Chapter 3

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation shields – Formulae & Problems
C
Concept t off Shape
Sh factor
f t
Radiation Shields
Definition:
Low emissivity materials placed between the two surfaces (which are
exchanging radiation) in order to reduce the net radiation heat transfer
between the surfaces.
Net Radiation heat exchange:
(absence of radiation shield)
A σ [ T1 4 − T 24 ]
Q 12 =
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ + − 1⎟
⎝ ε1 ε 2 ⎠
Net Radiation heat exchange:
(presence of one radiation shield)
A σ [T1 4 − T34 ] =
A σ [T14 − T 24 ]
Q13 = Q13
1 1 2
1 1 + + −2
+ −1 ε1 ε2 ε3
ε1 ε3
IIn terms
t off
end surface temperature
Radiation Shields formula
Heat transfer with n shield is given by:

A σ [T14 − T 24 ]
Q1 n =
1 1 2n
+ + − ( n + 1)
ε1 ε2 εs

where n = Number of shields.

εs = Emissivity of shield.

Percentage reduction in heat transfer: (by placing radiation shield)

⎛ Q without shield − Q with shield ⎞
% reduction =⎜ × 100
⎜ Q without shield
⎝ ⎠
⎛ Q12 − Q13 ⎞
% reduction = ⎜⎜ × 100
⎝ Q12 ⎠
 Radiation Shields – Problems
1. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800oC and 300oC are
0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find net radiant heat exchange per square metre for
these plates. Find the percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polished
aluminum radiation shield of emissivity 0.06 is placed between them. Also
find the temperature of the shield.

G e
Given:
T1 = 800 + 273 = 1073 K
T2 = 300 + 273 = 573 K
ε1 = 0.3
ε2 = 0.5
05
Shield emissivity, ε3 = 0.06

To find:
1. Net radiant heat exchange per square
metre, (Q12/A)
2. Percentage reduction in heat transfer due
t radiation
to di ti shield.
hi ld
3. Temperature of the shield (T3).
Radiation Shields – Problems
Solution:
a) Heat Transfer without shield
Heat exchangeg between two large
g parallel
p plates
p without
radiation shield is given by,

Q12 = ε σ A (T14 – T24) Æ (1)

where, ε = 1 / ((1/ ε1) + (1/ ε2) – 1) = 0.230

Substituting the values in equation ( 1 )

=>
> (Q12 / A) = 15.88
15 88 kW/
kW/m2
Heat transfer per square metre without radiation shield, Q12/A = 15.88 kW/m2

b) Percentage reduction in heat Transfer using radiation shield

Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is given by,

Q13 = ε σ A (T14 – T24) (in terms of end surface temperatures)

Æ (2)
 Radiation Shields – Problems
where, ε = 1 / ((1/ ε1) + (1/ ε2) + (2/ ε3) – 2) = 0.0273

Substituting the values in equation ( 1 )

=> (Q13 / A) = 1.885 kW/m2

Percentage reduction in heat transfer

= [(
[(Q12 – Q13) / Q12] x 100 = 88 %

Percentage reduction in heat transfer = 88 %

c) To determine T3:
Heat exchange between the plate 1 and shield (in terms of T1 & T3)

Q13 = ε σ A ((T14 – T34) Æ (3)

where, ε = 1 / ((1/ ε1) + (1/ ε3) – 1)) = 0.0526

Substituting
g all the known values in (3)
( ) and solving
g for T3

Temperature of shield T3 = 912.7 K

 Radiation Shields – Problems
2. Two large parallel plates are maintained at a temperature of 600 K and 900 K
and emissivities of 0.4 and 0.7 respectively. Determine heat transfer by
radiation and also calculate percentage of reduction in heat transfer and
shield temperature when another plate of emissivity 0.05 introduced in
between them.

G e
Given:
T1 = 600 K
T2 = 900 K
ε1 = 0.4
ε2 = 0.7
07
ε3 = 0.05

To find:
1. Heat transfer
2. Percentage reduction in heat transfer
3. Temperature of the shield (T3).
Radiation Shields – Problems
Solution:
a) Heat Transfer without shield
Heat exchangeg between two large
g parallel
p plates
p without
radiation shield is given by,

Q12 = ε σ A (T14 – T24) Æ (1)

where, ε = 1 / ((1/ ε1) + (1/ ε2) – 1) = 0.341

Substituting the values in equation ( 1 )

=>
> (Q12 / A) = 10,179.72
10 179 72 W/
W/m2
Heat transfer per square metre without radiation shield, Q12/A = 10.18 kW/m2

b) Percentage reduction in heat Transfer using radiation shield

Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is given by,

Q13 = ε σ A (T14 – T24) (in terms of end surface temperatures)

Æ (2)
 Radiation Shields – Problems
where, ε = 1 / ((1/ ε1) + (1/ ε2) + (2/ ε3) – 2) = 0.0239

Substituting the values in equation ( 1 )

=> (Q13 / A) = 713.48 W/m2

Percentage reduction in heat transfer

= [(
[(Q12 – Q13) / Q12] x 100 = 93 %

Percentage reduction in heat transfer = 93 %

c) To determine T3:
Heat exchange between the plate 1 and shield (in terms of T1 & T3)

Q13 = ε σ A ((T14 – T34) Æ (3)

where, ε = 1 / ((1/ ε1) + (1/ ε3) – 1)) = 0.0465

Substituting
g all the known values in (3)
( ) and solving
g for T3

Temperature of shield T3 = 788 K

 Radiation Shields – Problems
3. A pipe of diameter 30 cm, carrying steam runs in a large room and is
exposed to air at a temperature of 25oC. The surface temperature of the pipe
is 300o C. Calculate the loss of heat to surrounding per meter length of pipe
due to thermal radiation.
radiation The emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.8.
08
What would be the loss of heat due to radiation of the pipe which is
enclosed in a 55 cm diameter brick of emissivity 0.91 & available at room
temperature?
Given:
Case 1:
Diameter of pipe, D1 = 0.30 m
S f
Surface t
temperature,
t T1 = 300+273
300 273 = 573 K
Air temperature, T∞ = 25 +273 = 298 K
Emissivity of the pipe, ε1 = 0.8
Case 2:
Outer diameter, D2 = 0.55 cm
Emissivity , ε2 = 0.91
Air temperature, T2 = 25 +273 = 298 K
To find:
1. Loss of heat per metre length, (Q/L)
2. Reduction in heat loss.
Radiation Shields – Problems
Solution:
Case 1:
Heat transfer,,

Q = ε1 σ A (T14 – T∞4)
= ε1 x σ x π D L (T14 – T∞4) [since A = π D L ]

=> Q/L = 4271.3 W/m

Heat loss per meter length, Q/L = 4271.3 W/m

Case 2:
When the 30 cm diameter pipe is enclosed in a 55 cm
diameter pipe, heat exchange between two large
concentric cylinder is given by
Q12 = ε σ A1 (T14 – T24) Æ (1)

where ε = 1 / ((1/ ε1) + (A1/A2)((1/ ε2) – 1))

= 0.76
Radiation Shields – Problems
Substituting emissivity ε value in equation ( 1 ),

( 1 ) => Q / L = 4057.8
4057 8 W/m

Reduction in heat loss

= 4271.3 – 4057.8 = 213.4

R d ti in
Reduction i heat
h t loss
l = 213.4
213 4 W/
W/m
 Radiation Shields – Problems
4. Calculate the heat loss by radiation per metre length of 8 cm diameter pipe
at 400o C and emissivity of 0.7, when
a. It is located in a large room with a red brick walls maintained at a
temperature of 35o C.
b. It is enclosed in a 20 cm diameter of red brick pipe maintained at a
temperature of 50o C and emissivity of 0.9.
Also find reduction in heat loss.
Gi
Given: L
Length,
th L = 1 m
Case 1:
Diameter of pipe, D1 = 0.08 m
e pe atu e,
Temperature, T1 = 400+273
00 3=6673
3K
Temperature, T∞ = 35 +273 = 308 K
Emissivity of the pipe, ε1 = 0.7
Case 2:
Diameter
Diameter, D2 = 20 cm
Temperature, T2 = 50 +273 = 323 K
Emissivity , ε2 = 0.9
To find:
1. Heat loss by radiation.
2. Reduction in heat loss.
Radiation Shields – Problems
Solution:
Case 1:
Heat exchange
exchange,

Q1 = ε1 σ A (T14 – T∞4)
= ε1 x σ x π D1 L (T14 – T∞4) [since A = π D L ]

=> Q1 = 1956.5 W
Case 2:
Heat exchange between two large concentric
cylinder is given by
Q2 = ε σ A1 (T14 – T24)

where ε = 1 / ((1/ ε1) + (A1/A2)((1/ ε2) – 1))

= 0.67
=> Q2 = 1854.7 W
Radiation Shields – Problems
Reduction in heat loss, Q1 – Q2 = 1956.5 – 1854.7 = 101.8 W

Reduction in heat loss = 101.8 W

 Radiation Shields – Problems
5. Two large parallel plates with ε = 0.5 each, are maintained at different
temperatures and are exchanging heat only by radiation. Two equally large
radiation shields with surface emissivity 0.05 are introduced in parallel to
the plates. Find the percentage of reduction in net radiative heat transfer.

Given:
Emissivity of the plate 1, ε1 = 0.5
Emissivity of the plate 2, ε2 = 0.5
Emissivity of shield, εs = εs1 = εs2 = 0.05
Number of shields
shields, n = 2

To find:
Percentage of reduction in net radiative heat transfer.
Radiation – Problems

Solution:
Case 1: Heat transfer without radiation shield:

Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without radiation

shield is given by

Q12 = ε σ A (T14 – T24)

where ε = 1 / ((1/ ε1) +(1/ ε2) – 1))

= 0.333
⇒ Q12 = 0.333 σ A (T14 – T24)
⇒ Qwithout shied = 0.333 σ A (T14 – T24)

Case 2: Heat transfer with radiation shield:

Heat transfer with n shield

Qwith shield = A σ (T14 – T24) / ((1/ ε1) + (1/ ε2) + (2n/ εs) – (n
(n+1))
1))
= 0.0123 A σ (T14 – T24) (n = 2 for this case)
Radiation – Problems

Reduction in heat transfer due to radiation shield,

(Qwithout shield – Qwith shield) / Qwithout shield = 0.963 = 96.3 %

Percentage of reduction in net radiative heat transfer = 96.3

Shape factor – Definition
Shape factor is defined as “The fraction of radiative energy that is
diffused from one surface and strikes the other surface directly with no
intervening reflections.” It is designated as Fi – j

Determination of Shape factor is based on reciprocity theorem

A1 A2
Let
et F1 – 2 be s
shape
ape factor
acto for
o p plate
ate 1 to p
plate
ate 2
& F1 – 2 be shape factor for plate 1 to plate 2

According to reciprocating theorem,

A1 F1 – 2 = A2 F2 – 1

Using reciprocating theorem and the known shape

factor of one surface (defined geometry), the shape
factor of the other surface (undefined geometry)
could be established.

Shape factor is also known as view factor (or) configuration factor