TH TH
TH TH
TH TH
ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻼﻡ
2011 / 12 / 08 2011 / 10 / 23
Abstract
Al-Shareef Al-Edreesi is considered the most famous Muslim Arab
map makers, who emerged in the 6th Hijri century/ 12th century AD. He
had a great influence in the development of Islamic Arabic maps and
modern maps through his drawing of the world map. And due to his
achievements in map making, his maps were considered by modern
researchers where many of these maps were documented and studied to
show their influence in the development of maps through middle and
modern ages.
In the light of the importance of Al-Edreesi maps, this research
attempts to uncover part of Al-Edreesi's thought by studying the basic
map elements of Al-Edreesi (493-560H/ 1100-1166 AD). The importance
of the research lays in the discovery of one of the creative aspects of map
making of Muslim Arab geographers by documenting Al-Edreesi's effort
in map drawing using basic elements that are used in modern map
drawing.
The structure of the research showed that Al-Edreesi had drawn his
maps based on modern scientific elements. His maps included many basic
elements that are used in modern map drawing. This indicates that Al-
Edreesi and Muslim Arab geographers had a great deal in the
development of maps in the middle and modern ages.
:ﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻅﻬﺭﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺜﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ،ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ/ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﻱ
354
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1166-1100/ﻡ(.
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺭﺴﻤﻪ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻨﺠﺎﺯﺍﺘـﻪ ﻓـﻲ
ﻤﺠﺎل ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ،ﺍﺫ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻭﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺜﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻅﻬـﺎﺭ
ﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ.
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻟﻴﻜﺸﻑ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1100/
– 1166ﻡ( ،ﺍﻤﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭﺠـﻪ ﺍﻹﺒـﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁـﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ
ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﺭﺴـﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺱ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜـﺔ ﺍﺫ
ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻟﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺇﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ:
ﺃﺴﻬﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴـﺩﺓ
ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺼﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ)،(2 )(1
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﺕ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻁﺎﻟﺱ
ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻅﻬﺭﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﻱ /ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ) ،(3ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺍﺜﺭ
ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ،ﺇﺫ ﻗﺎل ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻤﻴﻴﻠﻲ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ
)(4
ﻼ ﻋـﻥ
ﻭﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﺸﻬﺭﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻪ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﻓﻔﻀ ﹰ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻅﻡ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ
ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺴﺏ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ
ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻪ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ )ﺃﻁﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ( ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﻡ ﻭﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﻗـﻊ
ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺩﺕ ﻤﺩﺘﻪ ﻗﻤـﺔ ﻤـﺎ
ﺒﻠﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ).(5
) (1ﺨﻠﻴﻑ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻏﺭﺍﻴﺒﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ
ﺍﻟﻬﺠــــﺭﻴﻴﻥ :ﻨﻘــــﻼ ﻋــــﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒــــﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀــــﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴــــﺔ:
http://www.kanhistorique.org/Archive/2009/Issue03/Geographical
) (2ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺒﺤﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻡ ﻭﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻲ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ،
،2009ﺹ .35
) (3ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺴﻭﺴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺝ ،2ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ،1974 ،ﺹ .273
) (4ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻤﻴﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ،ﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﺤﻤـﺩ
ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ ،1962 ،ﺹ ﺹ .387-386
) (5ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ﺨﺼﺒﺎﻙ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺡ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ -ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻭﺒﺤﺜﻪ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌـﺔ ﺒﻐـﺩﺍﺩ ،ﺒﻐـﺩﺍﺩ،1982 ،
ﺹ.98
355
ﺩ .ﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺭﺍﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺭﻱ
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺤـﺩﻴﺜﹰﺎ ﻭﻤـﻨﻬﻡ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭل ﺩﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ "ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ" ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎل ﻋﻨﻬﺎ )ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ
ﺃﻋﻅﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ،ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺘﻡ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ،ﺍﻭ
ﻼ() ،(1ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
ﺃﺩﻕ ،ﺍﻭ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ ﻭﺃﻋﻅﻡ ﺘﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ
ﻟﻴﻜﺸﻑ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1166-1100/ﻡ(.
ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼـﺭ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﹰﺎ .ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﹼﺒﻴﺔ،
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺭﺴـﻡ
ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜـﺸﻑ ﻋﻤـﺎ
ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ .ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ):(2
ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ،ﺩﻟﻴل )ﺍﻭ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ( ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ،ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗـﻊ ،ﺍﻻﺘﺠـﺎﻩ،
ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﺘﺔ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ،ﻋﺎﻟﺞ ﻜل ﺠﺎﻨـﺏ
ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼـﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﻫـﻭ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻥ
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺱ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻅـﻡ ﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ.
-1ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ:
ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺠﻠـﻪ
ﺭﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ) ،(3ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴـﻭﻤﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل).(4
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﻗﻠـﻴﻡ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺘﻐﻁﻴـﻪ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ 000ﺍﻟﺦ ،ﻭﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺨﻁﻁ ﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺠﺯ ﺀ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺘﺨﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺒﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ ﻜـﺄﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ
ﻼ) :ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ( ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﻭﺍﻥ ﻷﻱ
ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
) (1ﻭل ﺩﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﺕ ،ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(4ﺝ ،2ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﻥ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺒل ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ ،1988 ،ﺹ
.358
) (2ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻭﺭﻯ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ،ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴـﺔ ،ﺍﻹﺴـﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،2008 ،ﺹ ﺹ
.18-17
) (3ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﺴﻨﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻁﻠﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،1982 ،ﺹ .352
) (4ﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ،2010 ،ﺹ .12
356
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1166-1100/ﻡ(.
ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺍﻨﻬـﺎ ﻻ
ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ).(1
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﻠﻭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺎﻭﻴﻥ ،ﻻﺤـﻅ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ
) ،(2)،(1ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻌﺯﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺁﻻﺘﻴﺔ-:
)(2
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) :(1ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ
) (1ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻡ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻜﺭﻡ ،ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤـﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ ﺍﻟﺠـﺎﻤﻌﻲ
ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،2008 ،ﺹ .72
) (2ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ،#219ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﺍﻜﺴﻔﻭﺭﺩ ﺒﻭﻜﻭﻙ ﻤﺨﻁﻭﻁ ،ﺒﻭﺩﻟﻴﺎﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ،ﺍﻜﺴﻔﻭﺭﺩ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩﺓ
ﺒﻭﻜﻭﻙ ،(R4-FOLS C3 – 375ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﻨﻘﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﻴﺕ.
http://www.henry.divis.com/maps/ Emwebpagea /219html
ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ :ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ.
357
ﺩ .ﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺭﺍﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺭﻱ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ):(2
ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ
_____________________________
) (1ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ،#219ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﺍﻜﺴﻔﻭﺭﺩ ﺒﻭﻜﻭﻙ ﻤﺨﻁﻭﻁ ،ﺒﻭﺩﻟﻴﺎﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ،ﺍﻜﺴﻔﻭﺭﺩ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩﺓ
ﺒﻭﻜﻭﻙ ،(R4-FOLS C3 – 375ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﻨﻘﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﻴﺕ.
ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ :ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ.
358
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1166-1100/ﻡ(.
.1ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﺼﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ،ﺜﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻗـﺎﻟﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﻡ) ،(1ﻓﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻪ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔـﻀﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺭﻭﻑ ﺁﻨـﺫﺍﻙ
ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺭﺴـﻤﻬﺎ
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل
ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻱ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ.
.2ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻟﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ )ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﺍﺫ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻜل ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﻴﻀﻡ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻘـﺩ
ﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺴﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﺠﻌل ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ،ﺃﻱ ﺴﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ) ،(2ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻘـﺩ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺭﺴـﻤﻬﺎ
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻜل ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﻴﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ )ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ( ،ﺍﺫ ﺴﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻗﻠـﻴﻡ
ﻫﻭ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨـﺩﺭﻙ ﻋﻨـﻭﺍﻥ
ﻼ ﻟﻭ ﺤﺩﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒـﻊ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ )ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ( ﻷﺩﺭﻜﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﻨـﻭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ) ،(3ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ.
.3ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻜل ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻪ) ،(4ﻭﻟﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﺩﺕ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁـﻪ
ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ
ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﻌﻠﺕ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ.
ﻋﻤﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺃﻋﻁﻰ ﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻪ ﺸﺭﺤﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ )ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ( ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻌﺩ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ.
) (1ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻨﺯﻫﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺭ.ﺭﻭ ﺒﻴﻨﺎﺘﺵ ،ﺕ .ﻟﻴﻔﻜﻰ .ﻑ .ﻤﻭﻨﺘﻴﻴل ،ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(1ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،1994 ،ﺹ .6
) (2ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ .13
) (3ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﺝ ،2ﺹ ﺹ .582-525
) (4ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ .13
359
ﺩ .ﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺭﺍﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺭﻱ
360
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1166-1100/ﻡ(.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﻭﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬـﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﻀـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺴﻤﻪ ،ﺍﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻌﺩ ﻟﺭﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻥ،
ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ
ﻭﻫﻲ)-:(1
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ :ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺱ :ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻗل ﻤـﻥ 2.4
ﺴﻡ ﻟﻜل 1609ﻡ.
ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ :ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ :ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ
2.4ﺴﻡ ﻟﻜل 1609ﻡ.
ﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﹰﺎ :ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ.
ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺤﻭل ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻗـﺩ ﺃﺩﺭﻜﻬـﺎ
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺴﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﺍﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ
ﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ-:
(1) T.W.Birch, Maps Typographical and Statistical, Great Britatiain, Oxford, 1966,
p.9.
) (2ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(1ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ .13
361
ﺩ .ﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺭﺍﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺭﻱ
) (1ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ 560ﻫـ ،ﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺭﻗـﺔ
ﻭﺃﻟﻑ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻨﻲ )ﻜﻭﻨﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻠﺭ( ﺴـﻨﺔ ،1931ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﺃﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻬﺠﺕ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺠﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻀﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗـﻲ،
ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ 1370ﻫـ 1951 -ﻡ ﺒﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ
ﻁﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ 1390ﻫـ 1970-ﻡ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ.
) (2ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻴﻀﻊ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﺼﺢ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﹰﺎ ﻟﻠـﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـﺔ ،ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(64ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،1934 ،ﺹ .1956
362
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1166-1100/ﻡ(.
)(1
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) :(3ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ
______________________________
) (1ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺴﻭﺴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺒﻐـﺩﺍﺩ ،1974 ،ﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ
.30
363
ﺩ .ﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺭﺍﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺭﻱ
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ ،ﻓﻘـﺩ
ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﻟـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ/ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘـﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﻟـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ×ﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ) ،(1ﺃﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺇﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ،
ﻓﺎﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ 120/1ﻜﻡ ،ﻭﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜـل
ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ 85/1ﻜﻡ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴـﺴﻲ
ﻓﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ 34/1ﻜﻡ ،ﻭﻟﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤـﻊ
ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﺍﻤﺎ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺃﺠـﺯﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ
ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﻫـﻭ
ﺍﺼﻐﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻬﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
ﻋﻤﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻪ ﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ
ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻓﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺒﺭﺴﻡ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺃﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺴـﻁﺢ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ.
-4ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ:
ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺘـﺼل
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍل ،ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻐـﺭﺏ ﺘـﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺌـﺭﺓ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ).(2
) (1ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ :ﺃﻨـﻭﺭ ﺴـﻴﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﺘـﺎﺡ ﺩﺨﻴـل ،ﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ،ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ،1999 ،ﺹ.100
) (2ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺸﺭﻑ ،ﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴـﺔ ،ﺍﻹﺴـﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ،
،2010ﺹ .24
364
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1166-1100/ﻡ(.
ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻤﻘﺎﺴـﹰﺎ
ﻻ ﺍﻭ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ،ﺍﻤﺎ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺸﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻭﻋﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺘﺨﺫ
ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺭﻴﻨﺵ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺨﻁ ﻁﻭل ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ،ﻭﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻜـﺭﻴﻨﺵ
ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻱ ،ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺨﻁـﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁـﻭل
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ).(1
ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ،ﺍﺫ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﻻ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ،ﻷﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺭﺴﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﻴﺔ).(2
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺨﻁـﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ،ﺍﺫ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻱ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻘـﺴﻴﻡ ﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﻟـﻰ 360
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ 360ﺨﻁ ﻁﻭل ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻟﻪ)) :ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻭﺴﺘﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ(() ،(3ﺍﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ
ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ 180ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻨﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ ،ﻭﺠﻌل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻟـﻪ)) :ﻭﺒـﻴﻥ ﺨـﻁ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺴﻌﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺩﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺫﻟﻙ(().(4
ﻭﻤﻊ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻁﻭﻟﻴﺔ) ،(5ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻀـﺢ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺘﺘـﺸﻜل
ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ ،ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ).(2
-5ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ:
ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ ﺨﻁـﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ،ﺍﺫ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨـﻭﺒﻲ ،ﺍﻤـﺎ ﺩﻭﺍﺌـﺭ
) (1ﺝ.ﺝ .ﻤﻭﻏﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ﺨﺼﺒﺎﻙ ،ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﺸﺭ،
ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ،1964 ،ﺹ ﺹ .7-6
) (2ﺨﻀﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ )ﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ( ،ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻨـﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴـﻊ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ،
،2002ﺹ .18
) (3ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(1ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ .8
) (4ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ.
) (5ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(1ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ .13
365
ﺩ .ﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺭﺍﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺭﻱ
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ .ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺒﺴﻬﻡ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﺤـﺩﻫﻤﺎ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ،ﺍﻭ ﺒﺴﻬﻤﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓـﻲ )ﻭﻫـﻭ
ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ( ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ) ،(1ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ ﺇﺒـﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺼـﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ.
ﻭﻴﻠﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﺭﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻨﻬﻡ
ﻭﻀﻌﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴـﺩل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺠﻬـل ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﺏ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺼـﺤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ .ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻗﺩ ﺤـﺩﺩﻭﺍ
ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺴـﻁﺢ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻭﺍﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺠﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺤﻴـﺙ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻤـﻊ
ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﺒﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﺍﺫ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻨـﻭﺏ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎل ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ
ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻭﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ) ،(2ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴـﺴﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺭﺴـﻤﻪ
ﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ).(2
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺴﻤﻪ
ﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻴﺨﻠﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻭﺭ ﻟـﺸﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ،ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ ﻴﺨﻠﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻭﺭ ﻟﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩ ،ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﻟﻪ) :ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺨﻼﺀ
ﻟﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻫـﺎ ﺨـﻼﺀ ﻟـﺸﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩ().(3
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ ﻭﺸـﺩﺓ
ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ
ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺘﻤﺜـل
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻘـﺩ
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘـﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ
366
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1166-1100/ﻡ(.
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﻋﺼﺭﻩ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﺎﺩ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺎل
ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒـﺔ ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔـﺔ ﺒـﺫﻟﻙ
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ.
ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻌل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻌﻠﻭ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ).(1
-6ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ:
ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﺔ
ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻭﺍﻹﻁﻨﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻪ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻻ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ-:
) (1ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻴﻤﺭ ،ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ :ﻴﻌﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨـﻭﺏ ،ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗـﻲ،
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ) ،(25ﻤﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ،ﺹ .186
) (2ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻡ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻜﺭﻡ ،ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ .73
367
ﺩ .ﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺭﺍﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺭﻱ
ﺍﻤﺎ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒـﺸﻜل ﻤـﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻨﺠـﺩ ﺍﻥ
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺝ ،ﺭﺍﺠـﻊ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ) ،(1ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ،ﺍﺫ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ :ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ:
ﺃ -ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ:
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ،ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﺴﻨﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻁﻠﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.1982 ، (1
ﺨﺼﺒﺎﻙ ،ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺡ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ -ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻭﺒﺤﺜﻪ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻐـﺩﺍﺩ، (2
ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.1982 ،
ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻤﻴﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ،ﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﻡ (3
ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ.1962 ،
ﺴﻭﺴﺔ ،ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺝ ،2ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻜﻭﻟﺒﻨﻜﻴﺎﻥ (4
ﻤﻊ ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺸﺭﻩ ،ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.1974 ،
ﺴﻭﺴﺔ ،ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺒﻐـﺩﺍﺩ، (5
.1974
ﺴﻴﺎﻟﺔ ،ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﻭﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺩﺨﻴل ،ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ، (6
.1999
ﺸﺭﻑ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ،ﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ، (7
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ.2010 ،
ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ ،ﻜﺘﺎﺏ (8
ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺭ.ﺭﻭﺒﻴﻨـﺎﺘﺵ ،ﺕ ,ﻟﻴﻔﻴﻜـﻰ ،ﻑ .ﻤﻭﻨﺘﻴﻴـل،
ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(1ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.1994 ،
ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ ،ﻜﺘﺎﺏ (9
ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺭ.ﺭﻭﺒﻴﻨـﺎﺘﺵ ،ﺕ ﻟﻴﻔﻴﻜـﻰ ،ﻑ .ﻤﻭﻨﺘﻴﻴـل،
ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(2ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.1994 ،
(10ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﻱ ،ﺨﻀﺭ ،ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ )ﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ( ،ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻨـﺸﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ.2002 ،
(11ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻡ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺒﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻲ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠـﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.2009 ،
(12ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ،ﻭﻓﺎﺀ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ.2010 ،
368
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ )560-493ﻫـ1166-1100/ﻡ(.
(13ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻡ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﻜﺭﻡ ،ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ،ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤـﺔ،
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ.2008 ،
(14ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻭﺭﻱ ،ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴـﺔ ،ﺍﻹﺴـﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ،
.2008
ﺏ -ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻴﺎﺕ:
ﺍﺴﻭﺩ ،ﻓﻼﺡ ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ،ﺨﺼﻭﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺭﺩ، (1
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(18ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ،ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.1989 ،
ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ،ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ 560ﻫــ ،ﺠﻤـﻊ (2
ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﺃﻟﻑ ﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻨﻲ )ﻜـﻭﻨﺭﺍﺩ
ﻤﻠﺭ( ﺴﻨﺔ ،1931ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺤﻤـﺩ ﺒﻬﺠـﺕ ﺍﻷﺜـﺭﻱ
ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺠﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻀﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ 1370ﻫــ -
1951ﻡ ﺒﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ
1390ﻫـ 1970 -ﻡ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ.
ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ،ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﻴﻀﻊ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﺼﺢ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺎ ﻟﻠـﺩﻨﻴﺎ (3
ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(64ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.1934 ،
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻴﻤﺭ ،ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﺭ ،ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ :ﻴﻌﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ (4
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ) ،(25ﻤﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ،ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.
-2ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ:
)1 Brich. T.W, Maps Topgraphical and statistical, Great Britation,
Oxford, 1966.
)2 Sloane. R.C and Mantz. J.M, Elements Toporaphic Drawing, 2nd. Ed,
Mc Graw Hill, New York, 1943.
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