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    DR K B Singh Lecture Notes PG III Sem TTL

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    Abhijith Prabha
    TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) was invented in 1961 and became a popular logic circuit technology. It integrated transistors onto silicon chips at a low cost, making digital techniques practical for tasks previously done with analog methods. The original TTL used discrete transistors, but the technology evolved through the 7400 series and other families to put multiple logic gates on a single chip with gradually improving speed and power usage. TTL was widely used in computers and other electronics through the 1980s and 1990s, though newer technologies have now largely replaced it.

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    DR K B Singh Lecture Notes PG III Sem TTL

    Uploaded by

    Abhijith Prabha
    41 views3 pages
    TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) was invented in 1961 and became a popular logic circuit technology. It integrated transistors onto silicon chips at a low cost, making digital techniques practical for tasks previously done with analog methods. The original TTL used discrete transistors, but the technology evolved through the 7400 series and other families to put multiple logic gates on a single chip with gradually improving speed and power usage. TTL was widely used in computers and other electronics through the 1980s and 1990s, though newer technologies have now largely replaced it.

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    Dr K B Singh Lecture Notes PG III Sem TTL

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    TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) was invented in 1961 and became a popular logic circuit technology. It integrated transistors onto silicon chips at a low cost, making digital techniques practical for tasks previously done with analog methods. The original TTL used discrete transistors, but the technology evolved through the 7400 series and other families to put multiple logic gates on a single chip with gradually improving speed and power usage. TTL was widely used in computers and other electronics through the 1980s and 1990s, though newer technologies have now largely replaced it.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    41 views3 pages

    DR K B Singh Lecture Notes PG III Sem TTL

    Uploaded by

    Abhijith Prabha
    TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) was invented in 1961 and became a popular logic circuit technology. It integrated transistors onto silicon chips at a low cost, making digital techniques practical for tasks previously done with analog methods. The original TTL used discrete transistors, but the technology evolved through the 7400 series and other families to put multiple logic gates on a single chip with gradually improving speed and power usage. TTL was widely used in computers and other electronics through the 1980s and 1990s, though newer technologies have now largely replaced it.

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    Dr K B Singh Lecture Notes

    PG III Sem: MPHYCC-12

    Unit 3: Transistor-Transistor-Logic (TTL)


    TTL was invented in 1961 by James L. Buie of TRW, which declared it,
    "particularly suited to the newly developing integrated circuit design
    technology." The original name for TTL was transistor-coupled transistor
    logic (TCTL). The first commercial integrated-circuit TTL devices were
    manufactured by Sylvania in 1963, called the Sylvania Universal High-Level
    Logic family (SUHL). The Sylvania parts were used in the controls of
    the Phoenix missile. TTL became popular with electronic systems designers
    after Texas Instruments introduced the 5400 series of ICs, with military
    temperature range, in 1964 and the later 7400 series, specified over a narrower
    range and with inexpensive plastic packages, in 1966. The Texas Instruments
    7400 family became an industry standard. Compatible parts were made
    by Motorola, AMD, Fairchild, Intel, Intersil, Signetics, Mullard, Siemens, SGS-
    Thomson, Rifa, National Semiconductor, and many other companies, even in
    the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union, GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
    Romania - for details see 7400 series). Not only did others make compatible
    TTL parts, but compatible parts were made using many other circuit
    technologies as well. At least one manufacturer, IBM, produced non-compatible
    TTL circuits for its own use; IBM used the technology in the IBM
    System/38, IBM 4300, and IBM 3081.
    The term "TTL" is applied to many successive generations
    of bipolar logic, with gradual improvements in speed and power consumption
    over about two decades. The most recently introduced family 74Fxx is still sold
    today (as of 2019), and was widely used into the late 90s. 74AS/ALS Advanced
    Schottky was introduced in 1985. As of 2008, Texas Instruments continues to
    supply the more general-purpose chips in numerous obsolete technology
    families, albeit at increased prices. Typically, TTL chips integrate no more than
    a few hundred transistors each. Functions within a single package generally
    range from a few logic gates to a microprocessor bit-slice. TTL also became
    important because its low cost made digital techniques economically practical
    for tasks previously done by analog methods.
    The Kenbak-1, ancestor of the first personal computers, used TTL for
    its CPU instead of a microprocessor chip, which was not available in
    1971. The Datapoint 2200 from 1970 used TTL components for its CPU and
    was the basis for the 8008 and later the x86 instruction set. The 1973 Xerox
    Alto and 1981 Star workstations, which introduced the graphical user interface,
    used TTL circuits integrated at the level of arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and
    bitslices, respectively. Most computers used TTL-compatible "glue logic"
    between larger chips well into the 1990s. Until the advent of programmable
    logic, discrete bipolar logic was used to prototype
    and emulate microarchitectures under development.
    Fundamental TTL gate:

    Two-input TTL NAND gate with a simple output stage (simplified)

    TTL inputs are the emitters of bipolar transistors. In the case of NAND
    inputs, the inputs are the emitters of multiple-emitter transistors, functionally
    equivalent to multiple transistors where the bases and collectors are tied
    together. The output is buffered by a common emitter amplifier.
    Inputs both logical ones:
    When all the inputs are held at high voltage, the base–emitter junctions of the
    multiple-emitter transistor are reverse-biased. Unlike DTL, a small “collector”
    current (approximately 10µA) is drawn by each of the inputs. This is because
    the transistor is in reverse-active mode. An approximately constant current
    flows from the positive rail, through the resistor and into the base of the
    multiple emitter transistor. This current passes through the base–emitter
    junction of the output transistor, allowing it to conduct and pulling the output
    voltage low (logical zero).

    An input logical zero:


    Note that the base–collector junction of the multiple-emitter transistor and the
    base–emitter junction of the output transistor are in series between the bottom of
    the resistor and ground. If one input voltage becomes zero, the corresponding
    base–emitter junction of the multiple-emitter transistor is in parallel with these
    two junctions. A phenomenon called current steering means that when two
    voltage-stable elements with different threshold voltages are connected in
    parallel, the current flows through the path with the smaller threshold voltage.
    That is, current flows out of this input and into the zero (low) voltage source. As
    a result, no current flows through the base of the output transistor, causing it to
    stop conducting and the output voltage becomes high (logical one). During the
    transition the input transistor is briefly in its active region; so it draws a large
    current away from the base of the output transistor and thus quickly discharges
    its base. This is a critical advantage of TTL over DTL that speeds up the
    transition over a diode input structure.
    The main disadvantage of TTL with a simple output stage is the relatively
    high output resistance at output logical "1" that is completely determined by the
    output collector resistor. It limits the number of inputs that can be connected
    (the fanout). Some advantage of the simple output stage is the high voltage level
    (up to VCC) of the output logical "1" when the output is not loaded.
    A common variation omits the collector resistor of the output transistor,
    making an open-collector output. This allows the designer to fabricate logic by
    connecting the open-collector outputs of several logic gates together and
    providing a single external pull-up resistor. If any of the logic gates becomes
    logic low (transistor conducting), the combined output will be low. Examples of
    this type of gate are the 7401 and 7403 series. Open-collector outputs of some
    gates have a higher maximum voltage, such as 15 V for the 7426, useful when
    driving other than TTL loads.

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