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TABLE 5.4.1 FORCE DUE TO CHANGE IN ELEVATION

Change in Force due to Change in Force due to

Location of Location of
elevation change in elevation change in
Pipe End Pipe End
(m) Elevation (m) Elevation

El. at Point A -3.0 0.000 MT Section CD 0.0 0.0 MT

Section AB 2.1 -0.297 MT Section DE 6.8 -0.938 MT

Section BC 5.4 -0.742 MT Section EF 1.7 -0.239 MT

Note: Change in elevation is independent of the upward/ downward movement of pipe.

5.5 Pipe pulling load output

The pull force required to pull the pipe through each of the straight and curved sections is
calculated as per the following formula:

Fig. Free body diagram for pulling of pipe section

For any straight section, the pulling force is calculated from static force balance as follows:

𝐹2 = 𝐹1 + |𝐹𝐹𝑟 | + 𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 ± 𝐹𝑃

For any curved section, the pulling force is calculated from static force balance as follows:

𝐹2 = 𝐹1 + 2 |𝐹𝐹𝑟 | + 𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 ± 𝐹𝑃
Where,

F1 = Force resisting the movement of the remaining pipe at Point 1

(Summation of forces required to pull the pipe in left side)

FFr = Frictional force between the pipe and the soil

Fdrag = Drag force action on pipe

FP = Force due to change in elevation (potential) of pipe section

(It is negative when the pipe is pulled down the drilled hole and positive
when the pipe is pulled up the drilled hole)

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TABLE 5.5.1 PIPE PULLING LOAD OUTPUT

Pipe length
Location of Pipe Section Total Pull Force
down hole Angle Direction
Pipe End Pull Force (MT) (MT)
(m)

At point A 0.0 8o Downwards (Pipe on rollers) FA = 14.392

At point B 15.4 8o to 0o Downwards FAB = 1.807 FB = 15.461

At point C 92.2 0o Horizontal FBC = 10.973 FC = 22.761

At point D 203.4 0o to 9o Upwards FCD= 10.924 FD = 28.365

At point E 289.8 9o Upwards FDE = 10.940 FE = 35.173

At point F 300.9 9o Upwards FEF = 0.840 FF = 35.484

Required pulling capacity for HDD Rig (1.25 times of FF) FRig = 44.36 MT

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STRESS ANALYSIS

6.1 General
Pipeline has been checked against allowable longitudinal stresses and allowable combined
stresses as per ASME B31.4/ ASME B31.8 for the following load cases:
• Installation Case
• Post-installation Hydrotest Case
• Operation Case
For installation case only longitudinal stresses has been calculated, since during installation
pipe string will not have any internal pressure i.e. hoop’s stress. For post-installation
hydrotest and operation case both longitudinal stresses as well as combined stresses shall be
calculated considering restrained pipe.

6.2 Longitudinal Stresses

For locations in the drilled path profile that is suspected of being a critical stress location,
longitudinal stress (SL) shall meet the following criteria as per ASME B31.4/ ASME B31.8:

|𝑆𝐿 | ≤ 𝐹𝐿 × 𝑆𝑀𝑌𝑆

Where,
SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Strength of Pipe material
FL = Allowable percentage of SMYS for longitudinal stress

Also, net Longitudinal Stress in restrained pipe is equal to:

𝑆𝐿 = 𝑆𝑃 + 𝑆𝑇 + 𝑆𝑋 ± 𝑆𝐵

Where,

SP = Longitudinal stress due to internal pressure

ST = Longitudinal stress due to thermal expansion
SX = Longitudinal stress due to axial loading
SB = Bending Stress (due to drill profile curvature radius and overbend on the
rollers) either tensile (+) or compressive (-), whichever leads in higher
value of ‘SL’.

6.2.1 Longitudinal Stress due to Internal Pressure (SP)

The longitudinal stress due to internal pressure in restrained pipelines is equal to:

𝑆𝑃 = 𝜈 × 𝑆𝐻

Where,
ν = Poisson’s Ratio
𝑃𝑑 . 𝐷𝑠
SH = Hoop’s stress = ⁄2𝑡
𝑠

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Pd = Design pressure
Ds = Diameter of steel of pipe
ts = Wall thickness of pipe

6.2.2 Longitudinal Stress due to Thermal Expansion (ST)

The longitudinal stress due to thermal expansion in restrained pipelines is equal to:

𝑆𝑇 = 𝐸𝑠 . 𝛼. (𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 − 𝑇𝑑 )

Where,
Es = Modulus of Elasticity of Steel
Tamb = Ambient temperature of pipeline (installation)
Td = Design temperature of pipeline (buried)
α = Linear coefficient of thermal expansion

6.2.3 Longitudinal Stress due to Axial Loading (SX)

Longitudinal stress due to axial loading other than thermal expansion i.e. pulling force is
calculated as per the following equation:

𝑆𝑋 = 𝑅⁄𝐴
Where,
SX = Tensile Stress
R = Pull force at the specified location
A = Cross-sectional area of steel

6.2.4 Bending Stress (SB)

Bending stress is calculated as per the following equation:

𝐸𝑠 × 𝐷𝑠⁄
𝑆𝐵 = 2𝑅
Where,
SB = Bending Stress
Ds = Steel diameter of pipe
R = Radius of curvature of drill path

Notes:

1. Longitudinal stress due to internal pressure during installation case is null.

2. As small temperature variation is expected between ambient temperature during installation and temperature
of water during hydrotest, longitudinal stress due to thermal stresses shall be calculated for operation case
only.
3. Longitudinal stress due to axial loading other than thermal expansion is calculated for pulling force during
installation case only.
4. Bending stress due to over bend curvature on rollers before the entry pit is calculated for installation case
only.

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TABLE 6.1.1. LONGITUDINAL STRESS – Installation Case

Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal
Stress due to stress due to Stress due to Bending Longitudinal Maximum
Location Internal Thermal Axial Stress Stresses Longitudinal
Pressure Expansion Loading Stress as
Percentage
(SP) (ST) (SX) (SB) (SL)
of SMYS
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
At Point A 0.0 0.0 7.14 ± 95.60 102.74/ -88.45 28.62 %
Section AB 0.0 0.0 7.67 0.0 7.67 2.14 %
Section BC 0.0 0.0 11.29 ± 95.60 106.89/ -84.30 29.77 %
Section CD 0.0 0.0 14.07 0.0 14.07 3.92 %
Section DE 0.0 0.0 17.45 ± 95.60 113.05/ -78.14 31.49 %
Section EF 0.0 0.0 17.61 0.0 17.61 4.90 %
Maximum Longitudinal Stress [Installation] 113.05 31.49 %

Longitudinal Stress Check: For installation case, does the condition

Maximum Longitudinal Stress [31.49%] ≤ Allowable Longitudinal Stress [80%] True

TABLE 6.1.2. LONGITUDINAL STRESS – Hydrotest Case

Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal
Stress due to stress due to Stress due to Bending Longitudinal Maximum
Location Hydrotest Thermal Axial Stress Stresses Longitudinal
Pressure Expansion Loading Stress as
Percentage of
(SP) (ST) (SX) (SB) (SL)
SMYS
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
Point AB 52.71 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.71 14.68 %
Section BC 53.16 0.0 0.0 ± 95.60 148.75/ -42.44 41.44 %
Section CD 53.59 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.59 14.93 %
Section DE 53.19 0.0 0.0 ± 95.60 148.79/ -42.41 41.44 %
Section EF 52.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.69 14.68 %
Maximum Longitudinal Stress [Hydrotest] 148.79 41.44 %

Longitudinal Stress Check: For hydrotest case, does the condition

Maximum Longitudinal Stress [41.44%] ≤ Allowable Longitudinal Stress [80%] True

TABLE 6.1.3. LONGITUDINAL STRESS – Operation Case

Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal
Stress due to stress due to Stress due to Bending Longitudinal Maximum
Location Operating Thermal Axial Stress Stresses Longitudinal
Pressure Expansion Loading Stress as
Percentage
(SP) (ST) (SX) (SB) (SL)
of SMYS
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]

Pipeline 37.56 -78.04 0.0 ± 95.60 55.12/ -136.07 15.35 %

Longitudinal Stress Check: For operation case, does the condition

Maximum Longitudinal Stress [15.35%] ≤ Allowable Longitudinal Stress [80%] True

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