PRINCIPLES and STRATEGIES of TEACHING

in HEALTH EDUCATION
Presented by: Marilyn G. Dagalea
 Objectives: At the end of module 1. you should be able to :

• Explain the meaning of Teaching and Learning

• Appreciate the different approaches in teaching-learning process
•Explain Health Education
 MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION TO TEACHING
 Facilitating Learning, Child and Adolescent Development
The Human development is about the remarkable journey that everyone
has taken through their lifespan from the union of the egg cell and sperm cell,
through childhood and adolescence up to the unfolding of adult life.

Human development focuses on improving the lives of the people

automatically, to a greater wellbeing.
 Human Growth Changes and Development
Development
- development is influenced by heredity (nature) and environment
(nurture)
- development patterns show wide individual differences.
- proceeds from general to specific
- Development rates vary
Growth
- Growth is sequential
- Growth is continuous
- Growth is patterned
 Stages of Development
1. Pre-natal Stage- from conception to the time of birth.
2. Infancy/babyhood (birth to 2 years) – it is the foundation age when basic behavior
patterns are organized and many ontogenic skills emerge.
3. Early childhood (3 to 5 years) – it is characterized as pre-gang, exploratory and
questioning age. Language and elementary reasoning are require and initial socialization
is experienced.
4. Middle and Late Childhood (6 to 12 years) – gang age, age of creativity, development of
social, self-helping, play and school skill.
5. Adolescence (13 to 18 years) – transition age from childhood and adulthood when sex
maturation and rapid physical development occur resulting to changes in ways of feeling,
thinking and acting
6. Early Adulthood (19-29 years) – age of adjustment to new patterns of life
and new roles such as spouse, parent and bread winner.
7. Middle Adulthood (30-60 years) – transition age when adjustments to initial
physical and mental decline are experienced.
8. Late Adulthood (61 and above) – increasing rapid physical and mental
decline. Psychological as well as physical illnesses are experienced.
Individual Differences
•Individual differences are the more or less enduring psychological
characteristics that distinguish one person from another and thus help to
define each person’s individuality.

• Individual differences in processing speed are correlated with individual

differences in intelligence and working memory (Jensen, 1998).
Lewis Terman of England is Considered as the Father of
Modern Intelligence Quotient Test
I.Q. DESCRIPTIONS

140+ Genius
130-139 Very superior
120-129 Superior
110-119 Above average
90-109 Average (normal)
80-89 Below average
70-79 Dull (borderline)
50-69 Moron
49 BELOW Imbecile/idiot
(feeble minded)
 Lesson 1 TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS
•The process of teaching-learning is a science that should be
strengthened by research and experimentation.
•It is an art that involves a continuous exchange of knowledge and
action.
•Teaching and learning process is the core of education.
•It is the most powerful instrument of education to bring the desires
changes in the students.
 Concept of Teaching
• Teaching is a complex, goal oriented, multifaceted activity. Stand for
educating the youth or simply giving instructions.
• Teaching is a system that induces learning. It is an organized activity that is
intended to achieve learning by stimulating positive interactions between
the teacher and learners.
• Teaching can be defined as the purposeful manipulation of the learner’s
environment.
• Teaching and learning are the set of events that are designed to
bring the behavior changes in instruction.
• Teaching as success
• Teaching as intentional activity
• Teaching as normative activity
• Scientific definition of Teaching
 Concept of Learning
•Learning can be defined as a change in behavior, perceptions,
insights, attitude, it can be repeated when the need is
aroused.
• Learning takes place in each person’s mind; people learn for
themselves; no one can do it for them.
• Learning through experience will caused individual to change.
but changes in development is not learning.
•Learning is a change or modification in the behavior part of growth.
• Learning process refers to series of learning that takes place.
• Learning is acquisition, through maturation and experience.
Teaching and Learning Process

TEACHER Mover

ELEMENTS
OF
LEARNING TEACHING
provide ENVIRONMENT LEARNER
AND
LEARNING

Key
Participants
 What role does each play in the
TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS

The Teacher
• A teacher is a person who provides education for students, who
facilitate education for an individual.
• A teacher is a person who helps individuals to learn.
• A teacher is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge,
competence or integrity.
The Learner

• The learner is an embodied spirit. He is neither body nor spirit

alone.
• He / She is a union of an emotional body and a sound soul.
• His/ her body experiences and feels pain and pleasure.
• His/ her soul is the principle of spiritual abstraction, self-
reflection.
• Learner is equipped with cognitive as well as appetitive ability.
The Learning Environment

• it consist of the physical, as well as the psychological

environment, that surrounds the learner and that influences
his/ her learning.

• it is the classroom and all the instructional features and the

non-threatening classroom climate needed in planning and
implementing all teaching and learning activities.
 Learning Theories
Learning Theory
A learning theory is a coherent framework and set of integrated
constructs and principles that describe, explain or predict how
people learn, how people acquire new knowledge and develop
skills, how learning occurs, and what motivates people to learn and
changes (Bigge & Shermis, 1992).
 In the context of health education , knowing about learning theories is
a way to understand how people learn.
Learning is dynamic, lifelong process that is unique to each individual.
Some issues like:

a. How does learning takes place,

b. What ensure success or contribute to failure in learning and
c. What the obstacles to learning have been concern of educators?
d. Have been given more emphasis in what is now the trend of
mentoring the mentor.
 BEHAVIORAL LEARNING THEORY

A. Classical Conditioning Theory

B. Operant Conditioning Theory
C. Social Learning Theory
 Classical Conditioning Theory
Learners occurs by pairing a stimulus that is neutral with
respect to a particular response to a stimulus that elicits that
response until the original neutral stimulus come to elicit the same
response. Also known as simple conditioning or conditioned
response.
 Basic Concepts of Classical Conditioning
A. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that naturally produces an unconditioned response. It is an
unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers response.
B. Unconditioned Response (UCR)
a response to unconditioned stimulus. It is the unlearned response
that
occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.
C. Conditioned Stimulus
a stimulus that has required the power to generate a conditioned
response.
D. Conditioned Response
a response elicited after a conditioning process.
 Learning Paradigm
Before Conditioning
Teacher Command- “ recess time” “Child respond”
Neutral Stimulus
“Recess Time + Bell = Child Prepared Snacks”
Neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus
Recess Time = Child put out snack for each encounter with oral command
 Some Applications of Classical to Classroom Teaching
1. Facilitate emotional, behavior and cognitive response to neutral
stimuli though positive associations.
2. Build positive associations between teaching and learning
activities.
3. Relate learning activities with pleasant events.
4. Maintain a positive learning environment.
 Operant Conditioning Theory

An individual learns the desired responses

because he/she is rewarded doing so and
learn the desired responses he/she is
punished doing so.
 Basic Concept of Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning- using pleasant consequences to

control the occurrence of behavior.
Reinforcers – any consequence to awaken behavior.
A. Primary reinforcement – related to basic need e.g food
B. Secondary reinforcer – value of something is required
with primary reinforcer. e.g money
Ex. When you give a dog a food treat and tell him “Good boy”, he’s getting both
the primary stimulus of the treat and the secondary reinforcement of the verbal
praise.
Learning Paradigm
Situation no. 1
Operant behavior
- Diane studied hard and got 98 in the last test in Math
Positive Reinforcement
- father gave him 100 pesos
Response
-Increase the desire to study harder.
Situation no.2
Operant behavior
- Anne studied harder
Negative reinforcement
-escapes home chores, increase the chances of getting high
grades
Response
- keeps on studying harder
 Social Learning Theory
It is based on the studies of Richard Wallace and Albert Bandura concerning a
group of children who were exposed to three models in films. An individual learns
through observation and imitation of others. It consists of four observational
Learning
Four phases:
A. attention (concentration)
B. retention (an ability to retain things in mind)
C. Reproduction (the act or process of reproducing)
D. Motivation (the act or process of motivating someone)
 Components of the Educative Process

• Learner
• Teacher (involved in the learning process)
• School (the learning situation)
 The Three Pillars of Teaching-Learning Process

•Teacher
•Learner
•Subject Matter
 The How of Teaching

• With changing educational goals, the choice of methods

becomes important, how then will the teacher decide what
methods to use?
•These are the things to consider, the educational objectives
or the aim of the lesson, the nature of the subject matter or
the lesson, the nature of the learners, school equipment and
facilities and the teacher.
 Characteristics of Good Methods
• it makes use of the principles of learning and allows the operation of these principle such
as readiness, exercise, and effect as provided for. The lecture is a good method for adult
and not for small children.
• it utilizes the principles of learning by doing field trips and experiments provide firsthand
experiences.
• it provides for individual differences. A method should be flexible enough to serve the
bright, the average, and the slow learners.
• it stimulates thinking and reasoning.
• it provides for growth and development. Children should grow in knowledge and ideas; in
habits; skills and abilities; in attitude and sentiments.
 Teaching and Methods

Methods play a vital role in teaching. They are the avenues that
must be followed to realize a desired learning goal.
A. Lecture Method
B. case study
C. clinical learning Education
D. Group discussion
E. seminar
F. tutorial
 Teaching is more effective and student learning is
enhance when:
A. set of objective – knowledge and skills are expected students to
demonstrate by the end of the course.
B. Instructional Activities- such as case studies, laboratory, discussion,
reading
C. Assessment- test , exams, and performance

According to Young, 2003. The effective teacher possesses certain qualities,

characteristics and attitude which make them one of the most approachable and
respected members of the faculty.
 Lesson 2
Teaching Approach
It is a set of principles, beliefs, or ideas about the nature of learning which is
explained into the classroom. Approaches vary in the degree of teacher and learner
engagement, focus, number of learners involved in the teaching-learning process.
Engagement
Teacher Learner
Focus
Subject matter Learner
Number
Individual Group
A. Discovery Approach
which refers to an inductive method of guiding students to
discuss and organize ideas and processes by themselves.
B. process Approach
In the new curriculum emphasizes it emphasizes science as
a process whereby the child learns to understand his environment
and simultaneously scientific skills through personal experience
with materials and phenomena.
C. Conceptual Approach.
In this approach , subject matter is taught to enable learners to
develop concepts. A concept is one’s mental picture of anything, an idea,
an object, or procedure;
D. Unified Approached
are a means of treating relationships that exist among the
significant components making up a given body of knowledge.
E. Inquiry Approach
is more focused on learning and using content as a means of
develop information-processing and solving –problem skills.
 Instructional Media

• The term instructional media has been defined in

a variety of ways. In some cases, it refers to all aids
that are used by the teacher and students. In other
case it refers only to printed media.
 The Nature of Health
Lesson 3
Eduacation
Health Education involves the teaching and learning of
•
habits concerning the objectives of healthful living.
•Health learning should relate to the interest of students.
• Health Education is any combination of learning experience
designed to facilitate voluntary adaptations of behavior
conducive to health ( Green , et.al 1980). It is a science
and a profession of teaching concepts to promote, and
enhance one’s health.
 What is the purpose of Health Education?

• Health Education aims to positively influence the health behavior

and health perspective of individual and communities for them
develop self-efficacy to adopt healthy lifestyles resulting to healthy
communities.
 Concept of Health and Wellness

• Health is a word that is derived from the old English word for HEAL. It means
whole, its health concern the whole and his/her integrity, soundness or
well-being and that the body, mind and spirit are one.
• Health is the holistic nursing intervention focuses on the total care of individual
as a complete being rather than on fragmented care which focuses only on the
part or parts which are not healthy or function.
• health is holistic and it includes the different dimensions of health taking into
account, the separate influences and interaction of three dimensions.
 The Dimensions of Health

• Broader Dimensions of health in the outer circle.

a. Societal health
b. Environmental Health
• Individual Dimensions of Health in the inner circle.
a. Physical health
b. Mental health
“Learning results from what the student does and thinks, and
only from what the student does and thinks. The Teacher can
advance learning only by influencing what the student does
to learn.”
Herbert A. Simon.
THANK YOU!