GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION)

A MICRO-PROJECT REPORT ON

(EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE)

FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDANCE Of

Prof.AMIT JAVAJE
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION)

This is certify that Mr. / Miss _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Micro-project “Extra High Voltage Transmission Line” being submittedherewith for the
award of DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING of MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD & TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(MSBTE) is the result of Micro-project work completed under my supervision
and guidance.

Place:Ambad (AMIT JAVJE)

Date:_ _/_ _/2019 Micro-project Guide

 DECLARATION
We, the undesired, hereby declare that the project entitled “HIGH VOLTAGE
TRANSMISSION LINE” is written and submitted by us to Government Polytechnic
Ambad Year 2021-22, Fourth Semester for partial fulfillment of the ‘Micro
Project’ requirement of “ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION ” subject under
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai curriculum, under the
guidance AMIT JAVJE The empirical findings in this project are based on the data
collected in this project is not copied from anyother sources.

Submitted by

Roll no. Enrollment no. Name Signature

13 GHIGE ANGALI ARJUN

2011620145

24 2011620157 KHAIRE NIKITA MAROTI

30 2011620164 LONDHE TUKARAM BHARAT

35 2011620169 MINDAR SHASHIKANT BHAGWAT

43 2011620177 PTHAN SOHEL AJIJ

66 2111620408 GORE TUSHAR RAJENDRA

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards a dynamic person and my
project guide Prof.Amit Javje,Department ofElectrical Engineering, Government Polytechnic,
Ambad for giving me an opportunity to work on an interesting topic over one semester. The work
presented here could not have been accomplished without his most competent and inspiring
guidance, incessant encouragement, constructive criticism and constant motivation during all
phases of our group Micro-project work. I am greatly indebted to him.

I am very much thankful to Prof.Amit javje, Head Of Department information technology all HODs
of various departments and Prof. Dr.A.M.JINTURKAR Principal, Government Polytechnic Ambad,
for his encouragement and providing me a motivating environment and project facilities in the
Institute to carry out experiments and complete this Micro-project work.

I would like to extend our thanks to all our professors, staff members and all our friends who
extended their co-operation to complete the project.

I am indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for their immense help at all levels
with moral , care and support throughout my studies without which my work would not have seen
light of the day

Place: Ambad Your Sincerely,

Date :- Mr./ Ms.

 A Survey Paper On Extra High Voltage AC
Transmission Lines

ABSTRACT : Modern Power Transmission is

utilizing voltages between 345 Kv And 1150 Kv, A.C. The
distance of transmission and the Bulk powers have
increased to such an extent that Extra High Voltages And
Ultra High Voltages (Ehv And Uhv) have become a
necessity.There are many problems encountered with such
high voltage transmission lines including Electrostatic fields
near the lines,Corona losses,Radio Interference,Audible
noise,Carrier and Tv Interference, High voltage
gradients,Heavy bundled conductors, Control of voltages at
power frequency using shunt reactors of the switched type
which inject harmonics into the system, Switched
Capacitors, Overvoltages caused by Lightning and
Switching operations, Long air gaps with weak insulating
properties for switching surges,groundreturn effects.E.H.V.
Cable Transmission Upto 1200 Kv is gaining importance
with Oil-Filled,Sf6 Insulation and Pplp, Xlpe.This paper
presents the design Of E.H.V. Ac Transmission lines and
also covers the theoretical analyses of all problems
combined with practical applications.

Index terms – E.H.V,U.H.V,A.C

Transmission,Arresters,Overvoltages
 INTRODUCTION
in electric power distribution,in cathode ray tubes,to
generate x-rays and particle beams and high power
vacuum tubes and other scientific and industrial
applications.Many Industrialcentered countries of the
world thrive for a vast amount of energy in which
electrical energy forms a major portion.There are
several types of energy such as natural gas for
domestic and industrial consumption, which form a
considerable proportion of the total energy
consumption. Thus,we can say that the electrical
energy is not the only form in which energy is
consumed but it is also an important part
nevertheless.Today the world is on the verge of
consuming the major portion of its natural resources
in a very short spam of time and is already looking for
alternative sources of energy excluding hydro and
thermal to cater for the rapid rate of consumption
which is outpacing the discovery of new
resources.This will however does not slow down with
respect to time and therefore there exists a need to
reduce the rate at which energy consumption is
increasing.Therefore,a tremendous need for energy
is very urgent in many developing countries and their
relation to other countries are sometimes based on
the energy requirements.Usually the Hydroelectric
and coal or oil-fired stations are located very far from
the load centres for various reasons which requires
the transmission of the generated electric power over
very long distances.This led to the requirement of
very high voltages for transmission. Extra High
Voltage (EHV) A.C. transmission may be considered
to come when the first 380–400 kV line was put into
service in Sweden. After then,all the
industrializedcountries all over the world have
adopted the higher voltage levels. Later it was
observed that the impact of such high voltage levels
on the environment needed careful attention because
the use of high surface voltage gradients on
conductors led to the interference problems from
powerfrequency to TV frequencies. Thus corona
effects,electrostatic fields in the line

losses,audible noise, carrier interference and

radio interference became recognized as steadystate
problems which governs the line conductor design,
line height, and phase-spacing used to keep the
interfering fields within prescribed limits.Use of
synchronous condensers due to high line charging
currents at load end only became impractical to
control voltages at the sending-end and receiving-
end buses.Use of Shunt compensating reactors for
voltage control at no load and switched capacitors at
load conditions became necessary.. All these are still
categorized as steady-state problems.However, the
single major problem considered with e.h.v. voltage
levels is the overvoltages during switching operations
which is commonly known as switching-surge
overvoltages.
II. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Following parameters should be carefully considered
while designing a E.H.V ac transmission line

 Collecting preliminary line design data and gathering

available climatic data.
 Selecting Reliability level
 Calculating climatic loading on components.
 Calculating loads corresponding to security
requirements.
 Calculating loads according to safety requirements
 Selecting appropriate correction factors.
 Designing the components for the above load and
strengths.
 A. Reliability Levels
 Reliability Level ≥ 1
 Higher the Reliability higher is the safety factor and
hence, more is the cost.

B. Selection of Transmission Voltage

 Standard voltage – 66,110,132,220,400 KV
 Selection criterion of Economic Voltage

1. Quantum of power is evaluated

2. Length of line
3. Voltage regulation
4. Power loss in transmission
5. Initial and operating cost

C. Economic Voltage of Transmission of

Power

E = 5.5 √(km/1.61+(load in kva)/150)

ECONOMIC VOLTAGE DISTANCE(miles)

DROP DISTANCE
765kV 2116
500kV 113
345kV 5910
D. Types of Towers

 Type A Tower : Tangent tower with suspension

string
 Type B Tower Small angle tower with tension
string
 Type C Tower Medium angle tower with tension
string
 Type D Tower Large angle tower with tension
string
 Type E Tower Dead end tower with tension string
E. Selection of Tower Structure

 Single circuit tower/Double circuit tower

 Length of insulator assembly
 Minimum clearances between ground conductors,and
between conductors and ground
 Location of ground wires with respect to outermost
conductor
 Minimum clearance of the lowest conductor above
ground level

F. Selection of Conductor Size

 Mechanical Requirement
 Electrical Requirement

1. Mechanical Requirement
 Tensile strength(for tension)
 Strain strength(for vibration)

2. Electrical Requirement

 Continuous current rating

 Short time current carrying rating
 Voltage drop
 Power loss
 Length of line
G. Insulator Requirement
Insulators are used to support line conductor and it also
provides clearance from ground and structure. Insulator
material are as follows
 Toughened glass
 Fiber class
 High grade electric porcelain Types of Insulators are
categorized as ;
 Disc type

III. PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED
The problems encountered while using such high
voltages are different from those encountered at
lower voltages. These problems are:

(a) Increase in Current Density due to increase in line

loading by using series capacitors.
(b) Use of bundled conductors.
(c) High surface voltage gradient on conductors .
(d) Corona problems: Audible Noise, Radio Interference,
Corona Energy Loss, Carrier Interference, and TV
Interference.
(e) High electrostatic field under the line.
(f) Switching Surge Overvoltages which cause more havoc
to air-gap insulation than lightning or power frequency
voltages.
(g) Increased Short-Circuit currents and possibility of ferro
resonance conditions.
(h) Use of gapless metal-oxide arresters which replaces
the conventional gap-type Silicon Carbide arresters, for
both lightning and switching-surge duty.
(i) Shunt reactor compensation and use of series
capcitors, resulting in possible subsynchronous resonance
conditions and high shortcircuit currents.
(j) Inulation coordination based upon switching impulse
levels.
(k) Single-pole reclosing to improve stability, but causing
problems with arcin

A. Overvoltages

Overvoltages in EHV systems are caused by switching

operations.overvoltages due to the release of internally
trapped electromagnetic and electrostatic energy in an
e.h.v. system which can further cause serious damages to
the equipment insulation.These damages could, under
many circumstances, be more severe than lightning
damage.Therefore,Surge diverters and resistances are
included purposely while making switching operations as
well as other schemes to reduce the danger to a
considerable extent. Investigation of switching overvoltages
has acquired very great importance since the transmission
voltages are on the increase and line lengths and capacity
of generating stations are also increased. It is assumed
that the short-circuit capacity of sources is mainly
responsible for a large amount of damage to the insulation.
B. Lightning Strokes To Lines
Lightning is considered as one of the major source of
danger and damage to e.h.v. transmission lines, resulting
in the loss of transmission up to a few hours to complete
destruction of a line. This entails a lot of expense to power
utilities and consumers.Lightningprotection methods are
based on sound scientific and engineering principles and
practice;however, extensive damages do take place in
power systems in spite of this.Thus,no transmission line
design can be considered lightning-proof, nor do designers
aim for this goal. Line outages, or a line being taken out of
service for a short time,and line designs against these are
based on statistical procedures. An acceptable design
would be to allow a certain number Nt outages per year per
100 km of line, or other time durations and other line
lengths. The possibility of an outage depends on so many
factors which are statistical in nature that a worstcase
design is neither practical nor economical.It is evident that
the number of strokes contacting a tower or ground wire
along the span can only depend on the number of
thunderstorm days in a year called the 'keraunic level' or
also called 'isokeraunic level', and denoted by Ikl. On the
basis of a vast amount of experience from all over the
world, it is estimated that the number of lightning strokes
occurring over 1 sq. km. per year at any location is fairly
well given by

ns= strokes to earth/km2 – year = (0.15 to 0.2)Ik

The actual factor must therefore be determined from
observational data in any given region. Also, from
experience, the area intercepted by a line with its metallic
structures is taken to be proportional to

(a) (height of tower, ht + 2 × height of ground wire at mid

span, hg) and
(b) the distance sg between ground wires if there is more
than 1 ground wire on the

tower. Combining all these factors, it is estimated that the

number of strokes intercepted by 100 km of line per year is
given by Ns = (0.15 to 0.2) Ikl {0.0133 (ht + 2 hg) + 0.1 sg}
with hg,and sg in metres.

IV. PROTECTION
MEASURES
Several measures are being taken to overcomes the
problems faced while using E.H.V ac transmission line

Lightning arresters which are also called 'surge absorbers'

because they are also meant for switching surge
protection.Their purpose is to protect primarily the major
equipment such as transformers, rotating machines,shunt
reactors, and even entire substations. Less expensive
protective devices such as rod gaps can be used for
protection of transformer and circuitbreaker bushings and
open contacts.When substations are to be protected,they
are located at the entrance of the incoming and outgoing
lines.Modern surge absorbers required for e.h.v. levels are
designed to offer protection to the equipments and lines for
both lightning overvoltages and currents as well as
switching surge over-voltages where the energy involved is
much higher.Arresters can be classified into three
important types and categorised according to their internal
structure.They are ;

(1) Gap type arrester without current-limiting functions;

(2) Gap type arrester with current-limiting capability; and
(3) Gapless metal oxide varistors.
The Gap type arrester is commonly known by different
names such as Thyrite, Magnavalve, Autovalve,Miurite.The
non-linear resistance material is usually sintered Silicon-
Carbide (SiC) and is designed to dissipate the energy in
short duration lightning-stroke current and the current at
power frequency that will follow this current when the series
gap conducts.The current is then finally interrupted at a
power-frequency zero.The second type of arrester known
as the current-limiting gap type, is the one in which a
magnetic action on the arc between the gap establishes a
lengthening of the arc with consequent large resistance
which is capable of limiting the current.In such type of
design,the power-frequency current can be extinguished
before it reaches a current zero.Such an arrester can
perform switching surge function also.The non-linear
resistance is still SiC.The third and the last one,the gapless
MOV,is designed for low-voltage low-current electronic
circuitary but recently it is sufficiently well developed to
fulfill the e.h.v. requirements.
 V. E.H.V Testing
All the e.h.v. equipment voltage levels are governed by
Standard specification.Equipment manufacturers produce
goods not only meant for domestic use but also for export
so that a design or testing engineer must be familiar with
these specifications from all over theworld.Some of the
major specifications are I.E.C., I.S.I., V.D.E., S.A.E.,
A.N.S.I., B.S.S., C.S.A.., Japan and others.

VI. MERITS AND DEMERITS

OF E.H.V ac
TRANSMISSION LINE

A.Merit
 Reduction in the Current
 Reduction in the losses
 Reduction of the conductor material required
 Reduction in voltage drop
 Improvement of voltage regulation
 Increase in Transmission frequency
 Increased power handling capability
 The total line cost per MW per km decreases
considerably with the increase in line voltage
 B.Demerits
 Corona loss and Radio interference
 Line supports
 Erection difficulties
 Insulation needs
 The cost of transformers,switch gear equipments
and protective equipments increases with
increase in transmission line voltage
 The EHV lines generate electrostatic effects
which are harmful to human beings and animals

VII. CONCLUSION AND

FUTURE WORK
In this article,we have outlined the design methodology of
EHV ac transmission lines including the various factors
required for their designs.This paper also presents the
problems encountered while using EHV ac transmission
line and it presents the various techniques adopted to
overcome these problems.EHV transmission lines uses
EHV cables which are used for high voltages and power
when necessary.The future work where EHV ac
transmission will prove effective follows ;
 Support is going for a national EHV interstate
transmission grid
 For UHV,fewer lines would be needed and for voltage
above 765 kV more lines would be needed.
  It is understood,however,that the completion of this grid
requires collaboration among stakeholders,especially
transmission owners and operators.

VIII. REFERENCES
[1] Electric Power Research Institute. 1982.Transmission
Line Second Edition.

[2] Bonneville Power Administration. 1977. Description of

Equations and Computer Program for Predicting Audible
Noise, Radio Interference, Television Interference, and
Ozone from A-C Transmission Lines. Technical Report
ERJ-77-167.

[3] C.L Wadhwa: Electrical power systems, fifth edition.

[4]Rakosh Das Begumudre: Extra High Voltge AC

Transmission Engineering.

[5]Feng Yan-yan, Yu Ji-hui. Power Frequency Electric

Field Caused by EHV Lines and Its Effect. Journal of
Chongqing University, vo1.27, Apr. 2004, pp. 10-14.

[6]M.Abdel-Salam, D.Shamloul, "Corona Power Loss

Calculation for Three-Phase Transmission Lines", IEEE
lAS Annul Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, Oct. 1989