Ship Stability Notes BS222

Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport
College of Maritime Transport and Technology

Basic Nautical Studies Dept.
Ship Stability
BS222
Prepared by
Capt\ Amr Attalla

Dr.Capt\ Sameh K. Rashed
2020
Cap. Amr Attalla & Dr. Sameh Rashed 2020
Chapter 1
Density and Specific Gravity
Density is defined as “mass per unit volume”
The density of fresh water (F.W) is 1000 kg/ m3 or 1 ton / m3
Relative density (R.D) or Specific Gravity (S.G) of a substance is “the ratio of the weight of
the substance to the weight of the equal volume of fresh water. Or the ratio between the density
of the substance and the density of fresh water”.
R.D = Density of the substance

Density of F.W
The relative density of salt water = 1025 kg/m3 = 1.025

1000 kg/m3
The relative density of salt water = 1.025 ton/m3 = 1.025

1 ton/m3
The relative density of oil for example = 900 kg/m3 = 0.9

1000 kg/m3
The relative density of oil for example = 0.9 ton/m3 = 0.9

1 ton/m3
The relative density of fresh water = 1 ton/m3 =1

1 ton/m3
Density of the substance = R.D of the substance * density of F.W
The density of salt water = 1.025 *1000 kg/m3 = 1025 kg/m3
The density of salt water = 1.025 * 1 ton/m3 = 1.025 ton/m3
The density of oil for example = 0.9 *1000 kg/m3 = 900 kg/m3
The density of oil for example = 0.9 *1 ton/m3 = 0.9 ton/m3
The density of fresh water = 1 * 1000kg/m3 = 1000 kg/m3
The density of fresh water = 1 * 1 ton/m3 = 1.0 ton/m3
1
Reference: Bryan Barrass & Capt. D R Derrett, Ship Stability for Masters and Mates, 6th & 7th ed. “OR recent ed.”
London Stanford Maritime, 2012 ELSEVIER Ltd
Density of the substance = R.D of the substance x density of F.W
R.D = density of the substance

density of F.W
Weight = Volume x Density
Example 1
Find the density of fuel oil whose relative density is 0.92
Solution
Density of fuel oil = R.D of fuel oil x density of F.W
Density of fuel oil = 0.92 x 1000 kg/m3 = 920 kg/m3
OR
Density of fuel oil = 0.92 x 1 ton/m3 = 0.92 ton/m3
Example 2
A double bottom tank when is full it holds 120 tons of fresh water. Find how many tons
of oil of relative density 0.84 it will hold
Solution
Weight of F.W = density of F.W * volume of F.W
Volume of F.W= weight of F.W = 120 = 120 m3
“density of F.W is 1”
Volume of tank = Volume of the oil = volume of F.W = 120 m3
Density of oil = R.D of oil * density of F.W= 0.84 ton/m3
Weight of oil = density of oil * volume of oil
Weight of oil = 0.84 *120= 100.8 tons
Example 3
A tank measures 20m x 24m x 10.5m, and contains oil of relative density 0.84 Find the
mass of oil it contains when the ullage is 2.5 meters.
2
An ullage is “the distance from the surface of the liquid in the tank to the top of the
tank”.
A sounding is “the distance from the surface of the liquid to the base of the tank or
sounding pad”.
2.5m
10.5m
8m
24m
20m
Solution
Density of oil = R.D of oil * density of F.W
Density of oil = 0.84 * 1 ton/m3 = 0.84 ton/m3
Mass of the oil = density of oil * volume of oil
Mass of oil = 0.84 * (20 * 24 * 8) = 3225.6 tons
Example 4
A tank will hold 153 tonnes when full of fresh water. Find how many tonnes of oil of
relative density 0.8 it will hold allowing 2% of the oil loaded for expansion.
Solution
Mass of fresh water = 153 tonnes
Volume of the tank 153 m3
Volume of oil + 2% of volume of of oil = Volume of the tank
Or 102% of volume of the oil =153 m3
Volume of the oil 153 * 100/102 =150 m3
Mass of the oil = Volume * Density
= 150*0.8 = 120 tons.
3
Exercise 1
1) A tank holds 120 tons when full of fresh water. Find how many tons of oil of relative
density 0.880 it will hold, allowing 2% of the volume of the tank for expansion in the oil.
(103.49 tons)
2) A tank when full will hold 130 tons of salt water. Find how many tons of oil relative
density 0.940 it will hold, allowing 1% of the volume of the tank for expansion.
(118 tons)
3) A tank measures 8m x 6m x 7m is being filled with oil of relative density 0.9 - Find how
many tons of oil in the tank when the ullage is 3m. (172.8 tons)
4) Oil of relative density o.925 is running into a tank 6m * 4m * 8m until the ullage is 2m .
Calculate the number of tons of oil the tank then contains. (133.2 tons)
5) A tank will hold 100 tons when full of fresh water. Find how many tons of oil of relative
density 0.880 may be loaded if 2% of the volume of the oil loaded is to be allowed for
expansion. (86.27 tons)
6) A deep tank 10m long, 16m wide and 6m deep has a coaming 4m long, 4m wide and 25
cm deep (depth of tank does not include depth of coaming). How many tons of oil, of
relative density 0.92, can it hold if a space equal to 3% of the oil loaded is allowed for
expansion?. (861 tons)
4
Chapter 2
Laws of Floatation
Laws of floatation
Archimedes’ Principle
When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, it appears to suffer a loss in mass
equal to the mass of fluid it displaces
The mass density of fresh water is 1000 kg /m3. Therefore, when a body is immersed in
fresh water it will appear to suffer a loss in mass of 1000 kg for every 1 m3 of water it
displaces.
When a box measuring 1 m3 and of 4000 kg mass is immersed in fresh water it will appear
to suffer a loss in mass of 1000 kg. If suspended from a spring balance the balance would
indicate a mass of 3000 kg.
In Air In Fresh water
3000 k.g
4000 k.g
1 cubic
1 cubic meter
meter
4000 k.g
4000 k.g
Since the actual mass of the box is not changed, there must be a force acting vertically
upwards to create the apparent loss of mass of 1000 kg. This force is called the force of
buoyancy, and is considered to act vertically upwards through a point called the centre of
buoyancy. “The centre of buoyancy is the centre of gravity of the underwater volume”.
5
Now if we have three bodies each of mass 5 tons but the volume of the first is 10 m3, the
second 5 m3 and the third 4m3 . We shall immerse these three bodies in fresh water.
10 m 3
5m3
0 ton
0 ton
4m3
1 ton
The first body (volume 10 m3) will displace 5 tons of fresh water (equal to the mass of the
body) that means it will displace 5 m3 of fresh water and 5m3 of the body will immerse to
replace them, that means that half of the body will be immersed.
The second body (volume 5 m3) will displace 5 tons of fresh water (equal to the mass of the
body). That means it will displace 5m3 of fresh water and 5m3 of the body will immerse to
replace them, that means that the whole body will be just immersed with its upper surface in
the same level with the water surface.
The third body (volume 4 m3) will displace only 4 m3 of fresh water (equal to the volume of
the body). That means that the body will displace only 4 tons of fresh water, and since the
mass of the body is 5 tons the body will sink to the bottom because its mass is more than the
mass of the displaced fresh water by one ton.
6
The following figure shows that the resultant force on the body is zero, or in other words the
force of the mass of the body is equal to the force of the buoyancy
5 tons
Resultant force = zero
10 m3
G
5 tons
The following experiment will lead us to the laws of floatation. Consider we have the
following: a large container, a medium container, a small container with a volume scale of
mass 10kg, a wooden piece of a rectangular shape of mass 100kg. Then we follow the
following steps:
Fill the medium container with fresh water to the maximum level
Put the medium container inside the large container
Put the wooden piece in the fresh water
Collect the immersed water in the scaled small container
Find the mass of the small container, It will be 110 kg, this mean that the mass of the
displaced water = 110 -10 = 100 kg, which is equal to the mass of the piece of wood
Mass of the body = Mass of displaced water
Find the volume of the displaced water; it will be the same as the volume of the
immersed part of the piece of wood
Volume of immersed body = Volume of displaced water
7
Mass of body = Mass of displaced water
Volume of submersed body = volume of displaced water
100 kg
10 kg
Laws of Floatation
110 kg Mass of body = Mass of displaced water
Mass of body= volume of disp. water x density of disp. Water
Mass of body= volume of immersed part x density of disp. Water
Mass of body = L x B x d x density of disp. Water
Homogeneous logs of rectangular section
L
B
The draft of a rectangular homogeneous floating log is found as follows:
Mass of log = volume of log * log density = L * B * D * log density
Mass of log = Mass of displaced water
L * B * D * log density = Mass of displaced water

L * B * D * log density=volume of displaced water * displaced water density
L * B * D * log density= volume of log immersed * displaced water density
L * B * D * log density = L * B * d * displaced water density
8
D * log density = d * displaced density
d (draft) . = Log density .

D (depth) water density
Example 1
Find the distance between the centers of gravity and buoyancy of a rectangular log 1.2 m
wide, 0.6 m deep, and of relative density 0.8 when floating in fresh water with two of its
sides parallel to the waterline.
RD 0.8 D 0.6 m
d
.. G FW
B
1.2 m
K
Log density = log R.D * F.W density = 0.8 * 1 = 0.8 t/m3

d ( draft) = log density .
D (depth) water density
d . = o.8
0.6 1
d = 0.6 * 0.8 = 0.48
Since KB is half the draft then KB = 1/2 * 0.48 = 0.24 m
Since KG is half the depth (D) then KG = 1/2 * 0.60 = 0.30 m
There for the distance between G and B (BG) is
BG = KG – KB = 0.30 – 0.24 = 0.06 m = 6 cm
Example 2
A box shaped barge 16 * 6 * 5 meters is floating alongside a ship in fresh water at a mean
draft of 3.5 m, the barge is to be lifted out of the water and loaded on to the ship with a
heavy lift derrick, find the load in tons on the derrick when the draft of the barge is reduced
to 2m.
9
5m
3.5m F.W
2m
6m
16m
Mass of barge before lifting = Mass of displaced water
Mass of barge before lifting=volume of displaced water x Density of displaced water
Mass of barge before lifting = 16 * 6 * 3.5 * 1 = 336 tons
Mass of barge after lifting = weight of displaced water
Mass of barge after lifting = volume of displaced water * water density
Mass of barge after lifting = 16 * 6 x 2 * 1 = 192 ton
Therefore the derrick is lifting = 336 -192 = 144 tons
OR
The derrick is lifting = 16 * 6 * (3.5 – 2) * 1 = 144 tons
Reserve Buoyancy
Is defined as “Is the volume of enclosed space above the water line”
D
h
10
Reserve buoyancy = L * B * h = … m3
- It may be expressed as percentage of the enclosed spaces above the water line to the total
volume of the body
Volume of whole body (L * B * D)
Volume of free board {L * B * (D – d) }
Reserve buoyancy = (D – d) * 100

D
The force of buoyancy

Is provided by the volume of the enclosed spaces under the water line
Example 3
A box-shaped vessel 105 m long, 30 m beam, and 20 m deep, is floating upright in fresh
water. If the displacement is 19 500 tons, find the volume of reserve buoyancy and its
percentage.
Reserve buoyancy
D-d
F.W
D=20m
Disp. 19500 T d
L=105m B=30m
Volume of water displaced = Mass/ Density

= 19500/1 = 19500 m3
Volume of vessel = L*B*D = 105*30*20 = 63000 m3
Reserve buoyancy = Volume of vessel - Volume of water displaced

= 63000 – 19500 = 43500 m3
Reserve buoyancy in percentage = 43500/63000 *100 = 69.05%
11
Tonnage per Centimeter immersion (TPC)
W =?
W L
1 one centimeter 11
One 1cm
cm
W L
Water plan Area h =1cm
W = TPC = Mass of displaced water …(1)
TPC = volume of displaced water * water density …(2)
TPC = volume of immersed part * water density …(3)
TPC = water plan area (A) * h * water density ….(4)
TPC = (A) * h * water density ….(5)
TPC = (A) * 1 * water density …(6)

100
TPC = 1.025* A
100
The TPC is “the mass which must be loaded or discharged to change a ship’s mean draft by
one centimeter”.
12
Form Coefficients
The coefficient of fineness of the water- plan area
It is the ratio of the area of the water-plan to the area of the rectangular having the same
length and maximum breadth of the ship at any draft (as shown in the figure).
Coefficient of fineness CW = Area of water-plane = Area of water plane

Area of rectangular L*B
Area of water-plane = L * B * Coefficient of fineness CW
Area of water-plane = L * B * CW
The block coefficient of fineness of displacement Cb
It is the ratio of the volume of displacement at any draft to the ratio of the rectangular block
at the same draft having the same length of the water plane area and the water-plane area
maximum breadth at the same draft and the depth, which is the same draft.
L d
Block coefficient Cb = Volume of displacement = Volume of displacement

Volume of the block L * B * draft
13
Volume of displacement = L * B * draft * block coefficient Cb
Volume of displacement = L * B * draft * Cb
Example
A ship 64 metres long, 10 metres maximum beam, has a light draft of 1.5 metres and a
load draft of 4 metres. The block coefficient of fineness is 0.600 at the light draft and
0.750 at the load draft. Find the deadweight in salt Water.
Ans.
Light displacement = L*B*d*density* Cb

= 64*10*1.5*1.025*0.6 = 690.4 Tons
Load displacement = L*B*d*density* Cb

= 64*10*4*1.025*0.750 = 1968 Tons
DW = Load displacement - Light displacement
= 1968 – 590.4 = 1377.6 Tons
Exercise 2
1) A cube of wood of relative density 0.81 has sides 30 cm long. If a mass of 2 kg is
placed on the top of the cube with its centre of gravity vertically over that of the cube,
find the draft in salt water. (25.9 cm)
2) A rectangular tank (3m * 1.2m * 0.6 m) has no lid and is floating in fresh water at a
draft of 15 cm. Calculate the minimum amount of fresh water which must be poured
into the tank to sink it. (1.62 ton)
3) A homogeneous log of rectangular cross-section is 30 cm wide and 25cm deep. The log
floats at a draft of 17 cm. Find the reserve buoyancy and the distance between the
centre of buoyancy and the centre of gravity. (BG: 4 cm, RB: 32%)
4) A homogeneous log of rectangular cross-section is 5 m. long, 60 cm wide, 40 cm deep,

and floats in fresh water at a draft of 30 cm. Find the mass of the log and its relative
density. (Mass: 900 kg, RD: 0.75)
5) A homogeneous log is 3 m long, 60 cm wide, 60 cm deep, and has relative density 0.9.
Find the distance between the centers of buoyancy and gravity when the log is floating
in fresh water. (3 cm)
14
6) A log of square section is 5m * 1m * 1 m. The relative density of the log is 0.51 and it
floats half submerged in dock water. Find the relative density of the dock water.
(1.02)
7) A box-shaped vessel 20m * 6m * 2.5 m floats at a draft of 1.5 m in water of

density1013 kg per cu. m. Find the displacement in tons, and the height of the centre of
buoyancy above the keel. (182.34 tons, 0.75m)
8) A homogeneous log of relative density 0.81 is 3 meters long, 0.5 meters square cross-
section, and is floating in fresh water . Find the displacement of the log, and the
distance between the centers of gravity and buoyancy. (607.5 kg, 4.75 cm)
9) A box-shaped barge 55m * 10m * 6 m. is floating in fresh water on an even keel at 1.5
m draft. If 1800 tones of cargo is now loaded, find the difference in the height of the
centre of buoyancy above the keel. (1.635 m)
10) A box-shaped barge 75m * 6m * 4 m displaces 180 tons when light. If 360 tons of iron
are loaded while the barge is floating in fresh water, find her final draft and reserve
buoyancy. (1.2 m, 70% or 1260 m3)
15
Chapter 3
Effects of Density
 Draft
 Displacement
Effect of density on Draft when the displacement is constant
FW SW
d
d
W = immersed volume * water density W =immersed volume * water density

W = immersed volume * 1 W = immersed volume * 1.025
Since in salt water the density increased then the immersed volume must decrease because the
displacement (W) is constant, and since the immersed volume decreased then the draft in salt
water will decrease than the draft in the fresh water.
Conclusion
If the density of water increases the ships draft will decrease and vise versa.
On a box shaped vessel
New mass of displaced water = Old mass of displaced water
New volume x New density = Old volume x Old density
New volume = Old density

Old volume New density
16
L * B * New draft = Old density

L * B * Old draft New density
New draft = Old density

Old draft New density
Example 1
A box-shaped vessel floats at a mean draft of 2.1 meters, in dock water of density 1020
kg/m3. Find the mean draft for the same mass displacement in salt water of density 1025
kg/m3.

New draft = 1020

2.1 1025
New draft = 1020 * 2.1 = 2.09 m

1025
Example 2
A box-shaped vessel floats upright on an even keel as shown in fresh water of density 1000
kg/m3, and the centre of buoyancy is 0.50 m above the keel. Find the height of the centre of
buoyancy above the keel when the vessel is floating in salt water of density 1025 kg/m3.
Note. The centre of buoyancy is the geometric centre of the underwater volume and for a
box-shaped vessel must be at half draft, i.e. KB 1/2 draft.
Old draft = 2 * KB= 2 * 0.5 = 1 m

New draft = 1000

1 1025
New draft = 1000 * 1 = 0.976 m

1025
New KB = 1/2 * New draft = 1/2 * 0.976 = 0.488 m
17
On a ship shaped vessel
It is the same with a ship shaped vessel if her displacement is constant and the density of
water increases the draft will decrease and vise versa as we said before, therefore:
New displacement = Old displacement
New volume * New density = Old volume * Old density
New volume = Old density

Old volume New density
For a ship shaped vessel the formula can not be further simplified because the shape of the
immersed part is not a rectangular, so in this case to calculate the difference in draft due to
the change in density a quantity known as Fresh Water Allowance FWA must be known
Fresh Water Allowance (FWA)
FWA is defined as “the number of millimeters by which the mean draft changes when the
ship passes from salt water to fresh water and vice versa”.
It is found by the formula:
FWA (mm) = Displacement tons = mm

4 TPC
TPC : is the mass to be loaded or discharged to change ship’s mean draft by one cm.
TPC = 1.025 *A
100
(A) is the water plan area in m2
Dock Water Allowance (DWA)
If the ship is in water of density less than SW and more than FW and will move to SW or
FW then the draft will decrease or increase respectively and to calculate the amount of
change we use the following formula:
18
DWA = FWA (different between densities) = mm

25
Example 4
A ship is loading in a Summer Zone in dock water of density 1005 kg/m3. FWA 62.5 mm,
TPC 15 tones. The lower edge of the Summer load line is in the waterline to port and is 5
cm above the waterline to starboard. Find how much more cargo may be loaded if the ship is
to be at the correct load draft in salt water.
Port side Starboard side

5 cm 2.5 cm
2.5 cm 5 cm
The ship is listed to port side and after making the ship upright the draft both sides will be
2.5 cm below the lower edge of the summer load line. So we need to increase the draft 5
cm to reach the upper edge of the summer load line, we have also to calculate the Dock
Water Allowance (DWA) to know how many cm more we can increase our draft above
the Summer load line.
Dock water allowance = FWA (different between densities) = mm

25
Dock water allowance = 62.5 (1025–1005) = 50 mm = 5 cm

25
We can increase the draft by = 5 + 5 = 10
Cargo can be loaded = 10 * TPC = 10 * 15 = 150 tons
19
Effect of density on displacement when the Draft is constant
In order to keep the draft of the ship constant if the ship moved from density to another then
we have to change the displacement of the ship to keep the volume of displaced water the
same.
FW SW
d d
Volume of displaced water = volume of displaced water
Displacement FW = Displacement SW
Density FW Density SW
If the ship moved from FW to SW the density will increase so the draft will decrease and in
order to keep the draft constant (the immersed volume) the displacement of the ship must
be increased, and vise versa if the ship moved from SW to FW.
To calculate the amount of change in displacement in order to keep the draft of the ship
constant when the ship move through different densities we use the following formula
New volume of displaced water = New volume of displaced water
New displacement = Old displacement

New density Old density
New displacement = New density

Old displacement Old density
Example 1
A ship displaces 7000 tons whilst floating in fresh water. Find the displacement of the ship
when floating at the same draft in water of density 1015 kg/m3, i.e. 1.015 ton/m3.

20
New displacement = 1.015

7000 1
New displacement = 7000 * 1.015 = 7105 tons
Example 2
A ship of 6400 tons displacement is floating in salt water. The ship has to proceed to a berth
where the density of the water is 1008 kg/m3. Find how much cargo must be discharged if
she is to remain at the salt water draft.


6400 1.025
New displacement = 6400 * 1.008 = 6293.85 ton
1.025
Cargo to be discharged=old displacement – new displacement
Cargo to be discharged = 6400 – 6293.85 = 106.15 ton
Example 3
A ship 120m * 17m * 10 m has a block coefficient 0.800 and is floating at the load summer
draft of 7.2 meters in fresh water. Find how much more cargo can be loaded to remain at
the same draft in salt water.
Old displacement = immersed volume x water density

Old displacement = 120 * 17 * 7.2 * 0.8 * 1 = 11750.4 tons


11750.4 1
New displacement = 11750.4 * 1.025 = 12044.16 ton

1
Cargo to be loaded = New displacement – Old displacement
Cargo to be discharged = 12044.16 – 11750.4 = 293.76 tons
21
Conclusion
Effect of density
Draft Displacement
When displacement is constant When draft is constant
Box shaped New displacement = New Density

New draft = Old density Old displacement Old density
Ship shaped
FWA (mm)= displacement
4 TPC
DWA (mm) = FWA (different between densities)

25
300 mm
25 mm
540 mm
TF
FWA
F 1000 Kg/m3
T
FWA
1025 Kg/m3
S
W
300 mm WNA
450 mm 230 mm
 The centre of the disc is at a distance below the deck line equal to the ship’s statutory
freeboard.
22
 Then 540 mm forward of the disc is a vertical line 25 mm thick, with horizontal lines
measuring 230 x 25 mm on each side of it.
 The upper edge of the one marked ‘S’ is in line with the horizontal line through the disc
and indicates the draft to which the ship may be loaded when floating in salt water in a
Summer Zone
 Above this line and pointing aft is another line marked ‘F’, the upper edge of which
indicates the draft to which the ship may be loaded when floating in fresh water in a
Summer Zone.
 If loaded to this draft in fresh water the ship will automatically rise to ‘S’ when she
passes into salt water.
 The perpendicular distance in millimeters between the upper edges of these two lines is
therefore the ship’s Fresh Water Allowance.
23
Exercise 3
1) A ship displaces 7500 cu. m. of water of density 1000 kg/m3. Find the displacement in
tons when the ship is floating at the same draft in water of density 1015 kg/m3.
(7612.5 tons)
2) When floating in fresh water at a draft of 6.5 m a ship displaces 4288 tons. Find the
displacement when the ship is floating at the same draft in water of density 1015 kg/m3.
(4352.32 tons)
3) A box-shaped vessel 24m x 6m x 3 m displaces 150 tons of water. Find the draft when
the vessel is floating in salt water. (1.016 m)
4) A box-shaped vessel draws 7.5 m in dock water of density 1006 kg/m3. Find the draft in
salt water of density 1025 kg/m3. (7.361 m)
5) The KB of a rectangular block which is floating in fresh water is 50 cm. Find the KB in
salt water. (0.4878 m)
6) A ship is lying at the mouth of a river in water of density 1024 kg/m3 and the
displacement is 12 000 tons. The ship is to proceed up river and to berth in dock water
of density 1008 kg/m3with the same draft as at present. Find how much cargo must be
discharged. (187.5 ton)
7) A ship arrives at the mouth of a river in water of density 1016 kg/m3 with a freeboard
of ‘S’ m. She then discharges 150 tons of cargo, and proceeds up river to a second port,
consuming 14 tons of bunkers. When she arrives at the second port the freeboard is
again ‘S’ m, the density of the water being 1004 kg/m3. Find the ship’s displacement on
arrival at the second port. (13721.33 ton)
8) A ship loads in fresh water to her salt water marks and proceeds along a river to a
second port consuming 20 tons of bunkers. At the second port, where the density is
1016 kg/m3, after 120 tons of cargo have been loaded, the ship is again at the load salt
water marks. Find the ship’s load displacement in salt water. (6406.25 ton)
9) A ship’s draft is 6.40 meters forward and 6.60 meters aft. FWA 180mm.Density of the
dock water is 1010 kg/m3. If the load mean draft in salt water is 6.7 meters, find the
final drafts F and A in dock water if this ship is to be loaded down to her marks and
trimmed 0.15 meters by the stern. (Centre of flotation is amidships.) (Fore: 6.733 m,
Aft: 6.883 m)
10) A ship floating in dock water of density 1005 kg/m3has the lower edge of her Summer
load line in the waterline to starboard and 50mm above the waterline to port. FWA
175mm and TPC 12 tons. Find the amount of cargo which can yet be loaded in order to
bring the ship to the load draft in salt water. (228 tons)
24
11) A ship is floating at 8 meters mean draft in dock water of relative density 1.01. TPC 15
tons and FWA 150 mm. The maximum permissible draft in salt water is 8.1 m. Find the
amount of cargo yet to load. (285 tons)
12) A ship’s light displacement is 3450 tons and she has on board 800 toes of bunkers. She
loads 7250 tons of cargo, 250 tones of bunkers and 125 tones of fresh water. The ship is
then found to be 75 mm from the load draft. TPC 12 tons. Find the ship’s deadweight
and load displacement (DW: 8515 tons, load Disp.: 11965 tons)
13) A ship has a load displacement of 5400 tons, TPC 30 tons. If she loads to the Summer
load line in dock water of density 1010 kg/m3, find the change in draft on entering salt
water of density 1025 kg/m3. (2.7 cm)
14) A ship’s FWA is 160 mm, and she is floating in dock water of density 1012 kg/m3. Find
the change in draft when she passes from dock water to salt water. (8.32 cm)
25
Chapter 4
Transverse Statical Stability

 The centre of gravity of a body ‘G’ is the point through which the force of gravity is
considered to act vertically downwards with a force equal to the weight of the body. KG
is VCG (Vertical Center of Gravity) of the ship.
 The centre of buoyancy ‘B’ is the point through which the force of buoyancy is
considered to act vertically upwards with a force equal to the weight of water displaced.
It is the centre of gravity of the underwater volume.
 To float at rest in still water, a vessel must displace her own weight of water, and the
centre of gravity must be in the same vertical line as the centre of buoyancy.
KM = KB + BM Also KM = KG + GM
Definitions
 Heel
“A ship is said to be heeled when she is inclined by an external force. For example, when
the ship is inclined by the action of the waves or wind”.
 List
“A ship is said to be listed when she is inclined by forces within the ship. For example,
when the ship is inclined by shifting a weight transversely within the ship or when
loading or discharging. This is a fixed angle of heel
The Metacenter “M”

A wedge of buoyancy having its centre of gravity at g is transferred to a position with its
centre of gravity at g1. The centre of buoyancy, being the centre of gravity of the
underwater volume, must shift from B to the new position B1, such that BB1 is parallel to
gg1, and BB1 = v * gg1
V
Where v is the volume of the transferred wedge, and V is the ship’s volume of
displacement. The verticals through the centers of buoyancy at two consecutive angles of
heel intersect the centerline at a point called the metacentre “M” which may be
considered constant for angles of heel up to about 15°
The point of Metacenter defined as “The verticals through the centres of buoyancy at two
consecutive angles of heel intersect”
26
Initial Metacenter defined as “the vertical through the centre of buoyancy may be
considered to cut the centre line at a fixed point”
W W
θ◦
heel
M M
g
G G z
g1
B
B
w B1
K G z
K
W W
w
Stable Equilibrium
W W
θ◦
heel
M M
G G z
B
B
w B1
K G z
K
W W
w
A ship is said to be in stable equilibrium when inclined, she tends to return to the initial
position. For this to occur the centre of gravity must be below the metacentre, that is, the
ship must have positive initial metacentric height.
27
W
θ◦
heel
M
G z
B
B1
K M
W θ
Triangle GZM is a RIGHT angle triangle in Z,

Hence,
sinθ◦ heel = GZ
GM
or G Z
GZ at any small angle of heel = GM. sinθ◦
And in turn, w
The righting moment at any small angle of heel = W.GZ
= W. GM. sinθ◦ G z
It should be clear that
w
 The bigger the GZ the greater the righting moment
 And as the GZ depends on the GM therefore the greater the GM the Greater the GZ
28
Unstable Equilibrium
W W
G z G
M
M
B B
W
B1
K z G K
W
w W
A ship is said to be in unstable equilibrium if, when inclined, she tends to heel over still
further. For this to occur the centre of gravity must be above the metacentre, that is, the
ship must have negative initial metacentric height.
Note. A ship having a very small negative initial metacentric height GM need not
necessarily capsize. This point will be examined and explained later; this situation produces
an angle of LOLL.
Neutral Equilibrium
W
W
M G
M G
B B
B1
K
K
W W
29
When G coincides with M the ship is said to be in neutral equilibrium, and if inclined to a
small angle she will tend to remain at that angle of heel until another external force is
applied. The ship has zero GM.
Note. KG = KM.
Moment of Statical Stability = W * GZ,
but in this case GZ = 0
Moment of Statical Stability = 0
Correcting Unstable and Neutral Equilibrium
When a ship in unstable or neutral equilibrium is to be made stable, the effective centre of
gravity of the ship should be lowered. To do this one or more of the following methods
may be employed:
 Weights already in the ship may be lowered.
 Weights may be loaded below the centre of gravity of the ship.
 Weights may be discharged from positions above the centre of gravity.
 Free surfaces within the ship may be removed.
W
W Angle of Loll
G z G
M M
B
B
B1
K W K
(1) θ
◦ (2) W
W Loll W
M
M G G z
B
B B1
B1 B2 B3
B2 (4) K
(3) K W
W
30
Conclusion
 In an unstable ship as the angle of heel increases, the centre of buoyancy will move out
still further to the low side. If the centre of buoyancy moves out to a position vertically
under G, the capsizing moment will have disappeared.
 The angle of heel at which this occurs is called the angle of loll. If the ship is heeled
beyond the angle of loll, the centre of buoyancy will move out still further to the low side
and there will be a moment to return her to the angle of loll.
 The ship will oscillate about the angle of loll instead of about the vertical. If the centre of
buoyancy does not move out far enough to get vertically under G, the ship will capsize.
 The angle of loll will be to port or starboard and back to port depending on external
forces such as wind and waves.
Stiff and Tender Ship
The distance between the centre of gravity “G” and the metacenter “M” depends on the
quantity and the distribution of the loaded cargo, GM is important to ship stability. The table
below shows suitable values of GM for different types of ships:
Ship type GM at fully-loaded condition

General cargo ships 0.30–0.50m
Oil tankers 0.50–2.00m
Double-hull supertankers 2.00–5.00m
Container ships 1.50–2.50m
Ro-Ro vessels 1.50 m approximately
Bulk ore carriers 2–3m
If the GM of a ship is larger than the typical working, value the ship is called a Steff Ship
and if the GM of a ship is smaller than the typical working value the ship is called a Tender
Ship.
When a ship has a comparatively large GM, the righting moments at small angles of heel
will also be comparatively large, so when inclined she will tend to return more quickly to
the initial position.
The result is that the ship will have a comparatively short rolling period, and will roll
quickly – and perhaps violently – from side to side.
A ship in this condition is said to be ‘Stiff’, and such a condition is not desirable. The
effective centre of gravity of the ship should be raised within that ship.
31
When the GM is comparatively small, the righting moments at small angles of heel will
also be small, so when inclined she will not tend to return so quickly to the initial position.
The rolling period will be comparatively long and a ship, in this condition is said to be
‘Tender’. As before, this condition is not desirable and steps should be taken to increase the
GM by lowering the effective centre of gravity of the ship.
The following sketches shows a stiff and a tender ship, the following table shows a
comparison between both of them.
Cap. Amr attallah
W W
M M
G G z
B B
B1
K K
W
Stiff ship
W W W
M M
G G z
B
B
B1
K K
W
Tender ship W
32
Comparison between Stiff and Tender ship
Point of Comparison Stiff Ship Tender Ship

The Metacentric Height
large Small
Gm
The Righting Arm
large Small
GZ
The Righting Moment
large Small
W * GZ
The Rolling Period short Long
Stability More stable Less stable

Causes stresses on hull Most preferable in ferries and
Stresses and machinery passenger ships
Exercise 4
1) Define the term “List”, “Heel”, Initial Metacenter and Metacentric Height
2) Define Center of Gravity, Center of Buoyancy, Density and Relative Density
3) Sketch transverse sections through a ship, showing the positions of the centre of gravity,
centre of buoyancy, and initial metacentre, when the ship is in (a) Stable equilibrium, (b)
Unstable equilibrium, and (c) Neutral equilibrium.
4) Explain what is meant by a ship being (a) tender and, (b) stiff
5) With the aid of suitable sketches, explain what is meant by ‘angle of loll’.
6) A ship of 10 000 t displacement has an initial metacentric height of 1.5 m. What is the
moment of statical stability when the ship is heeled 10 degrees?
33
Chapter 5
Effect of Free Surface of Liquids on Stability
Effect of free surface of liquids on stability of a ship with large GM
W W
M
θ ◦
Gv zv
G
G z
B z1
B G1
g g B1
K
K
g1
W
Fig. (1) Fig. (2)
W
1) As far as the tank is full the liquid may be considered as a static weight
2) If the tank is partly filled then when the ship heels, the liquid flows to the low side of the
tank such that its centre of gravity of the liquid shifts from g to g1. This will cause the
ship’s centre of gravity to shift from G to G1, parallel to gg1.
Moment of statical stability= W * G1Z1= W * GvZv= W * GvM * sinθ
3) This indicates that the effect of the free surface is to reduce the effective metacentric
height from GM to GvM. GGv is therefore the virtual loss of GM due to the free surface.
Any loss in GM is a loss in stability.
4) It should also be noted that even though the distance GG1 is fairly small it produces a
relatively large virtual loss in GM (GGv).
34
Effect of free surface of liquids on stability of a ship with small GM
W W
M
zv
G
M
θ
z
z1
B
B B1
g g
K
g1
W
Fig. (1) Fig. (2) W
Fig. (1): A sketch of a stable vessel with small GM

Fig. (2): when the ship heeled due to an external force “B” moved to “B1” and the force of
buoyancy is acting upward and intersecting the mid ship in “M”. Because of the movement
of the liquid in the tank “G” moved to “G1” and the force of gravity is acting through “G1”
downward with “W”, the extension of this force upward intersects the mid ship in “Gv”
which is above “M” , so the negative arm “GvZv” will cause a negative moment forcing the
ship to heel more (“GGv” is the loss in the initial “GM”).
W W θ◦ Loll
M Gv1
Gv Gv
zv θ◦
M
θ◦ G
G z
z1 G1 G1
G2
B B1 B B1
g g B2
K g1 K
g1
W W
Fig. (2) Fig. (3)
Fig.3: the ship will heel more and “G1” will move to “G2” due to the movement of the liquid
in the tank and the force of gravity is acting through “G1” downward with “W”, the
extension of this force upward intersects the mid ship in “Gv1”. In addition “B1” reaches
35
“B2” in a position just below “G2” and the righting arm “GZ” will be 0. this angle of heel is
called the angle of Loll. Both the force of buoyancy and the extension of the force of gravity
force will intersect the mid ship in one point, that means “M” and “Gv1” will coincide.
◦
Cap. Amr attallah
W θ Loll W
M
M Gv1 Gv2
Gv θ◦
zv2
θ◦ Gv1
Gv
G
G1
G2 G
G1
G2
B B1 z3
G3
g B2 B B1 B2
g
K B3
g 1 g2
K g2
g1
g3
W
Fig. (3) Fig. (4) W
Fig. 4: if the ship heeled more due to an external force “G2” will move to “G3” due to the
movement of the liquid in the tank and the extension of the gravity force will intersect the
mid ship in “Gv2” , also “B2” will move to “B3” and the force of buoyancy will intersect the
mid ship line in “M” which will be above “Gv2”, the arm “G3Z3” or “Gv2Zv3” will cause a
positive moment forcing the ship to return to the angle of Loll
Correcting Angle of Loll
 Check that the list is due to a very small negative GM, for example 0.05 to 0.10 m.
 Lower the position of “G” below the “M” by toping up any slack tanks and lower weights
within the ship if possible.
 If the ship is still at an angle of loll start to fill the smallest tanks with very small FSE one
by one.
 If the ship is still listed and it is decided to fill double-bottom tanks, start by filling the
low side of a tank which is adequately subdivided.
 The list is bound to be increased in the initial stages.
 Never start by filling tanks on the high side first.
 Always calculate the effects first before authorizing action to be taken to ballast any
tanks.
36
Exercise 5
1) With the aid of suitable sketches, show the effect of slack tanks on a ship’s stability.
2) A ship leaves port upright with a full cargo of timber, and with timber on deck.
During the voyage, bunkers, stores and fresh water are consumed evenly from each
side. If the ship arrives at her destination with a list, explain the probable cause of the
list and how this should be remedied.
3) A ship loaded with timber and with timber on deck, berths with an angle of loll away
from the quay. From which side should the timber on deck be discharged first and
why?
37
Chapter 6
The Final KG
When a ship is completed by builders, certain written stability information must be

handed over to the ship-owner with the ship. Details of the information required are
contained in the load line Rules, parts of which are reproduced in Appendix I of this book.
The information includes details of the ship's Lightweight, the Lightweight VCG and
LCG, and the positions of the centres of gravity of cargo and bunker spaces. This gives an
initial condition from which the displacement and KG for any condition of loading may be
calculated. The Final KG is found by taking the moments of the weights loaded or
discharged, about the keel. For convenience, when taking the moments, consider the ship
to be on her beam-ends.
In Figure, KG represents the original height of the centre of gravity above the keel, and W
represents the original displacement. The original moment about the keel is therefore
W*KG. Now load a weight w1 with its centre of gravity at g1 and discharge w2 from g2.
This will produce moments about the keel of w1* Kg1 and w2* Kg2 in directions indicated
in the figure. The final moment about the keel will be equal to the original moment plus the
moment of the weight added minus the moment of the weight discharged. But the final
moment must also be equal to the final displacement multiplied by the final KG.
Final moment = Final KG * Final displacement
38
Examples
1) A ship has displacement of 2400 tons and KG = 10.8 m. Find the new KG if a weight
of 50 tons mass already on board is raised 12m vertically.
W 2400 T
.
G1
GG1 50 T
G .
12
10.8m KG New
m
50 T
GG1= w * d
W
GG1= 50 * 12 = 0.25 m
2400
KG new = KG initial + GG1
KG new = 10.8 + 0.25 = 11.05 m
2) A ship has displacement of 2000 tons and KG= 10.5 m. Find the new KG if a weight
of 40 tons mass already on board is shifted from the tween deck to the lower hold
through a distance of 4.5 m vertically.
W 2000 T
40 T
G .
G1 . GG1
4.5m
10.5m KG New
40 T
GG1= w*d
W
39
GG1= 40 * 4.5 = 0.09 m

2000
KG new = KG initial - GG1
KG new = 10.5 - 0.09 = 10.41 m
3) A ship has displacement of 2000 tons and KG= 4.5 m. A heavy lift of 20 tons mass
in the lower hold and has KG= 2m. This weight is then raised 0.5 m. clear of the tank
top by a derrick whose head is 14 m. above the keel. Find the new KG of the ship.
d 12m 14
m
W 2000
G1 . GG1
T
G.
KG New
4.5m 20 T
0.5m
2m
GG1= w * d
W
GG1= 20 * 12 = 0.12 m
2000
KG new = 4.5 + 0.12 = 4.62 m
4) A ship has displacement of 7000 tons and KG= 6 m. A heavy lift of 40 tons mass in
the lower hold and has KG= 3 m. Find the new KG when this weight is raised
through 1.5 m. vertically and is suspended by a derrick whose head is 17 m. above the
keel.
40
d 14m 17m
W 7000
G1 . GG1
T
G .
KG New
6m
40 T
1.5m
3m
GG1= w * d
W
GG1= 40 * 14 = 0.08 m
7000
KG new = 6 + 0.08 = 6.08 m
5) Find the shift of centre of gravity of a ship of 1500 tons displacement when a weight
of 25 tons mass shifted from the starboard side of the lower hold to the port side on
deck through a distance of 15 m.
25
W 1500 T
G1 . d= 15 m
GG1
.G
25
41
GG1= w * d
W
GG1= 25 * 15 = 0.25 m
1500
6) A ship of displacement 5500 tons with KG 4.3 m, loaded 150 tons in a position 3 m
above the center of gravity of the ship. Find the final KG of this ship.
W 5500
+150
d= 3m .
G1
G.
KG final m
4.3 m
GG1= w * d
W
GG1= 150 * 3 = 0.07 m
5500 + 150
KG final = KG initial + GG1
KG final = 4.3 + 0.07 = 4.37 m
7) A ship of displacement 8000 tons with KG 5.2 m, loaded 320 tons in a position 5 m
below the center of gravity of the ship. Find the final KG of this ship.
W 8000
.G
d= 5m .G 1
KG final
5.2 m +320
42
GG1= w * d
W
GG1= 320 * 5 = 0.19 m
8000 + 320
KG final = KG initial - GG1
KG final = 5.2 - 0.19 = 5.01 m
8) A ship of displacement 7200 tons with KG 6.3m, discharged 350 tons in a position 4
m above the center of gravity of the ship. Find the final KG of this ship.
W 7200
-350
d= 4m
G .
G1 .
6.3 m
KG final m
GG1= w * d
W
GG1= 320 * 5 = 0.19 m
8000 + 320
KG final = KG initial - GG1
KG final = 5.2 - 0.19 = 5.01 m
9) A ship of displacement 6700 tons with KG 7.6 m, discharged 270 tons in a position
4.6 m below the center of gravity of the ship. Find the final KG of this ship.
. G1 W 6700
.G
d= 4.6
KG final
7.6 m - 270
43
GG1= w * d
W
GG1= 270 * 4.6 = 0.19 m
6700 + 270
KG final = KG initial + GG1
KG final = 7.6 + 0.19 = 7.79 m
The builders of the ship provides the ship with a stability booklet containing all the stability
information of the ship (light ship, light ship KG and LCG, the position of center of gravity
of cargo holds and tanks).
This gives an initial condition from which the displacement and KG for any condition of
loading may be calculated.
The initial moment about the keel is:
Light
-w ship
G initial
KG-w +w KG initial
KG+w
Moment initial = Light ship * KG initial

i.e.
KG initial = Moment initial
Light displacement
If the ship loaded and discharged cargo the KG final is calculated by dividing the final
moment by the final displacement
KG Final = Final Moment

Final displacement
Example 1
A ship of 6000 tons displacement has KG 6 m and KM 7.33 m.
The following cargo is loaded: 1000 tons KG 2.5 m
500 tons KG 3.5 m
750 tons KG 9.0 m
and the following is then discharged: 800 tons of cargo KG 3.0 m
450 tons of cargo KG 0.6 m
Find the final GM
44
+ 750
+6000 - 450
+500 9.0
- 800
+1000
6.0 0.6
2.5 3.0
3.5
Weight KG Moment about the keel

6000 6.0 36000
1000 2.5 2500
500 3.5 1750
750 9.0 6750
- 800 3.0 - 2400
- 450 0.6 -270
Final Disp = 7000 Final moment = 44330
KG Final = Final Moment = 44300 = 6.33 m

Final displacement 7000
GM final = KM – KG final = 7.33 – 6.33 = 1 m
Example 2
A ship of 5000 tons displacement has KG 4.5 m and KM 5.3 m. The following cargo is
loaded:
2000 tons KG 3.7 m and 1000 tones KG 7.5 m
Find how much deck cargo (KG 9 m) may now be loaded if the ship is to sail with
a minimum GM of 0.3 m.
45
+x
+1000 9.0
+5000
+2000 4.5
7.5
3.7
Assume that weight of deck cargo is x
W KG Moment about the keel

5000 4.5 22500
2000 3.7 7400
1000 7.5 7500
x 9.0 9x
Final Disp.= 8000 + x Final moment = 37400 + 9x
KG Final = KM – GM Final = 5.3 - 0.3 = 5 m
KG Final = Final Moment

Final displacement
5 = 37400 + 9x
8000 + x
40000 + 5x = 37400 + 9x
4x = 2600
x = 650 ton
Twenty reasons for a rise in G When the vertical centre of gravity G rises
There will normally be a loss in the ship’s stability. G may even rise above the transverse
metacentre M to make the ship unstable. The master and mate onboard ship must be aware
of changes in a ship that would cause such a rise in G. The following list gives reasons for
such a rise
46
1. Free-surface effects in partially filled tanks.

2. Collapse of a longitudinal division/bulkhead in a partially filled tank of liquid.
3. Icing up of superstructures.
4. Loading cargo in upper reaches of the vessel.
5. Water entering the ship through badly maintained hatches on upper deck and flooding
the tween decks.
6. Hatches or bow doors inadvertently left open on the main deck.
7. Water landing on the deck from the sea in heavy weather conditions.
8. Raising of a weight from a deck using a mast and derrick.
9. Raising a weight low down in the ship to a higher position within the ship.
10. Timber deck cargo becoming saturated due to bad weather conditions.
11. Vessel making first contact with keel blocks in a dry dock at the stern.
12. A ship’s first contact with a raised shelf or submerged wreck.
13. The raising of the sails on a yacht.
14. A bilging situation, causing free-surface effects.
15. A collapse of grain-boards or fish-boards.
16. A blockage of freeing ports or scuppers on the upper deck.
17. Passengers crowding on superstructure decks at time of departure or arrival.
18. Adding weight at a point above the ship is initial overall VCG.
19. Discharging a weight at a point below the ship’s initial overall VCG.
20. Retrofits in accommodation decks and navigation spaces.
47
Exercise 6
1) A ship has a displacement of 1800 tons and KG 3 m. She loads 3400 tons of cargo (KG
2.5 m) and 400 tons of bunkers (KG 5.0 m). Find the final KG. ( 2.84 m )
2) A ship has a light displacement of 2000 tons and light KG 3.7 m. She then loads 2500
tons of cargo (KG 2.5 m) and 300 tons of bunkers (KG 3 m). Find the new KG. (3.03 m)
3) A ship sails with displacement 3420 tons and KG 3.75 m. During the voyage bunkers
were consumed as follows: 66 tons (KG 0.45 m) and 64 tons (KG 2 m). Find the KG at
the end of the voyage. ( 3.85 m)
4) A ship has displacement 2000 tons and KG 4 m. She loads 1500 tons of cargo (KG 6 m),
3500 tons of cargo (KG 5 m) and 1520 tons of bunkers (KG 1 m). She then discharges
2000 tons of cargo (KG 2.5m) and consumes 900 tons of oil fuel (KG 0.5 m) during the
voyage. Find the final KG on arrival at the port of destination. ( 5.439 m)
5) A ship has a light displacement of 2000 tons (KG 3.6 m). She loads 2500 tons of cargo
(KG 5 m) and 300 tons of bunkers (KG 3 m). The GM is then found to be 0.15 m. Find
the GM with the bunkers empty. (0.064 m)
6) A ship has a displacement of 3200 tons (KG 3 m and KM 5.5 m). She then loads 5200
tons of cargo (KG 5.2 m). Find how much deck cargo having a KG 10 m may now be
loaded if the ship is to complete loading with a positive GM of 0.3 m. (1466.67 tons)
7) A ship of 5500 tons displacement has KG 5 m, and she proceeds to load the following
cargo: 1000 tons KG 6 m - 700 tons KG 4 m - 300 tons KG 5 m. She then discharges 200
tons of ballast KG 0.5 m. Find how much deck cargo (KG 10 m) can be loaded so that the
ship may sail with a positive GM of 0.3 meters. The load KM is 6.3 m. (1525 tons)
8) A ship of 3500 tons light displacement and light KG 6.4 m has to load 9600 tons of cargo.
The KG of the lower hold is 4.5 m, and that of the tween deck is 9 m. The load KM is 6.2
m and, when loading is completed, the righting moment at 6 degrees of heel is required
to be 425 tons m. Calculate the amount of cargo to be loaded into the lower hold and
tween deck, respectively. (Righting moment W. GM. sin θ.) (7031.3tonsS, 2568.7 tons)
9) A ship arrives in port with displacement 6000 tons and KG 6 m. She then discharges and
loads the following quantities:
Discharge: 1250 tons of cargo KG 4.5 meters

675 tons of cargo KG 3.5 meters
Load: 980 tons of cargo KG 4.25 meters

700 tons of bunkers KG 1.0 meter
70 tons of FW KG 12.0 meters.
48
During the stay in port, 30 tons of oil (KG 1 m) are consumed. If the final KM is 6.8 m,
find the GM on departure. (1.2 m)
10) A ship has light displacement 2800 tons and light KM 6.7 m. She loads 400 tons of cargo
(KG 6 m) and 700 tons (KG 4.5 m). The KG is then found to be 5.3 m. Find the light GM.
(1.3 m)
11) A ship’s displacement is 4500 tons and KG 5 m. The following cargo is loaded: 450 tons
KG 7.5 m - 120 tons KG 6.0 m - 650 tons KG 3.0 m. Find the amount of cargo to load in a
tween deck (KG 6 m) so that the ship sails with a GM of 0.6 m. (The load KM is 5.6 m.).
(55 tons)
12) A ship of 7350 tons displacement has KG 5.8 m and GM 0.5 m. Find how much deck
cargo must be loaded (KG 9 m) if there is to be a metacentric height of not less than 0.38
m when loading is completed. (286.4 tons)
13) A ship is partly loaded and has a displacement of 9000 tons, KG 6 m, and KM 7.3 m. She
is to make a 19-day passage consuming 26 tons of oil per day (KG 0.5 m). Find how much
deck cargo she may load (KG 10 m) if the GM on arrival at the destination is to be not less
than 0.3m. (1929.67 tons)
49
Chapter 7
The List
Consider a ship floating upright as shown in following figure. The centres of gravity and
buoyancy are on the centreline. The resultant force acting on the ship is zero, and the
resultant moment about the centre of gravity is zero.
A weight already on board the ship be shifted transversely such that G moves to G1 as in
Figure. This will produce a listing moment of W * GG1, and the ship will list until G1 and
the centre of buoyancy are in the same vertical line. In this position, G1 will also lie
vertically under M so long as the angle of list is small. Therefore, if the final positions of
the metacentre and the centre of gravity are known, the final list can be found, using
trigonometry, in the triangle GG1M that is right-angled at G. The final position of the
centre of gravity is found by taking moments about the keel and about the centreline.
Note. It will be found more convenient in calculations, when taking moments, to consider
the ship to be upright throughout the operation.
50
There are three type of list exercises

1- A ship loaded and discharged then require calculating the final angle of list
2- Given the angle of list of a ship loaded and remain amount of cargo has yet to load
require to allocate the remain cargo to make the ship upright on completion of loading
3- Given the angle of list of a ship loaded and discharged then require the final angle of list
Example 1
A ship of 8000 tonnes displacement has KM = 8.7m and KG = 7.6m. The following weights
are then loaded and discharged. Load 250 tonnes cargo KG 6.1m and centre of gravity 7.6m
to starboard of the centreline.
Load 300 tonnes fuel oil KG 0.6m and centre of gravity 6.1m to port of the centreline.
Discharge 50 tonnes of ballast KG 1.2m and centre of gravity 4.6m to port of the centreline.
Find the final list.
51
M
w d
P St
250 7.6 - 1900
300 6.1 - 230
50 4.6 1830 -
∑ 1830 2130
Final moment - 300
Example 2
A ship of 13750 tonnes displacement, GM = 0.75m, is listed 2.5 degrees to starboard and
has yet to load 250 tonnes of cargo. There is space available in each side of No. 3 between
decks (centre of gravity, 6.1m out from the centreline). Find how much cargo to load on
each side if the ship is to be upright on completion of loading.
Suppose Load ‘w’ tonnes to port and (250 = w) tonnes to starboard.
In triangle GG1M
52
GG1 = GM tan θ
= 0.75 tan 2.5◦
= 0.75 * 0 .0437
GG1 = 0.0328
Example 3
A ship of 9900 tonnes displacement has KM = 7.3m and KG = 6.4m. She has yet to load
two 50 tons lifts with her own gear and the first lift is to be placed on deck on the inshore
side (KG 9m and centre of gravity 6m out from the centreline). When the derrick plumbs
the quay, its head is 15m above the keel and 12m out from the centreline. Calculate the
maximum list during the operation.
53
54
Exercises 7
1) A ship of 5000 tons displacement has KG 4.2 m and KM 4.5 m, and is listed 5 degrees
to port. Assuming that the KM remains constant, find the final list if 80 tons of bunkers
are loaded in No. 2 starboard tank whose centre of gravity is 1 meter above the keel and 4
meters out from the centerline. (θ = 6 ͦ 3` to starboard)
2) A ship of 4515 tons displacement is upright, and has KG 5.4 m and KM 5.8 m. It is
required to list the ship 2 degrees to starboard and a weight of 15 tons is to be shifted
transversely for this purpose. Find the distance through which it must be shifted. (4.2 m)
3) A ship of 7800 tons displacement has a mean draft of 6.8 m and is to be loaded to a
mean draft of 7 meters. GM 0.7 m and TPC 20 tons. The ship is at present listed 4
degrees to starboard. How much more cargo can be shipped in the port and starboard
tween deck, centers of gravity 6m and 5 m, respectively, from the centerline, for the ship
to complete loading and finish upright. (216.5 ton, 183.5 tons)
4) A ship of 1500 tons displacement has KB 2.1 m, KG 2.7 m and KM 3.1 m, and is
floating upright in salt water. Find the list if a weight of 10 tons is shifted transversely
across the deck through a distance of 10 meters. (9ͦ 27.7‫)׳‬
5) A weight of 12 tons, when moved transversely across the deck through a distance of
12 m, causes a ship of 4000 tons displacement to list 3.8 degrees to starboard. KM 6 m.
Find the KG. (5.458 m )
6) A quantity of grain, estimated at 100 tons, shifts 10 m horizontally and1.5 m vertically

in a ship of 9000 tons displacement. If the ship’s original GM was 0.5 m, find the
resulting list. (12ͦ 56.8‫)׳‬
7) A ship of 7500 tons displacement has KM 8.6 m, KG 7.8 m and 20m beam. A quantity
of deck cargo is lost from the starboard side (KG 12 m, and centre of gravity 6 m in from
the rail). If the resulting list is 3 degrees 20 minutes to port, find how much deck cargo
was lost. (91.92 tons)
8) A ship of 12 500 tons displacement, KM 7 m and KG 6.4 m, has a 3 degree list to

starboard and has yet to load 500 tons of cargo. There is space available in the tween
decks, centers of gravity 6 m each side of the centerline. Find how much cargo to load on
each side if the ship is to complete loading upright.
(port side 282.75 ton, Starboard side 217.25 tons)
9) A ship is listed 2.5 degrees to port. The displacement is 8500 tons KM5.5 m and KG
4.6 m. The ship has yet to load a locomotive of 90 tons mass on deck on the starboard
side (centre of gravity 7.5 m from the centerline), and a tender of 40 tons. Find how far
from the centerline the tender must be placed if the ship is to complete loading upright,
and also find the final GM (KG of the deck cargo is 7 m). (8.525 m to port, 0.864 m)
10) A ship of 9500 tons displacement is listed 3.5 degrees to starboard, and has KM 9.5
m and KG 9.3 m. She loads 300 tons of bunkers in No. 3 double- bottom tank port side
(KG 0.6 m and centre of gravity 6 m from the centerline), and discharges two parcels of
55
cargo each of 50 tons from the port side of No. 2 shelter deck (KG 11 m and centre of
gravity 5 m from the centerline). Find the final list. (14ͦ 04‫ ׳‬to port)
11) A ship of 6500 tons displacement is floating upright and has GM 0.15 m. A weight of
50 tons, already on board, is moved 1.5 m vertically downwards and 5 m transversely to
starboard. Find the list. (13ͦ 23.5‫)׳‬
12) A ship of 5600 tons displacement is floating upright. A weight of 30 tons is lifted
from the port side of No. 2 tween deck to the starboard side of No. 2 shelter deck (10 m
horizontally). Find the weight of water to be transferred in No. 3 double-bottom tank
from starboard to port to keep the ship upright. The distance between the centers of
gravity of the tanks is 6 m. (50 tons)
56
Chapter 8
The Trim
 Trim may be considered as the longitudinal equivalent of list. Trim is also known as
‘longitudinal stability.
 Instead of trim being measured in degrees it is measured in meters as “the difference

between the drafts forward and aft”.
 If difference is zero then the ship is on even keel. If forward draft is greater than aft draft,
the vessel is trimming by the bow of forward. If aft draft is greater than the forward draft,
the vessel is trimming by the stern or aft.
The moment that affect the ship is called the trimming moment is equal to:
w *d = W * GG1
G
B
W
GG1 = w x d
W W
GG1 x W = w x d
d
w
w
G G1
FB B1
57
The point (F) is called the ‘centre of flotation’ or ‘tipping point’.
A vessel with a rectangular water-plane has its centre of flotation on the centre line
amidships. On ship, it may be a little forward or a little aft from amidships, depending on
the shape of the water-plane.
w
w
58
 Trimming moments are taken about the Centre of Flotation since this is the point about
which rotation takes place.
 The longitudinal metacenter (ML) is “the point of intersection between the verticals
through the longitudinal positions of the centers of buoyancy”.
 The vertical distance between the centre of gravity and the longitudinal metacenter
(GML) is called the longitudinal metacentric height.
 The moment to change trim one centimeter (denoted by MCT 1 cm or (MCTC)
The MCT 1 cm, or MCTC, is “the moment required to change trim by 1 cm”, and may be
calculated by using the formula:
MCTC = W*GML
100 L
Where
W: The vessel's displacement in tons
GML: The longitudinal metacentric height in meters
L: The vessel's length in meters.
For a box-shaped vessel
BML = I . = B L3 = . BL3 .
V 12 V 12 x L x B x d
BML = L2
12d
Steps of solving Trim problems to find final draft Fore and Aft.
1) Draw the problem with all information including the accurate position of weights
loaded and discharged from center of floatation.
2) Calculate the parallel sink age or raise in draft fore and aft due to loading and
discharging operation (if loading and discharging)
3) Calculate the forward and aft moments and subtract both to get the final moment with
its direction ( fore or aft)
4) Calculate the change in trim by dividing the final moment by the MCTC and its
direction which is the same of the final moment
5) Calculate the change in trim in fore and aft drafts as following:

Change in draft fore = l /L * change in trim (l) distance from forward perpendicular to F)
59
Change in draft AF = l /L * change in trim (l) the distance from aft perpendicular to F)
6) Calculate the final draft forward and aft by adding the parallel sink age or raise and the
change in draft forward and aft with the correct signs
The effect of shifting weights already on board
Example 1
A ship 126m long is floating at drafts of 5.5m F and 6.5m A. The centre of flotation is 3m
aft of amidships. MCT 1cm = 240 tonnes m. Displacement = 6000 tonnes. Find the new
drafts if a weight of 120 tonnes already on board is shifted forward a distance of 45 metres.
The effect of loading and/or discharging weights
When a weight is loaded at the centre of flotation it will produce no trimming moment,
but the ship’s drafts will increase uniformly so that the ship displaces an extra weight of
water equal to the weight loaded. If the weight is now shifted forward or aft away from
the centre of flotation, it will cause a change of trim. From this it can be seen that when a
weight is loaded away from the centre of flotation, it will cause both a bodily sinkage and
a change of trim. Similarly, when a weight is being discharged, if the weight is first
60
shifted to the centre of flotation it will produce a change of trim, and if it is then
discharged from the centre of flotation the ship will rise bodily. Thus, both a change of
trim and bodily rise must be considered when a weight is being discharged away from the
centre of flotation.
Example 2
A ship 100m long arrives in port with drafts 3m F and 4.3m A. TPC 10 tonnes. MCT 1cm
120 tonnes m. The centre of flotation is 3m aft of amidships. If 80 tonnes of cargo is
loaded in a position, 24m forward of amidships and 40 tonnes of cargo is discharged from
12m aft of amidships, what are the new drafts?
Moment
w d
AF F
80 27 - 2160
40 9 - 360
Σ - 2520
Resultant
2520 F
Moment
61
Example 3
A ship of 6000 tonnes displacement has drafts 7 m F and 8 m A. MCT 1 cm 100
tonnes m, TPC 20 tonnes, centre of flotation is amidships; 500 tonnes of cargo is
discharged from each of the following four holds:
No. 1 hold, centre of gravity 40 m forward of amidships
No. 3 hold, centre of gravity 20 m aft of amidships
The following bunkers are also loaded:

150 tonnes at 12 m forward of amidships
50 tonnes at 15 m aft of amidships
Find the new drafts forward and aft.
62
Total cargo discharged 2000 t Bodily Rise = w / TPC

Total bunkers loaded 200 t
= 1800 / 20 = 90 cm
Net weight discharged 1800 tonnes 0.9 m
Moment about the center of flotation CF

Moment
w d
AF F
500 40 20000 -
500 25 12500 -
500 20 - 10000
500 50 - 25000
150 12 - 1800
50 15 750 -
Σ 33250 36800
Resultant
3550 F
Moment
63
Exercises 8
1) A ship 120 m long has drafts 6.8 m F and 7.2 m AF. MCTC 100 tons m, TPC 40 tons,
centre of flotation is 3m forward of amidships; 400 tons of cargo is discharged from each
of the following four holds:
The following bunkers are also loaded:
130 tons at 10 m forward of amidships
70 tons at 20 m aft of amidships
Find the new drafts forward and aft and new trim. (F 6.740, AF 6.530 – new trim 0.21
by F)
2) A ship arrives in port trimmed 25 cm by the stern. The centre of flotation is amidships.
MCTC 100 tons m. A total of 3800 tons of cargo is to be discharged from 4 holds, and 360
tons of bunkers loaded in No. 4 double bottom tank; 1200 tons of the cargo is to be
discharged from No. 2 hold and 600 tons from No. 3 hold. Find the amount to be
discharged from Nos. 1 and 4 holds if the ship is to complete on an even keel.
Centre of gravity of No. 1 hold is 50 m forward of the centre of flotation
Centre of gravity of No. 2 hold is 30 m forward of the centre of flotation
Centre of gravity of No. 3 hold is 20 m abaft of the centre of flotation
Centre of gravity of No. 4 hold is 45 m abaft of the centre of flotation
Centre of gravity of No. 4 DB tank is 5 m abaft of the centre of flotation
(H 1 = 649.5 tons, H4 = 1350.5 tons)
3) A ship is floating at drafts of 6.1 meters F and 6.7 meters A. The following cargo is then
loaded:
20 tons in a position whose centre of gravity is 30 meters forward of amidships.
45 tons in a position whose centre of gravity is 25 meters forward of amidships.
60 tons in a position whose centre of gravity is 15 meters aft of amidships.
30 tons in a position whose centre of gravity is 3 meters aft of amidships.
The centre of flotation is amidships, MCT 1cm 200 tons m and TPC 35 tons. Find the
new drafts forward and aft. (F 6.162 m, AF 6.726m)
4) A ship of 8500 tons displacement has TPC 10 tons, MCTC 100 tons m and the centre of
flotation is amidships. She is completing loading under coal tips. Nos. 2 and 3 holds are
full, but space is available in No. 1 hold (centre of gravity 50 m forward of amidships),
and in No. 4 hold (centre of gravity 45 m aft of amidships).
The present drafts are 6.5 m F and 7 m AF, and the load draft is 7.1 m.
Find how much cargo is to be loaded in each of the end holds so as to put the ship down
to the load draft and complete loading on an even keel. (H1 = 218.42 tons, H4 = 131.6
tons)
64
5) A ship arrives in port trimmed 0.3 m by the stern and is to discharge 4600 tons of cargo
from 4 holds; 1800 tons of the cargo is to be discharged from No. 2 and 800 tons from
No. 3 hold. Centre of flotation is amidships, MCTC 250 tons m.
The centre of gravity of No. 1 hold is 45 m forward of amidships.
The centre of gravity of No. 2 hold is 25 m forward of amidships.
The centre of gravity of No. 3 hold is 20 m aft of amidships.
The centre of gravity of No. 4 hold is 50 m aft of amidships.
Find the amount of cargo which must be discharged from Nos. 1 and 4 holds if the ship is
to sail on an even keel. (H1 = 668.4 tons, H4 = 1331.6 tons)
65
Chapter 9
Cross Curves of Stability
GZ Cross Curves of Stability

These are a set of curves from which the righting lever about an assumed centre of gravity
for any angle of heel at any particular displacement may be found by inspection. The
curves are plotted for an assumed KG and, if the actual KG of the ship differs from this, a
correction must be applied to the righting levers taken from the curves.
30
15 Center of Gravity assumed 9 m above keel
4.5
4 45
3.5
3
2.5 45
60
2 30
1.5 60
15
1
75
0.5 75
0
- 0.5 90
90
-1
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000
The previous figure shows a set of Stability Cross Curves plotted for an imaginary ship
called M.V. ‘Tanker’ assuming the KG to be 9 metres. A scale of displacements is shown
along the bottom margin and a scale of righting levers (GZs) in metres on the left-hand
margin. The GZ scale extends from +4.5m through 0 to -1 meter. The curves are plotted at
15 degree intervals of heel between 15 degrees and 90 degrees. To find the GZs for any
particular displacement locate the displacement concerned on the bottom scale and, through
this point erect a perpendicular to cut all the curves. Translate the intersections with the
curves horizontally to the left-hand scale and read off the GZs for each angle of heel.
66
If the actual KG of the ship is greater than the assumed KG then the ship is less stable and
the correction must be subtracted.
M
θ
G1 z1
θ
G z
x
B
B1
K
W
KG is the assumed KG
KG1 is the actual KG
GZ represents the righting lever, as taken from the curves for this particular angle of heel
G1Z1 is the actual righting lever
G1Z1 = GZ - GX
Corrected GZ = Tabulated GZ - correction
Also, in triangle GXG1:
Sin θ = GX
GG1
GX = Correction = GG1 sin θ
Corrected GZ = Tabulated GZ – GG1 sin θ
If the actual KG is less than the assumed KG the ship is more stable and the correction
must be added.
67
W
M
θ
G z
θ
G2 z2
B
B1
K
W
KG is the assumed KG
KG2 is the actual KG
GZ represents the righting lever, as taken from the curves for this particular angle of heel
G2Z2 is the actual righting lever
G2Z2 = GZ + G2Y
Corrected GZ = Tabulated GZ + correction
Also, in triangle GYG2:
Sin θ = GY GY = Correction = GG2 sin θ
GG2
Corrected GZ = Tabulated GZ + GG1 sin θ
Example 1
Using the Stability Cross Curves for M.V. ‘Tanker’, find the GZs at 15 degree intervals
between 0 degrees and 90 degrees when the displacement is 38 000 tons and the KG is 8.5
meters.
68
Heel Tabulated GZ Correction Correct GZ

(KG 9 m) (GG1 sin °) (KG 8.5 m)
0° 0 0.5 x 0 =0 0+0 =0
15° 0.81 0.5 x 0.259 = 0.129 0.81 + 0.13 = 0.94
30° 1.90 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.250 1.90 + 0.25 = 2.15
45° 2.24 0.5 x 0.707 = 0.353 2.24 + 0.35 = 2.59
60° 1.70 0.5 x 0.866 = 0.433 1.70 + 0.43 = 2.13
75° 0.68 0.5 x 0.966 = 0.483 0.68 + 0.48 = 1.16
90° 0.49 0.5 x 1.000 = 0.500 0.49 + 0.50 = 0.01
heel 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
GZ 0 0.94 2.15 2.59 2.13 1.16 0.01
Statical Stability
The curve of statical stability for a ship in any particular condition of loading is obtained
by plotting the righting levers against angle of heel as shown in Figure
The following information is obtained from the curve:
1- The range of stability

2- The angle of vanishing stability
3- The maximum GZ
4- The initial metacentric height (GM◦)
5- The moment of statical stability at θ degrees of heel. (Moment = W * GZ)

Is the range over which the ship has positive righting levers.
Is the angle of heel at which the righting lever returns to zero, or is the angle of heel at
which the sign of the righting levers changes from positive to negative.
69
3- The maximum GZ
Is obtained by drawing a tangent to the highest point in the curve. If a perpendicular is
dropped from the point of tangency, it cuts the heel scale at the angle of heel at which
the maximum GZ occurs.
(GM◦) is found by drawing a tangent to the curve through the origin and then erecting
a perpendicular through angle of heel of 57.3 degrees. Let the two lines intersect at Y.
Then the height of the intersection above the base (YZ), when measured on the GZ
scale, will give the initial metacentric height.
5- The moment of statical stability at θ degrees heel.

(Moment = W * GZ)
Example 1
From the following table construct the curve of statical stability of a ship when her
displacement is 6000 tons. From the curve, find the following:

3- The maximum GZ
5- The moment of statical stability at 25 degrees heel
heel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
GZ 0 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.33 0.36 0.32 0.20 0.03 - 0.18
70
heel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0.6
GZ 0 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.33 0.36 0.32 0.20 0.03 - 0.18
1- The range of stability 0 - 81 4- The initial metacentric height (GM) 0.24 m
0.5
2- The angle of vanishing stability 81 5- The moment of statical stability at
3- The maximum GZ0.37 m θ degrees heel.( Moment = W x GZ)
0.4 Moment = 6000 x 0.2 = 1200 T. m
0.3
GZ
0.2
0.1
0.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
- 0.1
- 0.2
Heel
Example 2
From the following table construct the curve of statical stability of a ship when her
displacement is 6000 tons. From the curve find the following:

3- The maximum GZ
heel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
GZ 0 0.10 0.28 0.50 0.66 0.72 0.64 0.40 0.06 - 0.36
71
heel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1.2
GZ 0 0.1 0.28 0.50 0.66 0.72 0.64 0.40 0.06 - 0.36
1- The range of stability 0 - 81 4- The initial metacentric height (GM) 0.48 m
1.0
2- The angle of vanishing stability 81 5- The moment of statical stability at
3- The maximum GZ 0.74m θ degrees heel.( Moment = W x GZ)
0.8 Moment = 6000 x 0.6 = 3600 T. m
0.6
GZ
0.4
0.2
0.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
- 0.2
- 0.4
Heel
Exercise 9
1- Plot the curve of statical stability for a ship of 40000 tons displacement
from the following table and find the following:

3- The maximum GZ
heel 0 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 75 90
GZ 0 0.07 0.20 0.50 0.80 1.15 1.25 0.70 0.30 -1
72
2- Plot the curve of statical stability for a ship of 48000 tons displacement
from the following table and find the following:

3- The maximum GZ
heel 0 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 75 90
GZ 0 0.20 0.4 0.7 1 2 2.3 1.9 0.90 - 1.6
3- Plot the curve of statical stability for a ship, and from the following table and find the
following:
3- The maximum GZ
5- The moment of statical stability at 16 degrees heel is 21500, calculate
the ship displacement.
heel 0 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 75 90
GZ 0 0.20 0.40 0.80 1.40 2.20 2.40 1.20 0.80 - 2.3
73

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Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

College of Maritime Transport and Technology

Capt\ Amr Attalla

Density and Specific Gravity

Density is defined as “mass per unit volume”

The density of fresh water (F.W) is 1000 kg/ m3 or 1 ton / m3

R.D = Density of the substance

The relative density of salt water = 1025 kg/m3 = 1.025

The relative density of salt water = 1.025 ton/m3 = 1.025

The relative density of oil for example = 900 kg/m3 = 0.9

The relative density of oil for example = 0.9 ton/m3 = 0.9

The relative density of fresh water = 1 ton/m3 =1

Density of the substance = R.D of the substance * density of F.W

The density of salt water = 1.025 *1000 kg/m3 = 1025 kg/m3

The density of salt water = 1.025 * 1 ton/m3 = 1.025 ton/m3

The density of oil for example = 0.9 *1 ton/m3 = 0.9 ton/m3

The density of fresh water = 1 * 1000kg/m3 = 1000 kg/m3

The density of fresh water = 1 * 1 ton/m3 = 1.0 ton/m3

Density of the substance = R.D of the substance x density of F.W

R.D = density of the substance

Weight = Volume x Density

Density of fuel oil = R.D of fuel oil x density of F.W

Density of fuel oil = 0.92 x 1000 kg/m3 = 920 kg/m3

Weight of F.W = density of F.W * volume of F.W

Volume of F.W= weight of F.W = 120 = 120 m3

Volume of tank = Volume of the oil = volume of F.W = 120 m3

Density of oil = R.D of oil * density of F.W= 0.84 ton/m3

Weight of oil = density of oil * volume of oil

Weight of oil = 0.84 *120= 100.8 tons

Density of oil = 0.84 * 1 ton/m3 = 0.84 ton/m3

Mass of the oil = density of oil * volume of oil

Mass of oil = 0.84 * (20 * 24 * 8) = 3225.6 tons

In Air In Fresh water

Resultant force = zero

Mass of the body = Mass of displaced water

Volume of immersed body = Volume of displaced water

Mass of body = Mass of displaced water

Volume of submersed body = volume of displaced water

110 kg Mass of body = Mass of displaced water

Mass of body= volume of disp. water x density of disp. Water

Mass of body= volume of immersed part x density of disp. Water

Mass of body = L x B x d x density of disp. Water

Homogeneous logs of rectangular section

The draft of a rectangular homogeneous floating log is found as follows:

Mass of log = volume of log * log density = L * B * D * log density

Mass of log = Mass of displaced water

L * B * D * log density = Mass of displaced water

D * log density = d * displaced density

d (draft) . = Log density .

Log density = log R.D * F.W density = 0.8 * 1 = 0.8 t/m3

d = 0.6 * 0.8 = 0.48

Since KB is half the draft then KB = 1/2 * 0.48 = 0.24 m

Since KG is half the depth (D) then KG = 1/2 * 0.60 = 0.30 m

There for the distance between G and B (BG) is

BG = KG – KB = 0.30 – 0.24 = 0.06 m = 6 cm

Mass of barge before lifting=volume of displaced water x Density of displaced water

Mass of barge before lifting = 16 * 6 * 3.5 * 1 = 336 tons

Mass of barge after lifting = weight of displaced water

Mass of barge after lifting = volume of displaced water * water density

Volume of vessel = LBD = 1053020 = 63000 m3

Light displacement = LBddensity Cb

Load displacement = LBddensity Cb