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MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

1
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
3.1 Integration of Basic Algebraic Functions 3
Exercise 3.1 7
3.2 Integrals of Transcendental Functions
3.2.1 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions 8
3.2.2 Integrals Yielding Inverse Trigonometric
12
Functions
3.2.3 Integrals Yielding Logarithmic Functions 15
3.2.4 Integrals of Exponential Functions 18
Exercise 3.2 20
3.3 Techniques of Integration
3.3.1 Integration by Parts 21
3.3.2 Trigonometric Substitution 27
3.3.3 Integration Using Partial Fractions 34
Exercise 3.3 39
3.4 Improper Integrals 41
Exercise 3.4 48
References 49
Answer Key to Try This! items 50

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

2
UNIT 3. INTEGRATION OF FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE
In the previous unit, we talked about differentiation. Now, for this unit, we will be focusing on its
inverse process called antidifferentiation or integration. This concept is equally important as derivatives
because it has wide applications not just in mathematics, but also in different fields such as physics,
engineering, economics, and many more. The most notable association of integrals is in the
computation of the area of a region under a curve. Indeed, the integral of a function is defined by taking
the limit of the sum of the area of multiple rectangles. However, the said limiting process is not in the
scope of this module. Our general goal here is to learn how to evaluate integrals of functions of a single
variable of various forms.

By the end of the unit, you should be able to

1. apply basic antidifferentiation rules in solving integrals of functions;
2. use proper substitution technique in finding antiderivatives of functions;
3. perform integration by parts;
4. use trigonometric substitution to evaluate some integral forms;
5. evaluate integrals using the method of partial fractions;
6. determine whether an improper integral is convergent or divergent; and
7. decide on an appropriate technique in evaluating integrals.

This module is organized as follows. The first section will introduce the process of
antidifferentiation and will provide basic theorems that we can use in evaluating integrals of algebraic
functions. Moreover, the Substitution Technique for antidifferentiation, which can be used in dealing
with integrals of composite functions, will also be discussed in the same section. Transcendental
functions will then be considered in Section 3.2. Several techniques of integration, which includes
Integration by Parts, Trigonometric Substitution, and Methods of Partial Fractions, will be discussed in
Section 3.3. We end this unit with a lesson on improper integrals.

3.1 Integration of Basic Algebraic Functions

Antidifferentiation or integration is the process of finding all the antiderivatives of a given

function. If 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙), then we say that 𝑭(𝒙) is an antiderivative of 𝒇(𝒙). For any constant 𝑪, we
have (𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪)’ = 𝒇(𝒙) since the derivative of constant is zero. Hence, for any constant 𝑪, 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪 is
an antiderivative of 𝒇(𝒙). We represent this scenario as follows:
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪,
where 𝑪 is an arbitrary constant and read as “the antiderivative of 𝒇(𝒙) with respect to 𝒙 is 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪” or
“the (indefinite) integral of 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 is equal to 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪.” The symbol ∫ is called the integral sign and
𝒇(𝒙) is referred to as the integrand.

To aid us in solving for the antiderivative of basic algebraic functions, we give here some basic
rules which are also based on basic differentiation rules since, as we have mentioned earlier, integration
and differentiation are inverse processes.

MUST REMEMBER!!! Basic Rules of Antidifferentiation

Theorem 3.1
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
1. (Power rule) If 𝒏 is any rational number except −1, then ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪.
𝒏+𝟏
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

2. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪

3. ∫ 𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 where 𝒂 is a constant.

4. ∫[𝒇𝟏 (𝒙) ± 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙) ± ⋯ ± 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ± ⋯ ± ∫ 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

3
REMARK: Combing properties (3) and (4) from Theorem 3.1, we see that integration possesses linear
property. That is, for any constants 𝑎 and 𝑏,
∫[𝒂𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒃𝒈(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒃 ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙.

CAUTION!!! There is NO immediate rule for antiderivative of a product nor of a quotient. Thus,

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≠ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

𝒇(𝒙) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≠ .
𝒈(𝒙) ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

ILLUSTRATION 3.1:

1. To compute for ∫(𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙, simply take the antiderivative of each term. Hence,

𝟑𝒙𝟐
∫(𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟑 ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟓𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟒 − + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪.
𝟐

2. There is NO quotient rule for antiderivatives. Some quotients can be written in the form where
Power Rule is applicable. So,

𝟏 −𝟐
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪 = − + 𝑪.
𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙

3. There is NO product rule for antiderivatives. Whenever possible, first take the product of the
expressions. Then, compute for the term-by-term antiderivatives. Hence,

𝒕𝟒 𝒕𝟑
∫(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑𝒕)(𝒕 − 𝟐)𝒅𝒕 = ∫(𝒕𝟑 + 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟔𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒕𝟑 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 − 𝟔 ∫ 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = + − 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝑪.
𝟒 𝟑

Just as the same in differentiation, there would be times that using only Theorem 3.1 will limit
us from integrating certain functions. However, simple substitution techniques can be used to compute
some integral forms. This is best used in solving integrals of some products or quotients. This is the
counterpart of the Chain Rule for differentiation.

MUST REMEMBER!!! Integration by Substitution Technique

Theorem 3.2
Given a function 𝒇 and its derivative 𝒇’, then
[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 ∙ 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪, where 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏 .
𝒏+𝟏
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

REMARK: The technique here is to let 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙) so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒇′(𝒙)𝒅𝒙. By substitution, the left side can
then be written as
𝒖𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪, where 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏 .
𝒏+𝟏

4
ILLUSTRATION 3.2:

Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟔 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 so that 𝒅𝒖 = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙. Hence,

𝒖𝟕 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟕
∫(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟔 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒖𝟔 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪= + 𝑪.
𝟕 𝟕

2. ∫ 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙

𝟏
Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 and 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖. Hence,
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒙 √𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
= ⋅ + 𝑪 = ⋅ 𝒖𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐
𝟑
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)𝟐
= + 𝑪.
𝟑

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
3. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)𝟒

𝟏
Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 so that 𝒅𝒖 = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 and (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖.
𝟑
Hence,
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒖−𝟒 𝒅𝒖
(𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)𝟒 𝟑 𝒖 𝟑

𝟏 𝒖−𝟑 𝟏
= ⋅ +𝑪=− 𝟑+𝑪
𝟑 −𝟑 𝟗𝒖
𝟏
=− + 𝑪.
𝟗(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 )𝟑

4. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Let 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝟐 so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 and 𝒙 = 𝒖 − 𝟐. Thus, 𝒙𝟐 = (𝒖 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟒𝒖 + 𝟒.

Hence,
𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟒𝒖 + 𝟒) √𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = ∫(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟒𝒖 + 𝟒)𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖

𝟓 𝟑 𝟏
= ∫ (𝒖𝟐 − 𝟒𝒖𝟐 + 𝟒𝒖𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒖
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝟕 𝟓 𝟑 𝟕 𝟓 𝟑
𝒖𝟐 𝟒𝒖𝟐 𝟒𝒖𝟐 𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝟖𝒖𝟐 𝟖𝒖𝟐
= 𝟕 − 𝟓 + 𝟑 +𝑪= 𝟕
− 𝟓
+ 𝟑
+𝑪
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟕 𝟓 𝟑
𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝟖(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝟖(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
= − + + 𝑪.
𝟕 𝟓 𝟑

5
 TRY THIS! Compute the following antiderivatives.

𝟐𝒙
𝟏. ∫(𝒙𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕) 𝒅𝒙 𝟓. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓)𝟐

𝟏 𝟗
𝟐. ∫ ( 𝟑√𝒙 + − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝝅) 𝒅𝒙 𝟔. ∫(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑
𝟐
𝟑. ∫(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟕) 𝒅𝒙 𝟕. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√ 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓

𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟒
𝟒. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS:

FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION:

Integrals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODd4K-tEBpQ&list=PLIQh59u-
CUoufCfjdqXXS9_XtygA4K-U3

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/IntegralsIntro.aspx

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/ComputingIndefiniteIntegrals.aspx

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1nxhJQyLYI&list=PL3j1ntBPCU_oXcHmm
yCsSI3HcyKFj8y4E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTFMeSCxgcA&list=PL0o_zxa4K1BWYThy
V4T2Allw6zY0jEumv

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-rules.html

Power Rule
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-integration-new/ab-6-
8a/v/indefinite-integrals-of-x-raised-to-a-power

Chain Rule
https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-by-substitution.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qclrs-1rpKI

https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_210_Cal
culus_I/Chapter_5%3A_Integration/5.5%3A_U-Substitution
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

FOR ADDITIONAL PRACTICE ITEMS:

https://www.math-exercises.com/limits-derivatives-integrals/indefinite-integral-
of-a-function

6
EXERCISE 3.1. Rules on Antidifferentiation

Name: _________________________________________ MATH 27 Section: _______

A. Compute the following antiderivatives using basic rules in antidifferentiation.

∫(𝟖𝒙𝟕 − 𝟖𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙−𝟏 + 𝝅)𝒅𝒙

1.

𝟐 𝟒 𝟏
∫( + 𝟏𝟎 √ 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟗 ) 𝒅𝒙
2. 𝒙𝟐

𝟔𝒙𝟕 − 𝟓√𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙−𝟐

3.∫ 𝒙𝟒
𝒅𝒙

∫(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)(𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙−𝟏 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙

4.

_________________________

B. Use appropriate substitution to compute the following antiderivatives.

Show your solutions on the provided boxes.
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
1. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕)𝟕

𝟑 𝟓 𝟏
2. ∫ (𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙) (𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑) 𝒅𝒙

𝟏𝟐
3. ∫ 𝟕 𝒅𝒙
√𝟖𝒙 + 𝟓
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

~ end of Exercise 3.1 ~

7
3.2 Integrals of Transcendental Functions

In this section, we will deal with antiderivatives of transcendental functions namely

trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. Most of the results here
are based on what we have discussed in the previous unit. We start with the trigonometric functions.

3.2.1 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

We now consider integrals that involve trigonometric functions. The following results are
immediate from the derivatives of these trigonometric functions.

MUST REMEMBER!!! Integrals Yielding Trigonometric Functions

Theorem 3.3. Let 𝒖 be a differentiable function of 𝒙. Then,

∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + 𝑪

∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 + 𝑪

ILLUSTRATION 3.3:

Evaluate
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .
Solution:
Note that 𝑫𝒙 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙. Hence, we can let 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
and the given integral can now be rewritten as
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖.
Then,
𝒖𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪 ⇒ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟐 𝟐

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
To verify that the answer is correct, we show that 𝑫𝒙 ( + 𝑪) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 .
𝟐

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏
𝑫𝒙 ( + 𝑪) = (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝑫𝒙 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐

Point to Ponder
. Rework the previous Illustration using an alternate substitute 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙. Compare
your answer to the answer above. Explain why the two answers are both antiderivatives of
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙. Are the two answers equal?
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

8
 ILLUSTRATION 3.4:

Evaluate
∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
Solution:
Note that 𝑫𝒙 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙. Now, if we let 𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙,
the given integral can now be rewritten as
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖.
Then,
𝒖𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪 ⇒ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪.
𝟐 𝟐

There would be instances that solving integrals involving trigonometric functions would require
.
us to use identities. We recall here some known trigonometric identities that may be helpful in the
succeeding discussions.

RECALL: Some Trigonometric Identities

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙

𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(2𝒙) 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝒙)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐

ILLUSTRATION 3.5:
Evaluate
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .
Solution:
By inspecting the list of integrals that we discussed previously, we will see that
there is no result whose integrand is 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙. However, there is a result that involves
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙. Hence, we can use the identity 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 to be able to solve the given
problem.
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙

= ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙

= −𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪

To verify that the answer is correct, we show that 𝑫𝒙 (−𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 .

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝑫𝒙 (−𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪) = −(−𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙) − 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙

9
ILLUSTRATION 3.6:
Evaluate
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .
Solution:
By inspecting the list of integrals that we discussed previously, we will see that
there is no result whose integrand is 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙. However, there is a result that involves
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙)
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙). We can use the identity 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = . to be able to solve the given integral.
𝟐
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙)
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐

𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙)
= + + 𝑪.
𝟐 𝟒

TRY THIS!
Evaluate the following.

𝟏. ∫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 𝟓. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟒 𝒙 ∙ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (√𝒙)
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟔. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 ∙ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙

𝟑. ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) ∙ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟕. ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 ∙ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟒. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 ∙ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟖. ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 (𝟓𝒙) ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟓𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

10
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS:

FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION:

Integration using trigonometric identities

https://s3.amazonaws.com/saylordotorg-resources/wwwresources/site/wp-
content/uploads/2012/07/calculus_08_Techniques_of_Integration.pdf

Integrals Involving trigonometric functions and examples

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calcii/integralswithtrig.aspx

Example using identities and/or the substitution technique

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/old-integral-calculus/integration-
techniques/reverse-chain-rule/v/reverse-chain-rule-example?modal=1

Example using trigonometric identities- Powers of cosine

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/ic-integration/ic-
integration-with-trig-identities/v/using-trig-identity-to-use-u-substitution

Example using trigonometric identities- Power of sine

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/ic-integration/ic-
integration-with-trig-identities/v/integral-of-odd-powered-trig-function-with-u-
substitution

Example using trigonometric identities- Power of sine and cosine

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/ic-integration/ic-
integration-with-trig-identities/v/integral-of-odd-powered-trig-function-with-u-
substitution

FOR ADDITIONAL PRACTICE ITEMS:

Integral of trigonometric functions

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/ic-integration/ic-common-
indefinite-integrals/e/integrating-trig-functions

Integration using substitution

Exercises 8.1 (Page 166) Items 5,8,9,11,12,13,14,16 in
https://s3.amazonaws.com/saylordotorg-resources/wwwresources/site/wp-
content/uploads/2012/07/calculus_08_Techniques_of_Integration.pdf
Verify your answers in
https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-
content/uploads/2012/07/calculus_12_Selected_Answers.pdf

Integrals involving trigonometric functions

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calcii/integralswithtrig.aspx

Integration using trigonometric identities (Powers trigonometric functions)

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/ic-integration/ic-
integration-with-trig-identities/e/integration-using-trigonometric-identities

Exercises 8.3 (Page 168)

https://s3.amazonaws.com/saylordotorg-resources/wwwresources/site/wp-
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

content/uploads/2012/07/calculus_08_Techniques_of_Integration.pdf
Verify your answers in
https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-
content/uploads/2012/07/calculus_12_Selected_Answers.pdf

Integral of sine and cosine

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/ic-integration/ic-common-
indefinite-integrals/e/integrating-sin-cos
11
3.2.2 Integrals Yielding Inverse Trigonometric Functions

We now proceed with integrals yielding inverse trigonometric functions. Using our list of
derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions given in Theorem 2.4, we can obtain the following results.

MUST REMEMBER!!! Integrals Yielding Inverse Trigonometric Function

Theorem 3.4. Let 𝒖 be a differentiable function of 𝒙, and 𝒂 be a positive constant. Then ,

𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 +𝑪
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂

𝟏 𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝑪
𝒂𝟐 +𝒖 𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

𝟏 𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪
𝒖√𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

The given facts can be verified by getting the derivative of the right-hand side of the equation
and showing that it is equal to the integrand. Moreover, it can be shown that

𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝑪, where 𝒂 > 𝟎.
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂

The same is true for the other integrals on the list. However, for uniformity, we will use the former result.

ILLUSTRATION 3.7:

Evaluate
𝟑
∫ 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓
Solution:
We first identify 𝒖 and 𝒂 to be able to transform the problem to one of the forms in
the list of integrals given above.
Let 𝒂 = 𝟓 and 𝒖 = 𝒙, so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 and

𝟑 𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 ∫
𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓 𝒖 √𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐

𝟏 𝒖
= 𝟑⋅ 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪
𝒂 𝒂
𝟑 𝒙
= 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪.
𝟓 𝟓

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that

𝟑 𝒙 𝟑
𝑫𝒙 ( 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪) = .
𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝒙√𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

You might also observe that integrals yielding inverse trigonometric functions involve
polynomials in the form of sum or difference of two squares. So, whenever you see a sum of two squares
or a difference of two squares as a radicand, more often than not, that integral will yield an inverse
trigonometric function.

12
 ILLUSTRATION 3.8:

Evaluate
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙.
𝟔 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
Solution:
We first identify 𝒖 and 𝒂 to be able to transform the problem to one of the forms
listed in Theorem 3.4.
Let 𝒂 = √𝟔 and 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, so that 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ −𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 , and

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝟐
𝟔 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒂 + 𝒖𝟐

𝟏 𝒖
=− 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝑪
𝒂 𝒂
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
=− 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )+𝑪
√𝟔 √𝟔

Some problems would require us to complete the square of some polynomial first so that its
form would become a sum or difference of two squares. This scenario is demonstrated below.

ILLUSTRATION 3.9:

Evaluate
𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙.
√𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
Solution:
Observe that the expression inside the radical, 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 , is not a sum or difference
of two squares. However, we can do some manipulations to transform the given polynomial
to our desired form.
Recall first that to complete the square of a polynomial 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙, we add the
𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐
constant ( ) since 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + ( ) = (𝒙 + ) . Note that 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = −(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙). By
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
completing the square, we transform 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 into −(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒) + 𝟒. Observe that we
added −𝟒 + 𝟒, which is equal to 𝟎. In this way, we are not changing the given problem.
Now,
𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = −(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒) + 𝟒 = −(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝟒 − (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 .
Thus,
𝟐 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙.
√𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙 𝟐 √𝟒 − (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐
Next, we identify 𝒖 and 𝒂 to be able to transform the problem to one of the forms
in the list of integrals given above.
Let 𝒂 = 𝟐 and 𝒖 = 𝒙 − 𝟐, so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 , and

𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫
√𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 √𝟒 − (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝒖 𝒙−𝟐
= 𝟐 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪 = 𝟐 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + 𝑪.
𝒂 𝟐

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that

𝒙−𝟐 𝟐
𝑫𝒙 (𝟐 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + 𝑪) = .
𝟐 √𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
13
 TRY THIS!

Evaluate the following.

𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟓. ∫
𝟏. ∫ √𝐞𝟐𝑥 −𝟗
𝒙√𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔
𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟔. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝟓 − 𝟒𝒙𝟔 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 (𝟓𝒙)

𝟑. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟕. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝟒 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 (𝟓𝒙)

𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟒. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟖. ∫
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 √𝟓𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS:

FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION AND ADDITIONAL PRACTICE ITEMS:

Integrals Resulting in Inverse Trigonometric Functions and Related Integration

Techniques
___________
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AE-0gXXx_j0
Evaluate https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_211_Cal
, and
culus_II/Chapter_5%3A_Integration/5.7%3A_Integrals_Resulting_in_Inverse_Tri
gonometric_Functions_and_Related_Integration_Techniques

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-openstax-calculus1/chapter/integrals-
resulting-in-inverse-trigonometric-functions/

https://www.intmath.com/methods-integration/6-integration-inverse-
trigonometric-forms.php
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

14
3.2.3 Integrals Yielding Logarithmic Functions

We now consider logarithmic functions as antiderivatives. The following result directly follows
from the derivative of a natural logarithmic function.

MUST REMEMBER!!!
Theorem 3.5. If 𝒖 is a differentiable function of 𝒙, then
𝒅𝒖
∫ = 𝐥𝐧|𝒖| + 𝑪.
𝒖

𝟏
REMARK: Observe that ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪 instead of 𝐥𝐧 𝒙. Why is that so? Review the respective
𝒙
𝟏
domains of and 𝐥𝐧 𝒙. Moreover, you can solve for 𝑫𝒙 (𝐥𝐧|𝒙|) by using the definition of |𝒙| as a
𝒙
conditional function.

ILLUSTRATION 3.10:

1. Evaluate
𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
Solution:
At first look, we might think that this integral will yield inverse trigonometric
function because of the presence of sum of two squares in the denominator. However,
upon careful inspection, we will realize that the integral is solvable by simple substitution
𝟏
and will yield logarithmic function. We let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 and 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖.
𝟐
Hence,
𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫
𝒙 +𝟒 𝟐 𝒖

𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧 |𝒖| + 𝑪
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧 |𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒| + 𝑪
𝟐
𝟏 (Why?)
= 𝐥𝐧 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + 𝑪
𝟐

2. Evaluate
𝒙+𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙−𝟏
Solution:
This integral yields to a logarithmic function but not immediately. We will use long
division on the integrand to evaluate it easily and correctly.

By long division,
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐
= 1+
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
Hence,
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝟏 + )
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙

= 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 |𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝑪

15
 ILLUSTRATION 3.11:

Evaluate
∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
Solution:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Recall that 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = . Then, we let 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 so that 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 and
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒅𝒖. Hence,
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒖

= − 𝐥𝐧 |𝒖| + 𝑪

= − 𝐥𝐧 |𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙| + 𝑪

= 𝐥𝐧 |(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)−𝟏 | + 𝑪

= 𝐥𝐧 |𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙| + 𝑪

We can do a similar approach as in Illustration 3.11 to be able to solve the integrals of other
trigonometric functions not mentioned in Section 3.2. We will see that their antiderivatives are in terms
of logarithmic functions.

MUST REMEMBER!!! Integrals of the “Other” Trigonometric Functions

Theorem 3.6. If 𝒖 is a differentiable function of 𝒙, then

∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 |𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖| + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 |𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖| + 𝑪

∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 |𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖| + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 |𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖| + 𝑪

TRY THIS!

Evaluate the following.

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 where 𝒂 and 𝒃 are constants, 𝟓. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏. ∫ 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝑎≠𝟎

𝒙+𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (√𝒙)

𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟔. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔 √𝒙

𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒
𝟑. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟕. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 (𝟓𝒙𝟑 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙

𝒅𝒙
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝟒. ∫ 𝟖. ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝝅𝒙) ∙ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 [𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝝅𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙

𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙

16
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS:

FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION:

Integrals yielding to logarithmic functions

http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-inttologs-2009-1.pdf

https://www.intmath.com/methods-integration/2-integration-logarithmic-
form.php

https://docs.google.com/a/up.edu.ph/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVs
dGRvbWFpbnx1cGRtYXRoc2l0ZXxneDo3ZDZkZWI4NzYxMDVkZjQ1

Integration by Substitution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yJmhZBB40w

Definite integral involving natural logarithm

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-integration-new/ab-6-
8c/v/definite-integral-involving-natural-log

FOR ADDITIONAL PRACTICE ITEMS

Answer all items except no. 3

http://homepages.gac.edu/~karl/courses/mcs119/12s/worksheets/log-integrals-
practice.pdf

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

17
3.2.4 Integrals of Exponential Functions

Next, we consider antiderivatives of exponential functions. The following theorem is a direct

result of the derivative of an exponential function.

MUST REMEMBER!!! Integrals of Exponential Functions

Theorem 3.7. If 𝒖 is a differentiable function of 𝒙, then

∫ 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪
and for 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏,

𝒂𝒖
∫ 𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝑪.
𝐥𝐧 𝒂

REMARK: You can just remember the second integral only since the first can be obtained from the
second by letting 𝒂 = 𝒆 and 𝐥𝐧 𝒆 = 𝟏.

ILLUSTRATION 3.12
1. Evaluate
∫ 𝟒𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙.
Solution:
𝟏
We can let 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒅𝒙 and 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖 . Hence,
𝟐

𝟏
∫ 𝟒𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟒𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟐

𝟏 𝟒𝒖
= ⋅ +𝑪
𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝟒

𝟒𝟐𝒙−𝟏
= +𝑪
𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝟒

𝟒𝟐𝒙−𝟏
Verify that the answer is correct by showing 𝑫𝒙 ( + 𝑪) = 𝟒𝟐𝒙−𝟏 .
𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝟒

2. Evaluate
𝟐𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙.
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
Solution:
𝟏
We can let 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 and 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖 . Hence,
𝐥𝐧 𝟐

𝟐𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝟐 𝒖

𝟏
= ⋅ 𝐥𝐧 |𝒖| + 𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟐
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝐥𝐧 |𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏|
= +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟐

𝐥𝐧 |𝟐𝒙 −𝟏| 𝟐𝒙
Verify that the answer is correct by showing 𝑫𝒙 ( + 𝑪) = .
𝐥𝐧 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 −𝟏

18
 TRY THIS!

Evaluate the following.

𝟑 𝟓. ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟐√𝒙
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟔. ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒆𝒙 )𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙

𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒙
𝟑. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟕. ∫ 𝟑𝒙 𝒆𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒆𝟒𝒙

𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝟒. ∫ 𝟖. ∫ 𝒆𝒙+𝒆 𝒅𝒙
√𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS:

FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION:

Integrals yielding to exponential functions

https://www.intmath.com/methods-integration/3-integration-exponential-
form.php

Read slides nos. 16-36

https://docs.google.com/a/up.edu.ph/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVs
dGRvbWFpbnx1cGRtYXRoc2l0ZXxneDo3ZDZkZWI4NzYxMDVkZjQ1
___________
Integrating exponential
Evaluate , functions by substitution
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9dqdbCgJQM

https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_210_Cal
culus_I/Chapter_5%3A_Integration/5.6%3A__More_U-Substitution_-
_Exponential_and_Logarithmic_Functions

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-integration-new/ab-6-
9/v/u-substitution

Integrals involving exponential and logarithmic functions

https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_211_Cal
culus_II/Chapter_5%3A_Integration/5.6%3A_Integrals_Involving_Exponential_a
nd_Logarithmic_Functions

https://docs.google.com/a/up.edu.ph/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVs
dGRvbWFpbnx1cGRtYXRoc2l0ZXxneDo3ZDZkZWI4NzYxMDVkZjQ1

https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/5-6-integrals-involving-
exponential-and-logarithmic-functions
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

FOR ADDITIONAL PRACTICE ITEMS:

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcTwoDIRECTORY/expondirectory/Exponenti
als.html

19
EXERCISE 3.2. Integrals of Transcendental Functions

Name: _________________________________________ MATH 27 Section: _______

Evaluate the following integrals. Write your solutions on the provided boxes.

1.
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 (𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

𝟐
2. [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐥𝐧 𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐥𝐧 𝒙)]
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙

3. 𝟒
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟑𝒙√𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐧(𝟑𝒙) − (𝐥𝐧(𝟑𝒙))𝟐

4. ∫ 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟕

5. 𝟑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙)𝟑 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝟓

𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒙)) − 𝟒
6.∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙))𝟐

7. ∫ 𝟑𝟐(−𝟑𝒙+𝟏) 𝟐−𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝟑𝒙
8. ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙−𝒆 𝒅𝒙

~ end of Exercise 3.2 ~

20
3.3 Techniques of Integration

Some integrand requires a specific approach or technique to be able to evaluate them. This
section will focus on such techniques. We need to pay attention to the given integrand so that we will
be guided in determining the most appropriate technique or techniques that must be used. But this does
not mean that the simple substitution technique that we learned in the previous sections will no longer
work here. In fact, that will always be our first option before applying any other technique.

3.3.1 Integration by Parts

In this section, we will study one of the most important techniques of integration called
integration by parts. This technique is applicable to the integrand involving products of algebraic and
transcendental functions or in some cases when the integrand is a product of transcendental functions.

Here is the formulation:

Let 𝒖 and 𝒗 be functions of 𝒙. Using the product rule for differentiation, we have
𝑫𝒙 [𝒖 ⋅ 𝒗] = 𝒖 ⋅ 𝑫𝒙 [𝒗] + 𝒗 ⋅ 𝑫𝒙 [𝒖].

Analogously, in terms of differentials, we have

𝒅[𝒖 ⋅ 𝒗] = 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒗 + 𝒗 ⋅ 𝒅𝒖 .
Taking the integrals of both sides, yields
∫ 𝒅[𝒖 ⋅ 𝒗] = ∫ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒗 + ∫ 𝒗 ⋅ 𝒅𝒖

⇒ 𝒖𝒗 = ∫ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒗 + ∫ 𝒗 ⋅ 𝒅𝒖

⇒ ∫ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 ⋅ 𝒅𝒖.

We formalize this result in the theorem below.

MUST REMEMBER!!! Integration by parts (IBP)

Theorem 3.8. If an integral form ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 is expressible as ∫ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒗 , then

∫ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 ⋅ 𝒅𝒖 .

REMARK: The idea in IBP is to first determine the proper 𝒖 and 𝒅𝒗. Once properly identified, we need
to solve for 𝒅𝒖 from 𝒖, and 𝒗 from 𝒅𝒗. Then, solve the resulting form.

Some helpful tips:

1. Try to let 𝒖 to be a function whose derivative is a function simpler than 𝒖. Then 𝒅𝒗 will include
the remaining factors of the integrand. Note that 𝒅𝒗 will always include the differential 𝒅𝒙 of the
original integral.
2. Try to let 𝒅𝒗 to be the most complicated portion of the integral that fits a basic integration rule.
Then your 𝒖 will be the remaining factor(s) of the integrand.
3. In deciding what 𝒖 to choose, we can use the acronym ILATE, which stands for Inverse
Trigonometric, Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponential. The type of function which
comes first in the acronym is the priority in selection. This rule may not always apply, but it
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

works most of the time.

21
Illustration 3.13

1. Use IBP to evaluate

∫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .
Solution:
Since the derivative of 𝒙 will result to a simple expression, we can choose 𝒖 = 𝒙 and
𝒅𝒗 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 so that 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 and 𝒗 = ∫ 𝒅𝒗 = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙.

Thus,
∫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝑪

= 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that 𝑫𝒙 (𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪) = 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙.

2. Use IBP to evaluate

∫ 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝒅𝒙 .
Solution:
𝒅𝒙
Note that our only choice for 𝒖 here is 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙. Thus, 𝒅𝒖 = and
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝒗 = ∫ 𝒅𝒗 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙.

Thus,
𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙 ⋅
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

Show that
𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ = −√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪.
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

(Show your solution here)

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

Therefore,
∫ 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪.

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that 𝑫𝒙 (𝒙 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪) = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙.

22
Illustration 3.13 (cont’d.)

3. Evaluate
∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
𝟏 𝒙𝟐
Let 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙. Then, 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 and 𝒗 = . Thus,
𝒙 𝟐

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝒙𝟐
= 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − +𝑪
𝟐 𝟒

Hence,

𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − + 𝑪.
𝟐 𝟒

We have observed that in the previous unit, we have not discussed those integrals with odd
powers of secant or cosecant as integrands. That is because when we deal with those kinds of
problems, we need to employ IBP. The technique is to let 𝒅𝒗 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 or 𝒅𝒗 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙, and the
rest of the integrand to be equal to 𝒖. The next example considers the said case.

Illustration 3.14

Evaluate
∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .

Solution:

We let 𝒅𝒗 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 and 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙, so that 𝒗 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙. Thus, IBP
produces

∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Substitute

⇒ ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 (𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 Trigonometric identity

⇒ ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Rewrite

⇒ 𝟐 ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Combine like integrals

⇒ 𝟐 ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙| + 𝑪 Integrate

𝟏 𝟏
⇒ ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙| + 𝑪 Divide by 2
𝟐 𝟐
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

It is also possible that an integral form requires a multiple use of IBP for it to be solved. We
illustrate here the said scenario.

23
Illustration 3.15

1. Evaluate
∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
We let 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒗 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
⟹𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⟹𝒗 = −𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Hence,

∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Note that ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 can also be solved by IBP. Now, we let

̅ = 𝒆𝒙
𝒖 ̅ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗
̅ = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 𝒅𝒖 ̅ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
⇒𝒗

Thus,
∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

⇒ 𝟐 ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

−𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
⇒ ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟐

2. Evaluate
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .

Solution:
Here the derivative of 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒆𝒙 are both simple, however, if you assign 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 as your 𝒅𝒗,
the power of 𝒙 will increase. So, the best choice for 𝒖 is 𝒙𝟐 . We let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 so that
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 and 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 . Thus

∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .

Complete the solution by applying IBP again to the last term, with 𝒖 = 𝒙 and 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
We must be able to show that
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪.
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

The examples in Illustration 3.15, wherein we need to employ IBP more than once, can also be
evaluated using the so-called tabular form method or tabular IBP. We illustrate here the procedure
using Illustration 3.15.2 as an example.
24
Illustration 3.16

1. Using tabular IBP, evaluate

∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .

STEP 1: Identify 𝒖 and 𝒅𝒗

Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙.

STEP 2: Create a table consisting of three columns, as shown.

Alternate Signs 𝒖 and Its Derivatives 𝒅𝒗 and Its Antiderivatives

+ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙
− 𝟐𝒙 𝒆𝒙
+ 𝟐 𝒆𝒙
𝟎 𝒆𝒙

Differentiate until you obtain 𝟎 as a derivative or the product of the last row is a multiple of the
integrand of the original problem.

STEP 3: The solution is obtained by adding the signed products of the diagonal entries.

Hence,
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪 .

TO DO: Rework Illustration 3.15.1 using the tabular form method.

2. Using tabular IBP, evaluate

∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒅𝒗 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙.

Alternate Signs 𝒖 and Its Derivatives 𝒅𝒗 and Its Antiderivatives

+ 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙
𝟏
− 𝟐𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
𝟒
𝟏
+ 𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙
𝟏𝟔
𝟏
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
𝟔𝟒

Thus,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪 .
𝟒 𝟖 𝟑𝟐
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

25
 TRY THIS! Evaluate the following.
𝟏. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟒. ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟐. ∫ 𝒙 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟓. ∫ 𝒙𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟑. ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟔. ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS:

FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION:

Integration Techniques
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/integration-techniques

Integration by Parts
https://www.math24.net/integration-by-parts/

https://mathworld.wolfram.com/IntegrationbyParts.html

https://www.intmath.com/methods-integration/7-integration-by-parts.php

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

26
 3.3.2 Trigonometric Substitution

This technique holds for integrals containing, a2 − x 2 , x 2 + a2 and x 2 − a2 where

𝑎 is constant and a  0 , or a2 − u2 , u2 + a2 and u2 − a2 where u is a differentiable
function of x . We should take note that these expressions can either be found in the numerator or
denominator.

MUST REMEMBER!!! Trigonometric Substitution Rules

Rule 1 : For √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 , let 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 so that 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 and √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽. (Why?) Note
for a right triangle whose hypotenuse is 𝒂 and the other side is 𝒙, we have

𝒂
𝒙
𝜽
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐

Note: If 𝒖 is a differentiable function of 𝒙, then we can replace 𝒙 by 𝒖.

Rule 2: For √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 , let 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 so that 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 and √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽. (Why?) Note
for a right triangle whose one side is 𝒂 and the other side is 𝒙, we have

𝒙 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐

𝜽
𝒂

Note: If 𝒖 is a differentiable function of 𝒙, then we can replace 𝒙 by 𝒖.

Rule 3: For √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 , let 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 so that 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 and √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽. Note for
a right triangle whose hypotenuse is 𝒙 and the other side is 𝒂, we have

𝒙
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐

𝜽
𝒂
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

Note: If 𝒖 is a differentiable function of 𝒙, then we can replace 𝒙 by 𝒖.

We can easily draw the triangle if we can recall the definition of sine, cosine, and tangent
(SOH CAH TOA). For example,
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
27
.

Illustration 3.17

1. Evaluate
√𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 .
𝒙

Solution:
Since we have the expression of the form √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 , we will use Rule 1 to answer the given
problem.

Let 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽. So, 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 and √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 = √𝟗 − 𝟗 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟑√𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽.

Thus,

√𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟑 ∫ 𝒅𝜽
𝒙 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉
= 𝟑∫ 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟑 ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟑 ∫(𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)𝒅𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

= 𝟑(𝐥𝐧|𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽| + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) + 𝑪 = 𝟑𝐥𝐧|𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽| + 𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝑪

We can use the substitution that we made earlier to be able to express the final answer in terms
𝒙 √𝟗−𝒙𝟐
of the variable 𝒙. From 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, we have 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = .
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 √𝟗−𝒙𝟐
Hence, 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = = and 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = = .
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒙

Therefore,
√𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟑 √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝐥𝐧 | − | + √ 𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙

Alternatively, we can use the given triangle below and employ SOHCAHTOA to solve for the
required trigonometric values.

𝒙 𝟑

𝜽
√𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐

𝟑 √𝟗−𝒙𝟐 √𝟗−𝒙𝟐
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that 𝑫𝒙 (𝟑𝐥𝐧 | − | + √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪 ) = .
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

28
Illustration 3.17 (cont’d.)

2. Evaluate
𝒅𝒙
∫ .
√𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐

Solution:
Since we have the expression of the form √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 , we will use Rule 2 to answer the given
problem.

Let 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽. So, 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 and √𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 = √𝟒 + 𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟐√𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽.

Thus,
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
∫ =∫ = ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽| + 𝑪
√𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽

We can use the substitution that we made earlier to be able to express the final answer in terms
of the variable 𝒙.
𝒙 √𝟒+𝒙𝟐
From 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 and √𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽, we have 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = and 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = .
𝟐 𝟐

Therefore,
𝒅𝒙 √𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒙
∫ = 𝐥𝐧 | + |+𝑪
√𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Alternatively, we can use the given triangle below and employ SOHCAHTOA to solve for 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
and 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽.

𝒙 √𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐

𝜽
𝟐

√𝟒+𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that 𝑫𝒙 (𝐥𝐧 | + | + 𝑪) = .
𝟐 𝟐 √𝟒+𝒙𝟐

3. Evaluate
√𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 .
𝒆𝒙

Solution:
Note that 𝒆𝟐𝒙 = (𝒆𝒙 )𝟐 . Moreover, we can observe that it is necessary to transform first
√𝒆 − 𝟐 to the form √𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 . And so, we first let 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 which implies 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙. Since we
𝟐𝒙
𝒆𝒙
don’t have the term 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 in the integrand, then we multiply it by 𝒙 to obtain the desired form.
𝒆
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

Thus,
√𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 √𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒆𝒙 √𝒖𝟐 − 𝟐
∫ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙
⋅ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖.
𝒆 𝒆 𝒆 𝒖𝟐

29
Illustration 3.17 (cont’d.)

Since we have the expression of the form √𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 , we will use Rule 3 to answer the given
problem. Let 𝒖 = √𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽. So, 𝒅𝒖 = √𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 and √𝒖𝟐 − 𝟐 = √𝟐𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟐 = √𝟐 ⋅
√ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 = √𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽.

Thus,

√𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 √𝒖𝟐 − 𝟐 √𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽

∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝟐
⋅ √𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = ∫ 𝒅𝜽
𝒆𝒙 𝒖𝟐 (√𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
= ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = ∫ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = ∫ 𝒅𝜽
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝛉
=∫ 𝒅𝜽 = ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

= ∫(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)𝒅𝜽 = 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽| − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝑪

We can use the substitution that we made earlier to be able to express the final answer in terms
𝒖 √𝟐
of the variable 𝒖, then in terms of 𝒙. From 𝒖 = √𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽, we obtain 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = and so, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = .
√𝟐 𝒖
𝒆𝒙 √𝟐
Moreover, since 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 , then 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = . Similarly, it can be shown that
√𝟐 𝒆𝒙
√𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝟐 √𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = and 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = .
√𝟐 𝒆𝒙
Therefore,
√𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒆𝒙 √𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 √𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 | + | − +𝑪
𝒆𝒙 √𝟐 √𝟐 𝒆𝒙

Alternatively, we can use the given triangle below and employ SOHCAHTOA to solve for the
required trigonometric values.

√𝒖𝟐 − 𝟐 = √𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙

𝜽
√𝟐
𝒆𝒙 √𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝟐 √𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝟐 √𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝟐
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that 𝑫𝒙 (𝐥𝐧 | + |− +𝑪 )= .
√𝟐 √𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙

We can also use direct substitution by letting 𝒆𝒙 = √𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝜽. Then 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = √𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝜽𝐭𝐚𝐧𝜽 𝒅𝜽. Try again.
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

30
Illustration 3.17 (cont’d.)
4. Evaluate
𝒅𝒙
∫ .
𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
Solution:

Let 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽. Then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝒅𝜽 and √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 = 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽.

Thus,
𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝒅𝜽 𝟏 𝒅𝜽
∫ =∫ 𝟐
= ∫
𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 (𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽) ∙ 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝟗 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽

𝟏
= ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒅𝜽
𝟗
𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟗

√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 𝒙

𝟑
Hence,
𝒅𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
∫ = + 𝑪.
𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 𝟗𝒙

5. Evaluate
𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝟑
.
(𝟏𝟔𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐

Solution:
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
Note that (𝟏𝟔𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐 = [ (𝟏𝟔𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐 ] = (√𝟏𝟔𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗) .
𝟑
Let 𝟒𝒖 = 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽. Then 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽𝒅𝜽
𝟒
and √𝟏𝟔𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽.

Thus,
𝟑
𝒅𝒖 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽𝒅𝜽 𝟏 𝒅𝜽
∫ 𝟑
= ∫𝟒 𝟑
= ∫
(𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽) 𝟑𝟔 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽
(𝟏𝟔𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐
𝟏 𝒅𝜽
= ∫
𝟑𝟔 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝟏
= ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒅𝜽
𝟑𝟔
𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟑𝟔

31
Illustration 3.17 (cont’d.)

𝟒𝒖 √𝟏𝟔𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗

𝜽
𝟑

Hence,
𝒅𝒖 𝒖
∫ 𝟑
= +𝑪
(𝟏𝟔𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐 𝟗√𝟏𝟔𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗

6. Evaluate
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 √𝟒 − 𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 .
𝒙

Solution:
𝟏
Let 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽. Then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒅𝜽
𝒙
and √𝟒 − 𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽.

Thus,
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 √𝟒 − 𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽.
𝒙

Let 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽. Then 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒅𝜽.

Hence,
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 √𝟒 − 𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒙
𝟖𝒖𝟑
= −𝟖 ∫ 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = − +𝑪
𝟑
𝟑
𝟖(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)
=− +𝑪
𝟑

𝐥𝐧 𝒙
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

√𝟒 − 𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝒙

Hence,
𝟑
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 √𝟒 − 𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝒙 (√𝟒 − 𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝒙)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − + 𝑪.
𝒙 𝟑
32
 TRY THIS! Evaluate the following:

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏. ∫ 𝟒. ∫
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟑/𝟐 √𝟗 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐

√𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 √𝟑 + 𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟓. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝒙

√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔
𝟑. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION:

Integration Techniques
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/integration-techniques

Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

https://www.intmath.com/methods-integration/8-integration-trigonometric-
substitution.php

http://web.math.ucsb.edu/~vtkala/2014/Math3B/Math3B-TrigSub-Solutions.pdf

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

33
 3.3.3 Integration Using Partial Fractions

𝑷(𝒙)
The procedure for decomposing a rational expression of the form , with 𝑸(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎, into
𝑸(𝒙)
simpler rational expressions, in which you can apply the basic integration formulas, is called the method
𝑷(𝒙)
of partial fractions. Remember that this method is for integrals of the form ∫ 𝒅𝒙 where 𝑷 and 𝑸 are
𝑸(𝒙)
𝑷(𝒙)
polynomials such that 𝐝𝐞𝐠 𝑷 < 𝐝𝐞𝐠 𝑸. However, if in case 𝐝𝐞𝐠 𝑷 ≥ 𝐝𝐞𝐠 𝑸, we simplify first either by
𝑸(𝒙)
factoring or by division of polynomials until a remainder 𝑅(𝑥) is acquired such that 𝐝𝐞𝐠 𝑹 < 𝐝𝐞𝐠 𝑸, that
is
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = = 𝐷(𝑥) +
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑄(𝑥)
where 𝐷 and 𝑅 are also polynomials.
𝒙𝟑 −𝒙
Illustration: Solve ∫ 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙−𝟐
Solution:
Since the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator, we perform
long division. Thus,
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 𝟔 𝒙𝟑
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 + ) 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 − 𝟐| + 𝑪.
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝟑
𝑷
Now, given in its simplest form, it can be “decomposed” to a sum of partial fractions, i.e.,
𝑸
𝑷 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝒏
= + +⋯+
𝑸 𝑸𝟏 𝑸 𝟐 𝑸𝒏

where 𝑸 = 𝑳𝑪𝑴{𝑸𝟏 , 𝑸𝟐 , … , 𝑸𝒏 } and 𝐝𝐞𝐠 𝑷𝒊 < 𝐝𝐞𝐠 𝑸𝒊 for each 𝒊.

Note that 𝑸 must be factored as far as possible. For our discussion, we will only consider linear
and quadratic factors of 𝑸. Hence, partial fractions under consideration will be of the following forms:
𝑨 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩
or 𝟐
.
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

MUST REMEMBER!!! How to decompose a rational expression into partial fractions

CASE 1. The factors of 𝑸 are distinct.

If the factors of 𝑸 are all linear, then, for constants 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , … , 𝑨𝒏 , we have
𝑷 𝑨𝟏 𝑨 𝟐 𝑨𝒏
= + + ⋯+
𝑸 𝑸𝟏 𝑸 𝟐 𝑸𝒏
If the factors of 𝑸 are all quadratic, then, for constants 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , … , 𝑨𝒏 , 𝑩𝟏 , 𝑩𝟐 , … , 𝑩𝒏 , we have
𝑷 𝑨𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑩𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑩𝟐 𝑨𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑩𝒏
= + + ⋯+
𝑸 𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝒏

Illustration 3.18

1. Evaluate
𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕
∫ 𝒅𝒙 .
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔
Solution:
𝒙−𝟏𝟕 𝒙−𝟏𝟕 𝒙−𝟏𝟕
We first decompose into a sum of partial fractions. Note that = (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙−𝟐) and that
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟔 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟔
the factors in the denominator are distinct and are all linear. Using the rule for Case 1, we have
𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕 𝑨 𝑩
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝟐
= = +
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔 (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐

Multiplying both sides of the equation by (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟐) will yield

𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕 = 𝑨(𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝑩(𝒙 + 𝟑).

Our goal is to solve for the constants 𝑨 and 𝑩, and one way to do that is to substitute specific
values for 𝒙. A convenient choice would be those that will make the multiplier of 𝑨 or 𝑩 equal to zero,
i.e., in the given case, we choose 𝒙 = −𝟑 and 𝒙 = 𝟐.
34
Illustration 3.18 (cont’d.)

If 𝒙 = −𝟑: −𝟑 − 𝟏𝟕 = 𝑨(−𝟑 − 𝟐) + 𝑩(−𝟑 + 𝟑) ⇒ −𝟐𝟎 = −𝟓𝑨 ⇒ 𝑨 = 𝟒.

If 𝒙 = 𝟐: 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕 = 𝑨(𝟐 − 𝟐) + 𝑩(𝟐 + 𝟑) ⇒ −𝟏𝟓 = 𝟓𝑩 ⇒ 𝑩 = −𝟑.
Since 𝑨 = 𝟒 and 𝑩 = −𝟑,
𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕 𝑨 𝑩 𝟒 𝟑
𝟐
= + = −
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐
and
𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕 𝟒 𝟑
∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒𝐥𝐧|𝒙 + 𝟑| − 𝟑𝐥𝐧|𝒙 − 𝟐| + 𝑪.
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐

𝒙−𝟏𝟕
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that 𝑫𝒙 (𝟒𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟑| − 𝟑𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟐| + 𝑪) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟔

2. Evaluate
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 .
𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙

Solution:
𝟑𝒙+𝟐 𝟑𝒙+𝟐
Note that = and that the factors in the denominator are distinct and are
𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙 𝒙(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙−𝟏)
all linear. Using the rule for Case 1, we have

𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
= = + +
𝒙𝟑 𝟐
+ 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏

Multiplying both sides of the equation by 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏) will give us

𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝑨(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑩𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐).

𝟐 𝟓
Now, show that 𝑨 = −𝟏, 𝑩 = − , and 𝑪 = .
𝟑 𝟑
If 𝒙 = 𝟎: 𝟑(𝟎) + 𝟐 = 𝑨(𝟐)(−𝟏) ⟹ −𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐 ⟹ 𝑨 = −𝟏.
𝟐
If 𝒙 = −𝟐: 𝟑(−𝟐) + 𝟐 = 𝑩(−𝟐)(−𝟑) ⟹ 𝟔𝑩 = −𝟒 ⟹ 𝑩 = − .
𝟑
𝟓
If 𝒙 = 𝟏: 𝟑(𝟏) + 𝟐 = 𝑪(𝟏)(𝟑) ⟹ 𝟑𝑪 = 𝟓 ⟹ 𝑪 = .
𝟑

Thus,
𝟐 𝟓
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟏 −
=− + 𝟑 + 𝟑
𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
and

𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 𝟐
+ 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 𝟑 𝒙+𝟐 𝟑 𝒙−𝟏
𝟐 𝟓
= −𝐥𝐧|𝒙| − 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 + 𝟐| + 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑

𝟑𝒙+𝟐
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that the derivative of your answer is equal to .
𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

35
Illustration 3.18 (cont’d.)

3. Evaluate
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 .
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏)

Solution:
Note that the factors in the denominator are distinct with one linear and one quadratic factor.
Using the rule for Case 1, we have
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩 𝑪
𝟐
= 𝟐 +
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏

Multiplying both sides of the equation by (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏) will give us

𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = (𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩)(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏).

Now,
If 𝒙 = 𝟏: 𝟑(𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟏 = (𝑨(𝟏) + 𝑩)(𝟏 − 𝟏) + 𝑪((𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏) ⇒ 𝟐 = 𝟐𝑪 ⇒ 𝑪 = 𝟏
If 𝒙 = 𝟎: (𝟎)𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟎) + 𝟏 = (𝑨(𝟎) + 𝑩)(𝟎 − 𝟏) + 𝑪((𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟏) ⇒ 𝟏 = −𝑩 + 𝑪 ⇒ 𝑩 = 𝑪 − 𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟎.
If 𝒙 = −𝟏: 𝟑(−𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐(−𝟏) + 𝟏 = (𝑨(−𝟏) + 𝑩)(−𝟏 − 𝟏) + 𝑪((−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏)
⇒ 𝟔 = 𝟐𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 + 𝟐𝑪 ⇒ 𝟔 = 𝟐𝑨 + 𝟐 ⇒ 𝟒 = 𝟐𝑨 ⇒ 𝑨 = 𝟐
Thus,
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟏
= +
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏
and
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟏
∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏| + 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝑪
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙 +𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that 𝑫𝒙 (𝐥𝐧|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏| + 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝑪) =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙−𝟏)

TRY THIS! Evaluate the following.

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔
𝟏. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟑. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐. ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟑)

MUST REMEMBER!!! How to decompose a rational expression into partial fractions

CASE 2. 𝑸 has some repeating factors.

If 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 is a repeating linear factor of 𝑸 such that (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒎 is a factor, then, for constants
𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , … , 𝑨𝒎 , the partial fraction must contain
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝒎
+ 𝟐
+ ⋯+
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒎
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

If 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 is a repeating quadratic factor of 𝑸 such that (𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)𝒎 is a factor, then,
for constants 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , … , 𝑨𝒎 , 𝑩𝟏 , 𝑩𝟐 , … , 𝑩𝒎 , the partial fraction must contain

𝑨𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑩𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑩 𝟐 𝑨𝒎 𝒙 + 𝑩𝒎
𝟐
+ 𝟐 𝟐
+⋯+
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄) (𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)𝒎

36
Illustration 3.19

1. Evaluate
𝒅𝒙
∫ .
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐)

Solution:
Note that the factors in the denominator are all linear but one is a repeated factor. Using the
rule for Case 2, we have
𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝟐
= + 𝟐
+
(𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒙+𝟐

Multiplying both sides of the equation by (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐) will give us

𝟏 = 𝑨(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝑩(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝑪(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 .

If 𝒙 = −𝟏: 𝟏 = 𝑩(−𝟏 + 𝟐) ⟹ 𝑩 = 𝟏
If 𝒙 = −𝟐: 𝟏 = 𝑪(−𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 ⟹ 𝑪 = 𝟏
If 𝒙 = 𝟎: 𝟏 = 𝑨(𝟏)(𝟐) + 𝑩(𝟐) + 𝑪(𝟏)𝟐 ⟹ 𝟏 = 𝟐𝑨 + 𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟏 ⟹ 𝑨 = −𝟏
Thus,

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐
and
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ = −∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙+𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒙+𝟐
𝟏
= −𝐥𝐧|𝒙 + 𝟏| − + 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 + 𝟐| + 𝑪
𝒙+𝟏
𝟏
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that the derivative of your answer is equal to .
(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟐)

2. Evaluate
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 .
𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐
Solution:
Note that one of the factors in the denominator is linear but the other is a repeated quadratic
one. Using the rule for Case 2, we have
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝑨 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬
= + +
𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐

Multiplying both sides of the equation by 𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 will give us

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝑨(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪)(𝒙)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) + (𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬)(𝒙).

Now, this is the case when specifying values of 𝒙 to solve for the required constant entails a
tedious process. We introduce an alternative way of solving for the constants, which is also
applicable to the previously discussed illustrations.
We first simplify the expression on the right-hand side of the equation above:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝑨(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪)(𝒙)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) + (𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬)(𝒙)
⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝑨(𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) + (𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪)(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙) + (𝑫𝒙𝟐 + 𝑬𝒙)
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝑨𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨 + 𝑩𝒙𝟒 + 𝑩𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒙𝟐 + 𝑬𝒙

⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 = (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝒙𝟒 + 𝑪𝒙𝟑 + (𝟐𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑫)𝒙𝟐 + (𝑪 + 𝑬)𝒙 + 𝑨
⇒ 𝟎𝒙𝟒 + 𝟎𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐 = (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝒙𝟒 + 𝑪𝒙𝟑 + (𝟐𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑫)𝒙𝟐 + (𝑪 + 𝑬)𝒙 + 𝑨
Note that both sides of the equation will only be equal if and only if the numerical
coefficients of the respective terms are equal. Thus, we have
𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝟎, 𝑪 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑫 = 𝟏, 𝑪 + 𝑬 = 𝟎, and 𝑨 = −𝟐
37
 Solving the given system of equations, we will obtain the following solution:
𝑨 = −𝟐; 𝑩 = 𝟐; 𝑪 = 𝟎; 𝑫 = 𝟑; 𝑬 = 𝟎
Hence,
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
= + 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
and
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 𝒙
∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒙 𝒙 +𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝟑
= −𝟐 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝐥𝐧|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏| − 𝟐
+𝑪
𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏)

𝒙𝟐 −𝟐
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that the derivative of your answer is equal to 𝟐 .
𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)

TRY THIS!
Evaluate the following.

𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒙+𝟑

𝟏. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟑. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝟐𝒙
+ 𝟏)𝟐

𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS:

FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION:

Integration Using Partial Fractions

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-01sc-single-variable-calculus-fall-
2010/unit-4-techniques-of-integration/part-b-partial-fractions-integration-by-
parts-arc-length-and-surface-area/session-74-integration-by-partial-fractions/

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/PartialFractions.aspx
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

38
EXERCISE 3.3. Techniques of Integrations

Name: _________________________________________ MATH 27 Section: _______

A. Use the appropriate technique of integration to compute the following antiderivatives.

Show your solutions on the provided boxes.

1. ∫ 𝒙𝟗 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒙
2. ∫ 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒙 𝒅𝒙, 𝒂 is a constant such that 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏

3. ∫ 𝒙 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

4.∫ 𝒙𝟑 √𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒙
5. ∫
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

√(𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗)𝟑

39
6. ∫ √𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

7. ∫
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝟖

8.∫
−𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖
𝒅𝒙
(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗)

9. ∫
𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)𝟐

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

~ end of Exercise 3.3 ~

40
3.4 Improper Integrals

Before we talk about the main topic for this section, we first discuss definite integrals since this
section will deal with evaluating integrals with bounds.

A definite integral is an antiderivative over a closed and bounded interval, say [𝒂, 𝒃]. If we
consider a function 𝒇 that is continuous over the closed interval [𝒂, 𝒃] such that 𝑭(𝒙) is an
antiderivative of 𝒇(𝒙), then the definite integral of 𝒇(𝒙) from 𝒂 to 𝒃 can be computed as follows:

𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂).
𝒂

Solving the definite integral in this manner was stated as the Second Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus. In this approach, all we need to do is to find an antiderivative 𝑭(𝒙), evaluate the 𝑭(𝒙) at 𝒂
and 𝒃, and perform very simple arithmetic in computing 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂). To aid in writing the solution for
the definite integral, it is usually presented as
𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙)]𝒃𝒂 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂) .
𝒂

Illustration 3.20

1. To compute
𝟑
∫ (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ,
−𝟏

we start by computing for the antiderivative of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙. Applying Power Rule, we
obtain
∫(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
Hence,
𝟑
𝟑
∫ (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 )]−𝟏 = (𝟑𝟑 − 𝟑𝟐 ) − ((−𝟏)𝟑 − (−𝟏)𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟖 + 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 .
−𝟏

2. For the definite integral

𝟒
𝟏
∫ ( − √𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ,
𝟏 𝒙𝟐
we note that since
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
∫ ( 𝟐 − √𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝒙−𝟐 − 𝒙 ⁄𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒙−𝟏 − 𝒙 ⁄𝟐 + 𝑪 ,
𝒙 𝟑
it follows that
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝟒𝟕
∫ ( 𝟐 − √𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = (− − 𝒙 ⁄𝟐 )] = (− − ) − (−𝟏 − ) = − .
𝟏 𝒙 𝒙 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟐

3. To compute for
𝟐
𝟏
∫ 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 ,
−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)

we need to use the substitution technique in solving for the antiderivative.

𝟏
We let 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑. So, 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 and 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖. Hence,
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒖−𝟑 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝒖−𝟐 + 𝑪 = − +𝑪
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐

Thus,
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒𝟖 𝟏𝟐
∫ 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = − ( 𝟐
)] = − ( − 𝟏) = = .
−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟒 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) −𝟏 𝟒 𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝟒𝟗

41
 MUST REMEMBER!!! Properties of Definite Integral

Theorem 3.9. For real numbers 𝒌, 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 with 𝒂 < 𝒄 < 𝒃, we have

𝒂
1. ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒂

𝒃 𝒂
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
2. 𝒂 𝒃

𝒃 𝒃
∫ 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒇 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
3. 𝒂 𝒂

𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
∫ [𝒇 (𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
4. 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂

𝒃 𝒄 𝒃
5. ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂 𝒄

Now, we turn our attention to improper integrals. We say that a definite integral is improper if
it possesses any of the following conditions: (a) it has an unbounded interval of integration, i.e., at least
one of the bounds is infinite; or (b) its integrand has an infinite discontinuity, i.e., there exists a number
𝒄 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃] such that 𝐥𝐢𝐦± 𝒇(𝒙) = ±∞.
𝒙→𝒄

We discuss here our approach whenever we are faced with said scenarios.

MUST REMEMBER!!! For integrals over unbounded intervals: (−∞, 𝒃], [𝒂, +∞), or (−∞, +∞)

Theorem 3.10. Assume that 𝒇 is continuous within the interval of integration. Then,
+∞ 𝒕
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒕→+∞ 𝒂

𝒃 𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
−∞ 𝒔→−∞ 𝒔

+∞ 𝟎 𝒕
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
−∞ 𝒔→−∞ 𝒔 𝒕→+∞ 𝟎

provided these limits exist (i.e. finite number). The improper integral is called convergent
if the corresponding limit exists. Else, it is divergent.

REMARKS: For the last integral given above, 𝟎 may be replaced by any other real number. The reason
why we chose 𝟎 is that it is usually easy to evaluate function values at 𝟎. Nevertheless, we are free to
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

use any real number aside from 𝟎.

42
Illustration 3.21. Establish the convergence of the following improper integrals, i.e., determine if the
integral is convergent or divergent.

+∞
𝒅𝒙
1. ∫
𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟑

Solution:
𝟏 𝟏
Note that the only point of discontinuity of the rational function 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏−𝟐𝒙)𝟑 is at
𝟐
which is not in the interval [𝟏, +∞). Thus, 𝒇 is continuous over the interval of integration. Now,
using Theorem 3.10, we have

+∞ 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫
𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟑 𝒃→+∞ 𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟑
We first solve for
𝒅𝒙
∫ .
(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟑
𝒅𝒖
Let 𝒖 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 so that 𝒅𝒙 = − . Thus,
𝟐

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖−𝟐 𝟏
∫ 𝟑
=− ∫ 𝟑 =− ( )+𝑪 = + 𝑪.
(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟒(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟐
Hence,
𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟑
= 𝟐
| = 𝟐
−
1 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝟒(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝟏 𝟒(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒃) 𝟒
Thus,
+∞ 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟑
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟑
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝟐
− ]( − )=𝟎− =− .
𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝒃→+∞ 𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝒃→+∞ 𝟒(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒃) 𝟒 +∞ 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒

+∞ 𝒅𝒙
Therefore, ∫𝟏 (𝟏−𝟐𝒙)𝟑
is convergent.

𝟎
𝒅𝒙
2. ∫ 𝟑
−∞ √𝒙 − 𝟏

Solution:
𝟏
Using a similar argument in the previous example, we can say that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 is
√𝒙−𝟏
continuous over (−∞, 𝟎]. Now, by Theorem 3.10, we have

𝟎 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝟑 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟑
−∞ √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂→−∞ 𝒂 √𝒙 − 𝟏

It is left as an exercise to show that

𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
∫ 𝟑 = − (𝒂 − 𝟏)𝟑
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝒂 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐

Thus,
𝟎 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
∫ 𝟑 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟑 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ − (𝒂 − 𝟏)𝟑 ] ( − (+∞)) = −∞.
−∞ √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂→−∞ 𝒂 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂→−∞ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟎 𝒅𝒙
Therefore, ∫−∞ 𝟑 diverges.
√𝒙−𝟏

43
Illustration 3.21 (cont’d.)

+∞
𝒅𝒙
3. ∫
−∞ 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
Solution:
The given function is continuous over the set of real numbers since the denominator
will never be zero. Now, using Theorem 3.10, we have

+∞ 𝟎 +∞ 𝟎 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝟐
= ∫ 𝟐
+ ∫ 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟐
+ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫
−∞ 𝟏+𝒙 −∞ 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝒂→−∞ 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒃→+∞ 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

𝒅𝒙 𝟎 𝒅𝒙
Recall: ∫ 𝟐 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪 ⇒ ∫𝒂 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟎 − 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 = 𝟎 − 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂,
𝟏+𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
since 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟎 = 𝟎, and
𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝟐
= 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪 ⇒ ∫ 𝟐
= 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 − 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟎 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃.
𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
Using the fact that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = − and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = , it can be shown that
𝒙→−∞ 𝟐 𝒙→+∞ 𝟐
𝟎 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝝅 𝒅𝒙 𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (−𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂) = , 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃) =
𝒂→−∞ 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒂→−∞ 𝟐 𝒃→+∞ 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒃→+∞ 𝟐
Thus,
+∞ 𝟎 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 𝝅
∫ 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟐
+ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟐
= + = 𝝅.
−∞ 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒂→−∞ 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒃→+∞ 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐

Therefore, the given improper integral converges.

TRY THIS! Determine whether the given improper integral diverges or converges.
𝟎 +∞
𝟐
𝟏. ∫ 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟒. ∫ 𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙
−∞ −∞

+∞ +∞
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐. ∫ 𝟑
𝟓. ∫
𝟒 𝒙(𝐥𝐧𝒙) −∞ 𝟗 + 𝒙𝟐
+∞
𝒅𝒙
𝟑. ∫
𝟎 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

44
 Another form of improper integrals is the case wherein infinite discontinuity occurs over the
bounded interval of integration. Here you may observe that the integrand is undefined in the given upper
limit or lower limit of integration or in between the given limit of integration.

MUST REMEMBER!!! For integrals of functions with infinite discontinuity over bounded
intervals:
Theorem 3.11. Assume that 𝒇 is continuous on the indicated interval.

1. On (𝒂, 𝒃], with 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = ±∞, we have

𝒙→𝒂
𝒃 𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 .
𝒂 𝒕→𝒂 𝒕

2. On [𝒂, 𝒃), with 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = ±∞, we have

𝒙→𝒃
𝒃 𝒔
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 .
𝒂 𝒔→𝒃 𝒂

3. On [𝒂, 𝒃], except at 𝒄 ∈ (𝒂, 𝒃) with 𝐥𝐢𝐦|𝒇(𝒙)| = +∞, we have

𝒙→𝒄
𝒃 𝒄 𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂 𝒄
𝒔 𝒃
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦− ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙.
𝒔→𝒄 𝒂 𝒕→𝒄 𝒕

provided these limits exist (i.e. finite number). The improper integral is said to be convergent if the
corresponding limit exists. Else, it is divergent.

Illustration 3.22. Establish the convergence of the following improper integrals.

𝟐
𝒅𝒙
1. ∫
𝟎 √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐
Solution:

𝒅𝒙
Note that on the interval [𝟎, 𝟐], the integrand 𝒇(𝒙) = has a discontinuity at 𝟐. In
√𝟒−𝒙𝟐
particular, 𝒇 is continuous on [𝟎, 𝟐) and

𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( + ) = +∞ .
𝒙→𝟐− √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟎

Thus, using Theorem 3.11.2,

𝟐 𝒕
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− ∫
𝟎 √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒕→𝟐 𝟎 √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐

𝒙𝒕 𝒕
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦− [𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 ] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− [𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎]
𝒕→𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝒕→𝟐 𝟐
𝒕 𝝅
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 =

𝒕→𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Hence, the given improper integral is convergent.

45
Illustration 3.22 (cont’d.)

𝟎
𝒅𝒙
2. ∫
−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐

Solution:
𝟏
Note that on the interval [−𝟐, 𝟎], the integrand 𝒇(𝒙) = has a discontinuity at -𝟐. In
𝒙+𝟐
particular, 𝒇 is continuous on (−𝟐, 𝟎] and

𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ( + ) = +∞ .
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐 𝟎

Thus, using Theorem 3.11.1,

𝟎 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ∫
−𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒔→−𝟐 𝒔 𝒙+𝟐

The rest of the solution is left as an exercise and it can be shown that the given improper
integral is divergent.

𝟑
𝒅𝒙
3. ∫ 𝟐
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑

Solution:
Note that on the interval [𝟎, 𝟑], the integrand has its only discontinuity at 𝟏, which is in
between the upper and the lower limits of integration. Moreover,
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 | 𝟐| ( + ) = +∞.
𝒙→𝟏 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑

Thus, by Theorem 3.11.3,

𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝟐 =∫ 𝟐 +∫ 𝟐
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑

𝒂 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦− ∫ 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ∫ 𝟐
𝒂→𝟏 𝟎 𝒃→𝟏 𝒃
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑

Using the fact that

𝒂
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟐 = 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪 ⟹ ∫
𝟑
𝟐 = 𝟑(𝒂 − 𝟏) − 𝟑(𝟎 − 𝟏) = 𝟑(𝒂 − 𝟏) + 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑
and
𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏
∫ 𝟐 = 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪 ⟹ ∫
𝟑
𝟐 = 𝟑(𝟑 − 𝟏) − 𝟑(𝒃 − 𝟏) = 𝟑 √𝟐 − 𝟑(𝒃 − 𝟏) ,
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝒃 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑
we can show that
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝒂 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟑
𝐥𝐢𝐦− ∫ 𝟐 = 𝟑 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 +
∫ 𝟐 = 𝟑 √𝟐.
𝒂→𝟏 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝒃→𝟏 𝒃 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑

Thus,
𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟑
∫ 𝟐 = 𝟑 + 𝟑 √𝟐.
(𝒙 − 𝟎 𝟏)𝟑
Therefore, the given improper integral is convergent.
46

Therefore, the given improper integral is convergent.

TRY THIS! Establish the convergence/divergence of the following.

𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏. ∫ 𝟒. ∫
𝟎 𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝐱)𝟑
𝟎 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 1
𝟐. ∫ 𝟐
𝟓. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟏 (𝑥 − 2)4

𝟒
𝟐𝒅𝒙
𝟑. ∫
𝟐 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS:

FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION:

Definite Integrals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCWOdfQ3cwQ

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcI/ComputingDefiniteIntegrals.as
px

Improper Integrals
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-01sc-single-variable-calculus-fall-
2010/unit-5-exploring-the-infinite/part-a-lhospitals-rule-and-improper-
integrals/session-91-improper-integrals/

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-integration-new/bc-6-
13/v/introduction-to-improper-integrals

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII/ImproperIntegrals.aspx

~End of Unit 3~

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

47
EXERCISE 3.4. Definite and Improper Integrals

Name: _________________________________________ MATH 27 Section: _______

A. Compute the following definite integrals.

𝟏
𝟏. ∫ (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝟎

𝟏
𝟒
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝟐
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

_________________________
B. Determine if each of the following is convergent or divergent.

+∞
𝟏
𝟏. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒆 𝒙𝐥𝐧𝟒 (𝒆𝒙)

𝟒
𝟐√𝒙−𝟑
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 √𝒙 − 𝟑

𝟎
𝟏
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

3. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
−𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐

~ end of Exercise 3.4 ~

48
 REFERENCES
Louis Leithold.(1997). The Calculus 7 of a Single Variable, 7th sub-edition. Harper Collins Publishers.

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia
Pte. Ltd.

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

49
 ANSWERS TO TRY THIS ITEMS
Try This! p. 6

𝑥 6 2𝑥 5 3𝑥 2
1. − + + 7𝑥 + 𝐶
6 5 2
4
3𝑥 3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 4
2. − − + 𝜋𝑥 + 𝐶
4 2 4

𝑥 4 7𝑥 3 3𝑥 2
3. + + + 21𝑥 + 𝐶
4 3 2

𝑥3
4. − 3𝑥 −1 − 𝑥 + +𝐶
3

5. −(𝑥 2 + 25)−1 + 𝐶

(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8)10
6. +𝐶
20
1
4(7𝑥 − 5)2
7. +𝐶
7

Try This! p. 10
1. Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥. Thus,
1 1 1
∫ 𝑥 cos (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = sin (𝑢) + C = sin (𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶.
2 2 2
1
2. Let 𝑢 = √𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. So,
2√𝑥
sec 2 (√𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ sec 2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 2 tan 𝑢 + C = 2 tan(√𝑥) + 𝐶.
√𝑥
3. Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Thus,
∫ csc 2 (tan 𝑥) sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = −cot 𝑢 + 𝐶 = −cot(tan 𝑥) + 𝐶.
4. Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Hence,
cos 4 𝑥
∫ cos 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − + 𝐶.
4
5. Let 𝑢 = cot 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = −csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Therefore,
cot 5 𝑥
∫ cot 4 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − + 𝐶.
5
6. Let u = csc 𝑥, then du = −csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Thus,
csc 3 𝑥
∫ cot 𝑥 csc 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − + 𝐶.
3
2 2
7. Recall that tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1. We can write the given integral as
∫ tan2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
Let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Hence,
sec 5 𝑥 sec 3 𝑥
∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + C.
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

5 3
8. Let 𝑢 = sin (5𝑥), then 𝑑𝑢 = 5cos (5𝑥)𝑑𝑥. So,
sin5 (5𝑥)
∫ sin4 (5𝑥) cos (5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶.
25

50
Try This! p. 14

1. Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥. Thus,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 3𝑥
∫ =∫ = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sec ( ) + 𝐶.
𝑥√9𝑥 2 − 6 𝑢√𝑢2 − 6 √6 √6

2. Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 , then 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥. So,

𝑥2 1 𝑑𝑢 1 2𝑥 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sin ( ) + 𝐶.
√5 − 4𝑥 6 6 √5 − 𝑢2 6 √5
3. Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥. Hence,
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sin ( ) + 𝐶.
√4 − sin 𝑥2 √4 − 𝑢 2 2
4. Do completing of square in the denominator. Then,
2 2 2 𝑥+4
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) + 𝐶.
𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 25 (𝑥 + 4) + 9 3 3
5. Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. So,
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑒𝑥
∫ = ∫ =∫ = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sec ( ) + 𝐶.
√𝑒 2𝑥 − 9 𝑒 𝑥 √𝑒 2𝑥 − 9 𝑢√𝑢2 − 9 3 3
6. Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Then,
tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 −1 cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ dx = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sec ( ) + 𝐶.
√cos 2 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥√cos 2 𝑥 − 2 √2 √2
7. Let 𝑢 = cot (5𝑥), then 𝑑𝑢 = −5csc 2 (5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. Hence,
csc 2 5𝑥 −1 cot (5𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) + 𝐶.
3 + cot 2 5𝑥 5√3 √3
8. Do completing of square in the radicand in the denominator. We have,
5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−
∫ =∫ = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sin ( 2) + 𝐶.
√5𝑥 − 𝑥 2 25 5 2 5/2
√ − (𝑥 − )
4 2

Try This! p. 16
1. Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢 1
∫ = ∫ = ln|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎 𝑢 𝑎
𝑥+4 𝑥 4 1 𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑥 2 + 16) + 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) + 𝐶
𝑥 2 +16 𝑥 2 +16 𝑥 2 +16 2 4
𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4 2 4 𝑥3 2
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4 ln|𝑥| + C
𝑥 𝑥 3
1 ⅆ𝑥
4. Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, ∫ = ln | ln 𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥
5. Let 𝑢 = 1 − cos 𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Hence,
sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|1 − cos 𝑥| + 𝐶
1 − cos 𝑥
1
6. Let 𝑢 = √𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. Thus,
2√𝑥
tan √𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 2 ln|sec √𝑥| + 𝐶.
√𝑥
cos 𝑥
7. Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 3 , then 𝑑𝑢 = 15𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥. Use identity cot 𝑥 = .
sin 𝑥
1
∫ 𝑥 2 cot 5𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin(5𝑥 3 ) | + 𝐶
15
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

1
8. Let 𝑢 = tan 𝜋𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜋 sec 2 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Use identity sec 𝑥 = . So,
cos 𝑥
1 1
∫ sec 2 𝜋𝑥 sec(tan 𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec(tan 𝜋𝑥) + tan(tan 𝜋𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝜋 𝜋

51
Try This! p. 19
1. Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , then 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥. Thus,
3
3 𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
3
1
2. Let 𝑢 = √𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. Thus,
2√𝑥
2√𝑥 2(2√𝑥 ) 2√𝑥+1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
√𝑥 ln 2 ln 2
3. Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 , so 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Thus,
𝑒 2𝑥 1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
1 + 𝑒 4𝑥 2 1 + 𝑢2 2
4. Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 3, then 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 ln 3 𝑑𝑥. Hence,
3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√3𝑥 − 3
∫ = +C
√3𝑥 − 3 ln 3
5. Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , so 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Then,
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
6. Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑒 𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Thus,
(sin 𝑒 𝑥 )2
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶.
2
7. Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 , so 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 ln 3 𝑑𝑥. Hence,
𝑥
𝑥 3𝑥
𝑒3
∫ 3 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = + C.
ln 3
𝑥 𝑥
8. Rewrite 𝑒 𝑥+𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 then let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 . Then,
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑒 + 𝐶

Try This! p. 26
1. ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 sin𝑥 + 2𝑥cos𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 𝑥 1
2. ∫ 𝑥𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 − + 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 2
3. ∫ 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sec 𝑥 − ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶
1 1
4. ∫ csc 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + ln|csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝐶
2 2
1
5. ∫ 𝑥 tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶
2
3 3𝑥 2 3𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 − 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
13 13

Try This! p. 33
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1. ∫ 3 = +𝐶
2
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 √𝑥 + 1
√5 − 𝑥 2 √5 √5 − 𝑥 2
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = √5 ln | − | + √5 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
√𝑥 2 − 16 𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 16 − 4𝐴𝑟𝑐 sec +𝐶
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥
4. ∫ = Arcsin ( ) + 𝐶
√9 − 4𝑥 2 2 3
2
√3 + ln 𝑥 1 3 √3 + ln2 𝑥 ln 𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = √3 + ln2 𝑥 (ln 𝑥) + ln | + |+𝐶
𝑥 2 2 √3 √3

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Try This! p. 36

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 − 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
3
= + +
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−1
Multiplying both sides of the equation by (𝒙)(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏) will give us
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 1).
We will get 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = −2, 𝐶 = 2. Thus,
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 1 2 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 − 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−1
= ln|𝑥| − 2ln|𝑥 + 1| + 2ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶.

7𝑥 + 1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)
7𝑥 + 1 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶
= +
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥 + 3
Multiplying both sides of the equation by (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) will give us
7𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1).
We will get 𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = −2. Thus,
7𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1 2 2𝑥 1 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 2 + 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 +1 𝑥+3 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1 𝑥+3
= ln|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan𝑥 − 2ln|𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
2
𝑥 +6
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2)

𝑥2 + 6 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= +
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2
Multiplying both sides of the equation by (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) will give us
𝑥 2 + 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2).
We will get 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = −2. Thus,
𝑥2 + 6
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2)
1 2
= ∫( − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 − 2| − 2𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶.
𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2

Try This! p. 38
2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2)2

2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
2 2
= + 2 + 2
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2
Multiplying both sides of the equation by (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2)2 will give us
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2)2 + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) + (𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸)(𝑥 + 1).

We will get 𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = 1, 𝐷 = 2, 𝐸 = 0. Thus,
2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 2 1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + + ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2)2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑥 2 + 2)2
1 𝑥 1
= 2ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan − 2 +𝐶
√2 √2 (𝑥 + 2)

53
 2𝑥 2
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1)
2𝑥 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
2 2
= + 2
+ 2
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)
Multiplying both sides of the equation by (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1) will give us
2𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 + 1)2
We will get 𝐴 = −1, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = 1, 𝐷 = 0. Thus,
2𝑥 2 −1 1 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + + ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1)
1 1
= −ln|𝑥 + 1| − + ln|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝐶
𝑥+1 2

𝑥+3
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + + +
𝑥 2 (2𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑥 2 2𝑥 + 1 (2𝑥 + 1)2
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 + 1)2 will give us
𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴𝑥(2𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶𝑥 2 (2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷𝑥 2 .
We will get 𝐴 = −11, 𝐵 = 3, 𝐶 = 22, 𝐷 = 10. Thus,
𝑥+3 −11 3 22 10
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + 2+ + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (2𝑥
+ 1)2 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 (2𝑥 + 1)2
3 5
= −11ln|𝑥| − + 11ln|2𝑥 + 1| − +C
𝑥 2𝑥 + 1

Try This! p. 44
0
0
−2𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥 1 𝑒 −2𝑎
1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = lim ( | = lim (− + ) = +∞
−∞ a→−∞ −2 𝑎 𝑎→−∞ 2 2
The given improper integral diverges.
∞ 𝑏
𝑑𝑥 1 1
2. ∫ 3
= lim (− | =
4 𝑥(ln 𝑥) b→+∞ 2(ln𝑥) 4 2(ln4)2
2

The given improper integral converges.

∞
1 ∞
𝑒𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 = lim (𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑒 𝑥 |𝑏0
0 𝑒 +𝑒 0 𝑒 b→+∞

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= lim (𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑒 𝑏 − ) = − =
𝑏→+∞ 4 2 4 4
The given improper integral converges.
+∞
2 1 2 0 1 2 𝑏 1 1
4. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − lim (𝑒 −𝑥 |𝑎 − lim (𝑒 −𝑥 |0 = − + = 0
−∞ 2 a→−∞ 2 b→+∞ 2 2
The given improper integral converges.
+∞
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥0 𝑥 𝑏
5. ∫ 2
= ( lim (𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan | + lim (𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan | )
−∞ 9 + 𝑥 3 𝑎→−∞ 3 𝑎 𝑏→+∞ 30
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= ( + )=
3 2 2 3
MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

3.1 The given improper integral converges.

54
Try This! p. 47
3
𝑥 1 𝑏 1
1. ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = − lim− ln|9 − 𝑥 2 ||0 = − lim−(ln|9 − 𝑏 2 | − ln 9) = +∞
0 9−𝑥 2 𝑏→3 2 𝑏→3

The given improper integral diverges.

0
𝑑𝑥 1 0
2. ∫ 2
= − lim | = +∞
−1 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑎→−1+ 𝑥 + 1 𝑎
The given improper integral diverges.
4
2𝑑𝑥 𝑥4 4 𝑎 𝜋 𝜋
3. ∫ = lim+ 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sec | = lim+ (𝐴𝑟𝑐 sec − 𝐴𝑟𝑐 sec ) = − 0 =
2 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 4 𝑎→2 2 𝑎 𝑎→2 2 2 3 3

The given improper integral converges.

𝑎 2
2
1 1 1
4. ∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 = lim− ∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 + lim+ ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (1 − 2𝑥) 𝑎→
1 (1 − 2𝑥) 𝑏→
1 (1 − 2𝑥)3
2 0 2 𝑏

𝑎 1
Solving first for lim ∫
1− 0 (1−2𝑥)3
𝑑𝑥 we have
𝑎→
2
𝑎
𝑎
1 1 1
lim− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = lim | = +∞
𝑎→
1 (1 − 2𝑥)3 4 𝑎→1− (1 − 2𝑥)2 0
2 0 2
Note: At this point, we are done. One of the integrals is divergent which means
that the given improper integral is divergent.
3 𝑎 3
1 1 1
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = lim− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + lim+ ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)4 𝑎→2 (𝑥 − 2)4 𝑏→2 (𝑥 − 2)4
1 1 𝑏
𝑎 1
Solving first for lim− ∫1 (𝑥−2)4
𝑑𝑥 we have
𝑎→2
𝑎
𝑎
1 1 1
lim− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − lim | = +∞.
𝑎→2 (𝑥 − 2)4 3 𝑎→2− (𝑥 − 2)3 1
1

Note: At this point, we are done. One of the integrals is divergent which means
that the given improper integral is divergent.

MATH 27 MODULE 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

55