Water Treatment

Assignment 1
Topic:
low-cost Water Treatment and Sanitation techniques.
Semester 8th
Submitted by Zunaira Fareed
Submitted to Dr. Hina
Roll no. FA19C1BE103
Department of Environmental sciences
Islamia university of Bahawalpur
Low-cost water treatment and sanitation
techniques:
1.8 million people die each year from diarrhea linked to bad water and sanitation, most
of them under age 5.
Community-wide water infrastructure is as good as it gets. But until everyone has it,
there are other, cheaper clean water solutions for LMICs. Boiling water over a wood
fire is one of the most widely used methods, but it is also a health hazard for those
working in poorly ventilated kitchens, and it exacerbates deforestation. Instead, we’ve
rounded up ten low-cost ways to treat water, and not one requires boiling.
1. Ceramic filter
Clay, sawdust and a plastic bucket can make a water filter that catches dirt and
disease-causing microbes. In the classic design, mix clay with a combustible material
like sawdust or rice husks, give it a flowerpot shape and fire it in a kiln. The sawdust
or rice husks burn away, leaving tiny pores in the ceramic through which water
filters. Organizations around the world have been using this kind of ceramic filter to
reduce disease in impoverished communities for years.
2. Slow sand filtration

Slow sand filtration has the advantage of working on an entire community’s water
source, not just individual households. Practical Action put together a technical
manual for slow sand filtration systems, a complete guide to their construction and
maintenance. Follow the link above to see the manual.
A slow sand filtration system is a combination of several parts: water storage tanks,
an aerator, per-filters, slow sand filters, disinfection stages, and filtered water
storage tanks. The number of filters and filter types that are used in a given slow
sand filtration system will depend on the quality of the source water and will be
different for each community.
3. Everything-but the sink Portable filter
This portable filter design was proposed in response to a call for better water
filtration solutions at taps in India. It uses chlorine, silver beads, activated charcoal
and sand. Honeybee Network posed the original problem and an E4C member
posted this solution. It includes a detailed guide to the specifications, materials and
construction of a portable filter built from everything but the kitchen sink.
Honeybee Network also proposes phones as clean water solutions for LMICs. Mobile
applications that employ a phone’s camera claim to sense impurities in water. We
Googled up two that are in development: The H2O Mobile Water Testing Lab and
Aqua test, though it’s not clear if the latter will be phone based or not.
4. Bamboo charcoal
In this spin on the charcoal filter, a filter that is made of locally available materials
including charred bamboo, gravel and natural adsorbents. “The proposed process is
indigenous, eco-friendly, low cost and entails minimum maintenance,” the team
writes in their workspace. They estimate that their filter can handle 30 litres of water
per hour, and it would be affordable for average households in the region.
5. Solar sterilization
If cost is a bigger concern than time or convenience, the cheapest way to treat water
is to leave it in a plastic bottle in the sunlight. Leave clear bottles in the sun for a few
hours and UV radiation and heat kills the microbes that cause diarrhea and other
waterborne illness. The Sodis (for solar disinfection) method was deployed in some
parts of Haiti after the earthquake in 2010, and it is used in emergencies and
impoverished regions worldwide.
If the bottle is too basic or prone to error, Solvatten sells a more highly designed
solar disinfection device. It’s a jerry-can-like container with a built-in thermal
indicator that lets drinkers know when the water is safe to drink. The Solvatten
container opens like a book to expose the water inside to sunlight through clear
plastic panels. Its black backing helps it absorb more sunlight.
The amount of sun exposure that a bottle needs varies by the amount of sunlight
available (it takes longer to sterilize water on a cloudy day). To take the guess work
out of the solar method, a disinfection indicator can measure light exposure and
signal when the germs are dead.
6. Solar distillation:
solar distillation purifies even muddy, salty or otherwise undrinkable water through
evaporation and condensation. The power of distillation to purify saltwater makes it
unique among the other treatment methods.
A solar still can be a cheap and simple piece of shaped plastic or glass, or they can be
more highly designed devices. To work, the still allows sunlight to shine through a
clear panel onto the impure water. The water heats and evaporates, then condenses
on the underside of the panel and runs off into a container of some kind. This simple
process takes huge amounts of energy, which is why solar stills can make more sense
than stills powered by other fuels.
7. Emergency homemade filter
The plastic bottle makes yet another

appearance as a water treatment device, this time as a simple filter that can remove
sediment and even disease-causing microbes. Simply cut the bottom from the bottle,
fill it with layers of gravel, sand cloth and charcoal, filter the water through it and
hope for the best.
8. Chlorination
Chlorine is a powerful chemical that has been in use for many years to treat water for home
consumption. Chlorine is an effective water purification method that kills germs, parasites
and other disease-causing organisms found in ground or tap water.
Water can be purified using chlorine tablets or liquid chlorine. As an off-the-shelf water
purification product, chlorine is cheap and effective. However, caution should be taken
when using chlorine liquid or tablets to treat drinking water. When using chlorine tablets, it
is important to apply them in heated water, as they dissolve well in water that is at 21
degrees Celsius or higher. Chlorine tablets kill all bacteria leaving your water clean and safe.
Reverse osmosis is the best option, whereas filtering is good for basic water tasks such as
sediment and chlorine removal.
Sanitation:
According to World Health Organization (WHO), sanitation refers to the safe disposal of
human waste and sewage, and the provision of adequate services and facilities for that. It
involves avoiding human contact with feces and washing hands with soap.
There are a variety of sanitation systems and procedure;
 Basic Sanitation
 Container-based sanitation
 Community-led total sanitation
 Dry Sanitation
 Ecological sanitation
 Emergency sanitation
Sanitation systems
1) Septic Tanks:
 Septic tanks are generally provided in the area where there is no sewerage System.
Highway Hotels, Guest Houses, Isolated Colonies, Rural Areas, etc. are several examples
where septic tanks are used for treatment of waste water and subsequently their
disposal in Soak Pits.
 A Septic tank is defined as a Sedimentation tank with detention Period of 12 to 36 Hours
and with extra provision for anaerobic digestion of settled sludge. Septic tank is
anaerobic treatment unit and therefore foul gases will be evolved, and that is the
reason why Septic tanks are kept away from the buildings.
2) Soak Pits
• Septic tank effluent is having foul odour and contains biodegradable organic Matter. The
BOD 5 of the Septic effluent may be from 200 to 250 mg/l It is therefore necessary to
dispose septic tank effluent carefully so that there is minimum nuisance and risk to the
health of people.
Thank you

Water Treatment

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Assignment 1

2. Slow sand filtration

7. Emergency homemade filter

The plastic bottle makes yet another

There are a variety of sanitation systems and procedure;

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