PROJECT REPORT

ON
VILLAGE ATTACHMENT
AT
VILLAGE MEHMUNJOYA
UNDER RAWE-411

Submitted to Faculty of Agriculture

In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirement of The Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (Hons.)

Submitted By:
Kashish Bajaj
B.Sc. Agriculture (Hons.) Sem-VIII
Registration No. 2017.K/A.1219
College Roll No. 17101204
University Roll No. 17110012560

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

KHALSA COLLEGE AMRITSAR

2020-2021

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My profound gratitude and foremost thanks, with limitless humility to God, the supreme and
the merciful, for providing me strength and courage to go through all odds successfully at this
juncture.

Indeed the words at my command are not adequate either in form or in spirit, to convey my
depth of feelings of gratefulness to Dr. Randeep Kaur Bal, Coordinator- RAWE & AIA
and Dr. Mehal Singh, Principal, Khalsa College Amritsar, and to all other faculty members
for their valuable suggestions, praiseworthy guidance, keen interest, juvenile encouragement,
constructive criticism and bringing the manuscript to its original form.

I empathetically express my thanks especially to our guide Sh. Rakesh Sharma for providing
me unconditional helping hand whenever needed at various stages of this investigation and my
studies.

I shall be failing in my duty if I do not express my heartfelt sense of gratefulness and indebtness
to my esteemed parents Mrs. Simple and Sh. Gopal Krishan, who not only brought me to
this world but also constantly nurtured my body , mind , spirit and intellect , being my first
teachers

Needless to say, all omissions and errors are mine.

Place: Amritsar Kashish bajaj

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 CERTIFICATE

The report entitled village attachment at Village Mehmunjoya (RAWE-411) is submitted to

P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College Amritsar is an original work and has not
been copied from elsewhere. If any part is found copied the report may be rejected.

Signature of student

Roll No: __________

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Remarks by the evaluation committee:

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S. No Contents Page no

1. Introduction to RAWE 6

2. Socio economic survey of the village 7-27

3. Agronomical intervention 28-37

4. Extension and transfer of technology 38-40

5. Fruit & vegetable production intervention 41-48

6. Soil health improvement intervention 49-67

7. Plant protection intervention 68-82

8. Food processing and storge intervention 83-89

9. Animal production intervention 90-102

10. Conclusion 103-104

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO RAWE

Agriculture education is an important tool in ensuring increased agriculture productivity,

sustainability environment and ecological security and equality. In India ICAR initiated Rural
Agriculture Work Experience equality and practical education for agriculture dgree
programme.

Meaning of RAWE-

RAWE (Rural Agriculture Work Experience) is a programme for imparting quality, practical
and production-oriented education for agriculture degree.

Importance of RAWE-

1.Preparing agriculture graduates for better carrier in agriculture.

2.Preparing agriculture graduates to face the challenges by acquiring knowledge and skill
through hands on experience.

Objectives of RAWE-

1. TO provide an opportunity to the students to understand the rural setting in relation to

agriculture and allied activities.
2. To make the students familiar with socio economic conditions of the farmers and their
problems.
3. To impart diagnostic and remedial knowledge to the students relevant to the real field
situations through practical knowledge to the students through practical training.
4. To develop communications skills in students using extension teaching methods in
transfer of technology =.
5. To develop confidence to solve agriculture problems.
6. To acquaint students with ongoing extension and rural development programmes.
7. To provide major information to the farmers about various crops and other agriculture
field.

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 Socio-economic
survey
Week 1
(08.03.2021 – 13.03.2021)

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2. SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE VILLAGE
Socio-Economic survey can be briefly described as the study of the villages social and
economic status. Its main objective is to collect data and maintain a record of the village
and farmer in order to get a closer look into the background as well as to have an idea
about the problems faced by them. The survey is a process to know, to evaluate, to
analyse and to find solutions to improve the life of the farmers. For the survey, a
questionnaire is prepared where the basic infrastructure, cropping pattern, livestock,
holding size, occupation, source of income, assets, constraints etc., are set for the
farmers to be answered and filled by the concerned interviewer. The collection of data
from the farmers, are then used as a sample for the whole village.

Village Entrance and Location On Map

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VS-I: General Information
1. Name of village: Mehmunjoya , Mehmunjoya is a Village in Guru Har Sahai
Tehsil in Fazilka District of Punjab State, India. It is located 44 KM towards South
from District head-quarters Firozpur. 269 KM from State capital Chandigarh.
Mehmunjoya is surrounded by Jalalabad Tehsil towards South , Mamdot Tehsil
towards North , Muktsar Tehsil towards South , Faridkot Tehsil towards East
.Jalalabad is the nearby City to mehmunjoya.
2. Tehsil: Jalalabad west
3. District: Fazilka
4. Distance in Kilometers from the nearest:
a) Primary/Middle School: ………0km ……………………

b) High School/ Higher Secondary/College: ………0km……….

c) Post Office: …………………7km ………………

d) Railway Station: …………7km……………………

e) Bus Stand: ……0km………………………………

f) Tehsil Place: …………7km ………………………

g) Mandi: ………………7km……………………………

5. Transport facilities available in the village: buses, auto rikshawas, cars, motor bikes
etc.
6. Nearest village (weekly) market:
a) Place: …focal point morra vale …………………

b) Distance: …………4km………………

Infrastructure of village:

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 Primary and secondary school, Mehmunjoya

VS-II: Population of Village

S.No. Item Population as per Census

1. Total Population 619+69=688
2. Total Male 334 +38
1. Literate 285
2. Illiterate 87
3. Total Female 285+31
1. Literate 213
2. Illiterate 103
4. Number of Cultivators 68
5. Number of Agricultural Labourers 22
1. Male 22
2. Female ---
6. Other
Nos. of Scheduled Castes 202
Nos. of Scheduled Tribes --
Nos. of Scheduled Backwards --
Note: POPULATION DATA IS AS PER 2011 CENSUS

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 VS-III: Land use pattern of village
S.No. Item Area in hectares % to total Geographical
area
1. Total Geographical area of 260 hectares(648.45
Village acres)
2. Area under forest 1 0.3%
3. Barren and uncultivable land 2 0.76%
4. Land put to non-agricultural 2 0.76%
use
5. Net area sown 250 96%
6. Net irrigated area 250 96%
7. Area sown more than once 250 96%
8. Gross cropped area 500 192 %
Note: Information on land use pattern of the village to be obtained from the Patwari.

VS-IV: Irrigation facilities available in the village:

S.No. Source of Irrigation Number Area irrigated in Hectare

Seasonal Perennial
1. Total Wells 0
a) Well in use
b) Not in use
2. Canal 3 3
3. Tube wells 55
4. Tank 0 0
5. Other Sources (specify) 0 0

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VS-V: Implements and machinery available in village:

S.No. Particulars Number

1. Bullock drawn implements 0
2. Hand drawn implements 10
3. Tractors 32
4. Power thresher 1
5. Electric pump/oil engine 70
6. Sprayers 70
7. Dusters 0
Note: Information on irrigation facilities and implements and machinery can be obtained
from the Patwari and Village Development Officer (V.D.O) working in Gram Panchyat.

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VS-VI: Cropping pattern of village (use data for current/latest year):

S.No. Crop Varieties grown Area in Percentage to

hectares gross cropped
area
1. Wheat PBW 725 239.8 48.8 %
HD 2851
HD 3086
2. Paddy PR 121 239.8 48.8%
PR114
PR129
PR128
PR127
3. Fodder crops Sorghum PMH11 8.8 1.7%
Maize PMH1
KESRI
4. Oil Seed Toria- TL17 0.4 0.08%
TL15
Gobi swrson=

GSC6
GSC7
5. Potatos Kufri sinduri 0
Kufri jyoti
6. . Sugarcane COJ 64 2 kanals 0.04%
COJ 85 (0.2 hec)
7. Pulses - 0

8. fruits - 2 kanals 0.04%

9. . Barley - 0

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 10. . Oats - 0.4 0.08%

11. . Vegetables TOMATO 1.2 0.2%

PUNJAB SONA
CHERRY
PUNJAB
SWARNA
OKRA
PUNJAB
SUHAWANI
PUNJAB
PADMINI
CARROT
PUNJAB
CARROT RED
PUNJAB
BLACK
BEAUTY
REDDISH
RADDISH
PUNJAB SAFED
MOOLI
PUNJAB
PASAND
. Flowers Nusturium 0.4 hec 0.08%

. Gross Cropped Area of 491

Village hecatres
Note: Data on Cropping Pattern of the village to be obtained from the village Patwari.

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VS-VII: Wages rates prevalent in the village:
S.No. Period Wages Rate (Rs.) per day
Man Women Bullock Tractor/hr.
pair
1. Khairf Season
a) Sowing time 400 300 - -
b) Interculture 400 300 - -
c) Harvesting 400 300 - -
d) Threshing - - - -
2. Rabi Season
a) Sowing time 400 300 - -
b) Interculture 400 300 - -
c) Harvesting 400 300 - -
d) Threshing - - - -

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Household Schedule (HS)

Information of Selected Cultivators

a) Name of the Farmer: …………S. Baldev singh ……………………….
b) Village: …………….Mehmunjoya……… ……………….

c) Block: ………………Guruharshai……………...
d) Tehsil: …………Jalalabad ……………………………

e) District: ……………Fazilka ………………………………………….

f) Religion: …………sikh ………………………………………….

g) No. of children: ………………2……………………………….

h) Spouse (Prof): ………Kulwinder kaur ………………………………………….

i) Operational green area (Ha) …………50 acre ……………………………………

j) Family Joint Nuclear: …………………Joint …………………………………….

k) Family Size: …8 member ….

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 HS-I: Details about Family Members

S. Name Age Education Relation with Occupation

No. (Yrs) IL P M S G head Main Subsidiary
1. Gurinder 45 ✓ Son Farmer
singh
2. Jaswinder 40 ✓ Daughter in law Teacher
kaur
3. Abhay singh 18 ✓ Grandson --
4. Rupinder 42 ✓ Son Farmer
singh
5. Gurwinder 40 ✓ Daughter in law
kaur Housewife
6. Avnoor kaur 9 ✓ Granddaughter --
IL - Illiterate, P - Primary Level, M - Middle Standard, S - Secondary Level, G-
Graduate & above.

HS-II: Details about land possessed by the cultivator

S.No. Particulars Area (hectare)

1. Total land area 20

2. Net sown area 20

3. Area under irrigation 20

4. Area sown more than once 20

5. Gross cropped area (2+4) 40

6. Approximate value of land (Rs./ha) 20,00,000 × 50 =
100,000,000

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 HS-III: Details of Livestock Position

S. Particulars Type of Animal Others

No. Milch Animal Pigs/Goat/
Any others
Buffaloes Cows

1. No. of animals 4 3
2. Age of animals(years) 4-4-2-2 4-4-0.5
3. If purchased -- --
Year of purchase
Price (Rs.)

HS-IV: Farm Machineries

S.No. Name of Machine Year and

Purchase/price
1. Tractor 2015/100000
2. Rotavator 2015/110000
3. Trolley 1970/20000
4. Suhaga 2005/10000
5. Harrow 2016/50000
6. Zero drill 2019/170000
7. Generator 2001/30000
8. Fodder cutter 2010/10000

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V: Inventory of Residential and Farm Building

S.No. Type of building Year of Type of No. of

constriction construction Rooms
1. Type of building Double story house

2. Residential 2005 Permanent 5

3. Cattle Shed 2001 Permanent
4. Other Shed Storage
5. Irrigation Structures (Pump 1998 Semi permanent
house)
6. Tractor shed 2001 Permanent
7. Others --

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Farm Machinery

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HS-VII: Details of labour used for one important crop grown by the selected
farmer:

I) Name of Crop ……. Wheat ………. II) Area (ha)…19.2…………

S.No. Name of Frequency Human Labour Machine Labour

Operation of use Family Hired Owned Hired
Hrs. Val. Hrs. Val. Hrs. Val. Hrs. Val.
1. Ploughing 0
2. Harrowing 0
3. Leveling 1
4. Zero drill 1
5. Manuring 0
6. Sowing/ 1 Labour is hired on monthly
Transplanting basis
7. Fertilizer 1
application
8. Weeding 0
9. Hoeing 0
10. Fertilizer 1
application
(Second dose)
11. Plant 1
protection
12. Irrigation 3
13. Harvesting 1

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 14. Threshing and 1
winnowing
15. Transportation 3-4
of produce to
home
16. Other
operation

VIII: Details of Material used and Estimation of the cost of cultivation of one
important crop grown by the selected farmer:
I) Name of the Crop…………wheat ……. .II) Area (ha)………19.2……………

S.No Particulars Quantity Price per Total

Used unit cost
1. Family labour
a) Man (day) 1 00
b) Woman (day)
2. Hired Human
labour
owned/Hire 1 10000/month
a) Male (day)
b) Woman (day)
3. Bullock labour Pair (day) 00
a) Owned
b) Hired
4. Machine Labour
a) Owned (Hrs.) 1 400/day

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 b) Hired (Hrs.)

5. Seed (Kg) 45 kg Rs 24/kg Rs

1200/acre
6. Manures (Q.) 00 00 00

7. Fertilizer
a) N 40kg 1200
b) P DAP
c) K 125kg 125*4 2200
Urea
10 kg 500
zinc
8. Insecticides 400

9. Irrigation charges (Rs.) 00

Total S. No. 02 to 09

10 Rent Paid for leased in land 00

11 Production
a) Main Produce (Q) 20qtl/acre Rs.1975/qtl
b) By Produce (Q)

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HS-IX: Crop Production Record

S.No. Name of the crop with Area Quantity produced

variety (Acre) Main product By product
(Q) (Q)
1. Wheat
PBW550 30acre 23qtl/acre Turi
HD30876 18acre 23qtl/acre

HS-X: Disposal of Farm Produce

S.No.0 Name of the Quantity Quantity Quantity

crop Produced Consumed sold
Q Price/Q Total
1. Wheat 1100 qtl 6 qtl 1094qtl Rs.1975 21,60,650

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 XI: Family Budget of the Farmer
S.No. Item Consumed during the Total Value
year
Home Purchase
Produced
I. Cereals
Wheat 6q 6*1925=1155
Rice 25kg Rs 2500
Other
II. Pulses 50 kg 50*100=50000
Other Pulses

III. Edible Oil 60 kg 120*60=7200

IV. Non-Vegetarian Nil

Mutton/Chicken
Eggs
Other
V. Milk and Milk 25kg *365 Rs 365000
Products
Milk
Ghee
/Butter
VI. Condiments and 20 kg 20*2000=40000
Spices
VII. Beverages
1. Tea 40kg 40*300=12000

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 2. Coffee

3. Other

IX. Fuel and Light 3600 unit 100*3600=360000

Other Information Related to Village / District

1. Industry wise progress in Production and employment (Year 2020-2021)

S.No. Village industry Production Employment
in Rs. in days
1. Processing of cereals and pulses
2. Ghani Oil
3. Village leather
4. Brick Kiln
5. Sugar Cane and Khandsari/Gur
6. Bee Keeping
7. Village pottery
8. Carpentry and block smithy
9. Any Other

2. Prevailing Marketing Channel for cereals/pulses/oil seed/fruit and vegetable/

forests products
S. Cereals Pulses Oil Seeds Vegetables Fruits
No.
1. Commission Village -- -- --
agent traders
2. Trader Dal miller -- -- --

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3. Miller
Wholeseller
4. Wholeseller Retailer
5. Retailer Trader
6. Co-operative
mills
7. Flour mills
8.

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 Agronomical
Intervention
Week 2
(14.03.2021 – 20.03.2021)

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 3. AGRONOMICAL INTERVENTION

Details of the Agricultural Operation Performed by the Host Farmers

Name of the host farmer: Jasbir singh ………………………

Village…Mehmunjoya …………… Block: Guruharshai
District: Fazilka Cropping Season(s): Rabi
Year: 2021

Field Crop(s)
Field Agronomic operation done by the farmer
area Variety(s)
No. during crop production
(Acre) grown
Weed
Seed rate
Manuring control
Sowing Irrigation
and and
Tillage date seed and
Fertilizer inter
treatment, drainage
application culture
sowing
operations

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 method
etc.

Urea
Wheat 120kg/acre 2,4-d;
1 7 Acre 50kg/acre 3
HD-2851 Dap topic 15wp
40kg/acre
Urea
Happy
Wheat 120kg/acre 2,4-d;
2 7 Acre seeder and 40kg/acre 3
HD-3086 Dap topic 15wp
zero till drill
40kg/acre
Urea
15 Wheat 120kg/acre 2,4-d;
3 45kg/acre 3
Acre PBW550 Dap topic 15wp
40kg/acre
Ploughing 40kg urea At 15-
4 1 acre Barseem & 10kg +200kg nil 20days
Broadcasting SSP interval

Agronomic operations done during crop Actual Yield per ha

Main
After care Threshing production By-product
Transportation
/ plant Harvesting and (Grain/Tubers/ (Straw/Stover/
to threshing
protection winnowing Green Haulm)
vegetable)

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 In wheat
Aphid
Harvesting
attack is Through tractor Grains
done at full Thresher straw
controlled trolley 20-22q/acre
ripe stage
using
aktara
Fodder 4-6
-- manual labour -- cuttings total --
300quintal

Estimated value of the produce (Rs/ha)

Estimated
Profit or loss
Main produce Main produce Main produce expenditure
(Rs/acre)
(Rs./acre)
Wheat grains Wheat grains Wheat grains
Profit
20q/ acre 10,000
39000/acre

Format - II

Details of the cropping programme proposed by the student to the Host Farmer
Field Crop(s)
Field Agronomic operation done by the farmer
area Variety(s)
No. during crop production
(ha) grown

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 Seed rate,
Date of Weed
Sowing, Manuring control
Irrigation
Seed and and
Tillage and
treatment, Fertilizer inter
drainage
Depth of application culture
sowing operations
etc.
2-3
Inoculate If itsit is a 10-15
ploughings
10kg seed 6 toons problem days
Barseem followed by
1 1 acre with FYM delay interval or
BL 43 planking
rhizobium ,125kg SSP sowing by as per
and
culture 2 weeks weather
broadcasting

Background Information of the Host Farmer

1. Name of the farmer: jasbir singh

(a) Total land owned by the farmer (acre): 30 acre
(b) Land suitable for cultivation (ha): 30 acre
(c) Land not suitable for cultivation: nil
(i) Farm Stead (ha ): nil
(ii) Waste land (ha): nil
2. Soil Conditions:
(i) Topography: Plain, 199 meters above sea level
(ii) Colour: light to dark
(iii) Texture: Sandy loam
(iv) Depth:
(v) Fertility Status: Average to Good
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4. Rainfall of the district (Weekly):
5. Irrigation facilities available on the field:
(i) Irrigation source: Tubewell and Canal
(ii) Water availability period: 24×7 (canal is seasonal)
(iii) Approximate irrigated area (acres): 30 acres
6. Drainage requirement:
7. Crop(s) / Variety (s) i.e. grown by the farmers
(i) During kharif: Rice 1121, PR14, Maize
(ii) During rabi: wheat HD2851, HD3086, PBW550, Barseem
(iii) During summer: Cucurbits
8. Existing cropping systems practiced by the farmer
(i) Cropped area during kharif : 30 acres
(ii) Cropped area during rabi: 30 acres
(iii) Cropped area during summer: 4 marla
9. Use of seeds
(i) Own seeds: rice, wheat
(ii) Seeds if purchased / Procured (Source/Agency): Vegetables, Rice, Wheat, Barseem,
Maize
(iii) Category of seed used, if purchased: Certified

10. Use of agro-inputs

(Fertilizers: Urea, DAP, SSP, Zinc

Manures: nil
Herbicides: Topik 15 WP, 2,4-d
Insecticides/Fungicides: Bavistin, Actara
11. Adoption of cultivation practice by the farmer with reasoning
(i) Traditional practice:
(ii) Recommended practice:
12. Livestock / position in numbers:
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(i) Bullock: 0
(ii) Cows: 4
(iii) He buffaloes: 0
(iv) She buffaloes: 4
13. Farm machinery and power
(i) Availability of electricity: 24*7
(ii) Tractor: 1
(iii) Trolley / bullock cart: 1
(iv) Plough: 1
(v) Harrow: 1
(vi) Leveler (Laser): --AS
(vii) Seed drill:1
(viii) Weeders: --
(ix) Threshers / Winnowers: --
(x) Chaff cutters: 1
14. Market facilities (Regulated/unregulated): Regulated
(Mandi, Cold storage if any)
15. Transport facilities (Road, Railways): By Road
16. Loan facilities
(Cooperative or commercial or private:
Banks, Government Agencies, Other sources)
17. Technological facilities
(i) Training Centres / Charcha Mandal: Krishi vigyan kendar
(ii) Television / Radio: yes
(iii) Public Library: no
(iv) Krishi Vigyan Kendra: yes
(v) Research Centre: no
(vi) NGO’s: no

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18. Calendar of the farm operation during the crop season / year. Calendar of

agricultural operations done by the farmer*

Name of the operation performed by the

S.no Day and date
(attach a separate sheet, if necessary)
1 20 November Sowing of wheat PBW550, HD2851
2 15 November Wheat HD3086
3 5 November Barseem

(a) Land preparation :

(i) Number of ploughing / harrowing: 1
(ii) Leveling : 1
(iii) Soil and water conservation practices: --
Practices / soil amendments
(iv) Any practice to facilitate: --
(Irrigation/drainage)
(b) Seed and sowing
(i) Seed treatment / seed inoculation: Bavistin
(ii) Raising of nursery, if needed:--
(iii) Seed rate: 40-50kg/acre for wheat as per variety and 10kg /acre for barseem
(iv) Method of nursery raising: ---
(v) Method of sowing of transplanting: (if applicable): ----

(c) Fertilizer application

(i) Application of organic manures: nil
(ii) Application of fertilizers: Urea, DAP, SSP
(iii) Method and time of manure and fertilizer application: Drilling and Broadcasting
(iv) Any other information pertaining to nutrient management: nil
(v) Use of Leaf colour chart: yes
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(d) After care:

(i) Weed control: chemical weedicide are used

(ii) Intercultural; nil
(iii) Manual / cultural :----
(iv) Mechanical / Chemical weed control measures, if any : weedicide used 2,4-d, topik 15wp
(v) Special cultural operations, if any: nil
(vi) Any other information like earthening
stacking, wrapping, nipping etc. : nil

(e) Irrigation
(i) number of irrigation (s) : 3-4 for wheat and as needed for barseem
(ii) Drainage, if done : No

(f) Plant protection

(i) Time and stage of the occurrence: Aphid in wheat in month of February-march
(ii) Severity of the pest / diseases: Moderate
(iii) Extent of damage caused : No damage

(g) Control measures adopted for the control of insects pest / diseases
Actara (thiamethoxam) @ 50 gram in 80-100 litre of water in sprayer
Recommended dose of actara is 20gram per acre

(h) Harvesting, threshing and processing

(i) Date of harvesting and duration: April 14
(ii) Transportation to threshing floor : Tractor trolley
(iii) Threshing (manual / animal / machinery): machinery
(iv) Winnowing (method, time) : machinery

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(I) Farmers experience
1: Major problems in Rice, wheat , maize, Sugarcane , vegetables etc cultivation: major
problem in wheat is the infestation of weeds for which chemical pesticides are being used by
the farmers.
2: Problems regarding labour availability: labour in the village is most probabaly available
during the season but due to covid 19 pandemic laobour was less available

Suggestions to farmers for future work: Apart from growing only agronomical crops such
as rice and wheat, farmers can grow vegetables such as pea and cabbage etc this will enhance
the profitability of the farmers. Along with this farmer can also start fruit production and can
double their income,

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Extension and Transfer
of Technology
Week 3
(22.03.2021 – 27.03.2021)

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4. EXTENSION AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES
1. Name of the farmer: Gurinder Singh
2. Village: Mehmunjoya
3. Age: 40
4. Education: Graduation
5. Total members in family: Men 2 Women ……2….. Children ……1…….
6. Total area of land owned (acres): 20
7. Crops Sown: wheat, rice, seasonal vegetables, barseem, fodder maize
8. Any allied activities: no
9. Sources of information used:
a) How do you obtain the latest information about agricultural technology?
Ans: The farmer usually get the information about agricultural activities from his
mobile and television and thus because of them they get to know about all the new
agricultural activities done all around the punjab. They alsco contact PAU experts as
per requirement.
b) Do you contact University Experts for obtaining information about agricultural
technology? If yes, please specify it.
Ans: Yes, they contact the PAU experts as and when required. They get information
regarding pest and disease management from PAU experts from time to time.
c) Do you watch any program related to agriculture? If yes, please specify it.
Ans: Yes, they watch different programs on dd kisan Channel. Beside this they also
use mobile apps for getting information on different aspects of agriculture.
d) Do you read any literature related to agriculture? If yes, please specify it.
Ans: Yes he said he frequently used to read newspapers that contain agriculture
related information. Thus, this newspaper is directly helpful in enhancing the
knowledge related to agriculture sector.

39 | P a g e
Studing outgoing extension programmes in the village

1) Name of ongoing extension program you have studied?

After discussing about the extension programs , the farmer told me that sometimes
agricultural extension workers come to their village and guide about innovative
techniques for stubble management beside from burning them it should be buried
into the soil this will improve the soil condition. Also he said they also motivate us to
use the chemicals only when they are required the most.

2) Objectives of extension programmes

The main objective of extension program is to guide and make aware the farmers
about new technologied and also to aware them about the uses of chemicals usesd in
agriculture. Extension workers also guide the the farmers that how they can save
water during rice cultivation by sowing direct seeded rice.
3) How far the targets were achieved?
The farmer said that they all very influenced by the extension officers in order to
reduce the air pollution, which is only achieved if the paddy straws are managed in
such as way that it should not be burned.

4) What difficulty were faced by the executors of program?

The main problem faced by the extension worker was, that the farmers did not show
interest in what they want to convey them.

40 | P a g e
Fruit & Vegetable
Production
Intervention
Week 4
(30.03.2021 – 3.04.2021)

41 | P a g e
 5. FRUIT & VEGETABLE PRODUCTION INTERVENTION

Fruit Production

Details of existing fruit trees

1) Name of District/Block/Village: Mehmunjoya Dist.Fazilka

2) Name of the farmers: Gurwinder singh

3) Is there fruit orchard or not?

Yes, there are a few fruit trees in the village but no farmer is doing commercial
cultivation of fruits for sale purpose. A family in the village have established an
orchard according to PAU model for their home consumption. The details are as
follows:

42 | P a g e
 Plot No. Fruit & Cultivars Area (Acre)/No. of trees
1. Plum (satluj purple, kala Amritsari)
2. Banana
3. Mango (amarpali, alphonso)
4. Litchi
Tress are grown in an area of
5. Loquat
2 kanals [40 marlas ]

6. Peach (shan-e-Punjab)
7. Badam

4) If there is no fruit orchard, why farmer not going for fruit cultivation?

After discussing with farmermers about the commercial production of fruits in the
village farmers told me that due to no fixed price of the fruits they donot grow fruits
for commercial purpose.

Discuss the following points with farmers: -

i. What is diversification and benefits of diversification?

• Diversification refers to change in the cropping pattern or opting for other

agriculture related enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, etc
• It helps in increasing the soil fertility
• It heps in increasing the farm income and risk bearing ability of the farmers

43 | P a g e
ii. Losses occurred due to wheat-rice cycle in view point of soil, water and
environment?

• Declying underground water table.

• Multiple nutrient deficiencies
• Diverse weed flora
• Reduced soil productivity
• Declining soil structure
• Difficult residual management

iii. What are the benefits of fruit production?

• More production per unit area
• Increase in overall farm income
• More nutritional value
iv. Nutritional value of fruits among the human?
• Fruits are an excellent source of essential vitamins and minerals, and they are
high in fiber. Fruits also provide a wide range of health-boosting antioxidants,
including flavonoids. Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables can reduce a
person's risk of developing heart disease, cancer, inflammation, and diabetes.13-
v. Various fruit plant grown as per season?

Summers Winters

Mango Apple

Litchi Pear

44 | P a g e
 papaya Loquat

Watermelon almond

vi. Scope of postharvest management of

fruits?
• Fruit and vegetables are ideally harvested based on optimum eating or visual
quality. However, since they are living biological entities, they will deteriorate
after harvest. The rate of deterioration greatly depends upon their overall rate of
metabolism. For example marketing chain where produce is transported from farm
to end user within a short period of time, the rate of postharvest deterioration is of
little consequences and vice versa. Thus a modern marketing chain puts increasing
demands on produce and creates need for the postharvest techniques that allow
retention of quality over an increasingly longer period

vii. Problems occurred during fruit

cultivation?
The most important problems being faced in the way of profitable fruit growing are:
• High Initial Orchard Investment
• Long Juvenile Period of Fruit Plants
• Lack of High Quality Fruit Plants
• Faulty Marketing System
• Lack of Storage and Transportation Facilities
• Lack of Processing Units
• Perishable Nature of Fruits
• Low Purchasing Power of the People
viii. Problems occurred during fruit marketing?
• Decrease in prices
45 | P a g e
 • Wastage of produce due to highly perishable nature

x. Soil requirement for various fruit crops (topography, soil type and
drainage)?

Porous aerated and deep soil should be preferred for fruit cultivation. The
ideal orchard soil should be at least 1.8 m deep having a uniform texture,
well drained, non-saline and fertile. Soils with a poor sub soil stratum
should be avoided. Fruit tree will not grow well if there is solid rock or
permanent water close to the surface of the soil. Sub soil with a hardpan or
pebbles within 120 cm of the surface soil should not be chose. Extreme
conditions of top and sub soil namely very heavy (clayey) and very light
(highly sandy) should be avoided. Heavy soils are difficult to handle on
account of poor drainage while very light soils are infertile because of
leaching of nutrients. Medium textured silt loam or fine sandy loam makes
good orchard soil.

Most fruit plants like slightly acidic to neutral soil reaction (pH 6-7). Some
fruit species can some times tolerate little more acidic or alkaline medium
but too acidic or too alkaline soil should be avoided.

Soils with fluctuating water table are not suitable because the water table
moves up and reaches the root zone damaging the root hairs. When the
water table goes down, the trees with shallow root system struggle for
moisture and nutrients causing reduction in growth and vigour of trees.
Thus soils having water table depth of less than 3 m are not usually
preferred for establishing an orchard. Some fruits, however, such as,
Mango, Grape, Lime, Ber, Custard Apple, Avocado and Cashew do well on
for wide range of soil type.

46 | P a g e
 xi. Irrigation requirement for various fruit crops?

• Irrigation is done as per the weather conditions.

xii. What is quality planting material and nursery management?
• Quality material means disease and virus free plants that are
prerequisite for an orchard establishment.
xiii. Various systems of planting orchards?
• Square system
• Rectangular system
• Quinox system
• Hexagonal system

xiv. Training and pruning requirement for orchards?

xv. Time for manuring/fertilizers in orchards?

• Manuring is mainly done 2 times during the year once in
winters and once during the monsoon however the amount
depends upon the age of plant.

xvi. Time for fruit harvesting (physiological/horticultural

maturity)?
• Harvesting of fruits sepend upon the type of fruit

xvii. Importance of grading and packaging of fruits?

• Grading of fruits is a very important operation as it fetches
high price to the grower and improves packaging, handling
and brings an overall improvement in marketing system.
The fruits are generally graded on basis of size and graded
fruits are more welcome in export market.

47 | P a g e
 B. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

Name of the village = Mehmunjoya

Total cultivated area in village = 250 hectare

Area under vegetables in the village = 1.2 hectares

There is no commercial cultivation of vegetables in the village. Vegetables are gown

only for kitchen purpose.

Kitchen Garden

Total area of Kitchen garden: 1.2 ha

No. of family:100

S. Crops Organic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers

No. & management & management

1. Toria
2. Tinde
3. Petha
4. Kaddu No inorganic
5. Okra Farm yard manure fertilizers are used
6. Bitter gourd and poultry manure
7. Banga
8. Onion
9. Garlic

48 | P a g e
 Soil Health
Improvement
Intervention
Week 5
(10.04.2021 – 10.04.2021)

49 | P a g e
6. SOIL IMPROVEMENT INTERVENTIONS (SOIL SAMPLING AND
TESTING)

Students have to test soil samples in respective Krishi Vigyan Kendra, for which
the information should be collected according to the given format:

Information Sheet for Soil Testing

1. Full address of Farmer :

2. Sample number :
3. Number of soil samples :
4. Date of soil sampling :
5. Field name (Khasara number etc.) :
6. Whether the field is irrigated or not :
7. Source of irrigation :
8. Nature of field i.e. sloppy, depression, stony etc.:
9. Crop rotation :
10. Name of crops to be sown :
11. Amount and nature of fertilizer applied to the previous crop:
12. Visual nutrient deficiency, if any :
13. Water infiltration rate :
14. Water logging problem, if any :
15. Any other :

Signature

50 | P a g e
Collection And Preparation Of Soil Samples:

Introduction-

Soil testing is an essential component of soil resource management. Each sample collected
must be a true representative of the area being sampled. Utility of the results obtained from the
laboratory analysis depends on the sampling precision. Hence, collection of large number of
samples is advisable so that sample of desired size can be obtained by sub-sampling. In general,
sampling is done at the rate of one sample for every two hectare area.

Materials required

1. Spade or auger (screw or tube or post hole type)

2. Khurpi
3. Core sampler
4. Sampling bags
5. Plastic tray or bucket

Procedure

1. Divide the field into different homogenous units based on the visual observation and
farmer’s experience.
2. Remove the surface litter at the sampling spot.
3. Drive the auger to a plough depth of 15 cm and draw the soil sample.
4. Collect at least 10 to 15 samples from each sampling unit and place in a bucket or tray.
5. If auger is not available, make a ‘V’ shaped cut to a depth of 15 cm in the sampling
spot using spade.
6. Remove thick slices of soil from top to bottom of exposed face of the ‘V’ shaped cut
and place in a clean container.

51 | P a g e
 7. Mix the samples thoroughly and remove foreign materials like roots, stones, pebbles
and gravels.
8. Reduce the bulk to about half to one kilogram by quartering or compartmentalization.
9. Quartering is done by dividing the thoroughly mixed sample into four equal parts. The
two opposite quarters are discarded and the remaining two quarters are remixed and the
process repeated until the desired sample size is obtained.
10. Compartmentalization is done by uniformly spreading the soil over a clean hard surface
and dividing into smaller compartments by drawing lines along and across the length
and breadth. From each compartment a pinch of soil is collected. This process is
repeated till the desired quantity of sample is obtained.
11. Collect the sample in a clean cloth or polythene bag.
12. Label the bag with information like name of the farmer, location of the farm, survey
number, previous crop grown, present crop, crop to be grown in the next season, date
of collection, name of the sampler etc.

Collection And Drying Of Soil Sample

Determination of electrical conductivity: The soluble salt content can be estimated roughly
from an electrical conductivity measrurement of soil in water . electrical conductivity is
reciprocal of conductor, 1 cm long and 1 cm square in cross sectional area and is expressed as
mhos/ cm
52 | P a g e
Electrical conductance C = 1/R

Electrical conductivity or specific conductance (S) is the standard unit of conductance and is
defined as the conductance in Mhos of 1cm cube of solution between two electrodes, 1 cm
square and 1 cm apart.

Procedure

➢ Weigh 25 gm of soil in 100 ml beaker

➢ Add 50 ml of distilled water
➢ Stir it intermittently for 4-5 times and leave it overnight
➢ Measure the EC of the supernatant solution.

Interpretation

EC in mmhos /cm or ds / m Soil category

>0.8 Normal – suitable for all crops
0.8 – 1.6 Critical for salt sensitive crops
1.6 -2.5 Critical for salt tolerant crops
< 2.5 Injurious to all crops

pH Test:

Weigh 25gm soil

Put in 100ml Beaker

Add 50ml distilled water

Stir it for 30 min.

53 | P a g e
 Check pH

pH andof
Preparation ECSoil
meter
Health Card

Determination of available carbon in the soil:

Carbon is the chief constituent of soil organic matter and the estimation of organic matter is
based on organic carbon. Values for the organic carbon content of soil may be expressed as
total organic matter by multiplying the figure for organic carbon by a factor of 1.724 ( Van
Bemmlen factor ) Which is based upon the assumption that organic matter , on the average ,
contains 58% organic carbon

Procedure

I. weigh 2 gm of air-dried soil sample and transfer it into a 250 ml conical flask
II. Add 10 ml of 1N K2Cr2O7 solution and mix.
III. Then add 20 ml of concentrated H2SO4, swirling the flask during addition.
IV. Leave the flask as such so as to cool the contents and to make the reaction complete
V. Then add approximately 2 gm of NaF powder in 100 ml of distrilled water and shake
vigrorously.
VI. Add 10 drops of diphenlamine indicaror which will give a violet colour to the
suspension.
VII. Titrate the contents of the flask with N/2 ferrous ammonium sulphate solution
VIII. The end point will change of the colour from violet to bright green

54 | P a g e
IX. Note the volume of the ferrous ammonium sulphate solution used and calculate the
results
X. Run a blank titration in the similar way.

Interpretation values for the detection of available carob in the soil

% organic carbon Rating

Below 0.4 Low
0.4- 0.75 Medium
Above 0.75 High

55 | P a g e
Determination of Available Nitrogen in Soil:

Method:

Alkaline Permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija,1965)

Weigh 5g soil.

Transfer it to distillation flask of micro-Kjeldhal distillation assembly.

Add 25ml potassium permanganate solution.

In a conical flask pipette out 10ml sulphuric acid

Add 2 drops of methyl red indicator.

Place conical flask under the delivery tube.

Now add NaOH solution through inlet provided in distillation tube and close it.

Start distillation and collect 30ml distillate.

56 | P a g e
 Titrate the contents of conical flask and obtain the end point (pink to yellow).

Interpretation:
N kg/ha Rating
<271 Low
271-543 Medium
>543 High

Determination Of Available PhosphorusIN

Soil:
The method used for determination is given by Olsen et al., 1954 and it is based on the
principle of Colorimetry.

1 g of soil in 150ml conical flask

Add Darco G-60 and 20ml of 0.5N NaHCO3

Shake the flask for 30 minutes on electric shaker

Pipette 5ml of extract in a 25ml volumetric flask

Add 0.5ml 5N H2SO4 and shake for a while till CO2 evolution disappears

57 | P a g e

Measure the intensity of blue colour with Colorimeter at 760mu

Locate the reading given by Colorimeter on Standard curve

 Add 4ml Ascorbic acid and make the volume to 25ml

Measure the intensity of blue colour with Colorimeter at 760mu

Locate the reading given by Colorimeter on Standard curve

Determination Of Available Potassium In Soils

Procedure: -
5gm soil in 150 ml conical flask

Add 25ml of Ammonium Acetate

Shake for 5 minutes

Filter the suspension through Whatman No. 1

Pipette out 5ml of this extractant into 25ml volumetric flask

Make the volume with distilled water

Feed this solution to Atomizer of Flame Photometer

58 | P a g e
 Record the reading indicated by Galvanometer

Locate the point on meter reading axis of the Standard curve

Flame Photometer

Determination of Available Micronutrients in soil:

Procedure:

Weigh 10g of air dried soil sample in 100ml narrow mouth bottle.

Add 20ml of DTPA solution.

Shake on electric shaker for 2hrs. at 25 degree Celsius.

59 | P a g e
 Filter the content.

Run a blank with DTPA solution and no soil.

Detail Information of Farmer

• Name :

• Address :

• Village:

• Tehsil :

• District :

• Aadhar Number

• Mobile Number :
Details of Soil Sample

• Soil Sample Number:

• Date of Soil Collection:

• Khasra Number :

• GPS:
Longitude
Latitude :

• Irrigated Soil/Rainfed Soil

:

60 | P a g e
Result of Soil Testing

S.No. Parameter Value Analysis Remarks

1. pH

2. EC

3. Organic Carbon

4. Available Nitrogen

5. Available Phosphorus

6. Available Potassium

7. Available Sulphur

8. Available Zinc

9. Available Boron

10. Available Iron

11. Available Manganese

12. Available Copper

Recommendations for application of Micro nutrients

S.No. Parameter Recommendations for soil application
1. Sulphur (S) Gypsum (18%)
2. Zinc (Zn) Zink Sulphate (21%): 25 Kg./ha
3. Boron (B) Borex (10%)
4. Iron (Fe) Ferrous Sulphate (19%)
5. Manganese (Mn) Maganesium Sulphate (30.5%)
6. Copper (Cu) Copper Sulphate (24%)
General Recommendations

61 | P a g e
 1. Organic Manure 5 tonnes/ ha
2. Bio-fertilizer
3. Gypsum

Integrated Nutrient Management for Major Crops:

S. No. Crop Nutrients (N:P2O5:K2O) Fertilizers

kg/ha (kg/ha)

Urea SSP MoP DAP

1. Rice 120:60:40 261 375 67 0

210 0 67 130

2. Maize 180:60:40 391 375 67 0

340 0 67 130

3 Soybean 20:80:20 43 500 33 0

0 0 33 174

4. Wheat 120:60:40 217 375 67 0

210 0 67 130

5. Chickpea 20:50:20 43 313 33 0

0 0 33 109

6. Sugarcane 300:80:60 652 500 100 0

584 0 100 174

7. Mustard 80:40:20 174 250 33 0

140 0 33 87

8. Pigeonpea 30:60:40 65 375 67 0

14 0 67 130

62 | P a g e
 9. Jawar 80:40:40 174 250 67 0

140 0 67 87

10. Hybrid Bajra 120:60:50 261 375 83 0

210 0 83 130

• Application of FYM @ 5 t/ha reduces the requirement of Urea, SSP and MoP by 54,
63 and 42 kg/ha, respectively from given doses of fertilizers for different crops.

• Seed treatment by crop specific Rhizobium in legumes and Azotobactor/ Azospirillum

in non-legume crops @ 5.0 g/kg seed and PSB @ 3.0 kg/ha as soil application for all
crops is recommended.

• In case Zinc deficiency, application of Zinc Sulphate @ 25 kg/ha on alternate year is

advised.

• In case of sulphur deficiency, application of S @ 40 kg/ha per year or continuous

application of SSP instead of DAP is advised.

Importance of Micronutrients in Crop Production

S.No. Name of micro nutrient Importance

1. Zinc
2. Copper
3. Iron
4. Manganese
5. Boron
6. Chlorine

63 | P a g e
7. Molybdenum

Reclamation of soil salinity, alkalinity and acidity

1. Soil salinity………………………….

2. Soil alkalinity…………………………

3. Soil acidity…………………………….

Natural resource management (NRM)

(a) Role of Bio fertilizer in improving soil health
Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes nitrogen fixation,
solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-
promoting substances

(b) Role of Vermi compost in improving soil health

• Improves the soil structure, porosity, and density, thus creating a better plant root
environment
• Increases infiltration and permeability of heavy soils, thus reducing erosion and
runoff
• Improves water holding capacity, thus reducing water loss and leaching in sandy
soils
• Supplies a variety of macro and micronutrients

c) Role of Green manure in improving soil :

Green manuring is one of the best alternative to improve the soil health and meet the
nutritional of succeeding crop. The loss of nitrogen can be prevented by the incorporation
of green manure crops in the soil. Green manure crops are mostly leguminous crop
because they help in the fixation of the nitrogen by the use of Rhizobium . Most

64 | P a g e
 commonly used crops are dhiancha (Sesbania aculeate) , sun hemp , guar etc. The green
manure crops check soil erosion, improve physico-chemical properties of soil, biological
and provide plant protection. By the use of green manuring we can have the sustainable
agriculture and evergreen agriculture as it helps in the restoring the soil quality and
prevents the degradation of the land

d) Water management for soil improvement

1.
2.
3.
4.

e) Role of Crop rotation in soil improvement

1. Increses soil fertility
2. Increse crop yield
3. Reduces soil erosion
4. Limits pest and diseases

Water testing:
It is the broad description for various procedures used to analyse water quality.

Objectives:
• To evaluate environmental water quality
• Specify characteristics of waste water or polluted water prior to treatment
for domestic consumption
• Suitability of water for industrial uses
• To describe chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water.

65 | P a g e
Importance:
• To obtain quantitative information on properties of water via statistical
sampling
• It identifies contaminants and prevents water borne diseases
• Crops irrigation and water resource of livestock are major consideration.
• Poor quality water impact health of living and their ability to produce.
• Good quality water provides right amount of nutrient and improve yield and
quality of growing crops.

Collection of water sample:

• Continuously operate the pump for at least 20 minutes.

• Let the water flush the fittings and pipes.
• Collect a sample of water by allowing the water from the pump to flow directly into
the sample bottle.
• Carefully replace the bottle cap and cover.
Plant testing:
This technique provides a clear indication of plant health and nutrient status
by chemical testing of plant tissue.

Importance:
• Tool for diagnosis of nutrient problems of plants for research and
cutivation.
• Tool for evaluating soil fertility.

Objectives:
• Diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies.
• Identifying hidden hunger.
• Study relationship between nutrient status of plant and crop performance.

Collection of Plant Samples

66 | P a g e
• For analysis of seasonal crop plants, pick a few representative plants
at random from each plot. Remove the shoot (aerial part) with the
help of a sharp stainless steel cutter for whole shoot analysis or the
desired part for analysis of specific plant parts.
• If roots are to be included, uproot the whole plant carefully from wet
soil, retaining even the fine/active roots. Dip the plant roots gently
in water several times to remove adhering soil. Wash with water
several times
• Wash the samples with about 0.2% detergent solution to remove the
waxy/greasy coating on the leaf surface
• Wash with 0.1 M HCL followed by through washing with plenty of
water. Give a final wash with distilled water
• Soak to dry with tissue paper
• Air dry the samples on a perfectly clean surface at room temperature
for at least 2-3 days in a dust free atmospher

67 | P a g e
 Plant Protection
Intervention
Week 6
(12.04.2021 – 17.04.2021)

68 | P a g e
 7. PLANT PROTECTION INTERVENTION

Name of the Farmer: HARBIR SINGH

Educational Details: _GRADUATION __________ Family Details: _spouse, 1 son, parents

PART-I
Identification of Important Insect pests of at least two major crops cultivated in village.
Q1. Name of Crop- Rice and wheat

Q2. Name of insect/Insects identified in the field-

Insect-Pest Details
*Intensity of
Sr. Crop Systematic
Common Local Scientific pest attack
No. Name Position(order
Name Name Name and degree of
, family)
infestation
Green leaf Nephotettix Hemiptera Medium
1 Rice Tidda
hopper virescens ,cicadellidae
Rice Yellow Tane de Sacriphophaga Lepidoptera, Low
2
Stem borer gadue incertulas pyralidae
Hemiptera Medium
3 Wheat Aphid Tela Aphis spp. Aphididae

*Intensity of pest attack and degree of infestation- Nil/Low/Med/High/Epidemic

Q3. Principle symptoms of pest damage-

69 | P a g e
 Flowering/
Name of the Early growth Vegetative
podding/ Grain etc.
pest stage stage
earhead
Initial
sysmptoms seen
Damage and
at vegetative
symptoms are
No visual stage , the
Green leaf visualised upto No visualised
symptoms nymphs and the
hopper and after symptoms
appeared adult suck the
reproductive
sap from the
stage
leaves turning
them yellow
Initial
symptoms seen
at the vegetative
stage the larva Drying of panicle
No visualised
Yellow stem feed inside the or white ear are No grain filling
symptoms
borer stem causing seen in older in infested plant
appeared
drying of the plants
central shoot or
dead heart in
young plants
Aphids cause
Aphids damage
yield losses either
the crop
directly (35-40%)
Wheat aphid resulting in
by sucking the
discolouration
sap of the plants
of leaves
or indirectly (20-

70 | P a g e
 80%) by
transmitting viral
and fungal
diseases
Q4. Methods of Control adopted: (2 major crops) (Crop wise at different times)
Non chemical Cultural Mechanical/
Name of the pest
methods methods physical methods
Alternate irrigation to
Spacing of 20*15
Green leaf hopper reduce humid nil
should be followed
condition
Since the eggs of
Removal and
stem borer are laid on
Infested plant destruction of
Yellow stem borer the tips of leaf ,
uprooting stubbles at the time of
clipping of the leaves
first ploughing
are effective

Wheat aphid Neem extract Nil Nil

Q5. Chemical Control (Comparison between farmer practices and recommendations):

Farmers Practices Recommended practices
Type of Type of
Pest Name of Stages of Name of Stages of
Doses sprayers Doses sprayers
Insecticides crop Insecticides crop
/ Duster / Duster
Knap ( biological @
Yellow
Monocrotophos sac Vegetative control 50000 Vegetative
stem 1.4 L nil
36 SL sprayer stage method) per stage
borer
pump inductive hactare

71 | P a g e
 release od
Trichogramma
japonicum
Knap
Green @100 Knap
Quinalphos 25 sac Vegetative Imidaclopid Vegetative
leaf 2L Ml per sac
EC sprayer stage 7.8 SL stage
hopper hectare sprayer
pump
20gram
in 80-
100liter Knap
Wheat 50grm actara in Knap Earhead Earhead
Actara of sac
aphi 80l water sac stage stage
water sprayer
for 1
acre

Q6. Rodent management in field (As per recommended practice)

➢ Poisonous baits

Q7. Documentation of indigenous technology knowledge (ITK) of pest management

practices in the village
➢ There are various kinds of Indigenous knowledge to the villagers for the control
of pest in rice and other crops too. These indigenous techniques are basically non
chemical , which direcly reduces the impact of the insect pest in the fields .
There are some types of knowledge which the villagers of this village shared
with me , some of them are written below-

72 | P a g e
 ➢ Application of neem leaf extract in the rice field:
To control rice pest
The azadirachtin present in the neem leaf act as antifeedant
➢ Application of raw cow dung in the rice field:
To control rice pests
Cowdung contains nitrogen which helps to revive insect pest damage ( rice hispa)
➢ Beating empty drum or utensil in the fodder sown field:
To control bird pest
Due to sound produced birds are frightened and driven away from the field
Clipping of rice seedling:
control of rice stem borer in rice field
It removes the egg of stem borer generally present on the leaf tip .
➢ Use of dry leaves of neem in godowns:
control of store grain pest
The azadirachtin present in the neem leaves act as antifeedent
PART-II
Q8. What information do you have about different chemical means of plant protection
(pesticides)?
According to him, pesticides are becoming the integral part agriculture or farming,
without using them the profit reduces at greater extent, moreover he also have an idea
about how the chemical pesticides are indirectly invade into our food chain or food web
due to this reason he mostly used to use pesticides when there is requirement at peak
level.

Q9. What kind of mineral fertilizers do you use?

Crop Name Quantity (KG/ ACRE)

73 | P a g e
 Other (please
NPK NH4 Phosphorus
specify)
Paddy 42 12 12 - 75 ( MOP) = 20
Wheat 50 25 - - 155 -
Q10. Do you use pesticides/biocides at-
□ Work □ Home (house or garden) □
✓ Farm
Q11. If there is pesticide left over, where is it disposed?
□ In yard □ In canalization
✓ In solid waste disposal □ Other (please specify):
Q12. Where is the equipment washed?
:-The equipments are washed near semersible pump or in the water channel
□ At well at home □ Bathroom in the house
✓ Outside the yard
□ Nearby River/lake □ Other (Please specify):
Q13. Where does the residue from the washed equipment go?
□ In canalization
✓ In Yard □ In River □ Other (please specify)
Q14. How many years have you been using pesticides?
In few decades
Q15. Do you wear protective clothing when applying pesticides?
✓ □ Yes □ No
If no, please pick one:
□ Too expensive □ Not available □ Uncomfortable □ Other (specify):

If yes, check one or more of the following:

✓ □ Gloves □ Overalls □ Eye glasses
✓ □ Face mask
□ Respirator- how often do you change it?
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 □ Boots/shoes □ Long-sleeve shirt □ Long pants □ Other (specify):
Q16. Are there washing facilities (for your hands and body) where you apply the pesticides?
✓ □ Yes □ No
Q17. How did you apply them? Do you think this is the right manner?
✓ □ With hand pump □ With tractor □ With brush
Q18. How do you store pesticides? Do you think this is the right manner?
✓ □ In their original containers □ In my own containers □ Other
(please specify)
✓ □ In my storage room □ In the house □ Outside □ Other
(Please specify)
Q19. Are the pesticide containers used for other purposes afterwards?
□ Yes
✓ □ N0
How are the containers or packages disposed of?
□ Returned to company/distributor □ Thrown in open field □ Buried
✓ □ Burnt □ Put in rubbish/trash □ Other (specify)
Q20. From whom you receive consultations about the right use and storage of pesticides?
✓ □ From retailer □ From Agri Officials □ From
neighbours
□ Others (please specify)

Q21. Are there agricultural consultation services in your district (city, village)?
✓ □Yes □ No
Q22. Are the service or advices by these consultation services (Agri dept) available to you?
□ Yes
□ No ✓□ Partly (explain)
Q23. In your opinion, how harmful the chemical (synthetic) pesticides are for the environment
and health? If yes, please specify
□ Not harmful □ moderately harmful
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 ✓ □ Very harmful
Q24. When using pesticides or being exposed to them have you experienced (check one or
more of the following):
✓ □ Dizziness □ Headache
✓ □Blurred vision □ Excessive sweating
□ Hand tremor □ Convulsion Staggering □ Irregular heartbeat □ Diarrhoea
□ Narrow pupils/miosis □ Excessive salivation □ Nausea/vomiting

✓ □ Skin rashes □ Sleeplessness/insomnia □ Difficulty breathing

□ Other (specify):
Q25. If pesticides are used, who of the family takes the decision on the usage of the pesticides
✓ □ Head of the family □ His wife □ His son □ If Other, who?
Q26. Who carries out the application of the chemical/synthetic pesticides?
□ Head of the family □ His wife □ His son
✓ □ Other, who? = labour
Q27. Have you ever heard about alternative to synthetic pesticides?
✓ □ Bio pesticides ✓□ Organic farming □ Crop rotation
□ Cultivating crop mixtures
Q28. Do you have information about pesticides prepared out of plants (Botanicals)?
✓ □ Yes □ No
The farmer told me that botanicals are actually the extract obtained from the plants such
as neem extract etc which can act as a anti-feedent thus the problem of insect pest can be
reduced without using chemicals

Have you ever used them (Botanicals) and if yes, for which crop, for which pests or diseases?
Where Frequency/ Which Target/pest
Product/ Method of
did you Weekly/ crop/ weed/ Effects
Measure application
get it? Monthly animal disease

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 being
treated
Kitchen
From garden ( Red
Neem own Knap sac sponge pumpkin Modertaly
weekly
extract neem spray pump guard , beetle , effect
tree bitterguard, termites
pumpkin )

Q29. Are bio-pesticides available to you?

✓ □ no □ yes

Q30. What do you think about substituting the chemical pesticides with bio-pesticides?
✓ □ may be □ good □ No way □ Don’t know
Q31. Do you have knowledge of antidote?
✓ □ no □ yes
If yes which type of antidote?
Q32. Do you have information about organic farming?
✓ □ Yes □ No
If yes, explain what does organic farming mean?
✓ □ No chemical fertilizers ✓□ No chemical pesticides ✓□ Composting
□ Crop rotation □ Intercropping □ Other

Q32. Do you have knowledge of symptoms of Foot Rot of Rice?

✓ □ Yes □ No
If yes what is the right time of application of fungicides?
✓ □ Seed treatment □ Dusting □ Foliar treatment
Q33. What are the Diseases that are observed in following crops?

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Name of
Diseases Observed Control Method applied
Crop

Paddy Brown spot, leaf blast Tebuconazole, Zineb

Wheat Yellow or strip rust Mancozeb

Maize Brown stripe Metalaxyl

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 OTHER INFORMATION COLLECTED

➢ Incidence/occurrence of different diseases/insect pests and different crops in the villages.

Yes there is the incidence of various kinds of diseases in both rabi and kharif season , they said
in rabi they usually grow berseem , wheat , mustard and they see various kinds of diseases
such as root rot , yellow and strip rust in wheat and Alternaria blight in mustard and in kharif
season they usually grow maize sorghum ,rice and they said in rice there is the incidence of
false smut , yellow rust , and in maize they seen infestation of downy mildew , anthracnose
and powdery mildew and in bajra , ergot disease is seen and when I talk about the pest they
said in rice they see rice leaf folder, plant hopper and green grass hopper , in wheat they see
termites and wheat aphid , moreover there is not any serious problem in fodder crops such as
berseem.

➢ Precaution being taken by farmers while spraying.

Most of the farmers hire labour for the purpose of spraying, but they are well knowledge about
how to handle chemicals at proper way thus they always concerned to used gloves, mask ,foot
ware while spraying

Any cases (s) of poisoning (humans/animals) being reported in the area while spraying.

There is not any kind of incidence related to poisoning reported in that area
Constraints/problems faced by the farmers regarding plant protection operations/ application
of pesticides/availability of pesticides and plant protection equipment etc.

They told me that they usually they use knap sac sprayer pump and motor operated spray pump
and thus they said they are very easy and convenient to operate. Moreover, they home town is
quite near to them thus they us not any problem of availability of chemicals and plant protection
equipments.

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➢ Facilities for minor repairs to the plant protection equipment\available

Yes there is availability of minor repairs for plant protection equipments nearby their village.
thus if there is problem faced because of plant protection equipments then they go to their
home town

➢ Critical observations on the plant protection measures adopted by the farmer (reasons for not
adopting certain recommended practice/new practices adopted

Because The farmers of the village usually do farming only through conventional knowledge
of farming thus they observe the field only roughly for checking the infestation of insect pest
and diseases

a) Awareness about Economic Threshold Levels of the pests?

They not even know the name economic threshold level thus I give the instruction about what
is ETL and also explained that economic threshold level is defined as population density at
which control measures should be initiated to prevent an increasing pest population from
reaching economic injury level . thus, I tell them chemicals should be used only when there is
requirement.

Knowledge about rodents/birds and their damage

The farmers of the village usually affected by the birds and rodents . for the control of rodents
they use poisonous baits and also waste tire tube , this tire tubes can seems like a snake and
thus this can as a biological control. And birds usually attack the field where there is freshly
sowing of crops is done thus they use crakers and scare crow for controlling them

Knowledge about precautions to be taken while spraying/dusting of the pesticides.

Yes the village farmers really know about how dangerous the chemicals are, which are used
for the control of insect – pest, diseases and weeds, Thus they handle those chemical in order

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to protect themselves from it , such as they use gloves , masks and footwear s etc while sparying
these chemicals.

➢ Knowledge about the correct preparations of spray fluids of pesticides.

They don’t know the exact procedure about how the formulation of pesticides are made , but
they follow the instruction which the retailer of pesticides asked them to do so.

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Food Processing and
Storage Intervention
Week 7
(19.04.2021 – 24.04.2021)

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 8. FOOD PROCESSING AND STORAGE INTERVENTION

During this week I get to know about how many farmers are involved in the processing of
food and what type of foods are processed by them. By this I get to know that there is only
food processing of milk which is done in the village mehmunjoya , farmers only processed
cow or buffalo milk in order to do value addition to it and thus they processed the milk for
the production of butter, ghee, full fat cream , and butter milk

1. Food processing units in the village

Ghee curd

There are about 2 small scale dairies in the village who not only sell the milk but also process
it for the production of ghee, curd, butter, buttermilk and full fat cream. They do this business
at commercial level so that natives of the village can get the desirable products. After debate
with them they told me that this business give them very good profit as these milk products
have high market demand and also these products are very good for health as they directly
supply many kids of vitamins, minerals etc

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 2. Self help groups in the village

There is not any self-help group related to the food processing in the village.

3. Types of food processed by the women in village level

Most of the women are processed various kinds of vegetables and fruits in order for making
murabba, pickles etc at their home level. For the production of pickle they use vegetables like
raddish,, carrots,chilli etc and for the manufacture of murabba they use carrots, aonla as it is
sweet in nature. As these products are fascinated by the everyone these products have their
personal space in the hearts of individuals, moreover they are also interested in eating the
products manufactured at their own home thus they consume mostly hygiene products made
in their own home.

4. Awareness among the villagers about wastage of food

While discussing about wastage of food, they are actually aware about how the food is
necessary for every individual. They think that it’s the food which God has given us and the
fortunate person is those whole get their meal 3 times day thus the actually already aware
about how precious food is but even if there is waste food, they do not throw it into the
garbage they offer it to the stray cows and dogs and some families also use for compost
making.

5. Dairy farmers doing milk processing

Number of the farmers are involved in the dairy sector but not everyone processed the milk,
but there are about 3 farmers who are involved in the milk processing, they processed milk
for the production of ghee, butter, full fat cream, and buttermilk at village level only.

6. Milk chilling centre in the village:

No, there is no milk chilling centre in the village

7. Sugarcane processing unit

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There is no sugarcane processing unit in the village but there is a sugarcane processing unit
around the village who extract the sugarcane juice from the sugarcane and use them for the
manufacture of gur and shaker.

Jaggery production unit

8. Awareness about food processing programmes conducted at khalsa

college,Amritsar

The women of the village are not awared about the food processing programmes conducted
at the khalsa college.

Other information collected

1.Awareness about food adultration

I told them Food adulteration takes place when intentionally or unintentionally substances
that degrade the quality of food are added to it. Thus, food adulteration can be defined as the
contamination or adulteration of food or food materials by adding harmful substances to it.
Disadvantages of adulteration:

1. It reduces the quality of food item.

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2. The addition of chemical agents to improve quality can cause deadly disease and allergy to
the consumers.

2. Knowledge about FSSA

I told them FSSAI is an acronym for the food regulatory authority of India and it basically
stands for the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. The Food authority regulates
and checks for safe food manufacture, storage and handling practices of Food Business
Operators (FBOs). FSSAI checks for compliance and that FBOs are following the regulations
and standards as mentioned in the Food Safety and Standards and standards ,2006

3. Government policies and schemes about promoting food processing

1. Retail in food processing

Users can find detailed information about the retail in food processing industry provided by
the Ministry of Food Processing Industries. Information is given on the assured market, stress
on marketing, incentives to corporates, evolving system, and India's potential in food industry
etc. Details of milk and dairy products in retail industry are also provided.

2. Mega food park scheme by minister of food processing industry

Mega Food Park Scheme aims at providing a mechanism to link agricultural production to
the market by bringing together farmers, processors and retailers so as to ensure maximizing
value addition, minimizing wastages, increasing farmers’ income and creating employment
opportunities particularly in rural sector. Information about the project components, pattern
of assistance and implementation is available.

3. Website of Ministry of Food Processing Industries

Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MOFPI) is responsible for developing a strong and
vibrant food processing sector. Details related to schemes, boards, institutes, research centers,

86 | P a g e
etc. are given. Users can access information about food processing training centres, courses,
plants, machinery suppliers, food parks, blacklisted NGOs etc.

Storage Interventions

Q1. Grain contamination is influenced by-

Temperature and moisture content of the grain or
commodity are the most critical factors favouring fungal
growth and mycotoxin production. In general, moulds
grow at a temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C, above 70%
relative humidity and a pH range of 4 to 8. Relative
humidity is another factor influencing the moisture content
of stored grain resulting in more or less water available for
mould growth and subsequent mycotoxin production.
Hence, growing conditions and storage of the grains are
the main preventive measures to avoid fungal growth.

Q2. Storage losses in grains (%)

a) Type of structure used……metal drums or tank
b) Length and purpose of storage… 1 year, for family consumption ………
c) Grain treatment………no……
d) Pre storage practices…No……..

Q3. Name of the structure used for grain storage?

For outdoor structure
a) Name: .............ware house ..............................................................
b) Quantity stored .... 1 ton ........................................................
c) Materials used for construction of the storage structure..... bricks, cement, gravels ,
iron rod , tins ..............................
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 d) Any innovative practice that the farmer has evolved/ demesnes.. Neem le leaves for
controlling red rust flour bettle......................
e) Problem observed by farm in storage shape of the structure:….. NO.....................
f) Traditional or modern method...... Traditional .........................................................
g) Fumigation practices.. yes ..Sulphur tablets ..........................................................
h) Time schedule.........................Once or twice ............................................................
i) Inter opening.............................per month.....................................................................

Q4. What are the insects that are seen during storage?
Name of Insect pests observed during
Control method applied
Crop storage
Paddy Rice moth Boric acid
Wheat/Atta Red rust flour beetle Sulphur tablets

Storage Structure used by the farmers of the locality

o Kothi/Banda yes
o PAU Bin (capacity 1-5 to 15 quintal) yes
o Pusa Bin (made from mud and bricks polythene) no
o Gunny Bags yes
o CAP storage (cover and plinth) no
o Silo no
o Large scale storage no
o Metallic bins yes

Q5. Type of control measure used for Rodents by farmers

(Kindly tick the method used by the farmers of the locality)
a. Fumigant (Aluminium phosphide) ✓
b. Rodent rat cases ✓
c. Poison baits ✓
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 d. Rat borrow fumigation ×
Q6. Are neem-based products or any biorational control method used in storage of
food grains?
✓ □ Yes □ No
If yes, please specify: Neem leaves and seeds

Packaging material used for horticultural crops:

Q7. Students have to collect the information regarding the packaging material used for
vegetables, fruits and other material at village level.
Natural material i.e. wood, bamboo, straw and synthetic bags, sacks, cardboards, plastic
container, crates, etc.

S.
Name of article Packaging Material used
No.
1. Potato Sacks
2. Tomato Crates
3. Guava Crates
4. Mango Cardboard
5. Onion Sacks

Q8. Any two indigenous practices adopted by villagers used for safe grain storage
adopted at village-
I. Neem plant extracted products that is leaves and seeds.
II. winnowing

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Animal production
Intervention
Week 8
(26.04.2021 – 1.05.2021)

90 | P a g e
9. ANIMAL PRODUCTION INTERVENTION

Particulars Strength of Name of the Breed

livestock
Cow class
1. Adultcows 1 Sahiwal
1
a) Milking
b) Dry
2.Heifers 1

3. Breeding bulls 0

4.Bullocks 0

Buffalo class
1. AdultBuffaloes 4 Neeli ravi and murrah
3
a) Milking
0
b) Dry
3.Heifers 0

4.Bulls 1 Neeli ravi

Sheep
1. Young stock 0

2. Adult stock 0

3. Adult rams 0

4. Adult ewe 0

Goat
1. Young stock 0

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 2. Adult stock 2 Beetle

3. Adult bucks 0

4. Adult doe 0

Poultry/ Pig/ Fish

1. No. of chicks/piglets/fingerlings 0

2. No. of layers/broilers/boar/sow 10 Krailor

Cost Structure Amount (Rs.) Remarks

1. Cost of animals (if purchased)
2. Cost of dairy structure and paddocks
3. Total cost of dairy structures

Daily maintenance and feeding expenses

Particulars CO Buffaloes Sheep/Goat Poultry

w s
Qty. Am Qty. Am Qty. Am Qty. Am
t t t t
(Rs. (Rs. (Rs. (Rs.
) ) ) )
1. Labour male/female Labour is hiered on monthly basis
requirement

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2. Concentrates (kg) 3KG 72RS 12 144 0 0 0 0

3. Green roughages (kg)

4. Dry roughages (kg)
5. Mineral mixtures (kg)
6. Veterinary aids including
breeding
7. Total expenses per day

Daily Milk Production and Disposal Record

(A) Milk Production

Date No. of animals in milk Milk Produced (L)/DAY Total Milk

Cow Buffalo Sheep Goat Cow Buffalo Sheep Goat Produce
d (L)
1 3 0 0 15 25 0 0 40

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 (B) Milk Disposal(L)

Date Home Utilized for Sale Name Income

consumption making of (Rs.)
(Cow/Buffalo/ Products (raw milk) agency Rate of
Dairy
Sheep/Goat) (Cow/Buffalo/ (Cow/Buffa to Milk/Union
lo/ which s/
Whole milk Sheep/Goat) Sheep/Goat sold Milk
/Milk ) Vendors
products Ghee/
butter/Khoa/

Curd/Others
40 30 00 00 00

Daily Production and Disposal Record

(A) Dairy Products

Date Name of Quantity of Quantity Name of Income

the dairy dairy sold agency to (Rs.)
products products (Kg) Which sold Rate/kg.
(Kg)

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 (B) Eggs and Birds

Date Breed/strai Home Name Inco

ns of Birds Production consumpti Disposal of of me
and system of on agenc (Rs.)
of keeping Eggs Birds Eggs Bird Eggs Birds y to
/rearing / s/ which
Chic Mea sold
ks t
3 3 0 0

Yearly Production and Disposal Record

Particulars Amount (Rs.)

A) Total production of–

1. Animals

2. Milk and milk product 700000

3. Dung/F.Y.M.

4. Eggs

5. Poultry Birds/Chicks

6. Meat

95 | P a g e
B) Disposal of–

1. Animals

2. Milk and milk product

3. Dung/F.Y.M.

4. Eggs

5. Poultry Birds

C) Yearly income from the sale of

1. Animals

2. Milk and milk product

3. Cow dung /F.Y.M.

4. Eggs

5. Poultry Birds

6. Wool

Total income (Rs.)

Yearly Receipt and Expenditure Statement

Particulars Amount (Rs.)

A) Receipt - *
Total income obtained from the sale.
B) Expenditure-

1. Cost of feeds and fodder

2. Labour cost

3. Expenditure on land revenue,

energy charges etc.
4. Medicines & Vaccines (Veterinary
Aids)

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 Total expenditure

C) Net profit (per year)

* Crop production record should be used from Agronomy Performa.

* Mention the no’s of animals based on

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FINAL REPORT:

1. Brief note on work done on specific practices suggested by thestudents-

Cow/buffalo/ others/crossbred cow
(a) Sanitation of sheds and Design & house/Pattern adopted eg. Cage
housing inlayers.
ANSWER: Sheds should be north to south facing and open in from east
and west directions.
There should be proper ventilation for crossing fresh air and foul smell.
It should be design in such a manner that there are two lanes for cattles
with their head facing toward each other.
The pucca floor should be preferable and with slant on side so that cow
ding and urine can easily be disposed off.

(b) Balanced ration

i. Concentratemixture
• It is kind a protein supplements such as oil cakes.
• Energy sources such as cereal grains.
• Laxative feeds such as rice barn, wheat barn and husk are coomonly used in
concentrate foods.
ii. Greenroughage
• It is meant to be that the type of roughage which have high moisture content in it.
• It is easily digestible.
• Exp- fodder, range grasses, sugarcane top, tree green leaves.
iii. Dryroughage
• It is a type of roughage that is made after drying the green fodder.
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• It is preserves to feed the animals with the green roughage.
• It is made up of lucern, sorghum, oats and grasses.

(c) Full hand milkingpractice

It is the best method for milking.
There is no harm to the veins inside teats and injury can be prevented.
(d) First aid given:
• In case of snake bite, the portion where snake bites the animal, a cloth should be
tightly tied on that portion to avoid blood movement in whole body and refer
immediately to nearest hospital.
• In case of dog bite, that portion should be placed under running water. It should br
properly washed with soap and again under running water and tie under exposure of
sunlight and refer to hospital.
• In case of fracture of animal, open wound should be washed and provide support to
fracture, follow by immediate refer to hospital.
(e) Vaccination to R.P., H.S., B.Q. and F.M.D. & Poultry vaccination:
H.S:
• the temperature rises up to 107degree celcius
• Anaroxsia, don’t eat food.
• Swelling of neck region.
• Difficult to breathe, respiration rate high, it create pressure to lung and lead to death
of animal.
• Vaccination in may, June and July like Oil adjustment vaccine.

B.Q(black water)
• Respiration rate increase.

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• Temperature high.
• Anarokxia, don’t eat food.
• Swelling in tigh region on limbs.
• On pressing the swelling the region, gas like release.
FMD (foot and mouth disease)
• Lesion inside the mouth and on foot.
• Unable to chew and digest the food.
• Excessive salaivation take place.
• High body temperature.
• Vaccine- Trivalent foot and mouth disease in activated antigen vaccine.
(f) Care of pregnantanimal:
• The pregnant animal should be isolated.
• Proper care of feeding of water and roughage.
• Regular checkup by professional doctor.
• Proper cleaning in isolated area where she is staying.
• Polite nature of worker who is taking care of animal.
(g) Care of calves:
• The colostrum milk should be given to the calves.
• We should not separate the cow and calves for the first two weeks.
• The calves should be protected from animals like dogs.
• Proper vaccination if required.
• We should pay proper attention in first winter.
(h) Care of buffalo, if any:
• These are less domestic in nature as compare to cows, so distance should be
maintained while tie up.

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• Breeding should be done with high grade sire.
• Proper care of feeding.
• Proper care of cleansing.
• Vaccination at time if needed.
• Clipping of horns, if needed.
(i) Some important managementpractices
like grooming, clipping, stoppage of bad habits/vices
like sucking of own milk, licking of own calf.
GROOMING:
• The practice of brushing and cleansing the coat of cattle.
• Unwanted hairs fall down.
• Animals feel comfortable.
CLIPPING:
• Clipping the backs of cattle at the point of housing is for
most now a common practice to reduce sweating and risk
of pneumonia.
• It is done for appearance sake or dealing with skin
infection.
• Try to keep cattle cool as weight gains is a particular
problem facing those with fattening cattle.
SUCKING OWN MILK:
• In the infected animal, the self-sucking can be preventing
by using of anti-suck harness, Elizabethan collar or neck
cradles(series of wooden planks fitted around the neck). It
is to restrict the movement of neck.
LICKING OF CALVES:
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• Behavior strengthen the bond between cow and calf.
• This will the calf to survive because the cow will take the
responsibility to care and feed it.
• And if this licking is interrupted, likelihood for rejection
increases

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 9. CONCLUSION

Critically if we see the present agriculture scenario, we notice some of the blunders
committed in past years. We wanted more food, but not cared how it was produced and
can it be produced like that endlessly. Our concentration was on extending area under
cultivation, providing irrigation facilities and heavy dependence on agrochemical
inputs. All these have resulted in reduced biodiversity and reduced genetic expressions,
decline in soil fertility and water resources, salinity and water logging, resurgence of
pests and diseases and enhanced environmental pollution. Since the future of India
depends on agricultural growth, agriculture has to become eco-friendly production
system capable of sustainable growth in agriculture to meet the basic need of rapidly
increasing population.

The highlights of our RAWE programme may be summarize as below:

1. We visited the farms and took various data and information regarding crop production
technology, biometrics data for important field crops, techno-economic surveys, adoption and
constraint analysis in production of major crops, socio-economic constraints, study of
programs and activities of rural development agencies and organization of various village
institutions.

2. Extension program or Training was a very new & refreshing experience. We told the farmers
about Organic Farming.

3. Under this RAWE programme I learnt the difficulties, which come up during crop
production. Any system developed by the experts is not necessary to ideal in all conditions.
There are different types of constraints in it. These can be removed by doing some
modifications in the system.

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4. In my view, the Agriculture officers and other extension workers can fill the gap
between farmers and scientists. Farmers are not much educated but they are still ready to
accept new technologies if they are convinced by extension workers.

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