- communication is affected by the context in which it

ORAL COM takes place. This context maybe: physical, social,

chronological or cultural.
SENDER/ENCODER
LESSON 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ORAL - is a person who sends the message. A sender makes
COMMUNICATIO IN CONTEXT use of symbols (words or graphic or visual aids) to
convey the message and produce the required response.

Communication may be defined as a process concerning MESSAGE

exchange of facts or ideas between persons holding - is the key that the sender wants to communicate. It is a
different positions in an organization to achieve mutual sign that elicits the response of recipients.
harmony and understanding.
Communication process
-begins with deciding about the message to be conveyed.
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS WITHIN AN It must be ensured that the main objective of the
ORGANIZATION message is CLEAR, CORRECT, CONCISE,
COMPLETE, CONCRETE, and COURTEOUS.
MEDIUM
FACE-TO-FACE
– is the means used to exchange/transmit the message
- or personal communication is one of the richest like through phone, email, in person/ instant message
channels of communication that can be used within an
organization. physical presence, the tone of the speaker’s RECIPIENT/DECODER
voice and facial expressions help recipients of a message - is the person for whom the message is intended to. The
interpret that message as the speaker intends. degree to which the decoder understands the message is
BROADCAST MEDIA-MEDIA dependent upon various factors such as knowledge of
recipient, his responsiveness to the message, and the
- TV, radio and loud speaker all fall within the broadcast reliance of encoder and decoder.
media communication channel. These media are used
when addressing a mass audience. FEEDBACK

MOBILE - is the main component of communication process as it

permits to analyze the efficacy of the message. It helps
- a mobile communication channel should be used when the sender in confirming the correct interpretation of the
a private or more complex message needs to be relayed message by the decoder.
to an individual or small group. A mobile channel allows
for an interactive exchange and gives the recipient the
added benefit of interpreting the speaker’s tone along NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF
with the message. COMMUNICATION
ELECTRONIC-ELECTRONIC
-electronic communication channels encompass email, COMMUNICATION IS RELATED TO HUMANITY –
Internet, intranet and social media platforms. This
channel can be used for one-on-one, group or mass communication exchanges are part of our being human.
communication.
WRITTEN
COMMUNICATION INVOLVES TWO OR MORE
- written communication should be used when a message PARTIES - at least there are two parties involved in
that does not require interaction to another person needs communication: the sender and the receiver of the
to be communicated to an employee or group. message

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- communication is a process of exchanging verbal and COMMUNICATION COULD BE ONE-WAY OR
non-verbal messages. TWO-WAY PROCESS - since communication is a two-
way process, the receiver of the message needs to send
his feedback back to the sender in order to assess how
The main components of communication process are as well does he understood the message being sent.

follows:
CONTEXT SUCCESS OF COMMUNICATION DEPENDS UPON
A PROPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PARTIES
INVOLVED - powerful communication is done when Face-to-face or personal communication is one of the
the intended message is being achieved by the two richest channels of communication that can be used
parties as determined by the feedback being given by the within an organization. Physical presence, the tone of the
receiver to the sender. speaker’s voice and facial expressions help recipients of
a message interpret that message as the speaker’s intends

COMMUNICATION IS MEDIA OR CHANNEL

BASED - every single communication comes about by LESSON 2 - MODELS AND TENETS/MAXIMS OF
means of using the selected method. This media could be COMMUNICATION
composed by verbal, non-verbal or a mixture of both.

Communication is like life, it is a continuous process

BARRIERS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION that we cannot possibly manipulate or predict; it is also
unrepeatable and irreversible, thus when we say
1. STRESS AND OUT-OF-CONTROL EMOTION -
communication is a process, we mean the tenets/maxims
when you are stressed or emotionally overwhelmed, you
of communication.
are likely to misread other people, send confusing
behaviors or non-verbal signals. Take a moment by
taking deep breathing exercise to calm down your nerves
The Basic Tenets/Maxims of Communication:
and get you back in focus before continuing a
conversation. 1. Communication is a dynamic process ... ever
changing, ever moving and in a state of lyrics;
2. LACK OF FOCUS - you cannot communicate
effectively if you are multi-tasking. If you are planning 2. Communication is complex, that is, if there are two
what you are going to say next, you must be certain that persons speaking, in reality there are several “persons”
you have checked its content before you say it. interacting via the perceptions attached to the message
sent and received;
3. INCONSISTENT BODY LANGUAGE- nonverbal
communication should reinforced what is being said not 3. Messages are sent not meanings...this statement
contradict. Your words and actions should be consistent asserts that communication does not consist of the
to achieve the right interpretation of your message. transmission of meanings because it is not transferrable
– in fact meanings are in people not in words;
4. Communication is systematic ... it follows the basic
OTHER COMMON BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
flow of the message through the different elements of
COMMUNICTION INCLUDE:
communication: the sender-the message-the channel or
Physical barriers the medium used by the speaker in sending the message-
the receiver-the feedback or the receiver’s response to
System design faults
the message;
Attitudinal barriers
5. Communication involves communicators, not just
Ambiguous words speakers and receivers, but active speakers and listeners;

Individual linguistic 6. Communication is proactive because the

communicators are capable of seeing, perceiving,
Physiological barriers analyzing and shaping situations.

SUMMARY 1.1 Aristotle’s Model

The communication process is a guide toward realizing As a Greek philosopher and teacher, Aristotle crafted a
effective communication. speaker-centered communication model.
Effective communication involves minimizing potential
misunderstanding and overcoming any barriers to
communication at each stage in the communication 1.2 Lasswell Model of the Communication Process
process.
The Lasswel is one of the earliest models of
Accurate and efficient communication between communication which was developed by Harold
departments builds trust within the organization. Lasswell in1948. Harold Lasswell was a leading
American political scientist and communication theorist.
Finger-pointing and arguing accompany a breakdown in
inter-departmental communication.
Effective business communication relies on a feedback Lasswell’s Key to Understanding Communication
cycle that involves listening, speaking and confirming
• Control analysis - pertains to the study of factors that
what has been heard.
initiate and guide the act of communication.
• Content analysis – pertains to the study of message. 2. MESSAGE – the information, ideas, or thoughts
conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions
• Channel data analysis – covers the study of how
information travels. They look into radio, press, film, 3. CHANNEL – the medium or the means by which the
and other channels of communication. message is being sent, such as personal or non-personal,
verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is
• Audience analysis - pertains to the research made on
conveyed.
the followers of media.
4. Receiver – the person or group who takes and gives
• Effect analysis - is the study of the impact of
meaning to the message.
information relayed to an audience.
5. Feedback – the answer or reply of the receiver to the
sender.
1.3 The Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
Mathematician Claude Shannon and scientist Warren
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Weaver (1949) designed a model originally for
telephone communication. It includes five components – • VERBAL COMMUNICATION
the information source, a transmitter, a receiver, a
Verbal communication involves the process of transfer
destination, and noise.
of information or sentiment from the source-message-
1.4 Schramm’s Model of Communication channel-receiver-feedback.
The highlight of Wilbur Schramm’s model of
communication is field of experience “concept.” This
Your knowledge of those signals may help you make
model assumed that every communicator (sender) has
sense of new or unfamiliar words.
within himself past and present experiences that help
him/her relate to other communicators. 1. Phenomenological Meanings - the signals for this
type of meaning are distinctive sounds that are put
1.5 Berlo’s Model of Communication
together to form a meaningful item.
The model of communication of David Berlo focuses on
Example: pat - bat
the speaker’s and the receiver’s knowledge, attitudes,
socio-cultural system and communication skills. Bear - pear
2. Semantic Meanings – the distinctive signal lies not in
the sound itself, because there are some words that have
LESSON 3 - NATURE, AND ELEMENTS OF
the same sound but have different spellings and
COMMUNICATION:
meanings. (Homonyms)
Example: sale – soul, Hoarse – horse pour-pore
Communication is a powerful tool for achieving success
3. Syntactic Meanings – refers to your knowledge of
in both our personal and professional lives.
grammatical rules. It involves the use of correct word
order and the difference in meaning that results in the
change in the structure of a sentence.
Functions of Communication
Example: 1. The phone is ringing.
1. Communication connects one person with another;
- I shall phone you later.
2. Communication involves interaction;
4. Pragmatic Meanings – this considers not just the
3. Communication is transitory;
words, but also the context/situation and the relationship
4. Communication occurs in specific settings; of the communicators to arrive at the meaning of the
utterances.
5. Communication is influenced by the fields of
experience of the communicator/sender; Example:

6. Communication does not contain the usual cues of Teacher (talking to class)
writing.
“Class, there are pieces of paper on the floor.”

I. The Elements of Communication

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION: Focus on the
Therefore, we need to master the elements of “Hidden Language.”
communication namely:
Non-verbal communication is an integral part of the
1. SPEAKER – the source of information or message communication process. The way a person positions
himself, keeps his hands and tilts his head all convey
much information about the person.
Categories of Non-Verbal Communication Written communication takes on a number of forms. The
writer has to be careful with the message, more so if
1. Sign language – words and numbers which are
meant for formal events.
transmitted as a message through the use of gestures.
2. Object language- represents material objects like
clothes, shoes, tools, or art objects. The 7 c’s of Effective Communication
3. Action language- refers to all movement that is not 1. COURTESY – a behavior marked by polished
frequently used as signals on cues. manner & respect
2. CLARITY – the quality of being clear; goal setting
Types of Non-verbal Communication 3. CONCRETENESS – the quality of being specific
1. Time –time-related non-verbal communication is fun 4. CONCISENESS – the quality of being short but
interpersonal communication; it speaks. (Ex. substantive
Punctuality)
5. COMPLETENESS – the quality of being complete
2. Proxemics – this is the use of space when people by following the 5 w’s and 1 H
communicate in relation to other people.
6. CORRECTNESS – the quality of being free from
Kinds of Space: errors in grammar, spelling, style, and punctuations
• Intimate space (1 to 1.5 feet) 7. CONSIDERATION – the act of thinking about
something carefully; consider the 5 W’s and 1 H (what,
• Personal space (1 to 2.5 feet)
who, where, when, why, how)
• Public space (from 12 feet and extends as far as
feasible in an auditorium or lecture hall)
LESSON 4 - INTERCULTURAL
3. Territoriality – non-verbal associated with graphic
COMMUNICATION
location, where people in relation to one another.
Intercultural Communication
(Ex. The arrangement of the furniture in an office
influences the communication situations,) 1. is a research field that studies how people from
different cultural backgrounds communicate with each
4. Body movements and gestures – body language
other.
including hand signals which connote meanings.
2. is an instrument that transmits a certain meaning,
5. Posture – the position or the bearing of the body; this
composes, and reinforces identity, and expresses
is involuntary in nature but communicates important
feelings.
signals which can be friendly or hostile.
3. is an instrument to connect with others.
6. Facial expressions – the changes in eyes, mouth, etc.
which can send communication messages to the other
speakers.
Intercultural communication happens when different
7. Eye movements – play a significant role in sustaining people from diverse backgrounds meet and talk to each
the flow of interactions, it helps us immensely in other.
communicating with others and it enhances the overall
Common Problems in Intercultural Communication
process of communication.
8. Artifacts – objects or things in contact with the
communication that may serve as non-verbal stimuli (i.e. 1. A bigot is a person who holds opinions and prejudices
perfume, clothes, bags, shoes, wristwatch, and against the racial, ethnic, or religious group, and/or treats
eyeglasses) the members of such groups with hatred and intolerance.
9. Silence – a technique used to send messages and 2. A fanatic is a person who sees no wrong in a group, a
meanings either consciously or unconsciously. person, or a principle, despite proofs or evident falsity of
his perceptions.
10. Paralanguage - refers to how something is said and
not what is said. 3. A dogmatic is a person who thinks that his beliefs or
held opinions or doctrines are unbendable and infallible
11. Tactile communication (touch) – one of the first
or true and correct and that he, as a believer, has a moral
modes of communication of the human being. (i.e. hugs
and intellectual right to impose his beliefs on others with
or holding hands).
no reservations.
4. A racist believes his nationality, race, or ethnic group
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION is superior to other groups, and because of such belief,
thinks that his group has a right to subject others to
insult, discrimination, or rejection.

The Need for Intercultural Communication

1. Remove Cultural barriers.
2. Promote better cooperation.
3. Globalization
4. Improve Negotiation Skills
5. International Business Success

Reasons Why We Need Intercultural Communication

1. Opening up to expanding relationships.
2. Increase self-awareness.
3. Ethical / Ethics.
4. Promote peace and reduce conflict.

Examples of Intercultural Communication

1. NORTH AMERICANS view direct eye contact as a
sign of honesty.
2. ASIANS view direct eye contact as a form of
disrespect.
3. In America, people shake hands and even hug each
other, but in India, they
just join hands to say Namaskar thumbs-pumps up sign
in America and most of Europe means that something is
good, or that you approve. This sign is considered rude
in many Asian and Islamic Countries.

Conclusion
1. Intercultural competence means understanding what
culture is and how it works.
2. Culture is not congenital but adapted and modified by
the individual’s personality.
3. The knowledge about cultural concepts is useful to
compare cultures that are relatively closed.
4. The various levels of culture show that culture can be
seen as an onion- like construct.
5. Cultural understanding is a journey, that never
finishes because the process and the endpoints change
constantly.