A2 Past Paper Questions p4

June 2018 41
What is function of promotor?

1 (mouse DNA / it) is, the promoter ;
2 (where) RNA polymerase / transcription factor(s), bind ;
3 controls / allows / ensures / is needed for, gene expression / gene activation / mRNA production / hGH
production ;
4 gene can be, switched on / transcribed, by adding metal ions ;
5 idea of controlling, when / where / how much, the gene is, expressed / transcribed
Suggest two reasons for decrease od numbers of organisms

Habitat loss
1 hunting / poaching, for, bushmeat / (traditional) medicine / crop protection ;
2 hunting / (live) capture, for pets / trade ;
3 disease ;
4 breeding problems due to, individuals isolated / mates inaccessible / inbreeding in small populations ;
Role os zoozs in protection of organisms

1 breeding (programmes) ;
2 release / reintroduction (to, wild / Sumatra/ reserves) ;
3 educate / raise public awareness ;
4 research, diet / breeding / behaviour / genetic diversity ;
5 raise money for, reserves / protecting wild population ;
6 AVP ; e.g. cooperate with governments
Describe the process of evolution by natural selection.

1 population / a species, show(s) genetic, variation / diversity ;
2 ref. to chance / random / spontaneous, mutation ;
3 ref. to selection pressure / competition / predation / disease ;
4 fitter / fittest OR better adapted / best adapted, (individuals) survive ; ora

5 reproduce / breed, more OR have more offspring ; ora
6 pass on, beneficial / advantageous / favourable / desirable, allele(s) ; ora
7 change / increase, in allele frequency ;
State two conditions when the Hardy–Weinberg principle cannot be

applied.
1 small population ;
2 (natural / artificial / sexual) selection ;
3 non-random mating / inbreeding ;
4 migration (of individuals) ;
5 (new) mutation (is occurring);
6 non-diploid organisms ;
7 overlapping generations ;
8 asexual reproduction ;
9 allele frequencies not equal in both sexes ;
Outline the functions of β-galactosidase and lactose permease.

β-galactosidase – any one of:
digests / hydrolyses, lactose to, monomers / glucose + galactose ;
converts / isomerises, lactose to allolactose ;
lactose permease
increases / allows, lactose uptake / lactose entry / permeability (of cell) to lactose ;
State what is meant by the term constitutive protein.

(protein) produced all the time ;
(protein) concentration does not vary (in response to molecular signals) ;
Explain why the structural genes of the lac operon are not expressed
when lactose is absent
1 repressor (protein) not bound to, lactose / allolactose ;
2 repressor binds to operator ;
3 RNA polymerase cannot move to, operator / (structural) genes ;
4 no / prevents, transcription (of genes) / formation of mRNA ;
Describe two advantages of the gene-editing technique compared to the

traditionalgenetic modification technique used to make transgenic pigs
in 1985.
success rate (in altering gene) is, greater / 100% (instead of 1%) ;
(only) specific gene is altered / targets gene more precisely ;
(unwanted) gene is, removed / deleted / disabled / knocked out
How does gene editimg differ from selective breedimg

Gene editing involves altering of DNA
Gene editing involves insertion of new allele
Gene editing may involve IVF
Selective breeding has crossing and selection of offsprings
Describe the features of ATP that make it suitable as the universal

energy currency.
1 (short-term) store of energy ;
2 (energy derived) from, food / respiration / photophosphorylation / chemiosmosis ;
3 transfers energy (to) / (immediate) energy donor (to) ;
4 in all, cells / organisms ;
5 hydrolysis / phosphate loss, releases, energy / 30.5 kJ (per mole) ;
6 reversible reaction / (AMP and) ADP recycled to ATP ;
7 small (molecule) / water soluble, so can move within, cell / cytoplasm ;
8 links energy yielding and energy requiring reactions ;
9 high turnover (rate) ;
and any two uses up to question total of 6 from:
10 active transport / action potential / electrical discharge ;

11 muscle contraction ;
12 anabolic reactions / condensation reactions / transcription / translation / DNA replication / Calvin

cycle / phosphorylation
reactions ;
13 exocytosis / endocytosis / intracellular transport ;
14 bioluminescence
Describe the structure of a sensory neurone.

1 nucleus in, cell body / soma ;
2 (long) dendron ;
3 (short) axon ;
4 many mitochondria (in cell body) ;
5 many, RER / ribosomes or presence of Nissl’s granules (in cell body) ;
6 synaptic, knobs / terminals / boutons ;
7 Schwann cells / myelin sheath ;
8 nodes of Ranvier ;
Describe how a resting potential is set up and maintained in a

myelinated neurone.
1 Na+ moves out of, cell and
K+ moves into cell ;
2 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ ;
3 by, active transport / use of ATP ;
4 sodium-potassium pump / Na+ K+ pump ;
5 against concentration gradient ;
6 K+ diffuses out of cell and Na+ diffuses into cell ;
7 by facilitated diffusion / diffusion through (ion) channels ;
8 membrane more permeable to K+ / more K+ goes out than Na+ in ;
9 inside of, cell / membrane, more negative than outside ; ora
10 membrane / cell, polarised / repolarised ;
11 (resting potential is), –60 mV / –65 mV / –70 mV ;

12 AVP ; e.g. ion movement only at nodes of Ranvier
2019 june 41
Describe their effects on the cell wall of many hydrogen ions moving
into the cell wall. (auxin) plant growth
1 (cell wall) pH decreases / becomes more acidic ;
2activation of expansins expansins ;
Loosens bomds between cellulose microfibrils
5 cell wall, expands / stretches OR microfibrils move past each other ;
6 due to turgor pressure (on wall)
Suggest and explain how genes and the environment contribute in

continuous variation
Several genes affect phenotype
Additive effect
Env has a significant effect
Environmental factors affect gene expression
Eg.age,diet disease,mutagenes,chemicals
How can regulatory genes regulate the expression of ather genes

They code for transcription factors
TF bind to DNA at the promoter region
Allow RNA polymerase to bind to promoter regulating gene expression
Describe how microarray is used to indicate genes switched on in

empryonic cells
Extract mRNA from embryonic cells expressing gene
Make cDNA from mRNA
Denature DNA to get ssDNA
Add florescent tag to DNA
Microarray chip has complementary prbes to DNA
DNA allowed to hybridise with probes by complementary base pairing

Unbound DNA is washed off
Scan with UV light to identify florescence
Florescent spots indicate gene expression
Intensity indicate level of gene expression
Explain how a base substitution mutation can lead to the production of a

non-functioning protein kinase.
1 missense mutation ;
2 mRNA forms with different, codon / triplet ;
3 different tRNA, binds / base pairs ;
4 amino acid / primary structure (of, polypeptide / protein / kinase), changed / different ;
5 tertiary / 3D, structure (of, polypeptide / protein / kinase) changed ;
6 (change) may affect / distort, active / catalytic / ATP binding, site ;
7 nonsense mutation ;
8 forms (early) STOP codon ;
9 no, matching tRNA / amino acid added ;
10 shortened / truncated / incomplete, polypeptide
Outline the role of NAD in respiration in aerobic conditions.

1 acts as, coenzyme / cofactor ;
2 to dehydrogenase / in dehydrogenation ;
3 takes / carries / delivers / releases / gives, hydrogen / H (atoms) ;
4 to, (carrier on) ETC / inner mitochondrial membrane / cristae
or
for, ATP production / oxidative phosphorylation ;
5 ref. to redox / reduction and oxidation / reduced and oxidised ;
6 2.5 / 3, ATP per reduced NAD ;

why are founder
pipulations at high
risk of extention?
Social and ethical implication of genetically modified crops
Role of insulin uptake

Whats meant by a limiting factor and how glasshouses increase crop
yield?
Behavior of chromosomes during meiosis
Cholinergic synapse
2018 nov 42
Explain why carbs lipids and protiens have different energy values
Carry out an investigation to determine the RQ value of germinating
seeds
Describe advantage and how the spinal reflex functions in mammels

Explain the importance of myelin sheath in determining the speed of
nerve impulses
May 2019 42
Ways which the tank environment makes the phenotype of a captive fish
different from wild fish?
Microarray analysis
Explain how gene expression is controlled in eukaryotes?

Social and ethical implications of GM plants
Insertion mutation in TYR gene
Reasons why smaller population has high number of cases for albinism?
How from glomular filtrate is absorbed back into the blood

How amino acids indicate how close the relation is between two species?
12.replanti ng an enti re forest

13.rewilding a small farming fi eld that is now longer being used for crop producti on

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June 2018 41

What is function of promotor?

2 (where) RNA polymerase / transcription factor(s), bind ;

4 gene can be, switched on / transcribed, by adding metal ions ;

Suggest two reasons for decrease od numbers of organisms

1 hunting / poaching, for, bushmeat / (traditional) medicine / crop protection ;

2 hunting / (live) capture, for pets / trade ;

Role os zoozs in protection of organisms

2 release / reintroduction (to, wild / Sumatra/ reserves) ;

3 educate / raise public awareness ;

4 research, diet / breeding / behaviour / genetic diversity ;

5 raise money for, reserves / protecting wild population ;

6 AVP ; e.g. cooperate with governments

Describe the process of evolution by natural selection.

2 ref. to chance / random / spontaneous, mutation ;

3 ref. to selection pressure / competition / predation / disease ;

4 fitter / fittest OR better adapted / best adapted, (individuals) survive ; ora

6 pass on, beneficial / advantageous / favourable / desirable, allele(s) ; ora

7 change / increase, in allele frequency ;

State two conditions when the Hardy–Weinberg principle cannot be

2 (natural / artificial / sexual) selection ;

3 non-random mating / inbreeding ;

4 migration (of individuals) ;

5 (new) mutation (is occurring);

9 allele frequencies not equal in both sexes ;

Outline the functions of β-galactosidase and lactose permease.

digests / hydrolyses, lactose to, monomers / glucose + galactose ;

converts / isomerises, lactose to allolactose ;

State what is meant by the term constitutive protein.

(protein) concentration does not vary (in response to molecular signals) ;

2 repressor binds to operator ;

3 RNA polymerase cannot move to, operator / (structural) genes ;

4 no / prevents, transcription (of genes) / formation of mRNA ;

Describe two advantages of the gene-editing technique compared to the

(only) specific gene is altered / targets gene more precisely ;

(unwanted) gene is, removed / deleted / disabled / knocked out

How does gene editimg differ from selective breedimg

Gene editing involves insertion of new allele

Gene editing may involve IVF

Selective breeding has crossing and selection of offsprings

Describe the features of ATP that make it suitable as the universal

2 (energy derived) from, food / respiration / photophosphorylation / chemiosmosis ;

3 transfers energy (to) / (immediate) energy donor (to) ;

4 in all, cells / organisms ;

5 hydrolysis / phosphate loss, releases, energy / 30.5 kJ (per mole) ;

6 reversible reaction / (AMP and) ADP recycled to ATP ;

7 small (molecule) / water soluble, so can move within, cell / cytoplasm ;

8 links energy yielding and energy requiring reactions ;

9 high turnover (rate) ;

and any two uses up to question total of 6 from:

10 active transport / action potential / electrical discharge ;

12 anabolic reactions / condensation reactions / transcription / translation / DNA replication / Calvin

13 exocytosis / endocytosis / intracellular transport ;

Describe the structure of a sensory neurone.

4 many mitochondria (in cell body) ;

5 many, RER / ribosomes or presence of Nissl’s granules (in cell body) ;

6 synaptic, knobs / terminals / boutons ;

7 Schwann cells / myelin sheath ;

Describe how a resting potential is set up and maintained in a