1.

FOUR BAR LINK MECHANISM

A four-bar linkage, also called a four-bar, is the simplest closed-chain movable

linkage. Itconsists of four resistant bodies called bars or links connected in a loop
by four joints and everything being aligned in a plane.
Planar four-bar linkages are constructed from four links connected in a loop by four
single degree of freedom joints (Ref. fig. 1). A joint may be either a revolute joint –
also known as a pin joint orhinged joint – denoted by R, or a prismatic joint – also
known as a sliding pair – denoted by P. Using these two type of joints we can make
several mechanisms which satisfy Grubler’scriterion for planar mechanisms. We fix
different links one by one to get inversions of fourbar mechanisms like Whitworth
quick return mechanism, Oldham’s coupling, single slider crank mechanism, double
crank mechanism, etc.

Fig. 1: Schematic Diagram of four bar link mechanism

and some inversions of the four bar mechanism
Applications:

• IC Engine - Single slider crank mechanism

• Shaper Machine, Planer Machine - Crank & slotted lever mechanism
• Hand Pump - Oscillating cylinder engine mechanism (Ref. fig. 2)
 Fig. 2: Various applications of Four bar mechanism

Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLHMoRemmMg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuTNtg7-Bwg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkFfH4kKNQk
 2. ELLIPICAL TRACER

An Elliptical Tracer also known as Elliptical Trammel is a mechanism that generates the
shape of an ellipse. It consists of two shuttles or sliders which are confined to perpendicular
channels or rails and a rod which is attached to the shuttles by pivots at fixed positions along
the rod.
As the sliders move back and forth, each along its channel, the end of the rod moves in an
elliptical path. The semi axes a and b of the ellipse are the distances between the end of the rod
and the two pivots (Ref. fig.3). Elliptical trammel is an inversion of double slider crank chain
mechanism. We get this mechanism by fixing the slotted structure which makes for the travel
of the shuttles or sliders. A double slider crank chain consists of four links forming two sliding
pairs and two turning pairs.

Fig. 3 : CAD Model & Schematic Diagram of Elliptical Tracer

Applications:

• Ellipsographs (Ref. fig.4)

• Toys sold using the name - nothing grinders, do nothing machines
Fig. 4: Various applications of Elliptical tracer
Video Link:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Trammel_of_Archimedes_Small_Whit
e.gif
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/62ZKgS7duDY
 3. SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM

The Scotch Yoke Mechanism (also known as Slotted link mechanism) is a reciprocating
motion mechanism, converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational motion, or vice
versa. It is also knowns as a slotted link mechanism. This mechanism is an inversion of the
double slider crankshaft where one of the sliders is fixed and the connecting link acts as a
crank and the frame(slotted) reciprocates.
When the crank rotates around the fixed link, the sliding pin slides into the slot of the yoke,
and the yoke slides forward and backward giving us the reciprocating motion (Ref. fig. 5)

Fig. 5: Schematic Diagrams of Scotch Yoke Mechanism

Applications:

• Commonly used in control valve actuators in high-pressure oil and gas pipelines
• Crude shapers used Scotch yoke mechanism (Now quick return mechanism is used)
• Bourke engine & Reciprocating pump (Ref. fig. 6)

Fig. 6: Various applications of Scotch yoke mechanism

Video Link:
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Bourke_engine#Media/File:Bourke_-_two_stroke_-
_four_cylinder.gif

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Yugo_Escoc%C3%A9s_-
_Scotch_yoke_animation.gif
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96O7aGogArU
 4. OLDHAM’S COUPLING

Oldham couplings are three-piece flexible shaft couplings that are used to connect driving
and driven shafts in mechanical power transmission assemblies. Flexible shaft couplings are
used to counter parallel misalignment that occurs between connected shafts and, in some
cases, to absorb shock.
This mechanism is an inversion of the double slider crankshaft wherein the two sliders rotate
like shafts and the frame acts as a sliding link sandwiched between the two end-slotted shafts
and the connecting link is fixed.
It consists of identical left- and right-hand slots in the two axially misaligned shafts that
sandwich a slider block between them (Ref. fig. 7). For power transmission applications the
slider block is often manufactured from metal and includes some clearance. It is used for low
speed applications.

Fig. 7: Schematic Diagram of Oldham’s Coupling

Applications:

• It behaves as an electrical insulator

• Applications involving axially misaligned shafts
• Robotics and Servo motors (Ref. fig. 8)

Fig. 8: Various applications of Oldham’s coupling

Video Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ibsOu_TrZc
https://youtu.be/8EJve-OOJU8
5. HOBBING MACHINE (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbing for more details)
Description: Hobbing is a process in which the gear blank is rolled with a rotating cutter called a hob.
Gear hobbing is done by using a multipoint cutting tool called gear hob. It looks like a worm gear
having a number of straight flutes all around its periphery parallel to its axis. These flutes are so shaped
by giving proper angles to them so that these work as cutting edges. Fig. (9) shows the schematic of
the hob cutter.

Fig. 9: Schematic of Hob cutter

(a) A horizontal hobbing (b) A gear hob in a hobbing machine

machine (Wikipedia) with a finished gear (Wikipedia)
Fig. 10: Application of Hob cutter
Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rnTh6c19HM&ab_channel=Liebherr
Additional readings: https://learnmech.com/working-of-gear-hobbing-process/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbing
6. SHAPER MACHINE: (Visit https://learnmechanical.com/quick-return-mechanism/for more
details)

Description: A shaper machine utilizes a crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism. It
is an inversion of a single slider crank mechanism. This device creates a reciprocating motion in
which the time taken to move backwards is lesser than the time taken to move forward. It utilizes a
system of links with three turning pairs and a sliding pair and is propelled by a circular motion source.
Fig. (11) shows the schematic of the crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism.

Fig. 11: Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_return_mechanism

(a) Shaper machine. (b) Reciprocating powered saws.

 Fig. 12: Application of Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism
Animation video: visit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmBBHZN2gzk&ab_channel=SkylineTutorials
Additional readings: https://www.theengineerspost.com/shaper-machine-mechanism/
7. LATHE LEAD SCREW MECHANISM (Visit https://www.engineeringchoice.com/what-is-a-
lead-screw/ for more details)

Description: The lead screw of a lathe is used to advance the carriage of the lathe in time with the
rotation of the spindle. It is used to make threads by having different gearing between the spindle and
the drive for the lead screw. They are not typically used to carry high power, but more for intermittent
use in low power actuator and positioner mechanisms. Fig. (13) shows the schematic of lathe lead
screw in lathe.

Fig. 13: Schematic of lathe lead screw https://learnmech.com/lathe-operations-explained/

(a) DVD drive with leadscrew (b) Leadscrews are used to (c) Lead screw in lathe
and stepper raise and lower the front machine
motor(Wikipedia) door of the Boeing 747-
8F Freighter
aircraft(Wikipedia)
Figure 14: Application of lead
Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/shorts/yqYd2-52R5U
Additional readings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrew
8. WATT MECHANISM: (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage for more details)

Description: Watt's mechanism (also known as the parallel linkage) is an example of a four-bar
chain. Watt's linkage consists of three bars bolted together in a chain. The chain of bars consists of two
end bars and a middle bar. The two outer bars are of equal length and are longer than the middle bar.
The three bars can pivot around the two bolts. The outer endpoints of the long bars are fixed in place
relative to each other, but otherwise, the three bars are free to pivot around the two joints where they
meet. In linkage analysis, an imaginary fixed-length bar connects the outer endpoints. Fig (15) shows
the schematic of the parallel linkage.

Fig. 15: Schematic of parallel linkage

(a) Watt's linkage in a 1998 Ford (b) Watt's linkage train (c) Whiteline KDT916
Ranger EV suspension suspension Rear Performance
(Wikipedia) (Wikipedia) Watts Linkage
Complete Assembly
(Mustang
GT/GT500 05-14)
Fig. 16: Application of Watt’s Linkage

Animation video: visit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SZHsSNLJBE&ab_channel=Mechnovashia
9. PANTOGRAPH MECHANISM
A pantograph (Ref fig. 17) is a mechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms
so that the movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movement in the second pen.
If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an identical, enlarged, or miniaturized copy will be drawn
by a pen fixed on the other. Using the same principle different type of pantograph are used for other
forms of duplication in areas such as sculpture, mining, engraving and milling.

Fig. 17: Pantograph mechanism

Applications
Drafting: Original use of Pantograph mechanisms was for copying and scaling line drawings. Nowadays,
drafting tools are available that utilize the principle of this mechanism. (Ref fig. 18).
Sculptures and minting: In sculptures three-dimensional version of pantograph was used, usually a large
boom connected to a fixed point with one end, bearing to rotating pointing noodles at arbitrary points
along this boom. BY adjusting the needles different enlargement or reduction ratios can be achieved.
(Ref fig. 19).
Milling machines: If the milling head was mounted on a pantograph, a duplicate part could be cut and
at various scales of magnification besides simply by tracing a template. Pantograph routing, which is
conceptually identical to pantograph milling, also exists. (Ref fig. 20).

Fig.18. Drafting tool Fig.19. Sculptures and Minting Fig. 20. Milling machine

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76WDPNMbsLc&ab_channel=SolidworksFun

10. CYCLOIDAL MOTION
A cam (Ref fig. 21) is a mechanical device used to transmit motion to
a follower by direct contact. The driver is called the cam and the driven
member is called the follower. In a cam follower pair, the cam
normally rotates while the follower may translate or oscillate. A
familiar example is the cam shaft of an automobile engine, where the
cams drive the push rods (the followers) to open and close the valves
in synchronization with emotion of the pistons.
Fig. 21: Cam and
follower
Types of follower motion
Cam follower systems are designed to achieve a desired oscillatory motion. Appropriate displacement
patterns are to be selected for this purpose, before designing the cam surface. The cam is assumed to
rotate at a constant speed and the follower raises, dwells, returns to its original position and dwells again
through specified angles of rotation of the cam, during each revolution of the cam. Some of the standard
follower motions are as follows: They are, follower motion with,
(a) Uniform velocity.
(b) Modified uniform velocity.
(c) Uniform acceleration and deceleration.
(d) Simple harmonic motion.
(e) Cycloidal motion.
Cycloid is the path generated by a point on the circumference of a circle, as the circle rolls
without slipping, on a straight/flat surface. The motion executed by the follower here, is similar to that
of the projection of a point moving along a cycloidal curve on a vertical line as shown in (Ref fig. 22).

Fig. 22. Cycloidal motion

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLeQNfcatmg&ab_channel=HemantShinde

11. PEAUCELLIER MECHANISM
One of the most common forms of the constraint mechanisms is that it permits only relative motion of
an oscillatory nature along a straight line. The mechanisms used for this purpose are called straight line
mechanisms. These mechanisms are of the following two types:
1) in which only turning pairs are used, and
2) in which one sliding pair is used.
Peucellier motion consists of a fixed link OO1 and the other straight links O1A, OC, OD, AD, DB, BC
and CA are connected by turning pairs at their intersections, as shown in fig. 23. The pin at A is
constrained to move along the circumference of a circle with the fixed diameter OP, by means of the
link O1A.
AC = CB = BD = DA; OC = OD; and OO1 = O1A
It may be proved that the product OA × OB remains constant, when the link O1A rotates. Join CD to
bisect AB at R. Now from right angled triangles ORC and BRC, we have
OC2 = OR2 + RC2
BC2 = RB2 + RC2

After algebraic manipulation,

OC2 – BC2 = OR2 – RB2

= (OR + RB) (OR – RB)
= OB × OA
Since OC and BC are of constant length, therefore the
product OB × OA remains constant. Hence the point B Fig. 23. Peaucellier mechanism
traces a straight path perpendicular to the diameter OP.

Applications
Some of the applications of the straightline mechanism can be found in following devices (Ref fig. 24,
fig. 25, fig. 26)

Fig. 24. Aircraft Fig. 25. Dobbie Mc Innes steam Fig. 26. Crosby steam-engine
suspension locomotive indicator indicator

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuayeQJu1rs&ab_channel=PrithvirajPShetty

12. WORM GEAR
The worm gears (Ref fig. 27) are widely used for transmitting power at high
velocity ratios between non-intersecting shafts that are generally, but not
necessarily, at right angles. It can give velocity ratios as high as 300: 1 or
more in a single step in a minimum of space, but it has a lower efficiency.
The worm gearing is mostly used as a speed reducer, which consists of
worm and a worm wheel or gear. The worm (which is the driving member)
is usually of a cylindrical form having threads of the same shape as that of Fig. 27. Worm
an involute rack. Gear

Types of Worms

(a) Cylindrical or straight worm (b) Cone or double evolving worm

Fig. 28: Types of Worms
Types of Worm Gears

Fig. 29: Types of Worm Gears

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTZc6RNzsFA&ab_channel=JamesShahan

 13. CRANKSHAFT AND SLIDER MECHANISM
A crankshaft and slider mechanism is a four-bar mechanism with a crank that rotates coupled to a slider
that moves along a straight line. This mechanism is composed of three important parts: The crank which
is the rotating disc, the slider which slides inside the tube, and the connecting rod which joins the parts
together as shown in Fig.30. As the slider moves to the right the connecting rod pushes the wheel round
for the first 180 degrees of wheel rotation. When the slider begins to move back into the tube, the
connecting rod pulls the wheel round to complete the rotation.

Fig.30: crankshaft and slider mechanism

Applications
Reciprocating engine (Fig 31), Rotary engine (Fig 32), Oscillating engine (Fig 33), Hand pump (Fig
34).

Fig.31: Reciprocating Engine Fig.32: Rotary Engine

Fig.33: Oscillating engine Fig.34: Hand pump

Animation videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZO8QEG4x0wY&ab_channel=SkylineTutorials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Am2whmRDrH0&ab_channel=TheYk
 14. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR
Differential gear, in automotive mechanics, is a gear arrangement as shown in Fig. 35(a) that permits
power from the engine to be transmitted to a pair of driving wheels, dividing the force equally between
them but permitting them to follow paths of different lengths, as when turning a corner or traversing an
uneven road. On a straight road, the wheels rotate at the same speed; when turning a corner, the
outside wheel has farther to go and will turn faster than the inner wheel if unrestrained. In the
differential, bevel pinion gear is fixed to the propeller shaft which rotates the crown wheel as shown in
Fig. 35(b). The crown wheel has another unit called the differential unit. It consists of two bevel gears
(sun gear) and two bevel gears (planet gear). The bevel gears are in contact with the half shaft of the rear
axle. When the crown wheel is rotating, it rotates the differential unit. The bevel (sun) gears of the
differential rotate the two shafts.

(a) (b)
Fig. 35: (a) Differential gear arrangement, (b) gear arrangements of a differential gear
Applications

• With automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, the differential allows the outer drive wheel to
rotate faster than the inner drive wheel during a turn as shown in Fig. (36).
• Non-automotive uses of differentials include performing analog arithmetic.

Fig. 36: Differential gear used in Automobile

Animation Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOgoejxzF8c&ab_channel=Lesics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ai19OkNirc&ab_channel=LearnMechanical
 15. GEAR BOX
The gearbox is a mechanical device used to increase the output torque or to change the speed (RPM) of
a motor as shown in Fig. 37(a). The shaft of the motor is connected to one end of the gearbox and through
the internal configuration of gears of a gearbox, provides a given output torque and speed determined
by the gear ratio as shown in Fig. 37(b). The main objective of this is to deliver high torque at the time
of starting, hill climbing, pulling a load, and accelerating. When an object is moving from rest, to meet
other resources high torque is required at the driving wheels. Since most motor vehicle engines have
high operating and idling speeds, it allows the machinery to operate efficiently and even aids in slowing
and shutting down machinery.

(a) (b)
Fig. 37: (a) Configuration of Gear box, (b) different components of Gear box
Applications

• Gearboxes are used to transfer energy from one rotating power source to another and can be
found in automobiles, turbines, and heavy machinery as shown in Fig. (38).
• It also has variety of applications in other industries like Paper Industry, Cement Industry,
Sugar Industry, steel industry as shown in Fig. (39).

Fig. 38: Gear box used in automobiles Fig. 39: Gear box used in Paper industry
Animation Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCu9W9xNwtI&ab_channel=Lesics
 16. Bever-Gear: (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevel_gear for more details)

Description: Bevel gear are used to transfer power from one shaft to another shaft which is aligned
at an angle with the first shaft usually 90°.
Schematic: Figure 16.1 Shows the schematic of the bevel gear. Note that regardless of the operating angle
of the shafts gear axes must intersect.

Figure 16.1 Schematic of Bevel gear (CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=543167)
Applications:

(a) In Roller Shutter Door (b) In lifting flood gate (c) Shaft-driven bicycle
Figure 16.2 Application of bevel gears
Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ilra-HSW94.
 17. Rack and pinion mechanism: (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_and_pinion for more
details)

Description: Rack and pinion mechanism is used to convert the rotary motion into linear motion are
used to transfer power from one shaft to another shaft which is aligned at an angle with the first shaft
usually 90°.
Schematic: Figure 17.1 Shows the schematic of the rack and pinion mechanism.

Figure 17.1 Schematic of rack and pinion gear (https://www.britannica.com/technology/rack-and-

pinion#/media/1/488227/61703)
Applications:

(a) Lock gate control (b) Car steering system (c) Medical stair lift
Figure 17.2 Application of rack and pinion gears (b By LaurensvanLieshout - Own work, CC BY-SA
3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11119154, (c)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair_lift)
Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwUqCod40jI.
 18. Spur gear (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_gear,
https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/gear/spur-gears.html and
https://www.grobinc.com/spur-gears/ for more details)

Description: Spur gears are the most commonly used and simplest type of gear. They are frequently
used to transfer power from one shaft to another which are in parallel.
Schematic: Figure 18.1 shows the schematic of the spur gear.

Figure 18.1 Schematic of spur gear

(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348743229_DESIGN_OF_A_GEARBOX_TO_COUPLE_
DUAL_PUMPS_TO_A_MOTOR_FOR_INDUSTRIAL_APPLICATION_A_CASE_STUDY)
Applications:

(a) Transmissions (b) Microwave oven (c) Gear pumps (see wiki)
Figure 18.2. Application of spur gears ( a. Public Domain,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7436250, b. By Johnscotaus - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39384784 , c. By Duk - Own work, CC BY-SA
3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41097)
Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YY6_x5M9Mhk.
 19. Helical gear (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Helical for more details)

Description: Helical gears are refinement over spur where the leading edges of the teeth are not
parallel to the axis of rotation but set at an angle. They are used for mostly tramissions.
Schematic: Figure 19.1 shows the schematic of the spur gear.

Figure 19.1 Schematic of helical gear (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954406212441752)

Applications:

Helical Gear box

Figure 19.2. Application of helical gears is mostly in gear boxes (https://premium-
transmission.com/blog/know-about-helical-gearboxes/)
Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7G7ai2MX30.
 20. Herringbone gear (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herringbone_gear for more details)

Description: They are also called as double helical gear. It consists of two sets of gear teeth on the
same gear - right hand and left hand. This causes the thrust of one set to cancel out the thrust of the
other. Also, they are quiet, smooth operation at higher speeds.
Schematic: Figure 20.1 shows the schematic of the herringbone gear.

Figure 20.1 Schematic of herringbone gear (a. R K. Mobley, Plant Engineer's Handbook, 2001, b.
https://www.gear-sprocket.com/gear-and-racks/herringbone-
gear.html?__cf_chl_tk=FT4TMKj.4vcbi.Z2PTIZd7nHFwFvmp.KWFeMdrOA34Q-1673830043-0-
gaNycGzNBxE)
Applications:

Herringbone gears for transferring power from

Francis turbine
Figure 20.2. Application of herringbone gears transfer power smoothly in heavy machinery (By
FDominec - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32074415
Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U38sXLB7_vk.
 21. Worm and worm wheel: (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_drive for more details)

Description: Worm and worm wheel setup consist of a worm analogous to a screw with V-type
thread and a spur gear (worm wheel) orienting at 900 to each other. The worm is usually the driving
component. The thread of the worm help advancing the teeth of the worm wheel.
Schematic: Figure 21.1 shows the schematic of worm and worm wheel setup. Note that regardless of the
operating angle of the shafts gear axes must intersect.

Figure 21.1 Schematic of worm and worm wheel setup

(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Worm_final_drive_%28Manual_of_Driving_and_Main
tenance%29.jpg)

Applications:

(a) Gate opening (b) Vehicle steering (c) Lifting of heavy

mechanism system objects

Figure 21.2 Application of worm and worm wheel

Source: Fig. 22.2 (a) https://mechdiploma.com/worm-and-worm-gear-theory-qa
Fig. 22.2 (b) https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Worm-and-worm-wheel-system-in-vehicle-steering-
reduction-module-of-speed_fig1_258806254
Fig. 22.2 (c) https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-worm-gear-mechanism-on-a-train-crane-assembly-
49587800.html?imageid=E29BB01A-3A80-494A-8FC0-
DAB946B04A43&p=13087&pn=1&searchId=b3513470d0a97ff2fe8e3c19ef3e14ef&searchtype=0

Animation video: Visit https://youtu.be/lbMt7Jq4eZo

 22. Epicyclic gear: (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing for more details)

Description: Epicyclic gear trains (also known as planetary gear train) consist of two or more gears
mounted so that the center of one gear revolves around the center of the other.
Schematic: Figure 22.1 Shows the schematic of epicyclic gear mechanism.

Figure 22.1 Schematic of epicyclic gear (https://learnmech.com/epicyclic-gear-train-working-

advantages/)
Applications:
i. Laser cutting machine
ii. Angle gearbox for rotary table
iii. Backgauge drive for press break
iv. In-Mould Labelling (IML) robot
Source: Visit https://us.framo-morat.com/products/planetary-gears/application-examples-planetary-
gears/
v. 3D printing (refer to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing - 3D_printing)
vi. Sturmey-Archer AM bicycle hub (see Fig. 22.2)

Figure 22.2 Sturmey-Archer AM bicycle hub (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing)

Animation video: Visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARd-Om2VyiE.

 23. Internal gear and pinion drive (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinion for more details)

Description: This gear train consist of two gears. The teeth of the internal gear is cut in the internal
surface of a cylinder. The pinion is usually a spur gear that meshes with the internal gear.
Schematic: Figure 23.1 shows the schematic of internal gear and pinion drive.

Figure 23.1 Schematic of internal gear and pinion drive (https://fractory.com/types-of-gears/)

Applications:
i. Internal gear pumps (visit https://www.michael-smith-engineers.co.uk/resources/useful-info/internal-
gear-pumps for more information)

Animation video: Visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7_AtJoUY6g

 24. Centrifugal Gear: (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_clutch for more details)

Description: An automatic clutch that uses centrifugal force to operate. The output shaft is
disengaged at low rotational speed and engages more as speed increases.
Schematic: Figure 24.1 shows the centrifugal clutch in disengaged and engaged position.

Figure 24.1 Schematic of centrifugal mechanism and clutch drive (CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2017/06/centrifugal-clutch.html )

• Applications: The centrifugal clutch engages after a particular speed limit, so they used to
disengage the engine when starting and idling. Other than these it is also used in Mopeds, mini-
bikes, boats etc.

(d) Chainsaw (e) In lawnmower (f) In go-karts

Figure 24.2 Application of centrifugal clutches (a.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/CentrifugalClutch.jpg/1200px-
CentrifugalClutch.jpg?20080527024643 b.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MTD_Lawn_Mower.jpg/330px-
MTD_Lawn_Mower.jpg c. https://www.gokartguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/best-clutches-for-go-
karts.jpg )

Animation video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrmWNBwHBQ0

 25. Cone clutch drive: (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_clutch for more details)

Description: A cone clutch is a clutch used to transmits torque by friction that comes by mating two
conical surfaces.
Schematic: Figure 25.1 Shows the schematic of the cone clutch and a 3-d image of cone clutch.

Figure 25.1 (a) Schematic of cone clutch (https://i0.wp.com/www.autoprotips.com/wp-

content/uploads/2019/03/Cone-Clutch-line-diagram.jpg?resize=1024%2C671&ssl=1) (b) Parts of cone clutch
used in racing cars (https://storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/19/01/coneclutch.PNG )
Applications:

(d) Machine tools (e) Racing Car (f) Power boats

Figure 25.2 Application of Cone clutch in automotive transmission (a. https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-
qimg-8c4fc159aa70bdbc3fb7bc9273d96305-lq , b. https://msmproduction.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-
public/uploads/2015/02/Nissan-GT-R-NISMO-4.jpg ,c.
https://as1.ftcdn.net/v2/jpg/00/00/65/64/1000_F_656404_eWbqZxBv9FcMETL4JYv9kUMjKC5ftd.jpg )

Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUYZ4BmHR1Y

 26. Dog Clutch (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_clutch for more details)

Description: A dog clutch (also known as a positive clutch or dog gears) is a type of clutch that couples
two rotating shafts or other rotating components by engagement of interlocking teeth or dogs rather
than by friction. The two parts of the clutch are designed such that one will push the other, causing
both to rotate at the same speed and will never slip. In engineering, a "dog" is a tool or device used to
lock two components in relation to each other.
Schematic: Figure 26.1 shows the schematic of dog clutch.

Figure 26.1 a) Dog clutch 3-d image (https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-

e6a3ee322b48d1979763752fd15d7d86.webp ), b) Dog clutch
(https://static.wixstatic.com/media/39a508_02a4589ff7a844908100dfb4f935f64c~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_648,h_60
9,al_c,q_90,enc_auto/39a508_02a4589ff7a844908100dfb4f935f64c~mv2.png )

Applications: Dog clutches are mainly used in stick shift automobile gearboxes, marine propeller
drives, and on drives of heavy machinery.

a) used to drive the rotating platter in a b) Dog clutch (disengaged) on the

microwave oven. countershaft gears of the Honda
CBR600RR transmission.
Figure 26.3. Application of dog clutch for torque transmission (a.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dog_clutch-1.jpg/330px-Dog_clutch-1.jpg, b.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Honda_CBR600RR_teardown_2015-10-
19_13.44.17.jpg/330px-Honda_CBR600RR_teardown_2015-10-19_13.44.17.jpg )

Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jkyb5NiFdPY .

 27. Flat belt drive: (Visit https://mechathon.com/flat-belt-drive/ for more details)

Description: Flat belts are designed for light-duty power transmission. They are best-suited for
applications with smaller pulleys and large central distances.
Schematic: Figure 27.1 shows the schematic of the flat belt drive. Flat belt drives are usually suitable for
horizontal power transmission.

Figure 27.1 Schematic of Flat belt drive (https://mechathon.com/flat-belt-drive/)

Applications:

(g) Flat belt drive in the (h) Flat belt drive in (i) Flat belt conveyor
machine shop at the flour mill shop
Hagley Museum
Figure 27.2 Application of flat belt drive (
a) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)#/media/File:HagleyBeltDrive01.jpg
b) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmV_MBckHg0
c) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP4y-O0jU5Y )
Animation video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYzr9MQeNHM
Additional readings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_%28mechanical%29#Flat_belts
 28. V Belt drive: (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_%28mechanical%29#V_belts for more
details)

Description: A v-belt is a flexible and efficient power transmission device capable of transferring
power from one shaft to another. It is known for its trapezoidal shape cross-section that wedges securely
into the sheaves of a shaft. The unique shape of V-belts helps them fit tightly and snugly into the
grooves of a sheave, giving them additional surface contact and increased stability.
Schematic: Figure 28.1 shows the schematic of the V-belt drive.

Figure 28.1 Schematic of V- belt drive (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structure-of-V-belt-

transmission_fig7_352743264)
Applications:

(g) V belt drive in Lathe (h) V belt drive in (i) Diesel engine coupled
machine drilling machine water pump
Figure 28.2 Application of V belt drive ( a) http://www.lathes.co.uk/blomqvist/img8.jpg b)
https://5.imimg.com/data5/AC/DD/OX/SELLER-12062523/belt-drive-drill-machine-ghoda-type-drill-
-500x500.jpg c) https://fractory.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/v-belt-6.jpg.webp )
Animation video: visit https://makeagif.com/gif/belt-drive-oMxdzl
Difference between flat belt drive and V-belt drive: visit
https://www.difference.minaprem.com/solid/difference-between-flat-belt-drive-and-v-belt-drive/
 29. Toothed belt drive (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed_belt for more details)

Description: A toothed belt is a flexible belt with teeth moulded onto its inner surface. Toothed belts
are usually designed to run over matching toothed pulleys or sprockets. Toothed belts are used in a
wide array of mechanical devices where high-power transmission is desired.
Schematic: Figure 29.1 shows the schematic of the toothed belt drive.

Figure 29.1 Schematic of toothed belt drive (https://www.linearmotiontips.com/how-to-specify-

pulleys-for-synchronous-belt-drives/ and https://www.hpcgears.com/pdf_c33/27.17-27.47.pdf)
Applications:

(d) Automobiles (e) Treadmill (f) Sewing machine

Figure 29.2. Application of toothed belt drive ( a & b https://us.misumi-ec.com/blog/timing-belts-
pulleys-application-examples/, c. https://www.westchestersewing.com/re607z_wsm/)
Animation and modeling video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1TjjbBi18A.
 30. Chain drive (Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive for more details)

Description: Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is
often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. The chain
drive consists of chains (tooth-shaped) and sprockets. And the chain consists of links that are
interconnected by pin joints. The chain usually moves over the driver and driven gears/ sprockets.
Schematic: Figure 30.1 shows the schematic of the chain drive.

Figure 30.1 Schematic of chain drive (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Transverse-vibrations-

model-of-the-chain-drive-system_fig1_331736680)
Applications:

(a) Bicycle (b) Fork lift trucks (c) Excavator

Figure 30.2. Application of Chain drives (
a) https://www.exploratorium.edu/cycling/gears1.html
b) https://www.trucksdirectuk.co.uk/guide/forklift-lifting-chain-inspection-and-maintenance-advice

c) https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRgxIN_2PiF_m9hNWmdYZ7JJk37MvRde1KTlg&usqp=CA
U)
Introduction to chain drive video: visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfFi3SmgjJs.