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    Composite Materials CZ4B

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    Vahid Kamraninejad
    Glass fibers are the most common reinforcing fibers used in polymer matrix composites. E-glass is the most widely used type due to its low cost, while S-glass has the highest tensile strength but is more expensive. Glass fibers have an amorphous, isotropic structure composed of silicon, oxygen, and other atoms arranged randomly. They are manufactured through processes involving melting glass, extruding fibers, drawing them into thin filaments, coating them, and collecting the fibers onto spools. Glass fibers are used in various forms including strands, rovings, and chopped strands for different composite applications. Their strength can degrade over time due to surface damage, water exposure, and sustained loading.

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    Composite Materials CZ4B

    Uploaded by

    Vahid Kamraninejad
    30 views14 pages
    Glass fibers are the most common reinforcing fibers used in polymer matrix composites. E-glass is the most widely used type due to its low cost, while S-glass has the highest tensile strength but is more expensive. Glass fibers have an amorphous, isotropic structure composed of silicon, oxygen, and other atoms arranged randomly. They are manufactured through processes involving melting glass, extruding fibers, drawing them into thin filaments, coating them, and collecting the fibers onto spools. Glass fibers are used in various forms including strands, rovings, and chopped strands for different composite applications. Their strength can degrade over time due to surface damage, water exposure, and sustained loading.

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    Glass fibers are the most common reinforcing fibers used in polymer matrix composites. E-glass is the most widely used type due to its low cost, while S-glass has the highest tensile strength but is more expensive. Glass fibers have an amorphous, isotropic structure composed of silicon, oxygen, and other atoms arranged randomly. They are manufactured through processes involving melting glass, extruding fibers, drawing them into thin filaments, coating them, and collecting the fibers onto spools. Glass fibers are used in various forms including strands, rovings, and chopped strands for different composite applications. Their strength can degrade over time due to surface damage, water exposure, and sustained loading.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    30 views14 pages

    Composite Materials CZ4B

    Uploaded by

    Vahid Kamraninejad
    Glass fibers are the most common reinforcing fibers used in polymer matrix composites. E-glass is the most widely used type due to its low cost, while S-glass has the highest tensile strength but is more expensive. Glass fibers have an amorphous, isotropic structure composed of silicon, oxygen, and other atoms arranged randomly. They are manufactured through processes involving melting glass, extruding fibers, drawing them into thin filaments, coating them, and collecting the fibers onto spools. Glass fibers are used in various forms including strands, rovings, and chopped strands for different composite applications. Their strength can degrade over time due to surface damage, water exposure, and sustained loading.

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    Composite Materials

    Glass Fibers
    Glass Fibers
    • Glass fibers are the most common of all reinforcing fibers for
    polymeric matrix composites (PMC).

    E-Glass Low Cost

    Highest Tensile
    Strength
    Glass Fibers S-Glass
    Expensive

    Corrosion
    C-Glass
    Resistant
    Glass Fibers, Composition
    • oxides, such as B2O3 and Al2O3, are added to modify the network
    structure of SiO2 as well as to improve its workability.
    • Lower Na2O and K2O gives a better corrosion resistance to water as
    well as higher surface resistivity
    Glass Fibers, Structure
    • The internal structure of glass fibers is a three-dimensional, long
    network of silicon, oxygen, and other atoms arranged in a random
    fashion. Thus, glass fibers are amorphous (noncrystalline) and
    isotropic (equal properties in all directions).
    Glass Fibers, Structure

    http://www.grandinetti.org/Research/Applications
    Manufacturing
    Dry Mixing &
    Melting @ 1370C

    Extrusion

    Drawing into
    10μm filaments

    Coating

    Collecting &
    Winding

    Coating (or size): lubricants, antistatic


    agents, binder
    Glass Melting
    • Batch is delivered into the furnace section for melting, removal of
    gaseous inclusions, and homogenization. Then, the molten glass flows
    into the refiner section, where the temperature of the glass is
    lowered from 1370 C (2500 F) to about 1260 C (2300F).
    Fiberizing & Sizing
    • The molten glass flows through a platinum-
    rhodium alloy bushing with a large number
    of holes or tips (400 to 8000, in typical
    production).
    • The bushing is heated electrically, and the
    heat is controlled very precisely to
    maintain a constant glass viscosity.
    • The fibers are drawn down and cooled
    rapidly as they exit the bushing.
    • A sizing is then applied to the surface of
    the fibers by passing them over an
    applicator that continually rotates through
    the sizing bath to maintain a thin film
    through which the glass filaments pass.
    Roving Production
    • The entire process

    ASM Handbook, Vol. 21: Composites (#06781G)


    Glass Fiber Forms
    • Strand: collection of parallel
    filaments numbering 204 or
    more
    • Roving: a group of untwisted
    parallel strands (ends)
    wound on a cylindrical
    forming package
    • Chopped strands are produced by cutting continuous strand s into
    short lengths.
    • The ability of the individual filaments to hold together during or after
    the chopping process depends largely on the type and amount of the
    size applied during fiber manufacturing operation.

    Strands

    Hard (High Soft (Low


    integrity) integrity)
    Strands, Applications
    • Chopped strands from 0.125 - 0.5 in: injection-molding operations.
    • Longer strands, up to 2 in. are mixed with a binder and spread in a
    two-dimensional random fashion to form chopped strand mats
    (CSMs). These mats are used mostly for hand layup moldings and
    provide nearly equal properties in all directions.
    • Milled glass fibers: grinding continuous strands into 0.031–0. 125 in.
    They are primarily used as a filler in the plastics industry and do not
    possess any significant reinforcement value.
    Fiber Degradation
    • Fresh glass fibers >3.45 GPa (Tensile S.)
    • Surface damage produced by abrasion (rubbing against each other or
    by contact) tends to reduce it to values that are in the range of 1.72–
    2.07 GPa
    Effect of Water & Sustained Loads
    • Water bleaches out the alkalis from the surface and deepens the surface flaws already present in
    fibers.
    • Under sustained loads, the growth of surface flaws is accelerated owing to stress corrosion by
    atmospheric moisture. the tensile strength of glass fibers is decreased with increasing time of
    load duration

    Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Open Journal of Composite Materials


    Vol.2 No.2(2012), Article ID:18805,8 pages

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