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Particle Physics: Fight For The Smallest

Particle physics is the study of the fundamental constituents of matter and the interactions between them. There are two types of fundamental particles: elementary particles, which are indivisible, and composite particles, which are made up of elementary particles. Elementary particles include quarks, leptons, and bosons. Quarks combine to form composite particles like protons and neutrons. Particle physics seeks to understand matter at its most basic level by studying these fundamental particles and their interactions.

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Pranish Pradhan
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50 views

Particle Physics: Fight For The Smallest

Particle physics is the study of the fundamental constituents of matter and the interactions between them. There are two types of fundamental particles: elementary particles, which are indivisible, and composite particles, which are made up of elementary particles. Elementary particles include quarks, leptons, and bosons. Quarks combine to form composite particles like protons and neutrons. Particle physics seeks to understand matter at its most basic level by studying these fundamental particles and their interactions.

Uploaded by

Pranish Pradhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Particle Physics

Fight for the smallest


By
Pratyush Shrestha
Eric Bastola
Krish Yadav
What are YOU made up of?

Particle Physics

the branch of science that studies about the most fundamental


constituents of matter and radiation, and the interaction between
them.

Particles make up the sub atomic particles, they make up the cosmic
rays and they make up the forces.
Particle

Composite Elementary
Elementary Particles

Elementary Particle are structureless, indivisible and those


particles which are not regarded as made up of some other
particles.

NoT Proton and


neutron
There are a total of 17 elementary
particles that make up the standard
model
Characteristics Properties

Mass Charge

Interaction

Spin Average Lifetime


Particles and Antiparticles
Every particle has an antiparticle with the same mass and opposite
charge.
Particle and antiparticle can annihilate each other, releasing energy.
Antimatter is rare and found in high-energy environments.
Particles form matter but antiparticles form antimatter.
Positrons have a positive charge, antiprotons have a negative charge,
and antineutrinos are neutral.
Virtual (exchange) particles mediate the fundamental forces

strong force: gluons


electromagnetic: photons
weak interaction: W+, W-, Z
gravity: graviton?
Quarks

Quarks are elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.
They are strongly interacting particles. So, isolated existance of quark is not
discovered yet.
Original Quark Models
According to this model, all hardons are composite system of two
or three fundamental constituents called quarks.

Quarks come in six different types or flavors: up, down, charm,


strange, top, and bottom.

But in the original quark model, there were only three types of
quarks.
Quarks have a fractional electric charge, which means they can't exist as
isolated particles but must combine to form other particles.

Each quark has an antiquark of opposite charge, baryon number and


strangeness.

The quark model suggested that protons and neutrons were made up of three
quarks each, held together by the strong nuclear force.

The original quark model has since been refined and expanded to include
additional particles and interactions, and it remains a cornerstone of modern
particle physics.
Here's a summary of the composition of all hadrons by three simple rules:

Mesons consist of one quark and one anti-quark.

Baryons consist of three quarks.

Anti baryons consist of three anti-quarks.


Charm and Other Recent Development


The fourth quark designated by c, was given the new property or
quantam number called charm.

Charm is a type of quark that was first discovered in 1974 by a team of


physicists at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in
California.

Charm has a fractional electric charge of +2/3, which means that it is


positively charged.

Charm is a heavy quark, with a mass of about 1.3 GeV/c²


(gigaelectronvolts divided by the speed of light squared).
Charm has a fractional electric charge of +2/3, which means that it is positively charged.
Charm is a heavy quark, with a mass of about 1.3 GeV/c² (gigaelectronvolts divided by the
speed of light squared).
The decay of charm particles can be used to test the validity of the Standard Model of
particle physics and to search for new physics beyond the Standard Model.
Charm is a heavy quark, with a mass of about 1.3 GeV/c² (gigaelectronvolts divided by the
speed of light squared).
The decay of charm particles can be used to test the validity of the Standard Model of
particle physics and to search for new physics beyond the Standard Model
The Standard Model
Fermions Bosons
COLOURS
It is a special property of certain particles like Gluons, Quarks have.

It is assumed that there are six types of colours. They are Red(r), Blue(b),
Green(g), Antired(r), Antiblue(b) and Antigreen(g).

Structure of a Proton
Quarks are the slave of their own colour
charge...Bound like prisoners of a chain gang... Any
locksmith can break the chain, but no locksmith is
expert enough to break the gluon chain between quarks.
Quarks remain slave forever.
Leptons and Quarks
Leptons
Leptons are a family of particles that do not interact strongly with
other particles. They are affected only by the weak nuclear force,
electromagnetic force, and gravity.

Neutrinos are very difficult to detect because they interact very


weakly with matter. They are created in nuclear reactions, such as
those that occur in the sun, and in supernovas.

The electron is the most common lepton while the muon and tau are
heavier than the electron and can only be produced in high-energy
particle accelerators or cosmic rays.
Quarks
Quarks are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, which make up
the nucleus of atoms. They are also the only particles that interact
strongly with the strong nuclear force.

There are six types of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom.
The up and down quarks are the most common and make up the protons
and neutrons in the nucleus.
Hadrons

Baryons Mesons
Explanation of different of Phenomena through the quarky
mirror

1) Confinement

2) Gluons and Quantum Chromodynamics

3) Interactions of leptons and Quarks

4) Strong Nuclear Force/ Residual Interaction

5) Beta- Decay

6) Dark Matter
Particle physics
This was the tale of the smallest...

This was Particle Physics


Thank you :)

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