Oral Communication

1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal

2. ENCODING – The sender encodes the
LS1: DEFINITION, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND message.
3. MESSAGE – The receiver decodes the
Communication – process of exchanging message.
information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings between 4. DECODING – The sender select the
individuals or groups. appropriate channel of communication.
5. RECEIVER – The receiver receives the
Latin word – Communicare (to share) message.
6. FEEDBACK – The receiver provides the
Verbal Communication feedback to the sender
 One of the most common and familiar forms
of human interaction. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 Involves the use of spoken words and active
Sender – initiates the communication process
listening to convey messages between
Message – core content of the communication,
individuals.
consisting of the information, ideas, or emotions
Non-verbal Communication
that the sender intends to share with the receiver.
 Involves expressing messages through
Receiver – individual or group who receives and
body language, gestures, and facial
interprets the message.
expressions.
 It is a powerful means of communication
 The effectiveness of communication relies
that can complement, reinforce, or
heavily on the receiver's ability to
sometimes contradict verbal messages.
comprehend and interpret the message
Written Communication
accurately.
 Another vital form of human expression,
especially in today's digital age. Channel – the means by which the message is
 It involves conveying messages, conveyed from the sender to the receiver.
information, or ideas through written words.
Visual Communication  Different channels include face-to-face
 Utilizes images, graphics, infographics, interactions, phone conversations, and
charts, and diagrams to convey information written correspondence
effectively.
 This is particularly useful when presenting Feedback – essential component of the
complex data or concepts in a visually communication process, It completes the loop of
appealing and easy-to-understand manner. communication.
Noise – any interference, disruption, or barrier that
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION hinders the smooth transmission and reception of a
message between the sender and receiver.
INTRAPERSONAL – Talking to oneself. It may Nonverbal Cues – such as gestures, tone of voice,
involve deliberation about one's decision or action. or body language are also considered feedback in
INTERPERSONAL – Talking to others (limited). It this type of communication model.
can be Dyad or Small group.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION – involves FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNICATION
communicating with a vast number of people that
share different traits or background. Context – refers to the specific circumstances
INTERCULTURAL – symbolic, interpretive, surrounding the communication process.
transactional, contextual process in which people
from different cultures create shared meanings.  EXTERNAL STIMULI - letters, memos,
telephone calls, meetings, emails, casual
THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION conversation.
 INTERNAL STIMULI - likes, dislikes,
1. SENDER – The sender decide the message feelings, attitudes, emotions, POVs,
to be transmitted. experiences, education and confidence.
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Oral Communication
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal

3 TYPES OF CONTEXT Describes communication as a process in which

 PHYSICAL CONTEXT participants alternate positions by sending
 SOCIAL CONTEXT messages and receiving feedback within physical
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONTEXT and psychological contexts.

Noise – refers to any distractions that disrupt the  OSGOOD-SCHRAMM

smooth transmission and reception of the message  WESTLEY & MACLEAN

SEMANTIC NOISE TRANSACTIONAL – two-way process of

communication that becomes complex as the
 DENOTATIVE – The sender and the event progresses.
receiver disagree about the definition or
meaning of a word or phrase. Describes communication as a process in which
 CONNOTATIVE – A word has a different communicators generate social realities within
meaning in a particular context social, relational, and cultural contexts.
 TECHNICAL LANGUAGE – jargons
 BARNLUD’S
TYPES OF NOISE  DANCE’S HELICAL

 SYNTATIC – mistakes in grammar LS3: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS

 ENVIRONMENTAL – physically disrupts
communication, e.g. very loud music, REGULATION/CONTROL – Communication can
sounds of construction site, blowing of be used to control human behavior. It can be used
horns. to regulate the nature and amount of activities
 ORGANIZATIONAL – poorly structured or humans engage in. It ranges from simple requests
planned message. to laws governing countries and large territories.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL – refers to attitudes and
feelings. Basic Forms of Regulation/Control
 Doctors' prescriptions
Culture & Language – Cultural and linguistic  Parents' instructions to their children
differences can significantly influence how  Employers orders to their employees
messages are perceived and understood.
SOCIAL INTERACTION – refers to the use of
LS2: COMMUNICATION MODELS communication to socialize or interact with other
people.
3 CATEGORIES OF COM MODELS
Basic Forms of Social Interaction
LINEAR – one-way process of communication.  Invitations
 Greetings
The model deals with various concepts like  Appreciations
Information source, transmitter, noise, channel,
message, receiver, channel, information MOTIVATION – refers to a person using language
destination, encode and decode. to express desires, needs, wants, likes and dislikes,
inclinations, choices, and aspirations.
 ARISTOTLE’S
 LASSWELL’S Basic Forms of Motivation
 SHANON-WEAVER  Expressing one's ambitions (I dream of...)
 BERLO’S S-M-C-R  Talking about preferences (This is good
over the other)
INTERACTIONAL – two-way process of  Making petitions
communication.
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Oral Communication
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
INFORMATION – used in giving and getting
information.  This refers to communication between and
among people and establishes personal
relationship between and among them.
Basic Forms of Information
 GIVING INFORMATION USING Solomon and Theiss (2013) state that “the inter
STATEMENTS part of the word highlights how interpersonal
 GIVING INFORMATION USING communication connects people… when you
RHETORICAL QUESTION engage in interpersonal communication, you and
 GETTING INFORMATION USING another person become linked together…”
IMPERATIVES
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
LS4: SPEECH CONTEXT
 Dyad Communication – communication
Speech context – the environment where the that occurs between two people.
communication happens and how the message is  Small Group – communication that involves
relayed during the process. at least three but not more than twelve
people engaging in a face-to-face
INTRAPERSONAL interaction to achieve a desired goal.
(FOUNDATION OF COMMUNICATION)
PERSPECTIVES OF INTERPERSONAL
 Centers on one person where the speaker
acts both as the sender and the receiver of 1. Relational or Qualitative
message. 2. Communication Situational or Contextual
 Message is made up of your thoughts and Communication
feelings. 3. Quantitative Dyadic Interactions
 Channel is your brain, which processes 4. Functional or Strategic Communication
what you are thinking and feeling.
 Feedback in the sense that as you talk to Example: You are participating in an organizational
yourself, you discard certain ideas and meeting which aims to address the concerns of
replace them with others. your fellow students.

ASPECTS OF INTRAPERSONAL PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

 Self Awareness - how one sees oneself  This type refers to communication that
 Perception - the way one sees the outside requires you to deliver or send the message
world is also rooted in his/her beliefs, before or in front of a group.
values, and attitudes.  The message can be driven by
 Expectation - oriented towards the future. informational or persuasive purposes.
 Channels are more exaggerated
LEVELS OF INTRAPERSONAL  Voice is louder gestures are more
expansive
 Internal Monologue – stream of  Audience is bigger
consciousness  Speaker might use additional visual
 Solo Vocalization – reading out loud channels.
 Solo Writing – diary
Example: You participate in a declamation,
Example: You felt happy while thinking about how oratorical, or debate contest watched by a number
your teacher appreciated you for submitting your of people.
project.
MASS COMMUNICATION
INTERPERSONAL
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Oral Communication
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
 This refers to communication that takes  The intimate style of speech is not meant for
place through television, radio, newspapers, public communication; rather, it is best used
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and by two people.
other types of media.  Language used is not shared in public.

Example: You are a student journalist articulating Examples:

your stand on current issues through the school’ s  Conversation of husband and wife
newspaper.  A mother and son conversation

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION CASUAL REGISTER

 Casual or informal speech is an in-group
APPROACH – involves the timing, medium, and language.
other strategies. The decision of how to approach a  One has to belong to the group to truly
conversation should be informed by the speaker ' s understand what is being said.
knowledge of the audience.  Differences in age , nationality, regional
background, ethnicity, or even
DEVELOPMENT – Ideas are best communicated if socioeconomic status distinguish one group
they are well-developed and organized. Being able from another.
to support the ideas by providing evidence, citing
examples, and quoting an authority on the subject. Examples:
 Jargons
CLARITY – A well-developed idea is meaningful to
 LGBTQ's gay lingo
another person if it is clear to them. The most
important thing is to have a main idea and state it
CONSULTATIVE REGISTER
clearly from the beginning of the message.
 Use to convey factual information. It
STYLE – how something is said, rather than what involves two-way participation, often in the
is said. One consideration of style is the level of form of questions and answers.
formality the message conveys.  Consultative language is often used in a
professional setting.
It is what communication experts called register.
Examples:
TONE – emotional content a message may carry.  Consultation between doctor and patient
Emotional content can affect the effectiveness of Lawyer and client
communication.  Session between a trainer and a new
employee.
CORRECTNESS – includes correct spelling,
grammar, use of vocabulary, and idioms. FORMAL REGISTER
 Also known as academic style of speech
LS5: SPEECH STYLE One-way kind of communication.
 Unlike consultative speech, interruptions
 The more formal the situation, the more are usually not allowed Includes more
formal the register or speech style. complete sentences than the intimate and
 Register can change depending on who is casual registers.
being spoken to and what the social setting
is. Examples:
 Introducing high-ranking officials and
renowned personalities
INTIMATE REGISTER  State of the Nation Address of the President
 Speech that depicts familiarity and close
relationship between communicators.

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Oral Communication
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Assertive – the speaker expresses belief about
FROZEN REGISTER the truth of the preposition.
 static register is used for printed and Examples: suggesting, putting, swearing, boasting
unchanging language.
Directive – the speaker tries to make a request to
Examples: the receiver.
 Prayer, Oath taking, Biblical quotations Examples: asking, inviting, advising, begging
Preamble.
Commissive – The speaker commits to a future
LS6: SPEECH ACT action such as promises or oath.
Examples: Planning, promising, vowing, and
is a spoken word, phrase, or sentence that betting
performs a functions of language.
Expressive – expresses his/her emotions and
Austin (1962), speech acts are the speaker’s attitudes towards someone or something.
utterances which convey meaning and make Examples: congratulatory, thanks, and complaints.
listeners do specific things.
Declarative – speech act that perform an official
Austin (1962), when saying a performative function by their declaration.
utterance, a speaker is simultaneously doing Examples: wedding, pronouncement of being
something. guilty.

Mark Twain - Action speaks louder than words but 3. PERLOCUTION – The effects on the
not nearly as often. audience. The aim of perlocutionary speech
act is to change feelings, thoughts, or
1. LOCUTIONARY – the act of actual actions
utterance, occurs when the speaker
performs an utterance (locution), which has  Persuading, Convincing, Scaring,
a meaning in the traditional sense. Enlightening, Inspiring

Examples: greeting, invitation, request, refusal, Examples: • “I was born a Filipino, I will live a
compliment, promise, and apology. Filipino, I will die a Filipino!” (inspiring)

"Please do the dishes. " ANALYSIS

“What?” (when someone is surprised)
Wash the dishes. (Locution)
2. Illocutionary (Pragmatic Illocutionary The speaker is requesting the receiver to wash the
Force) Social Function of Utterance dishes. (Illocution)
(intention), An illocutionary speech act is the The speaker may or may not wash the dishes.
performance of the act of saying something (Perlocution)
with a specific intention.

Examples:
“There’s too much homework in this subject. ”
(opinion)
“I’ll do my homework later. ” (promise)
“Go do your homework!” (order)

CLASSIFICATION OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS

John Searle - classified the intentions

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