased to
replace the same for ` 50,000 on the same date. Depreciation is to be calculated at 20% p.a.
on the Straight Line Method. Accounts are closed each year on 31st December.
Show the Machinery Account and Provision for Depreciation Account for 2005, 2006 and
2007 and Machinery Disposal Account.
[Balance of Machinery A/c (31st December, 2007)—` 3,50,000; Provision for
Depreciation A/c (31st December, 2007)—` 1,45,000 (M I—` 1,00,000,
M II—` 40,000; M III—` 5,000) Loss on Sale of Machinery—` 20,000.]
2011 2011
July 1 To Machinery A/c 1,00,000 July 1 By Provision for Depreciation A/c 40,000
(` 30,000 + ` 10,000)
By Bank A/c (Sale) 40,000
(Profit & Loss A/c)
1,00,000 1,00,000
9. R.K. Bros. purchased 3 plants @ ` 3,20,000 each on 1st April, 2011. They charged
depreciation @ 10% p.a. on reducing instalment. On 1st December, 2013, one of the plants
was sold for ` 2,18,000. You are required to prepare Plant Account, Plant Disposal Account,
Provision for Depreciation Account for three years assuming that the accounts are closed
on 31st March every year.
[Balance of Plant A/c (31st March, 2014)—` 6,40,000; Provision for Depreciation A/c
(31st March, 2014)—` 1,73,440; Book Value of Plant Sold on 1st December, 2013
` 2,41,920; Loss on Sale of Plant—` 23,920; Total depreciation transferred to
Plant A/c on 1st December, 2013—` 78,080, (i.e., ` 32,000 + ` 28,800 + ` 17,280).]
Depreciation 15.19
10. Chand & Sons have the following balances on 1st April, 2022:
Fixed Asset (At cost) ` 10,00,000
Provision for Depreciation ` 5,50,000
Depreciation is provided on Written Down Value Method @ 10%.
Determine the amount of depreciation for the year ended 31st March, 2023 and also show the
two accounts. [Depreciation—` 45,000; Provision for Depreciation A/c—` 5,95,000.]
[Hint: Depreciation for the year ended 31st March, 2023
= (` 10,00,000 – ` 5,50,000) × 10/100 = ` 45,000.]
11. GSC Softech provides depreciation on its fixed assets on Straight Line Method @ 5%. The
balances as on 1st April, 2022 were as follows:
Fixed Asset (At cost) ` 10,00,000
Provision for Depreciation ` 5,50,000
What will be the amount of Depreciation to be provided for the year ended 31st March,
2023 and also show the two accounts?
[Depreciation—` 50,000; Provision for Depreciation A/c—` 6,00,000.]
CHAPTER
16
Provisions and Reserves
1. Provision Provision is an amount set aside by charging it to profits to meet a known

liability, amount of which is not determined and is accounted by making
best estimate.
2. Reserve It is an amount set aside out of profits to meet an unknown contingency or
to strengthen the financial position.
3. Revenue Reserve It is the amount of reserve set aside out of revenue profits.
4. Capital Reserve It is the amount of capital profit transferred to Capital Reserve.
5. General Reserve It is the amount set aside out of profits not for any specific purpose.
6. Specific Reserve It is the amount set aside out of profits for a specific purpose, say, Reserve
for Expansion.
7. Secret Reserve or It is a reserve the existence and/or the amount of which is not disclosed
Hidden Reserve in the Balance Sheet.
8. Reserve Fund Amount of reserve invested outside the business, i.e., reserves against which
investment exist is termed as Reserve Fund.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Provision is providing for a liability the amount of which is not certain. In other words, the
amount provided is an estimate. Examples are: Provision for Doubtful Debts, Provision for
Discount on Debtors, etc.
• Concept of Provision is to provide for liabilities, losses and expenses, whether the amount
thereof is ascertained or not.
• Objective of Provision is to show correct profit or loss and liabilties and assets are shown
at correct values.
• Reserve is an amount set aside out of profits to meet future contingencies or to strengthen
the financial position of the enterprise. Examples of reserves are General Reserve, Reserve
for Expansion, Dividend Equalisation Reserve, etc.
All Reserves appear on the liabilities side of the Balance Sheet.
• Reserves are generally classified into:
(a) Revenue Reserves and (b) Capital Reserves.
(a) Revenue Reserves: They are created out of revenue profits which are available for
distribution as dividend. Examples are: General Reserve, Debentures Redemption
Reserve, Dividend Equalisation Reserve, etc.
Revenue Reserves can further be classified into:
(i) General Reserve and (ii) Specific Reserve.
(i) General Reserve: This reserve is not created for any particular purpose. It is
available for any future contingencies or expansion of the business.
(ii) Specific Reserves: Specific Reserves are those reserves which are created for specific
purpose and are utilised for that purpose.
(b) Capital Reserve: It is created out of capital profits. Examples are: Profit prior to
incorporation, Premium on issue of securities, Profit on forfeiture of shares, etc.
CHAPTER
17
Rectification of Errors
1. Trial Balance It is a statement showing balances of various accounts in the ledger

and the Cash Book at a particular date.
2. One-sided Errors Errors that affect the debit or credit side of a single account.
3. Two-sided Errors Errors that affect two or more accounts.
4. Error of Recording It means recording the entry in Subsidiary Books wrongly.
5. Error of Posting It means an entry being not posted at all or partially or being posted
by wrong amount or to the wrong account.
6. Error of Balancing It means calculating the balance in account wrongly.
7. Error of Casting It means an error in totalling.
8. Error in Carrying It means an error in carrying forward the total of one
Forward page to next page.
9. Error of Principle It means recording a transaction in the books of account which is not
in accordance with the accounting principles.
10. Error of Omission It means an error committed whereby a transaction is omitted to be
recorded completely or partially.
11. Errors of Commission Errors caused by wrong recording of transactions.
12. Compensating Errors Errors that compensate each other.
13. Suspense Account It is an account opened to temporarily tally the Trial Balance.
14. Rectifying Entries Entries made in books of account for correction of errors.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Trial Balance is prepared to check the arithmetical accuracy of the books of account. The two
sides of the Trial Balance must be equal, i.e., the total of the debit side must be equal to total
of credit side.
Disagreement of a Trial Balance means that there are errors in books of account. Some of the
errors affect the agreement of the Trial Balance and are disclosed by the Trial Balance.
• Errors Reflected by Trial Balance
(i) Posting of one aspect of the Journal entry in the Ledger.
(ii) Posting a Journal entry on the wrong side of an account.
(iii) Wrong total of Subsidiary Books.
(iv) Posting correct amount in one account and wrong amount in other account.
(v) Wrong totalling or balancing of a Ledger account.
(vi) Omission to enter an account balance in the Trial Balance.
(vii) Balance of an account written in the wrong column in the Trial Balance.
• Errors Not Reflected by Trial Balance (or Limitations of Trial Balance)
(i) Errors of Principle.
(ii) Compensating Errors.
(iii) Error of Complete Omission.
(iv) Posting correct amount and on the correct side but in the wrong account.
(v) Recording wrong amount in the books of the original entry.
(vi) Recording both aspects of a transaction twice in the books of account.
• Types of Errors
(i) Errors of Principle: when transactions are recorded in contravention of accounting
principles.
(ii) Error of Omission: If a transaction is omitted from being recorded completely or partially,
it is known as an error of omission.
(iii) Error of Commission: Transaction wrongly written in the Subsidiary Book or in the
Ledger or wrong posting or wrong balancing is known as error of commission.
(iv) Compensating Error: When an error is committed and it is nullified by another error,
it is known as a compensating error.
• Errors may be such as affect only one account—one-sided errors or they affect both the
accounts—two-sided errors.
• Suspense Account: In order to avoid the delay in the preparation of Final Accounts, the
difference in the Trial Balance is put to Suspense Account (which is an account of a temporary
nature). When errors are located entries are passed with the help of Suspense Account and when
all errors affecting the Trial Balance are located and rectified the Suspense Account stands closed.
Solved Questions
1. Rectify the following errors:
(i) Acquisition charges on the purchase of a new building amounting to ` 5,000
were debited to the Sundry Expenses Account.
(ii) Outstanding telephone charges of ` 2,000 had been completely omitted.
(iii) Material from store of ` 2,000 and wages ` 500 (out of the total wages bill of
factory) had been used in making tools and implements for use in own factory
but no adjustments were made in the books.
Solution: RECTIFYING JOURNAL ENTRIES
(i ) Building A/c ...Dr. 5,000
To Sundry Expenses A/c 5,000
(Being the rectification of wrong debit to Sundry Expenses A/c for acquisition
charges on purchase of new building)
(ii ) Telephone Charges A/c ...Dr. 2,000
To Outstanding Telephone Charges A/c 2,000
(Being the outstanding telephone charges omitted to be recorded, now recorded)
(iii ) Tools and Implements A/c ...Dr. 2,500
To Wages A/c 500
(Being the materials and wages used in making tools, omitted to be
recorded, now recorded)
2. Rectify the following errors:

(i) A credit purchase of ` 1,040 from Ramesh was passed in the books as ` 1,400.
(ii) Goods (Cost ` 5,000; Sales Price ` 6,000) distributed as samples among
prospective customers were not recorded.
(iii) Wages paid to the firm’s workmen for making additions to machinery
amounting to ` 350 were debited to the Wages Account.
Rectification of Errors 17.3
Solution:
RECTIFYING JOURNAL ENTRIES
(i ) Ramesh ...Dr. 360
To Purchases A/c 360
(Being the rectification of a purchase of ` 1,040 from Ramesh
passed as ` 1,400)
(ii ) Samples or Advertisement A/c ...Dr. 5,000

(Being the goods distributed as samples omitted to be recorded,
now recorded)
(iii ) Plant and Machinery A/c ...Dr. 350

To Wages A/c 350
(Being the wages for additions to machinery wrongly treated as revenue
expenditure, now rectified by capitalising the same)
Effect on Net Profit or Effect of Errors on Final Accounts
For calculating the effect of errors on net profit, it is essential to know that only
those accounts which are taken to Trading Account or Profit & Loss Account,
i.e., Nominal Accounts, affect the profits. For example, Stock Account, Purchases
Account, Wages Account, Salaries Account, Commission Account, Bad Debts
Account, etc., affect the Net profit because they are shown either in Trading
Account or Profit & Loss Account. If any of these accounts is debited in the
rectification entry, it reduces the Profit and if any of these accounts is credited
then it increases the Profit.
Balances of Personal and Real Accounts form part of a Balance Sheet, so errors in such
types of accounts will affect Balance Sheet only, not Profit & Loss Account.
3. Rectify the following errors and show their effect on profit:

(i) A return of goods worth ` 5,000 by a customer was taken into stock but no
entry was passed in the books.
(ii) A credit purchase of goods worth ` 15,000 from Mohan & Co. was not passed
in the books although the goods were taken into stock.
(iii) A return of goods worth ` 5,000 by Mohan was entered in the Purchases
Return Book.
(iv) A return of goods worth ` 8,000 to Sohan was passed through the Sales
Return Book.
Solution:
RECTIFYING JOURNAL ENTRIES
(i ) Sales Return A/c ...Dr. 5,000

To Customer’s A/c 5,000
(Being the rectification of goods returned by a customer omitted from books)
(ii) Purchases A/c ...Dr. 15,000

To Mohan & Co. 15,000
(Being the rectification of purchase of goods from Mohan & Co.
omitted from books)
(iii ) Purchases Return A/c ...Dr. 5,000

Sales Return A/c ...Dr. 5,000
To Mohan 10,000
(Being the rectification of returns from Mohan passed through
Purchases Return Book)
(iv ) Sohan ...Dr. 16,000

To Sales Return A/c 8,000
(Being the rectification of Purchases Return to Sohan passed through
Sales Return Book)
STATEMENT SHOWING EFFECT OF RECTIFICATION OF ERRORS ON NET PROFIT

Effect on Net Profit Dr. (`) Cr. (`)
(i ) Reduce Profit by 5,000 ...

(ii ) Reduce Profit by 15,000 ...
(iii) Reduce Profit by 10,000 ...
(iv) Increase Profit by ... 16,000
30,000 16,000
Net Decrease in Profit (` 30,000 – ` 16,000) ... 14,000
30,000 30,000
4. Pass rectification entries for the following transactions:

(i) A builder’s bill for ` 20,000 for erection of a small shed was debited to Repairs
Account.
(ii) Repairs to plant amounting to ` 5,000 had been charged to Plant and
Machinery Account.
(iii) Wages paid to the firm’s workmen for making certain additions to machinery
amounting to ` 7,000 were debited to Wages Account.
(iv) A cheque for ` 7,500 received from S. Desai was credited to the account of R Ram.
(v) Goods to the value of ` 700 returned by X were included in the Closing Stock
but no entry was made in the books.
(vi) Goods costing ` 2,000 were purchased for various members of the staff and
the cost was included in “Purchases”. A similar amount was deducted from
the salaries of the staff members concerned and the net payments to them
debited to Salaries Account.
(vii) Goods sold to Mohan for ` 475 have been wrongly entered in the Sales Book
as ` 745.
Solution: JOURNAL
(i ) Building A/c ...Dr. 20,000

To Repairs A/c 20,000
(Being the erection charges wrongly shown as revenue expenditure,
now rectified by capitalising the same)
(ii ) Repairs A/c ...Dr. 5,000

To Plant and Machinery A/c 5,000
(Being the repairs wrongly capitalised instead of being treated as revenue
expenditure, now rectified)
(iii ) Plant and Machinery A/c ...Dr. 7,000

To Wages A/c 7,000
(Being the wages for additions to Machinery wrongly treated as
Revenue expenditure, now rectified by capitalising the same)
(iv) R. Ram ...Dr. 7,500

To S. Desai 7,500
(Being the wrong posting of cheque received rectified)
(v) Returns Inward A/c ...Dr. 700

X
To 700
(Being the returns inward not recorded by mistake, now rectified)
(vi ) Salaries A/c ...Dr. 2,000

(Being the goods purchased for staff members wrongly recorded
as purchases, now rectified)
(vii ) Sales A/c ...Dr. 270

To Mohan 270
(Being the excess recording of sales in Sales Day Book rectified)
5. In taking out a Trial Balance, a bookkeeper finds that the debit exceeds by ` 410.
Being desirous of closing his books he places the difference to a newly opened
Suspense Account. After recording the difference in the Suspense Account he
discovers that:
(i) A sum of ` 830 received from X was posted to his debit as ` 380.
(ii) ` 620 written off as depreciation of machinery has not been posted to the
Depreciation Account.
(iii) Bought goods for ` 10,000 for certain employees of the firm but the same was
debited to Purchases Account. The employees were paid their salaries after
deduction of the aforesaid sum and the net amount paid was posted to Salaries
Account.
(iv) A discount of ` 210 allowed to a customer has been credited to his account as
` 200.
(v) The total of the Sales Return Book has been added ` 10 short.
(vi) An item of ` 680 for sale was posted as ` 860 in the Sales Account.
Required: Pass the Journal entries for rectification of the above and show the Suspense
Account.
Solution: JOURNAL
(i ) Suspense A/c ...Dr. 1,210
To X 1,210
(Being the amount of ` 830 received from X posted to his
debit as ` 380, now rectified)
(ii ) Depreciation A/c ...Dr. 620
To Suspense A/c 620
(Being the omission of depreciation rectified)
(iii ) Salaries A/c ...Dr. 10,000
(Being the goods purchased for employees wrongly debited to
Purchases Account, now rectified)
(iv) Suspense A/c ...Dr. 10
To Customer’s A/c 10
(Being the short posting in Customer’s Account rectified)
(v) Returns Inward A/c ...Dr. 10
To Suspense A/c 10
(Being the undercasting of Sales Return Book rectified)
(vi ) Sales A/c ...Dr. 180
To Suspense A/c 180
(Being the excess posting in Sales Account rectified)
Dr. SUSPENSE ACCOUNT Cr.
Particulars
` Particulars `
To X 1,210 By Difference in Trial Balance 410
To Customer’s A/c 10 By Depreciation A/c 620
By Returns Inward A/c 10
By Sales A/c 180
1,220 1,220
Unsolved Questions
1. Pass the rectifying Journal entries for the following errors:
(i) Sales Return Book is undercast by ` 2,000.
(ii) Goods worth ` 2,400 purchased on credit from Vikram were entered in the Sales Book.
However, Vikram’s Account had been correctly credited.
(iii) An old machine sold for ` 4,200 was entered in the Sales Book.
(iv) Repair of building for ` 2,900 was debited to the Building Account.
(v) ` 2,050 paid to Rohit, a creditor is posted to the debit of Mohit, another creditor as
` 5,020. (Delhi 2004)
2. Pass rectifying entries for the following:
(i) Sales of goods ` 6,000 to Mohan was recorded as ` 600 in the Sales Book.
(ii) Credit purchase of goods from David amounting to ` 1,500 has been wrongly passed
through the Sales Book.
(iii) ` 200 salary paid to cashier B. Naidu, stands wrongly debited to his Personal Account.
(iv) Cheque of ` 800 received from Rajesh was dishonoured and debited to Discount Account.
(v) Bill for ` 800 received from Mukesh for repairs of Machinery was entered in the Purchases
Book as ` 700. (KVS 2004)
3. There was a difference of ` 8,595 in a Trial Balance. It has been transferred to debit side
of Suspense Account. Later on following errors were discovered. Pass the rectifying entries
and prepare the Suspense Account.
(i) ` 283 discount received from a creditor had been duly entered in his account but not
posted to Discount Account.
(ii) Goods bought from a merchant for ` 770 had been posted to the credit of his account
as ` 7,700.
(iii) ` 6,000 owing by a customer had been omitted from the schedule of sundry debtors.
(iv) An item of ` 2,026 entered in the Sales Return Book had been posted to the debit of
the customer who returned the goods. (MSE Chandigarh 2011, Modified)
[Total of Suspense Account—` 12,930.]
4. You are presented with a Trial Balance showing a difference which has been carried to the
Suspense Account and the following errors are subsequently discovered:
(i) Goods amounting to ` 660 sold to White were correctly entered in the Sales Book but
posted to White’s Account as ` 760. The total sales for the month was also overcast
by ` 100.
(ii) A cash sale of ` 150 to Brown correctly entered in the Cash Book was posted to the
credit of Brown’s Personal Account.
(iii) Goods worth ` 130 returned by Green entered in the Sales Book were posted therefrom
to the credit of Green’s Personal Account.
(iv) Goods invoiced at ` 1,240 and debited on 20th December to Jacob were returned on the
23rd and taken into stock on 31st December, no entries being made in the books.
(v) Sales Return Book was overcast by ` 1,000 and the total of a folio in the same book
` 17,300 was carried forward as ` 17,030.
Make the necessary correction entries and show the Suspense Account.
5. A bookkeeper failed to balance his Trial Balance, the credit side exceeding the debit side
by ` 175. This amount was entered in a Suspense Account. Later, the following errors were
discovered:
(i) The total of the credit side of Ramesh’s Account was overcast by ` 100.
(ii) The Discount Received Account had been cast short by ` 100.
(iii) Goods worth ` 100 purchased from Chandra were wrongly entered in the Sales Book.
The account of Chandra was correctly credited.
(iv) The total of the Returns Outward Book amounting to ` 200 was not posted to the Ledger.
(v) A credit balance of ` 755 of the Rent Receivable Account was shown as ` 570.
(vi) Goods worth ` 620 sold to Raj were correctly entered in the Sales Book but posted to
Raj’s Account as ` 260. [Total of Suspense Account—` 660.]
CHAPTER
18
Financial Statements of Sole
Proprietorship (Final Accounts: Trading
Account, Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet)
1. Financial Financial Statements are the statements which show the financial
Statements performance and financial position of the business. It includes Trading Account,
Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet.
2. Trading Account Trading Account shows gross profit earned or gross loss incurred. It is credited with
net sales, other direct incomes and closing stock. It is debited by opening stock,
net purchases and direct expenses, i.e., wages, freight, carriage inwards, etc.
3. Profit & Loss Profit & Loss Account shows net profit earned or net loss incurred.
Account It is credited with gross profit and other incomes and debited with indirect expenses.
The difference between the totals of two sides is either net profit or net loss.
4. Balance Sheet Balance Sheet shows the financial position of the business. It is a statement
to which balances of assets, liabilities and capital accounts are showed at a
particular date.
5. Capital Expenditure Capital Expenditure is that expenditure which gives benefit of enduring nature,
i.e., the benefit of which extends to a period or periods beyond the accounting period.
6. Revenue Revenue Expenditure is that expenditure the benefit of which is exhausted
Expenditure within the accounting period.
7. Deferred Revenue Deferred Revenue Expenditure is expense or loss incurred by the firm which
Expenditure are written off in more than one accounting period. They are categorised as
Fictitious Assets.
8. Capital Receipts Capital Receipts are those receipts which are not received in the normal course
of business, such as capital introduced, loan received, etc.
9. Revenue Receipts Revenue Receipts are those receipts which are received in the normal course of
business, such as revenue from sale of goods and services.
10. Contingent Liability Contingent Liability is a liability that becomes payable on the happening of an
event and not otherwise.
11. Grouping Grouping means placing items of one nature under a common head.
12. Marshalling Marshalling is arranging the assets and liabilities in a particular order, i.e., in order
of liquidity or in order of permanence.
13. Opening Entry Opening Entry is the Journal entry through which the closing balances of the
previous year are brought forward in the current year’s books of account.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Financial Statements are organised summaries of detailed information about the financial
position and performance of an enterprise. The term Financial Statements is used to denote
only two basic statements:
(i) Trading and Profit & Loss Account (or Income Statement) which shows the financial
performance (i.e., profit earned) of business operations during an accounting period.
(ii) Balance Sheet (or Position Statement) which shows the financial position of an
enterprise at a particular date.
• Objectives and Importance of Financial Statements:
(a) Trading and Profit & Loss Account: (i) Ascertaining Gross Profit or Gross Loss;
(ii) Ascertaining Net Profit or Net Loss; (iii) Comparison with Previous Year’s Profit;
(iv) Detail of Direct and Indirect Expenses; (v) Preparing Balance Sheet; (vi) Maintaining
Provisions and Reserves; and (vii) Calculating accounting ratios.
(b) Balance Sheet: (i) Ascertaining financial position; (ii) Comparison with Previous Year;
(iii) Analysis of Individual items; and (iv) Calculating accounting ratios.
• Users of Financial Statements: The information conveyed through Financial Statements
is used by the management, investors, potential investors, lenders, short-term creditors,
employees, customers, government and their agencies, tax authorities and stock exchanges
to satisfy their different information needs.
• Capital Expenditure is the amount of expenditure incurred by an enterprise on purchase
of fixed assets that are used in the business to earn income and are not intended for resale.
The benefit of Capital Expenditure extends beyond the financial year.
• Revenue Expenditure is the amount of expenditure incurred on running of the business.
The benefit of Revenue Expenditure expires within a financial year.
• Deferred Revenue Expenditure is a Revenue Expenditure, the benefit of which extends
beyond an accounting period. Example: Unduly large expenditure on advertisement, say, to
introduce a new product.
• Final Accounts include (i) Trading, Profit & Loss Account and (ii) Balance Sheet. Final
Accounts are prepared on the basis of a Trial Balance.
• Trading Account is the account, which shows the gross profit or gross loss. Its contents
are Revenue Receipts (such as sales, services rendered, etc.) on the credit side and Revenue
Expenditure (such as cost of goods sold or services rendered) on the debit side.
• Profit & Loss Account is the account, which shows the net profit or net loss of the business
for an accounting period. It is credited with the gross profit (or debited with gross loss) and
non-business revenue income and debited with indirect revenue expenses.
• Balance Sheet is a statement, which sets out the assets and liabilities of a firm or an
institution as at a certain date. It is true on that particular date as every transaction has an
impact on the Balance Sheet.
• Grouping: It refers to putting items of similar nature under a common accounting head.
• Marshalling: It refers to arrangement of assets and liabilities in a particular order in the
Balance Sheet. Assets and Liabilities are shown in the Balance Sheet either in order of
liquidity or in order of permanence.
• Contingent Liabilities are the liabilities that may or may not take place. The liability
becomes payable on happening of a certain event.
• Presentation of Financial Statements: The Trading and Profit & Loss Account and the
Balance Sheet can be presented either in Horizontal Form or in Vertical Form.
• Opening Entry: Opening Entry is the Journal entry through which the closing balances of
the previous year are brought forward in the current year’s books of account.
Financial Statements of Sole Proprietorship ... 18.3
Solved Questions
1. Opening Stock ` 20,000, Purchases ` 18,200, Expenses on Purchases ` 2,000,
Sales ` 35,000, Expenses on Sales ` 1,000, Closing Stock ` 22,200. Calculate Cost
of Goods Sold and Gross Profit.
Solution:
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Stock + Purchases + Direct Expenses
(Expenses on Purchases) – Closing Stock
= ` 20,000 + ` 18,200 + ` 2,000 – ` 22,200 = ` 18,000.
Gross Profit = Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold
= ` 35,000 – ` 18,000 = ` 17,000.
2. Opening Stock ` 5,000, Sales ` 18,000, Carriage Inwards ` 1,000, Sales Returns
` 3,000, Gross Profit ` 6,000, Purchases ` 10,000, Purchases Return ` 900. Calculate
the Closing Stock and the Cost of Goods Sold.
Solution:
Net Sales = Sales – Sales Returns
= ` 18,000 – ` 3,000 = ` 15,000.
Cost of Goods Sold = Net Sales – Gross Profit
= ` 15,000 – ` 6,000 = ` 9,000.
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Stock + Purchases – Purchases Returns
+ Carriage Inwards – Closing Stock
` 9,000 = ` 5,000 + ` 10,000 – ` 900 + ` 1,000 – Closing Stock.
Closing Stock = ` 15,100 – ` 9,000 = ` 6,100.
3. Cash Sales ` 39,000, Credit Sales ` 41,000, Cost of Goods Sold ` 72,000, Expenses
on Purchases ` 3,000, Expenses on Sales ` 6,700. Find out Gross Profit and Net
Profit.
Solution:
Gross Profit = Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold
= (` 39,000 + ` 41,000) – ` 72,000 = ` 8,000.
Net Profit = Gross Profit – Indirect Expenses
= ` 8,000 – ` 6,700 = ` 1,300.
4. Opening Capital ` 70,000, Drawings ` 5,000, Capital added during the year
` 10,000, Closing Capital ` 1,00,000. Calculate Profit or Loss.
Solution:
Profit = Closing Capital + Drawings – Additional Capital
– Opening Capital
= ` 1,00,000 + ` 5,000 – ` 10,000 – ` 70,000 = ` 25,000.
5. Drawings ` 15,000, Profit for the year ` 25,000, Closing Capital ` 70,000. Calculate
the Opening Capital.
Solution:
Profit = Closing Capital + Drawings – Additional Capital – Opening Capital
` 25,000 = ` 70,000 + ` 15,000 – 0 – Opening Capital
Opening Capital = ` 85,000 – ` 25,000 = ` 60,000.
6. Calculate Closing Stock from the following details:
Opening Stock ` 20,000
Cash Sales ` 60,000
Credit Sales ` 40,000
Purchases ` 70,000
1
Rate of Gross Profit on Cost 33 %. (KVS 2015)
3
1 1
; Sales = ` 133 .
Solution: Let the Cost be ` 100; Gross Profit on Cost = ` 33
3 3
1 1 100 3 1
Gross Profit on Sales = ` 33 /` 133 =  
3 3 3 400 4
Total Sales = Cash Sales + Credit Sales
= ` 60,000 + ` 40,000 = ` 1,00,000
1
Gross Profit = ` 1,00,000 × = ` 25,000
4
Sales – Gross Profit = Cost of Goods Sold
` 1,00,000 – ` 25,000 = ` 75,000
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Stock + Purchases – Closing Stock
` 75,000 = ` 20,000 + ` 70,000 – Closing Stock
Closing Stock = ` 15,000.
7. The following is the Trial Balance of Mr. Ashok for the year ended 31st March,
2023:
Debit Balance ` Credit Balance `
Purchases 60,000 Capital Account 1,13,075
Sales Return 2,000 Sales 1,27,500
Plant and Machinery 90,000 Purchases Return 1,275
Opening Stock 40,000 Discount Received 800
Discount Allowed 350 Sundry Creditors 25,000
Bank Charges 100
Sundry Debtors 45,000
Salaries 7,000
Wages 10,000
Freight In 1,000
Freight Out 1,200
Rent 2,000
Advertisements 2,000
Cash at Bank 7,000
2,67,650 2,67,650
Closing Stock was valued at ` 35,000.

Prepare Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2023 and
Balance Sheet as on that date.
Solution:
TRADING AND PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT for the year ended 31st March, 2023
Particulars
` Particulars `
To Opening Stock 40,000 By Sales 1,27,500
To Purchases 60,000 Less: Sales Return 2,000 1,25,500
Less: Purchases Return 1,275 58,725 By Closing Stock 35,000
To Wages 10,000
To Freight In 1,000
To Gross Profit c/d 50,775
1,60,500 1,60,500
To Discount Allowed 350 By Gross Profit b/d 50,775
To Bank charges 100 By Discount Received 800
To Salaries 7,000
To Freight out 1,200
To Rent 2,000
To Advertisement 2,000
To Net Profit transferred to
Capital A/c 38,925
51,575 51,575

Liabilities
` Assets `
Sundry Creditors 25,000 Cash at Bank 7,000
Capital: Sundry Debtors 45,000
Opening Balance 1,13,075 Closing Stock 35,000
Add: Net Profit 38,925 1,52,000 Plant and Machinery 90,000
1,77,000 1,77,000
8. From the following information of a trader, prepare his Profit & Loss Account for
the year ended 31st March, 2023:
Particulars `
Gross Profit ................................................................................................................................................................. 5,00,000
Salaries and Wages ................................................................................................................................................................. 12,000
Discount Allowed ................................................................................................................................................................. 3,000
Interest Received ................................................................................................................................................................. 2,000
Commission Paid ................................................................................................................................................................. 14,000
Freight Outwards ................................................................................................................................................................. 15,000
Rent Received ................................................................................................................................................................. 12,500
Entertainment Expenses ................................................................................................................................................................. 8,000
Sales Promotion Expenses ................................................................................................................................................................. 4,250
Audit Fees ................................................................................................................................................................. 8,500
Miscellaneous Income ................................................................................................................................................................. 12,900
Repairs and Maintenance ................................................................................................................................................................. 3,400
Water and Electricity Charges (Office).................................................................................................................................................. 3,000
Telephone Expenses ................................................................................................................................................................. 6,000
Gain on Sale of Machine ................................................................................................................................................................. 600
Loss by Theft ................................................................................................................................................................. 1,000
Legal Expenses ................................................................................................................................................................. 11,250
Solution: PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT

Dr. for the year ended 31st March, 2023 Cr.
Particulars
` Particulars `
To Salaries and Wages 12,000 By Gross Profit b/d 5,00,000

To Discount Allowed 3,000 By Interest Received 2,000
To Commission 14,000 By Rent Received 12,500
To Freight Outwards 15,000 By Miscellaneous Income 12,900
To Entertainment Expenses 8,000 By Gain on Sale of Machine 600
To Sales Promotion Expenses 4,250
To Audit Fees 8,500
To Repairs and Maintenance 3,400
To Water and Electricity Charges 3,000
To Telephone Expenses 6,000
To Loss by Theft 1,000
To Legal Expenses 11,250
To Net Profit transferred to Capital A/c 4,38,600
5,28,000 5,28,000
9. (With GST). From the following balances extracted from the books of Hari on 31st
March, 2023, prepare his Trading and Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet:
Particulars
` Particulars `
Opening Stock 96,000 Repairs to Plant 1,600
Wages and Salaries 32,000 Cash in Hand and at Bank 2,000
Commission on Purchases 2,000 Debtors 46,000
Freight 3,000 Income Tax 5,500
Purchases less Returns 1,18,500 Drawings 6,500
Sales less Returns 2,49,000 Capital 50,000
Trade Expenses 200 Loan 9,000
Rent 2,000 Discount on Purchases 4,000
Plant 20,000 Creditors 28,300
Bad Debts 5,000 Output CGST A/c 10,000
Input CGST A/c 15,000 Output SGST A/c 10,000
Input SGST A/c 15,000 Output IGST A/c 15,000
Input IGST A/c 5,000
Information: Stock at the end was valued at ` 35,000.
Solution:
Dr. TRADING AND PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT OF HARI for the year ended 31st March, 2023 Cr.
Particulars
` Particulars `
To Opening Stock 96,000 By Sales less Returns 2,49,000
To Purchases less Returns 1,18,500 By Closing Stock 35,000
To Wages and Salaries 32,000
To Commission on Purchases 2,000
To Freight 3,000
2,84,000 2,84,000
To Trade Expenses 200 By Gross Profit b/d 32,500

To Rent 2,000 By Discount on Purchases 4,000
To Bad Debts 5,000
To Repairs to Plant 1,600
To Net Profit transferred to Capital A/c 27,700
36,500 36,500
BALANCE SHEET OF HARI

Liabilities
` Assets `
Capital: Plant 20,000
Opening Balance 50,000 Stock at the end 35,000
Add: Net Profit 27,700 Debtors 46,000
77,700 Cash in Hand and at Bank 2,000
Less: Income Tax 5,500
Drawings 6,500 12,000 65,700
Loan 9,000
Creditors 28,300
1,03,000 1,03,000
Note: Setting-off GST:
IGST (`) CGST (`) SGST (`)

Input GST 5,000 15,000 15,000
Less: Output GST (15,000) (10,000) (10,000)
Balance (10,000) 5,000 5,000
Less: Set-off against Output IGST 10,000 (5,000) (5,000)
Balance ... ... ...
CHAPTER
19
Adjustments in Preparation of
Financial Statements
1. Adjustment Entry It is an entry passed in the books of account to give effect to transactions
that should have been recorded in the books of account but are not
recorded.
2. Closing Stock It is the value of stock in hand at the end of the accounting year. It
is valued at cost or net realisable value (market value), whichever
is less.
3. Outstanding They are expenses incurred during the year and also benefit of which is
Expenses consumed or exhausted in the same year but have not been paid. For
example, salary payable for the month of March is provided not being paid.
4. Prepaid (Unexpired) They are the expenses that have been paid but the benefit of which
Expenses is not consumed or exhausted during the year.
5. Accrued Income It is the income which has been earned but not received.
6. Income Received in It is the income which has not been earned but has been received
Advance (Unearned during the accounting year.
Income)
7. Depreciation It is the fall in value of fixed asset due to usage, efflux of time, obsolescence
or accident.
8. Bad Debts It is the debt that has become irrecoverable.
9. Bad Debts Recovered It is the debt which had been earlier written off as bad debt and has been
recovered.
10. Doubtful Debts Debts which are doubtful of recovery, i.e., recovery is not certain.
11. Provision for It is the amount set aside out of profits to meet expected bad debts
Doubtful Debts in future.
12. Provision for It is the amount set aside out of profits to allow discount to
Discount on Debtors debtors in future for present good debts.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Accrual basis of accounting requires that revenue be recognised as it is earned and

expenses be recognised as they are incurred. Therefore, expenses whether paid or not, incomes
whether received or not, prepaid expenses and unearned incomes are adjusted.
• Adjustments are made for (i) matching of cost with revenue for ascertaining true and fair
view of the profit earned or loss incurred by the business entity for the accounting period and
(ii) for showing the true and fair value of assets and liabilities of the business as on the last
date of the accounting period.
• Adjustment is recorded on the basis of the Dual Aspect Concept. It means every
adjustment is shown at two places once in the debit and once in the credit.
Treatment of Items of Adjustment Appearing in the Trial Balance

Item given in Trial Balance Treatment in Trading/Profit and Loss A/c Treatment in Balance Sheet
1. Closing Stock ... Shown on the Assets side as a Current Asset.
2. Outstanding ... Shown on the Liabilities side as a Current
Expenses Liability.
3. Prepaid Expenses ... Shown on the Assets side as a Current Asset.
4. Accrued Income ... Shown on the Assets side as a Current Asset.
5. Unearned Income/ ... Shown on the Liabilities side as a Current
Income Received Liability.
in Advance
6. Depreciation Shown on the Debit side of the Profit ...
& Loss A/c.
7. Bad Debts, if no Shown on the Debit side of the Profit & ...
Provision for Doubtful Loss A/c.
Debts A/c appears
8. Bad Debts, if Provision Shown on the Debit side of the Provision ...
for Doubtful Debts A/c for Doubtful Debts A/c.
appears

Continued on Page No. 3 and 4
Table of Adjustments (Appearing Outside the Trial Balance)
Adjustments Adjusting Entry Adjustment in Trading A/c Adjustment in P & L A/c Adjustment in Balance Sheet
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Closing Stock Closing Stock A/c ...Dr. Show on the credit side. × Show on the assets side as a Current
To Trading A/c Asset.
2. Outstanding Expenses Respective Expense A/c ...Dr. Add to the respective expense on Add to respective expense on the Show on the liabilities side as a
To Outstanding Expense A/c the debit side. debit side. Current Liability.
3. Prepaid or Unexpired Prepaid or Unexpired Deduct from the concerned Deduct from respective expense Show on the assets side as a
Expenses Expense A/c ...Dr. expense on the debit side. on the debit side. Current Asset.
To Respective Expense A/c
4. Accrued or Outstanding Accrued Income A/c ...Dr. × Add to respective income on the Show on the assets side as a
Income To Respective Income A/c credit side. Current Asset.
Adjustments in Preparation of Financial Statements
5. Income Received in Respective Income A/c ...Dr. × Deduct from respective income on Show on the liabilities side as a
Advance To Unearned the credit side. Current Liability.
Or Income A/c
Unearned Income
6. Depreciation Depreciation A/c ...Dr. × Show on the debit side. Deduct from the concerned asset
To Assets A/c on the assets side.
7. Bad Debts Bad Debts A/c ...Dr. × Write on the debit side of the Profit Deduct from debtors on the assets
To Debtors A/c & Loss Account or Provision for side.
Doubtful Debts Account.
8. Provision for Doubtful Profit & Loss A/c ...Dr. × Show on the debit side. Deduct from debtors on the assets
Debts To Provision for side.
Doubtful Debts A/c
19.3
9. Provision for Discount Profit & Loss A/c ...Dr. × Show on the debit side. Deduct from debtors on the assets
19.4
on Debtors To Provision for Discount on side.

Debtors A/c
Excess Provision for Provision for Doubtful × Show on the credit side. ×
Doubtful Debts Debts A/c ...Dr.
written back To Profit & Loss A/c
10. Manager’s Commission Profit and Loss A/c ...Dr. × Show on the debit side. Show on the liabilities side as a
To Commission Current Liability.
Outstanding A/c
11. Interest on Capital Interest on Capital A/c ...Dr. × Show on the debit side Add to Capital on the liabilities side.
To Capital A/c
12. Goods Distributed Staff Welfare Expenses A/c ...Dr. Value of such goods is deducted Show on the debit side as ×
among staff members To Purchases A/c from the purchases. Other Expenses.
for Staff Welfare
13. Drawings of Goods Drawings A/c ...Dr. Value of such goods is deducted × Value of such goods will be deducted
by the Proprietor for To Purchases A/c from purchases. from capital on the liabilities side.
Personal Use
14. Abnormal or Accidental Loss by Accident A/c ...Dr. × Show on the debit side. Deduct from the concerned asset.
Losses To Particular Asset A/c
(i) Loss of Asset
(ii) Loss of Stock Loss by Accident A/c ...Dr. Show value of such goods is Show on the debit side. The amount due from the insurance
To Purchases A/c deducted from purchases. (Value of unrecovered loss) company is shown on the assets side
as a Current Asset.
Adjustments in Preparation of Financial Statements 19.5
Solved Questions
1. From the following Trial Balance of Mr. Tip Top, prepare Trading Account and
Profit & Loss Account for the year ending 31st March, 2014 and Balance Sheet as
at that date.
Particulars Dr. (`) Cr. (`)
Drawings/Capital...................................................................................................................................................... 6,000 72,000
Printing Charges....................................................................................................................................................... 1,000 ...
Machinery ................................................................................................................................................................. 20,000 ...
Purchases/Sales......................................................................................................................................................... 55,000 96,000
Salaries ................................................................................................................................................................. 9,300 ...
Advertising ................................................................................................................................................................. 2,500 ...
Cash in Hand.............................................................................................................................................................. 1,900 ...
Income Tax ................................................................................................................................................................. 2,400 ...
Opening Stock........................................................................................................................................................... 24,000 ...
Bank Loan ................................................................................................................................................................. ... 10,000
Rent ................................................................................................................................................................. 3,000 ...
Building ................................................................................................................................................................. 25,000 ...
Wages ................................................................................................................................................................. 6,500 ...
Sundry Debtors/Creditors..................................................................................................................................... 30,000 12,000
Insurance Premium.................................................................................................................................................. 1,400 ...
Furniture ................................................................................................................................................................. 2,000 ...
Total 1,90,000 1,90,000
Adjustments:
(i) Closing Stock valued at ` 27,500.
(ii) Salaries outstanding ` 1,500. Insurance premium prepaid ` 300.
(iii) Depreciate Machinery by 10% and Building by 2%.
(iv) Provision for Doubtful Debts to be created @ 5% on Sundry Debtors.
(MSE Chandhigarh 2015)
Solution:
Dr. TRADING AND PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT for the year ended 31st March, 2014 Cr.
Particulars
` Particulars `
To Opening Stock 24,000 By Sales 96,000
To Purchases 55,000 By Closing Stock 27,500
To Wages 6,500
1,23,500 1,23,500
To Printing Charges 1,000 By Gross Prof b/d
38,000
To Salaries 9,300
Add: Outstanding Salaries 1,500 10,800
To Advertising 2,500
To Rent 3,000
To Insurance Premium 1,400
Less: Prepaid 300 1,100
To Depreciation On:
—Machinery 2,000
—Building 500 2,500
To Provision for Doubtful Debts 1,500
To Net Profit Transferred to Capital A/c 15,600
38,000 38,000

Bank Loan 10,000 Furniture 2,000
Outstanding Salaries 1,500 Machinery 20,000
Sundry Creditors 12,000 Less: Depreciation 2,000 18,000
Capital 72,000 Building 25,000
Add: Net Profit 15,600 Less: Depreciation 500 24,500
87,600 Prepaid Insurance 300
Less: Drawings 6,000 Sundry Debtors 30,000
81,600 Less: Provision for Doubtful Debts 1,500 28,500
Less: Income Tax 2,400 79,200 Cash in Hand 1,900
Closing Stock 27,500
1,02,700 1,02,700
2. Prepare a Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ending 31st March 2023,
from the balances extracted of M/s. Rahul Sons. Also prepare a Balance Sheet as
at that date.
Debit Balances ` `
Stock 50,000 Telegram Expenses 200
Wages 3,000 Legal Fees 500
Salary 8,000 Building 1,10,000
Purchases 1,75,000 5,51,800
Sales Return 3,000 Credit Balances
S. Debtors 82,000 Sales 1,80,000
Discount Allowed 1,000 Purchases Return 2,000
Insurance 3,200 Discount Received 500
Rent, Rates and Taxes 4,300 Provision for bad debts 2,500
Fixtures and Fittings 70,000 Capital 3,00,000
Trade Expenses 1,500 Creditors 22,000
Bad Debts 2,000 Commission Received 4,000
Drawings 32,000 Rent 6,000
Repairs and Renewals 1,600 Loan 34,800
Travelling Expenses 4,200 5,51,800
Postage 300
Adjustments:
(i) Commission received in advance ` 1,000.
(ii) Rent Receivable ` 2,000.
(iii) Outstanding Salary ` 1,000 and Prepaid Insurance ` 800.
(iv) Further Bad debts ` 1,000 and Provision for Bad debts @ 5% on debtors and
Provision for discount on debtors @ 2%.
(v) Closing stock ` 32,000.
(vi) Depreciation on building @ 6% p.a. (KVS 2015, Modified)
Solution:
Particulars
` Particulars `
To Purchases 1,75,000 Less: Sales Return 3,000 1,77,000
Less: Purchases Return 2,000 1,73,000 By Closing Stock 32,000
To Wages 3,000 By Gross Loss c/d 17,000
2,26,000 2,26,000
To Gross Loss b/d 17,000 By Discount Received 500
To Salary 8,000 By Commission Received 4,000
Add: Outstanding Salary 1,000 9,000 Less: Advance 1,000 3,000
To Discount Allowed 1,000 By Rent 6,000
To Insurance 3,200 Add: Rent Receivable 2,000 8,000
Less: Prepaid 800 2,400 By Net Loss Transferred to
To Rent, Rates and Taxes 4,300 Capital A/c 43,189
To Trade Expenses 1,500
To Bad Debts 2,000
Add: Further Bad Debts 1,000
Provision for Bad Debts (New) 4,050
7,050
Less: Provision for Bad Debts 2,500 4,550
To Provision for Discount on Debtors 1,539
To Repairs and Renewals 1,600
To Travelling Expenses 4,200
To Postage 300
To Telegram Expenses 200
To Legal Fees 500
To Depreciation on Building 6,600
54,689 54,689

Loan 34,800 Sundry Debtors 82,000

Creditors 22,000 Less: Further Bad Debts 1,000
Outstanding Salary 1,000 81,000
Commission Received in Advance 1,000 Less: Provision for Bad Debts 4,050
Capital 3,00,000 76,950
Less: Net Loss 43,189 Less: Provision for Discount on Debtors 1,539 75,411
Drawings 32,000 75,189 2,24,811 Rent Receivable 2,000
Prepaid Insurance 800
Closing Stock 32,000
Fixtures and Fittings 70,000
Building 1,10,000
Less: Depreciation 6,600 1,03,400
2,83,611 2,83,611
3. From the books of M/s. Shyam Traders, following Trial Balance has been prepared
on 31st March, 2023:
Debit Balances ` Credit Balances `
Purchases (Adjusted) 1,93,500 Sales 3,00,000
Wages 23,250 Bank Overdraft 24,400
Carriage on Purchases 18,000 Interest on Investment 800
Prepaid Insurance on 1st April, 2022 625 Provision for Doubtful Debts 2,500
Bad Debts 600 Cash Discount 4,500
Rent and Insurance 7,750 Capital 71,175
Salary 13,500 Creditors 18,750
Debtors 37,500 Outstanding Wages on 31st March, 2023 900
Stock on 31st March, 2023 20,500
Investment 10,000
Cash 14,500
Accrued Interest on 31st March, 2023 800
Furniture 10,500
Plant and Machinery 50,000
Income Tax 22,000
4,23,025 4,23,025
Prepare (1) Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2023
and (2) Balance Sheet as on that date, taking into consideration the adjustment
given below:
(i) On 1st October, 2022 plant of ` 10,000 was purchased on credit but no entry
was passed.
(ii) Outstanding Expenses: Rent ` 500, Salary ` 600.
(iii) Prepaid Expenses: Insurance ` 650.
(iv) Goods of ` 2,750 were taken for personal use by the owner but no entry has
been made.
(v) Depreciate Plant and Furniture @ 10% p.a.
(vi) Write off ` 500 from debtors as bad debts and create provision for doubtful
debts @ 5% and 2% provision for discount on debtors.
Solution:
TRADING AND PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Purchases (Adjusted) 1,93,500 By Sales 3,00,000
Less: Drawings 2,750 1,90,750
To Wages 23,250
To Carriage on Purchases 18,000
3,00,000 3,00,000
To Salaries 13,500 By Gross Profit b/d 68,000

Add: Outstanding 600 14,100 By Interest on Investment 800
To Rent and Insurance 7,750 By Cash Discount 4,500
Add: Outstanding Rent 500
8,250
Less: Prepaid Ins. on 31.3.2023 650
7,600
Add: Prepaid Ins. on 1.4.2022 625 8,225
To Bad Debts 600
Add: Further Bad Debts 500
Provision (New) 1,850
2,950
Less: Provision (Old) 2,500 450
To Provision for Discount on Debtors 703
To Depreciation:
on Plant and Machinery 5,500
on Furniture 1,050 6,550
73,300 73,300
* Depreciation on Plant = ` 5,000 (i.e., ` 50,000 × 10/100) + ` 500 (i.e., ` 10,000 × 10/100 × 6/12) = ` 5,500.
BALANCE SHEET
Current Liabilities Current Assets
Creditors 18,750 Cash 14,500
Supplier (Plant) 10,000 Accrued Interest 800
Bank Overdraft 24,400 Stock 20,500
Outstanding Expenses: Wages 900 Prepaid Insurance 650
Rent 500 Debtors 37,500
Salaries 600 2,000 Less: Bad Debts 500
Capital 37,000
Opening Balance 71,175 Less: Provision for Doubtful Debts 1,850
Add: Net Profit 43,272 35,150
1,14,447 Less: Provision for Discount on Debtors 703 34,447
Less: Drawings 2,750 Investment 10,000
1,11,697 Fixed Assets
Less: Income Tax (Note) 22,000 89,697 Furniture 10,500
Less: Depreciation 1,050 9,450
Plant and Machinery 60,000
(` 50,000 + ` 10,000)
1,44,847 1,44,847
Note: Income Tax to be taken as drawings.

4. (With GST). From the following balances extracted from the books of Amit, prepare
Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2023 and Balance
Sheet as at that date after taking into consideration the adjustments given below:
TRIAL BALANCE as at 31st March, 2023

Capital ............................................................................................................................. ... 60,000

Drawings ............................................................................................................................. 7,500 ...
Purchases ............................................................................................................................. 72,100 ...
Sales ............................................................................................................................. ... 95,000
Returns ............................................................................................................................. 1,300 2,700
Sundry Debtors ............................................................................................................................. 18,200 ...
Creditors ............................................................................................................................. ... 58,750
Opening Stock ............................................................................................................................. 19,800 ...
Bad Debts ............................................................................................................................. 3,000 ...
Cash in Hand ............................................................................................................................. 12,300 ...
Office Expenses ............................................................................................................................. 6,210 ...
Delivery Van ............................................................................................................................. 15,000 ...
Delivery Van Expenses ............................................................................................................................. 1,400 ...
Discount ............................................................................................................................. ... 2,910
Rent ............................................................................................................................. 10,700 ...
Telephone Charges ............................................................................................................................. 1,050 ...
Postage Expenses ............................................................................................................................. 950 ...
Furniture ............................................................................................................................. 5,000 ...
Printing and Stationery ............................................................................................................................. 2,750 ...
Commission ............................................................................................................................. 8,400 ...
Carriage Inwards ............................................................................................................................. 3,200 ...
Salaries and Wages ............................................................................................................................. 20,500 ...
Input IGST ............................................................................................................................. 10,000 ...
Total 2,19,360 2,19,360
Adjustments:
(i) Closing Stock was valued at ` 61,700.
(ii) Depreciate Furniture and Machinery @ 10% p.a. and Delivery Van @ 20% p.a.
(iii) Outstanding Rent amounted to ` 900 subject to CGST and SGST @ 6% each.
(iv) Bad Debts ` 200.
(v) Charge 1/4th of Salaries and Wages to the Trading Account.
(vi) A new machinery was purchased on credit and installed on 31st December, 2022
costing ` 15,000 plus IGST @ 12%. Entry for the purchase is not yet passed in
the books.
Solution: TRADING AND PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT OF AMIT

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Opening Stock 19,800 By Sales 95,000
To Purchases 72,100 Less: Returns Inward 1,300 93,700
Less: Returns Outward 2,700 69,400 By Closing Stock 61,700
To Carriage Inwards 3,200
To Salaries and Wages (1/4 of ` 20,500) 5,125
(Transferred to Profit & Loss A/c)
1,55,400 1,55,400
To Office Expenses 6,210 By Gross Profit b/d 57,875
To Delivery Van Expenses 1,400 By Discount 2,910
To Rent 10,700
Add: Outstanding 900 11,600
To Telephone Charges 1,050
To Postage Expenses 950
To Printing and Stationery 2,750
To Commission 8,400
To Salaries and Wages (` 20,500 × 3/4) 15,375
To Bad Debts 3,000
Add: Further Bad Debts 200 3,200
To Depreciation on: Delivery Van 3,000
Furniture 500
Machinery (Note 1) 375 3,875
60,785 60,785
BALANCE SHEET OF AMIT as at 31st March, 2023

Liabilities
` Assets `
Sundry Creditors 58,750 Cash in Hand 12,300
Outstanding Rent 1,008 Sundry Debtors 18,200
Vendor for Machinery 16,800 Less: Bad Debts 200 18,000
Capital Closing Stock 61,700
Opening Balance 60,000 Input IGST (` 10,000 + ` 1,800 on Machinery) 11,800
Less: Drawings 7,500 Input CGST 54
52,500 Input SGST 54
Add: Net Profit 5,975 58,475 Fixed Assets
Machinery 15,000
Less: Depreciation
(` 15,000 × 3/12 × 10/100) 375 14,625
Delivery Van 15,000
Furniture 5,000
Less: Depreciation 500 4,500
1,35,033 1,35,033
Notes: 1. Depreciation on Machinery is calculated on ` 15,000 for 3 months.

2. IGST Paid on machinery is not a cost and therefore is carried forward to be set off in the next year.
5. Net Profit of a firm for the year ended 31st March, 2023 is ` 21,000 before charging
commission. Manager of the firm is entitled to commission of 5% of the net profit.
Calculate the commission payable to Manager.
Case 1. If Manager is allowed commission on net profit before charging such

commission, and
Case 2. If Manager is allowed commission on net profit after charging

such commission.
Also, show the treatment in Final Accounts for the year ended 31st March, 2023.
Solution:
Case 1. Commission allowed on net profit before charging such commission:
Manager’s Commission
% of Commission
= Net Profit before charging such commission ×
100
5
= ` 21,000 × = ` 1,050.
100
Case 2. Commission allowed on net profit after charging such commission:
Manager’s Commission
% of Commission
= Net Profit before charging such commission ×
100  % of Commission
5
= ` 21,000 × = ` 1,000.
105
PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Manager’s Commission Outstanding 1,000
BALANCE SHEET
Current Liabilities
Manager’s Commission Outstanding 1,000
6. Trial Balance of M/s. Taj & Co. as on 31st March, 2023 was as follows:
Particulars Dr. Balance Particulars Cr. Balance
` `
Purchases 1,62,505 Sales 2,52,400
Sundry Debtors 50,200 Provision for Doubtful Debts 5,200
Opening Stock 26,725 Sundry Creditors 30,526
Wages 23,137 Outstanding Wages 4,000
Salaries 5,575 Outstanding General Expenses 4,650
Furniture 7,250 Capital 10,000
Postage 4,226 Output CGST 2,000
Power and Fuel 1,350 Output SGST 2,000
General Expenses 5,831
Bad Debts 525
Loan to Suraj @ 10% p.a. (1st Dec., 2022) 3,000
Cash at Bank 10,000
Drawings 4,452
Input CGST 3,000
Input SGST 3,000
3,10,776 3,10,776
Prepare Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2023 and
Balance Sheet after considering the following information:
(i) Depreciation on Furniture @ 10% to be charged.
(ii) Debtors include an amount of ` 500 due from a customer who has become insolvent.
(iii) Provision for Doubtful Debts @ 5% on Sundry Debtors is to be maintained.
(iv) Goods costing ` 1,500 were destroyed by fire and insurance company admitted
a claim for ` 1,000.
(v) Stock on 31st March, 2023 was ` 12,550.
Solution: TRADING AND PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT
Particulars
` Particulars `
To Purchases 1,62,505 By Closing Stock 12,550
Less: Goods Loss by Fire 1,500 1,61,005
To Wages 23,137
To Power and Fuel 1,350
(Transferred to Profit and Loss A/c)
2,64,950 2,64,950
To Depreciation on Furniture 725 By Gross Profit b/d 52,733
To Goods Lost by Fire (` 1,500 – ` 1,000) 500 By Provision for Doubtful Debts:
To Salaries 5,575 Existing 5,200
To Postage 4,226 Less: Bad Debts ` (525 + 500) 1,025
To General Expenses 5,831 4,175
To Net Profit transferred to Capital A/c 37,666 Less: Provision for Doubtful Debts
(5% on ` 49,700) 2,485 1,690
By Interest on Loan (` 3,000 × 10/100 × 4/12) 100
54,523 54,523

Capital Fixed Assets
Opening Balance 10,000 Furniture 7,250
Less: Drawings 4,452 Less: Depreciation 725 6,525
5,548 Current Assets
Add: Net Profit 37,666 43,214 Cash 10,000
Current Liabilities Insurance Claim 1,000
Outstanding Wages 4,000 Closing Stock 12,550
Outstanding General Expenses 4,650 Sundry Debtors 50,200
Sundry Creditors 30,526 Less: Bad Debts 500
49,700
Less: Provision for Doubtful Debts
(` 49,700 × 5/100) 2,485 47,215
Loan to Suraj 3,000
Add: Interest on Loan 100 3,100
Input CGST 1,000
Input SGST 1,000
82,390 82,390
Notes:
1. ‘Outstanding Wages’ and ‘Outstanding General Expenses’ appear on the credit side of the Trial Balance. It
means that these outstanding amounts have already been adjusted to Wages Account and General Expenses
Account. As double entries in respect of these adjustments are complete, these outstanding accounts will be
shown as liabilities in the Balance Sheet.
2. Claim for Goods Lost by Fire will be ` 1,500. Insurance company admitted claim of ` 1,000, leading to loss
of ` 500.
3. GST Set-off:
CGST (`) SGST (`)
Input GST 3,000 3,000
Less: Output GST 2,000 2,000
Balance in Input GST 1,000 1,000
7. From the following Trial Balance and additional information, prepare Trading and
Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2023 and a Balance Sheet as
on that date:
Closing Stock........................................................................................................................................................................... 40,000 ...
Adjusted Purchases............................................................................................................................................................... 6,60,000 ...
Sales............................................................................................................................................................................................ ... 7,20,000
Miscellaneous Expenses...................................................................................................................................................... 19,200 ...
Selling and Distribution Expenses................................................................................................................................... 36,075 ...
Rent............................................................................................................................................................................................. 11,000 ...
Rent Received.......................................................................................................................................................................... ... 6,500
Income Tax Paid ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1,000 ...
Interest (Paid)........................................................................................................................................................................... 3,750 ...
Interest (Received)................................................................................................................................................................. ... 4,500
Discount Allowed................................................................................................................................................................... 2,000 ...
Discount Received................................................................................................................................................................. ... 1,000
Bad Debts ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3,000 ...

Investments.............................................................................................................................................................................. 50,000 ...
Loan from Bank....................................................................................................................................................................... ... 50,000
Cash in Hand............................................................................................................................................................................ 60,000 ...
Debtors...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2,10,000 ...
Creditors.................................................................................................................................................................................... ... 1,46,400
Provision for Doubtful Debts............................................................................................................................................. ... 10,000
Provision for Discount on Debtors................................................................................................................................... ... 2,400
Drawings................................................................................................................................................................................... 12,775 ...
Capital........................................................................................................................................................................................ ... 3,08,000
Machinery................................................................................................................................................................................. 50,000 ...
Building...................................................................................................................................................................................... 60,000 ...
Furniture and Fittings........................................................................................................................................................... 30,000 ...
Outstanding Office Expenses............................................................................................................................................ ... 3,200
Prepaid Expenses................................................................................................................................................................... 1,200 ...
Input CGST................................................................................................................................................................................ 1,000 ...
Input SGST................................................................................................................................................................................ 1,000 ...
Total 12,52,000 12,52,000
Additional Information:
(i) Write-off ` 6,000 as bad debts.
(ii) Additional discount of ` 4,000 given to debtors and additional discount of

` 2,000 received from creditors.
(iii) Maintain a provision for discount on debtors @ 2% and also maintain provision
for doubtful debts @ 10% on debtors.
(iv) Rent has been paid for 11 months and has been received for 13 months.
(v) A machine costing ` 20,000 was purchased on 1st July, 2022 and accounted in
the books of account. However, wages of ` 1,000 for its installation have been
debited to Miscellaneous Expenses Account.
(vi) Furniture costing ` 20,000 was purchased on 1st July, 2022 but it was not
recorded in the books as no payment was made for it. Wages ` 1,000 paid for its
assembly have been debited to Miscellaneous Expenses Account.
(vii) Depreciate furniture @ 10% p.a., machinery @ 10% p.a., and building @ 5% p.a.
(viii) Goods costing ` 5,000 were taken by proprietor for personal use.
(ix) A fire broke out on 1st April, 2023 destroying goods costing ` 25,000.
Solution: TRADING AND PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT

Particulars
` Particulars `
To Adjusted Purchases 6,60,000 By Sales 7,20,000
Less: Drawings 5,000 6,55,000
7,20,000 7,20,000
To Rent 11,000 By Gross Profit b/d 65,000
Add: Outstanding 1,000 12,000 By Rent Received 6,500
To Selling and Distribution Expenses 36,075 Less: Advance Rent 500 6,000
To Interest (Paid) 3,750 By Interest (Received) 4,500
To Miscellaneous Expenses 19,200 By Discount Received 1,000
Less: Assembly of Furniture 1,000 Add: Further Discount 2,000 3,000
Installation of Machinery 1,000 2,000 17,200 By Net Loss transferred to Capital A/c 28,875
To Bad Debts 3,000
Add: Further Bad Debts 6,000
Prov. for Doubtful Debts (New) 20,000
29,000
Less: Prov. for Doubtful Debts (Old) 10,000 19,000
To Discount Allowed 2,000
Add: Further Discount 4,000
Provision for Discount (New) 3,600
9,600
Less: Provision for Discount (Old) 2,400 7,200
To Depreciation on: Machinery (WN 2) 4,575
Furniture 4,575
Building 3,000 12,150
1,07,375 1,07,375
BALANCE SHEET
Liabilities
` Assets `
Creditors 1,46,400 Debtors 2,10,000
Less: Further Discount 2,000 1,44,400 Less: Further Bad Debts 6,000
Outstanding Rent 1,000 2,04,000
Advance Rent 500 Less: Further Discount 4,000
Vendor for Furniture 20,000 2,00,000
Outstanding Office Expenses 3,200 Less: Provision for Doubtful Debts 20,000
Loan from Bank 50,000 1,80,000
Capital Less: Provision for Discount on Debtors 3,600 1,76,400
Opening Balance 3,08,000 Cash in Hand 60,000
Less: Net Loss 28,875 Closing Stock 40,000
Drawings 17,775 Prepaid Expenses 1,200
Income Tax 1,000 47,650 2,60,350 Investments 50,000
Input CGST 1,000
Input SGST 1,000
Fixed Assets
Machinery 50,000
Add: Installation of Machinery 1,000
51,000
Less: Depreciation (WN 2) 4,575 46,425
Furniture and Fittings 30,000
Add: New Furniture 20,000
Assembly of Furniture 1,000
51,000
Building 60,000
4,79,450 4,79,450
Working Notes:
1. An event occurring after the date of Balance Sheet (i.e., fire broke out on 1st April, 2023) does not affect the
Balance Sheet prepared as at 31st March, 2023.
 10   9 10 
2. Depreciation on: Machinery =  ` 30,000   +  ` 21,000    = ` 3,000 + ` 1,575 = ` 4,575;
 100 12 100 
 10   9 10 
Furniture =  ` 30,000     ` 21,000    = ` 3,000 + ` 1,575 = ` 4,575.
 100   12 100 
Unsolved Questions
1. The following is the Trial Balance of Amrit Raj as at 31st March, 2012:
Capital ................................................................................................................................................................. ... 25,000

Building ................................................................................................................................................................. 30,000 ...
Furniture ................................................................................................................................................................. 2,640 ...
Scooter ................................................................................................................................................................. 4,000 ...
Sales Return and Purchases Return................................................................................................................... 2,300 1,600
Opening Stock........................................................................................................................................................... 8,000 ...
Purchases and Sales................................................................................................................................................ 33,800 56,040
Bad Debts ................................................................................................................................................................. 300 ...
Carriage Inwards....................................................................................................................................................... 700 ...
General Expenses..................................................................................................................................................... 1,200 ...
Bad Debts Provision................................................................................................................................................ ... 700
Bank Loan ................................................................................................................................................................. ... 5,000
Interest on Bank Loan............................................................................................................................................. 300 ...
Commission................................................................................................................................................................ ... 900
Insurance and Taxes................................................................................................................................................ 2,000 ...
Scooter Expenses..................................................................................................................................................... 2,600 ...
Salaries ................................................................................................................................................................. 4,400 ...
Cash in Hand.............................................................................................................................................................. 2,000 ...
Debtors and Creditors............................................................................................................................................ 3,000 8,000
Total 97,240 97,240
You are required to prepare the Final Accounts for the year ending 31st March, 2012 taking
into account the following adjustments:
(i) Closing Stock on 31st March, 2012 was valued at ` 4,340.
(ii) Commission include ` 300 being commission received in advance.
(iii) Salaries have been paid for 11 months.
(iv) Bank Loan has been taken at 10% p.a. interest.
(v) Depreciate building by 50% and Scooter by 15%.
(vi) Write of ` 200 as further bad debts and maintain bad debts provision at 5% on debtors.
(KVS 2015)
[Gross Profit—` 17,180; Net Profit—` 4,640; Balance Sheet Total—` 43,540.]
2. Following is the Trial Balance of Prem Prakash as on 31st March, 2023:
Heads of Accounts Debit Credit

Balances Balances
` `
Plant and Machinery ........................................................................................................................................ 5,50,000 ...

Fixtures and Fittings ........................................................................................................................................ 17,200 ...
Prem Prakash’s Capital ........................................................................................................................................ ... 9,32,300
Factory Fuel and Power ........................................................................................................................................ 5,420 ...
Office Salaries ........................................................................................................................................ 37,450 ...
Sales ........................................................................................................................................ ... 12,61,770
Creditors ........................................................................................................................................ ... 2,91,020
Purchases Return ........................................................................................................................................ ... 31,720
Factory Lighting ........................................................................................................................................ 3,920 ...
Travelling Expenses ........................................................................................................................................ 9,250 ...
Carriage on Sales ........................................................................................................................................ 9,600 ...
Cash at Bank ........................................................................................................................................ 22,450 ...
Cash in Hand ........................................................................................................................................ 680 ...
Sundry Debtors ........................................................................................................................................ 4,78,000 ...
Purchases ........................................................................................................................................ 8,32,900 ...
Wages ........................................................................................................................................ 99,150 ...
Rent and Taxes ........................................................................................................................................ 17,650 ...
Office Expenses ........................................................................................................................................ 27,780 ...
Carriage Inwards ........................................................................................................................................ 8,970 ...
Discount ........................................................................................................................................ 4,220 ...
Drawings ........................................................................................................................................ 68,200 ...
Stock on 1st April, 2022 ........................................................................................................................................ 2,17,250 ...
Manufacturing Expenses ........................................................................................................................................ 26,800 ...
Sales Return ........................................................................................................................................ 74,220 ...
Insurance ........................................................................................................................................ 5,700 ...
Total 25,16,810 25,16,810
Taking into account the following adjustments, prepare Trading and Profit & Loss Account
and Balance Sheet as at 31st March, 2023:
(a) An old machine valued at ` 20,000 was given in exchange of new machine purchased on
1st October, 2022. As the Cheque was issued for ` 2,00,000 it was recorded in the books
at this value. The machine given in exchange was personal asset of Prem Prakash and
entry for it was not passed.
(b) Depreciation 5% p.a. on Plant and Machinery and 10% p.a. on Fixtures and Fittings.
(c) Provision for Doubtful Debts @ 2½% on Sundry Debtors.
(d) Rent Outstanding for March, 2023 ` 1,500.
(e) Insurance unexpired on 31st March, 2023 ` 700.
(f) Outstanding Wages and Salaries were ` 8,000 and ` 3,500 respectively.
(g) Stock on 31st March, 2023 ` 1,65,800.
[Gross Profit—` 1,82,660; Net Profit—` 30,040; Balance Sheet Total—` 12,18,160.]
[Hints: 1. Plant and Machinery and also capital will be increased by ` 20,000.
2. Depreciation on Plant and Machinery of ` 2,20,000 will be provided for
6 months.
3. Depreciation for the year ` 23,000.]
3. From the following Trial Balance of Ashok, prepare Trading and Profit & Loss Account for
the year ended 31st March, 2023 and Balance Sheet as on that date after making necessary
adjustments:
Particulars Dr. Balances Cr. Balances
` `
Opening Stock ............................................................................................................................... 30,000 ...
Ashok’s Capital ............................................................................................................................... ... 2,00,000
Ashok’s Drawings ............................................................................................................................... 10,000 ...
Plant and Machinery ............................................................................................................................... 1,20,000 ...
Freehold Property ............................................................................................................................... 75,000 ...
Purchases ............................................................................................................................... 2,25,000 ...
Sales ............................................................................................................................... ... 5,00,000
Salaries ............................................................................................................................... 35,000 ...
Office Expenses ............................................................................................................................... 5,000 ...
Office Furniture ............................................................................................................................... 25,000 ...
Discount ............................................................................................................................... 5,000 ...
Loan to Anwar @10% p.a. on 1st April, 2022.................................................................................................. 30,000 ...
Wages ............................................................................................................................... 8,000 ...
Postage and Courier ............................................................................................................................... 2,000 ...
Insurance ............................................................................................................................... 5,000 ...
Gas and Fuel ............................................................................................................................... 50,000 ...
Bad Debts ............................................................................................................................... 15,000 ...
Freight ............................................................................................................................... 3,000 ...
Rent ............................................................................................................................... 7,000 ...
Loose Tools ............................................................................................................................... 15,000 ...
Provision for Doubtful Debts................................................................................................................................ ... 20,000
Interest on Loan from Anwar............................................................................................................................... ... 1,000
Sundry Debtors ............................................................................................................................... 46,500 ...

Sundry Creditors ............................................................................................................................... ... 44,000
Cash in Hand ............................................................................................................................... 52,000 ...
Cash at Bank ............................................................................................................................... 3,000 ...
Input CGST ............................................................................................................................... 8,000 ...
Input SGST ............................................................................................................................... 8,000 ...
Output CGST ............................................................................................................................... ... 7,000
Output SGST ............................................................................................................................... ... 7,000
Output IGST ............................................................................................................................... ... 3,500
Total 7,82,500 7,82,500
Adjustments:
(i) Stock on 31st March, 2023 was valued at ` 55,000.
(ii) A new machinery was installed during the year purchased for ` 22,000 but
it was not recorded in the books as no payment was made for it. Wages
` 1,500 paid for its installation have been debited to Wages Account.
(iii) Depreciate Plant and Machinery by 20% and Freehold property by 15%. Depreciation
is not to be charged on the machinery purchased during the year.
(iv) Loose tools were valued at ` 12,000 on 31st March, 2023.
(v) Write off ` 500 as Further Bad Debts.
(vi) Maintain Provision of 10% on Sundry Debtors for Doubtful Debts.
(vii) The Manager is entitled to a commission of 10% on the net profits after charging such
commission.
[Gross Profit—` 2,40,500; Net Profit—` 1,32,864; Balance Sheet Total—` 4,05,650.]
[Hint: Manager’s Commission = 10/110 × ` 1,46,150 = ` 13,286.]

4. Following is the Trial Balance of K on 31st March, 2023:

Particulars Dr. Balances Cr. Balances
` `
Capital ................................................................................................................. ... 8,00,000

Drawings ................................................................................................................. 60,000 ...
Opening Stock ................................................................................................................. 75,000 ...
Purchases ................................................................................................................. 15,95,000 ...
Freight on Purchases ................................................................................................................. 25,000 ...
Wages (11 months up to 28th Feb., 2023)....................................................................................................... 66,000 ...
Sales ................................................................................................................. ... 23,10,000
Salaries ................................................................................................................. 1,40,000 ...
Postages and Telephones ................................................................................................................. 12,000 ...
Printing and Stationery ................................................................................................................. 18,000 ...
Miscellaneous Expenses ................................................................................................................. 30,000 ...

Creditors ................................................................................................................. ... 3,00,000
Investments ................................................................................................................. 1,00,000 ...
Discount Received ................................................................................................................. ... 15,000
Debtors ................................................................................................................. 2,58,000 ...
Bad Debts ................................................................................................................. 15,000 ...
Provision for Doubtful Debts ................................................................................................................. ... 8,000
Building ................................................................................................................. 3,00,000 ...
Machinery ................................................................................................................. 5,00,000 ...
Furniture ................................................................................................................. 40,000 ...
Commission on Sales ................................................................................................................. 45,000 ...
Interest on Investments ................................................................................................................. ... 12,000
Insurance (up to 31st July, 2023) ................................................................................................................. 24,000 ...
Bank Balance ................................................................................................................. 1,50,000 ...
Input CGST ................................................................................................................. 6,000 ...
Input SGST ................................................................................................................. 6,000 ...
Output CGST ................................................................................................................. ... 10,000
Output SGST ................................................................................................................. ... 10,000
Total 34,65,000 34,65,000
Adjustments:

(i) Closing Stock ` 2,25,000.

(ii) Machinery of ` 45,000 plus CGST and SGST @ 6% each purchased on 1st October, 2022
was shown as Purchases. Freight paid on the Machinery was ` 5,000, which is included
in Freight on Purchases.
(iii) Commission is payable at 2½% on sales plus CGST and SGST @ 6% each.
(iv) Investments were sold at 10% profit, but the entire sales proceeds have been taken as
Sales.
(v) Write off Bad Debts ` 10,000 and create Provision for Doubtful Debts at 5% of Debtors.
(vi) Depreciate Building by 2½% p.a. and Machinery and Furniture at 10% p.a.
Prepare Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2023 and Balance

Sheet as at that date.
[Gross Profit—` 7,08,000; Net Profit—` 3,80,600; Balance Sheet Total—` 14,44,600.]
[Hints:

1. Sale of Investments of ` 1,10,000 will be deducted from sales.

2. Out of Purchases, purchase of machinery worth ` 45,000 will be deducted and freight
paid on this machinery ` 5,000 will also be deducted from Freight on Purchases.
3. Machinery will appear in the Balance Sheet as follows: ` 5,00,000 + ` 45,000 (1st Oct.,
2019) + ` 5,000 (Freight) – ` 52,500 (Depreciation) = ` 4,97,500.]
5. Following is the Trial Balance of Mr. Prem Prakash on 31st March, 2023:
Plant and Machinery ........................................................................................................................................ 5,50,000 ...
Fixtures and Fittings ........................................................................................................................................ 17,200 ...
Prem Prakash’s Capital ........................................................................................................................................ ... 9,32,300
Factory Fuel and Power ........................................................................................................................................ 5,420 ...
Office Salaries ........................................................................................................................................ 37,450 ...
Sales ........................................................................................................................................ ... 12,61,770
Creditors ........................................................................................................................................ ... 2,91,020
Purchases Return ........................................................................................................................................ ... 34,720
Factory Lighting ........................................................................................................................................ 3,920 ...
Travelling Expenses ........................................................................................................................................ 9,250 ...
Carriage on Sales ........................................................................................................................................ 9,600 ...
Cash at Bank ........................................................................................................................................ 22,450 ...
Cash in Hand ........................................................................................................................................ 680 ...
Sundry Debtors ........................................................................................................................................ 4,78,000 ...
Purchases ........................................................................................................................................ 8,32,900 ...
Wages ........................................................................................................................................ 99,150 ...
Rent and Taxes ........................................................................................................................................ 17,650 ...
Office Expenses ........................................................................................................................................ 27,780 ...
Carriage Inwards ........................................................................................................................................ 8,970 ...
Discount ........................................................................................................................................ 4,220 ...
Drawings ........................................................................................................................................ 68,200 ...
Stock on 1st April, 2022 ........................................................................................................................................ 2,17,250 ...
Manufacturing Expenses ........................................................................................................................................ 26,800 ...
Sales Return ........................................................................................................................................ 74,220 ...
Insurance ........................................................................................................................................ 5,700 ...
Input IGST ........................................................................................................................................ 15,000 ...
Output CGST ........................................................................................................................................ ... 6,000
Output SGST ........................................................................................................................................ ... 6,000
Total 25,31,810 25,31,810
Taking into account the following adjustments, prepare Trading and Profit & Loss Account and
Balance Sheet as at 31st March, 2023:
(a) Depreciation: 5% on Plant and Machinery and 10% on Fixtures and Fittings.
(b) Create Provision for Doubtful Debts @ 2½% on Sundry Debtors.
(c) Rent Outstanding for March, 2023 ` 1,500 plus CGST and SGST @ 6% each.
(d) Insurance unexpired on 31st March, 2023 ` 700.
(e) Outstanding Wages and Salaries were ` 8,000 and ` 3,500 respectively.
(f) Stock on 31st March, 2023 was ` 1,65,800.
[Gross Profit—` 1,85,660; Net Profit—` 28,540; Balance Sheet Total—` 11,96,840.]
[Hint: Input IGST will have a balance of ` 3,180.]

6. Following Trial Balance is extracted from the books of Merchant Mr. Negi on 31st March, 2023:
Furniture and Fittings ........................................................................................................................................... 640 ...

Motor Vehicle ........................................................................................................................................... 6,250 ...
Building ........................................................................................................................................... 7,500 ...
Capital ........................................................................................................................................... ... 12,500
Bad Debts ........................................................................................................................................... 125 ...
Provision for Doubtful Debts.................................................................................................................................... ... 200
Sundry Debtors and Creditors.................................................................................................................................. 3,800 2,500
Stock as on 1st April, 2022......................................................................................................................................... 3,460 ...
Purchases and Sales ........................................................................................................................................... 5,475 15,450
Bank Loan ........................................................................................................................................... ... 2,850
Sales Return and Purchases Return........................................................................................................................ 200 125
Advertising ........................................................................................................................................... 450 ...
Interest on Bank Loan ........................................................................................................................................... 118 ...
Commission ........................................................................................................................................... ... 375
Cash ........................................................................................................................................... 650 ...
Taxes and Insurance Premium.................................................................................................................................. 782 ...
General Expenses ........................................................................................................................................... 1,250 ...
Salaries ........................................................................................................................................... 3,300 ...
34,000 34,000
Adjustments:
(a) Stock in hand on 31st March, 2023 ` 3,250.

(b) Depreciate Building @ 5% p.a., Furniture @ 10% p.a. and Motor Vehicle @ 20% p.a.
(c) ` 85 is due for interest on Bank Loan.
(d) Salaries ` 300 and Taxes ` 200 are outstanding.
(e) Insurance Premium amounting ` 100 prepaid.
(f) One-third of the commission received is in respect of work to be done next year.
(g) Write off a further sum of ` 100 as bad debts from Debtors and create Provision for Doubtful
Debts @ 5% on debtors.
Complete the following Trading Account, Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet.
Particulars ` Particulars `
To ...(1)... ..(2).. By Sales 15,450

To Purchases 5,475 Less: Returns ...(3)... ...(4)...
Less: Returns ...(5)... ...(6)... By ...(7)... ...(8)...
To Gross Profit c/d ...(9)...
...(10)... ...(11)...
To Bad Debts 125 By Gross Profit b/d ...(12)...

...(13)... ...(14)... By Commission 375
...(15)... ...(16)... ...(17)... ...(18)... ...(19)...
...(20)... ...(21)... 210
To Advertising 450
To Interest on Bank Loan 118
...(22)... ...(23)... ...(24)...
To General Expenses 1,250
To Salaries 3,300
...(25)... ...(26)... ...(27)...
To Taxes and Insurance 782
...(28)... ...(29)...
...(30)... ...(31)... ...(32)...
To Depreciation on:
...(33)... ...(34)...
...(35)... ...(36)...
...(37)... ...(38)... ...(39)...
To Net Profit ...(40)...
...(41)... ...(42)...
BALANCE SHEET OF MR. NEGI as at 31st March, 2023

Liabilities
` Assets `
Capital: Furniture and Fittings 640
Opening Balance 12,500 ...(43)... ...(44)... ...(45)...
...(46)... ...(47)... ...(48)... Motor Vehicle 6,250
Sundry Creditors 2,500 ...(49)... ...(50)... ...(51)...
Bank Loan 2,850 Building 7,500
Outstanding Expenses: ...(52)... ...(53)... ...(54)...
Salaries 300 Sundry Debtors 3,800
Taxes 200 ...(55)... ...(56)...
Interest on Bank Loan 85 ...(57)... ...(58)... ...(59)... ...(60)...
Commission Received in Advance ...(61)... Cash 650
Closing Stock 3,250
Prepaid Insurance Premium ...(62)...
...(63)... ...(64)...
[1: Opening Stock; 2: ` 3,460; 3: ` 200; 4: ` 15,250; 5: ` 125; 6: ` 5,350; 7: Closing Stock; 8: ` 3,250;
9: ` 9,690; 10: ` 18,500. 11: ` 18,500; 12: ` 9,690; 13: Add: Further Bad Debts; 14: ` 100;
15: Add: New Provision for Doubtful Debts; 16: ` 185; 17: Less: Commission Received in
Advance; 18: ` 125; 19: ` 250; 20: Less: Old Provision for Doubtful Debts; 21: ` 200;
22: Add: O/s Interest; 23: ` 85; 24: ` 203; 25: Add: O/s Salary; 26: ` 300; 27: ` 3,600;
28: Add: O/s Tax; 29: ` 200; 30: Less: Prepaid Insurance; 31: ` 100; 32: ` 882; 33: Building;
34: ` 375; 35: Furntiure; 36: ` 64; 37: Motor Vehicle; 38: ` 1,250; 39: ` 1,689; 40: ` 1,656;
41: ` 9,940; 42: ` 9,940; 43: Less: Depreciation; 44: ` 64; 45: ` 576. 46: Add: Net Profit;
47: ` 1,656; 48: ` 14,156; 49: Less: Depreciation; 50: ` 1,250; 51: ` 5,000; 52: Less: Depreciation;
53: ` 375; 54: ` 7,125; 55: Less: Further Bad Debts; 56: ` 100; 57: ` 585; 58: Less: Provision
for Doubtful Debts; 59: ` 185; 60: ` 3,515; 61: ` 125; 62: ` 100; 63: ` 20,216; 64: ` 20,216.]
CHAPTER
20
Accounts from Incomplete Records—
Single Entry System
1. Incomplete It is a system of recording business transactions. In some of the

Records transactions, both aspects are recorded; while in others one aspect is
recorded or it is not recorded at all.
2. Single Entry It is an incomplete double entry system varying with circumstances.

System
3. Statement of It is a statement of assets and liabilities. The difference between the amounts
Affairs of the two sides represents proprietor’s capital.
4. Capital Amount invested by the owner.
5. Drawings Money or goods taken by the proprietor from the business for his/her
personal use.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Accounting records that are not prepared according to the double-entry principles are known
as Accounts from Incomplete Records or Single Entry System of Accounting.
Single Entry System is a system under which accounting record is not maintained following
the Double Entry System. It is a system of book keeping in which only records of cash and
individual accounts of parties are maintained.
Single Entry System is simple, economical and time saving system of recording transactions.
• Disadvantages of Single Entry System are: (i) Arithmetical accuracy of accounts cannot be
checked; (ii) Difficult to detect fraud; (iii) True profit cannot be known; and (iv) True financial
position of business cannot be ascertained.
• Ascertainment of Profit/Loss by Statement of Affairs Method: Under this method, to
find out the capitals on the opening and closing dates, the Accounting equation ‘Capital =
Assets – Liabilities of Outsiders’ is used and statement of affairs prepared accordingly. Proper
adjustments regarding drawings, further capital introduced, depreciation, etc., are made to
closing capital and then true profit earned or loss incurred is ascertained.
In this method, we take following steps for calculating profit/loss:
Step 1: Ascertain closing capital by preparing a Statement of Affairs at the end of the
accounting period.
STATEMENT OF AFFAIRS
as at ...
Liabilities
` Assets `
Sundry Creditors ... Cash in hand ...
Outstanding Expenses ... Cash at Bank ...
Bank Overdraft ... Sundry Debtors ...
Capital (Balancing Figure) ... Stock ...
Prepaid Expenses ...
Fixed Assets ...
... ...
Step 2: Add: Drawings for the period to the closing capital (calculated as per Step 1)
Step 3: Deduct: the amount of Capital introduced from the closing capital (Step 1)
Step 4: Calculate opening Capital by preparing a statement of affairs at the beginning of
the accounting period.
Step 5: Calculate Profit or Loss by deducting opening capital from the adjusted closing capital.
Adjusted Closing Capital = Closing Capital + Drawings – Capital introduced during
the year.
Step 6: Ascertain Profit or Loss by deducting opening capital from adjusted closing capital.
Step 7: Make Adjustment for the items not yet adjusted while calculating closing capital
e.g., Depreciation, outstanding/prepaid expenses etc.
STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS for the year ended...

Particulars `
Capital at the end ...
Add: Drawings (whether in cash or kind) during the accounting period ...
...
Less: Additional Capital introduced (whether in cash or in kind) during the year ...
Adjusted Capital at the end ...
Less: Capital in the beginning ...
Profit (if Adjusted Capital is more than the Opening Capital)
or Loss (if Adjusted Capital is less than the Opening Capital) ...
Solved Questions
1. Calculate the missing value (figure): `
Capital in the beginning 30,000
Profit made during the year 5,000
Drawings 10,000
Capital introduced during the year 15,000
Capital at the end ?
Accounts from Incomplete Records—Single Entry System 20.3
Solution: CALCULATION OF CLOSING CAPITAL

Particulars `

Add: Capital introduced during the year 15,000
45,000
Less: Drawings 10,000
Add: Profit made during the year 35,000
5,000
Capital at the end 40,000

Profit during the year 15,000
Drawings ?
Solution: Profit = Capital at the end + Drawings – Capital introduced during
the year – Capital in the beginning
` 15,000 = ` 65,000 + Drawings – ` 20,000 – ` 40,000
Drawings = ` 10,000.
Drawings 6,000
Capital in the beginning ?
Solution: Profit = Capital at the end + Drawings – Capital in the beginning –
Capital introduced during the year
` 12,000 = ` 40,000 + ` 6,000 – Capital in the beginning – ` 10,000
Capital in the beginning = ` 24,000.
Capital introduced during the year ?
Drawings 20,000
Loss 5,000
Opening Capital 1,00,000
Solution: CALCULATION OF ADDITIONAL CAPITAL INTRODUCED
Particulars `
Add: Drawings 20,000
1,10,000
Less: Opening Capital 1,00,000
Add: Loss incurred during the year 10,000
5,000
Additional Capital introduced 15,000
5. Ram Prasad keeps his books on single entry system, and from them and the particulars
supplied, the following figures were gathered together on 31st March 2023:
Book Debts ` 10,000; Cash in hand, ` 510; Stock-in-trade (estimated) ` 6,000;
Furnitures, ` 1,200; Trade Creditors, ` 4,000; Bank overdraft ` 1,000. Ram Prasad
stated that he started business on 1st April, 2022 with Cash ` 6,000 and Stock
valued at ` 4,000. During the year, he estimated his drawings to be ` 7,400 and
Additional Capital introduced ` 5,000. You are required to prepare a statement,
showing profit for the year, after writing-off 10% for depreciation on Furniture.
(MSE Chandigarh 2015, Modified)
Solution: STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS for the year ended 31st March, 2023
Particulars `
Capital at the end (Note 1) 12,710
Add: Drawings during the year 7,400
20,110
Less: Additional Capital introduced during the year 5,000
Adjusted Capital at the end 15,110
Less: Capital in the beginning (Note 2) 10,000
Profit subject to Adjustments 5,110
Less: Depreciation 120
Net Profit for the year 4,990
Notes: 1. Calculation of Closing Capital:

STATEMENT OF AFFAIRS as at 31st March, 2023
Trade Creditors 4,000 Book Debts 10,000
Bank Overdraft 1,000 Cash in-hand 510
Capital (Balancing Figure) 12,710 Stock-in-trade 6,000
Furniture 1,200
17,710 17,710
2. Capital in the beginning = ` 6,000 (Cash) + ` 4,000 (Stock) = ` 10,000
6. Shruti maintains her books of accounts from Incomplete Records. Her books provide
the following information:
Particulars 1st April, 2022 31st March, 2023
` `
Cash 1,200 1,600
Debtors 16,800 29,600
Stock 22,400 24,400
Investments ... 8,000
Furniture 7,500 8,000
Creditors 14,000 15,200
She withdrew ` 300 per month for personal expenses. She sold her Investments of
` 16,000 at 20% premium and introduced that amount into business.
You are required to prepare a Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ending
March 31, 2023. (KVS 2015, Modified)
Solution: STATEMENT OF AFFAIRS

as at 1st April, 2022
Liabilities
` Assets `
Capital (Balancing Figure) 33,900 Debtors 16,800
Stock 22,400
Furniture 7,500
47,900 47,900
STATEMENT OF AFFAIRS
Liabilities
` Assets `
Capital (Balancing Figure) 56,400 Debtors 29,600
Stock 24,400
Investments 8,000
Furniture 8,000
71,600 71,600
STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS

for the year ending 31st March, 2023
Particulars `
Closing Capital 56,400
Add: Drawings (` 300 × 12) 3,600
60,000
Less: Opening Capital 33,900
Capital introduced during the year [` 16,000 + 20% of ` 16,000] 19,200 53,100
7. Mr. Wise keeps his books on Single Entry System and the following information is
disclosed from his records:
As at 1st April, 2022 (`) As at 31st March, 2023 (`)
Balance at Bank 3,150 (Cr.) 8,400
Stock-in-Trade 22,500 30,000
Sundry Debtors 45,000 42,800
Furniture 7,500 7,500
Investments 7,500 7,500
Cash in Hand 150 600
Sundry Creditors 39,000 41,250
Loan from Mr. Faithful ... 4,500
Mr. Wise transferred ` 375 every month during the first half of the year and ` 300
every month for the remaining period from the business to his personal bank account
by way of drawings. In addition, he withdrew ` 7,500 for his daughter’s marriage and
` 3,000 for domestic purposes. In September, 2022, he had received a lottery prize of
` 6,000, which he invested in the business. He sold his personal car for ` 7,000 and the
proceeds were utilised for business. He wants his furniture to be depreciated at 10%
and a provision for doubtful debts to be created at 5%. He had not paid two months’
salary to his peon @ ` 225 per month and two months’ rent outstanding amounting to
` 300. Commission earned but not received by him was ` 3,600.
Prepare Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31st March, 2023.
Solution: Calculation of Opening Capital:
STATEMENT OF AFFAIRS (OPENING) as at 1st April, 2022
Liabilities
` Assets `
Balance at Bank (Bank Overdraft) 3,150 Cash in Hand 150
Sundry Creditors 39,000 Stock-in-Trade 22,500
Capital (Opening) (Balancing Figure) 40,500 Sundry Debtors 45,000
Furniture 7,500
Investments 7,500
82,650 82,650
Calculation of Closing Capital:
STATEMENT OF AFFAIRS (CLOSING) as at 31st March, 2023

Liabilities
` Assets `
Sundry Creditors 41,250 Cash in Hand 600
Loan from Mr. Faithful 4,500 Balance at Bank 8,400
Outstanding Salaries (` 225 × 2) 450 Accrued Commission 3,600
Outstanding Rent 300 Stock-in-Trade 30,000
Capital (Closing) (Balancing Figure) 53,900 Sundry Debtors 42,800
Furniture 7,500
Investments 7,500
1,00,400 1,00,400
STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS for the year ended 31st March, 2023
Particulars `
Capital at the end (Closing Capital) 53,900
Add: Drawings during the year (WN 1) 14,550
68,450
Less: Opening Capital 40,500
Capital introduced during the year (WN 2) 13,000 53,500
Profit before Adjustment 14,950
Less: Adjustments:
(i ) Depreciation on Furniture (10% of ` 7,500) 750
(ii) Provision for Doubtful Debts (5% of ` 42,800) 2,140 2,890
Working Notes:
1. Drawings during the year: ` 2. Introduction of Capital: `
Transfer to Personal Bank Account: Lottery prize invested in the business 6,000
` 375 for 6 months 2,250 Sale proceeds of personal car utilised
` 300 for 6 months 1,800 for business 7,000
Withdrawn for daughter’s marriage 7,500 Total Capital Introduced 13,000
Withdrawn for domestic purposes 3,000
Total Drawings 14,550
Unsolved Questions

Drawings 24,000
Capital at the end ?
[Capital at the end—` 96,000.]

Profits made during the year 30,000
Capital at the end 1,30,000
Drawings ?
[Drawings—` 20,000.]

Profits made during the year 9,600
Drawings 4,800
[Capital in the beginning—` 19,200.]

Drawings 8,000
Loss 2,000
[Capital in the beginning—` 40,000.]
5. Ram maintains his accounts under single entry system. He provides you the following
information:
`
Capital as at 1st April, 2022 15,200
Capital as at 31st March, 2023 16,900
Drawings during the period: 1st April, 2022 to 31st March, 2023 4,800
Additional Capital introduced on Oct. 1, 2022 2,000
You are required to calculate profit for the year ending 31st March, 2023
[Profit—` 4,500.]
6. Opening Capital ` 3,60,000, Drawings ` 30,000, Capital added during the year ` 60,000
and Closing Capital ` 5,40,000. Calculate profit or loss for the year. [Profit—` 1,50,000.]
7. Shewta keeps her books under a single entry system. Her position on 1st April, 2022 was
as under:
Cash in hand ` 200; Cash at Bank ` 3,000; Stock ` 20,000; Sundry Debtors ` 8,500; Fixtures
` 1,800; Machinery ` 15,000; Sundry Creditors ` 22,000; Shweta brought ` 5,000 more for
capital during the year and withdrew ` 750 per month.
Her position on 31st March, 2023 was as under:
Cash in hand ` 300; Cash at bank ` 2,000; Sundry Debtors ` 14,000; Stock ` 19,000;
Machinery ` 27,000; Fixtures ` 1,500; Sundry Creditors ` 29,000.
Prepare a statement on 31st March, 2023 for finding out profit. [Profit—` 12,300.]
8. Sri S.K. Rao does not keep proper books of account. The following information is available
for the year ended 31st March, 2023:
1st April, 2022 31st March, 2023
` `
Cash in hand 3,000 5,000
Bank 10,000 15,000
Stock 40,000 45,000
Plant & Machinery 30,000 50,000
He withdrew ` 2,000 at the end of every month and introduced ` 5,000 as additional capital.
Additional plant was purchased on 1st October, 2022. Depreciation of the plant was at 10% p.a.
Ascertain the profit or loss for the year ending 31st March, 2023.
[Opening Capital—` 1,00,000; Closing Capital—` 1,45,000;
Net Profit—` 60,000; Depreciation on Plant—` 4,000.]
9. X keeps his books by a single-entry system. He gives the following information from which
you are required to ascertain his profit or loss during the year 31st March, 2023:
31st March, 2022 31st March, 2023
` `
Bank balance 12,000 15,000
Cash in hand 1,000 1,200
Stock 17,000 19,000
Plant 50,000 1,00,000
Furniture 25,000 45,000

X had withdrawn ` 2,500 per month during the year but has introduced additional Capital
of ` 20,000. A provision of 5% on Sundry debtors was necessary. Depreciation on plant was
written off 10%. Interest on Capital to be allowed @ 5% per annum.
[Opening Capital—` 1,45,000; Closing Capital—` 2,27,200;
Net Profit—` 71,850.]
[Hint: Net Profit = ` 2,27,200 (Closing Capital) + ` 30,000 (Drawings) – ` 1,45,000
(Opening Capital) – ` 20,000 (Additional Capital) – ` 3,100 (Provision
on Debtors) – ` 10,000 (Depreciation) – ` 7,250 (Interest on Capital)
=
` 71,850.]
10. X, who keeps his books on Single Entry System, tells you that his capital on 31st March,
2023 is ` 18,700 and his capital on 1st April, 2022 was ` 19,200. He further informs you
that during the year he withdrew for his household purposes ` 8,420. He once sold his
investment of ` 2,000 at 2% premium and brought that money into the business.
You are required to prepare a Statement of Profit or Loss. [Profit for the year—` 5,880.]
11. Mr. Abdul started a business on 1st April, 2022 with a capital of ` 20,000. Finding it
inadequate, he brought in fresh capital of ` 4,000 on 1st May, 2022. On 31st March, 2023,
his assets were: `
Furniture ................................................................................................................................................................. 5,000
Stock ................................................................................................................................................................. 17,000
Sundry Debtors ................................................................................................................................................................. 7,400
Cash at Bank ................................................................................................................................................................. 2,400
Cash in Hand ................................................................................................................................................................. 600
Sundry Creditors at this date totalled ` 9,600. He found that he had withdrawn ` 7,600 to
meet his household expenses.
Ascertain the profits earned by him during the year. [Profit—` 6,400.]

Introduction To Accounting: (Meaning and Objectives of Accounting and Accounting Information)

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Introduction To Accounting: (Meaning and Objectives of Accounting and Accounting Information)

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CHAPTER

MEANING OF KEY TERMS USED IN THE CHAPTER

1. Accounting Accounting is a systematic process of identifying, measuring, collecting,

2. Book Keeping Book Keeping is the process of recording financial transactions in a

3. Accountancy Accountancy is a systematic knowledge of accounting, i.e., it educates how

6. Accounting Accounting Information is used for forecasting, comparing and

8. Accounts from Accounts from Incomplete Records or Single Entry System of

• Meaning of Accounting: Accounting is a systematic process of identifying, measuring,

Communicating Financial Transactions

Analysis and Journal

• Users of Accounting Information: Internal users and External users.

• Advantages of Accounting: 1. Financial Information about Business, 2. Assistance to

1. Generally Accepted Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are basic or fundamental

• Accounting Principles: Accounting is the language of business. To understand the

1. Cash Basis of It is a system of accounting according to which transactions are

2. Accrual Basis of It is a system of accounting according to which transactions are

1. Show an Accounting Equation for the following transactions:

(iii) Depreciation on machinery provided @ 10%.

(iv) Cash withdrawn for personal use ` 10,000.

(v) Interest on drawings charged @ 5%.

Solution: Refer to Page No. 5.3.

2. Show an Accounting Equation on the basis of the following transactions:

(ii) Opened a Bank Account by depositing ` 25,000 out of cash

(iv) He purchased a building and furniture for 1,00,000

(v) He purchased goods from Ram on credit 50,000

(vi) He paid cartage 500

(vii) He sold to Shyam on credit goods costing ` 6,000 for 9,000

(viii) Received rent from tenants 1,000

(ix) Received security deposit from tenants 1,500

(x) Purchased stationery for cash 100

(xi) Invested in shares (personal) 5,000

(xii) Received interest in cash 200

(xiii) Introduced fresh capital 25,000

(xiv) Goods destroyed by fire 500

Solution: Refer to Page No. 5.4.

No. Cash + Bank + Stock + Machinery + Furniture + Debtors = Creditors + Capital

(i) 50,000 + 1,00,000 + 60,000 + 1,00,000 + 50,000 + 0

(ii) 11,000 + 0 + (20,000) + 0 + 0 + 11,000 = 0 + 2,000

New Equation 61,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 1,00,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,62,000

(iii) 0 + 0 + 0 + (10,000) + 0 + 0 = 0 + (10,000)

New Equation 61,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 90,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,52,000

New Equation 51,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 90,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,42,000

New Equation 51,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 90,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,42,000

(vi) 0 + 10,000 + (10,000) + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0

New Equation 51,000 + 1,10,000 + 30,000 + 90,000 + 50,000 + 11,000 = 0 + 3,42,000

Transaction Assets = Liabilities + Capital

3. Draw an Accounting Equation from the following transactions:

(v) Sold goods to Ajay on credit costing ` 4,000 for ` 5,000.

(vi) Sold goods for cash costing ` 12,000 for ` 16,000.

(vii) Purchased goods for cash ` 40,000.

(viii) Purchased goods on credit for ` 20,000.

(ix) Paid rent ` 3,000 including ` 2,000 in advance.

(x) Paid salaries ` 2,000.

(xi) Sold goods costing ` 8,000 for ` 10,000.

(xii) Salaries outstanding ` 1,000.

(xiii) Charge depreciation on furniture ` 500.

Solution: Refer to Page No. 5.6.

Transaction No. Assets = Liabilities + Capital

[1: ` 80,000; 2: ` 80,000; 3: ` 3,000; 4: ` 3,000; 5: ` 83,000; 6: ` 83,000; 7: (` 4,000); 8: ` 1,000;