Untitled
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A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of Science Department
TANAUAN CITY INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL
Tanauan City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Program
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and ENGINEERING PROGRAM
Researchers
Adviser
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………......i
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………….....…………...............ii
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………….….…....iii
CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM
Introduction…………………………………….……...….…..1
Hypothesis ……………………………………………………7
Literature Review…………………..……………………......11
Conceptual Framework……………………………….……..22
Synthesis……………………………………………………...23
Definition of Terms…………………………………………...26
Research Design…………………………………….…..…..28
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REFERENCES
References………………………………………………..…..36
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page
2 Research Flowchart………………………………………..…………30
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Housing problems have been a major situation in the Philippines, but not just in
the Philippines, this problem has been dealt with (until now) globally, as every year,
3.5 to 7 billion trees are cut down and 37% of these are caused by timber
harvesting (forest, 2017). The demand for the forest products industry is increasing
with the population which also causes the natural resources from forests to
resources for the forest products industry (Uner et al., 2016). Upon the government
in the search for alternative sources, the reduction in wood supply also led to
several problems that had to do with furnishings and constructions in places in the
Philippines and globally, specifically with populations with high rates of individuals
and families that are under poverty rate; which also includes houses with poor
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), nearly 1 in 5 Filipinos are living below the
poverty line with chances that the number will increase. More Filipinos are poorer
today compared to 2018, the PSA said that the Philippines has a total of 18.1% that
are below the poverty threshold this year (PSA, 2022), and around the globe,
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people living in slums of informal settlements grew to over more than 1 billion
Philippines like the National Housing Authority (NHA), the National Economic and
assess the wood processing plants in the Philippines to help strengthen our
identifying and developing government lands suitable for housing, and ensuring the
a comprehensive and integrated housing program that would cover, among other
and the division of government and private sector participation in order to improve
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house construction in our nation (Corporate Profile, NHA). Building materials for
(etc.) should be enough to complete the whole process of building a house. In the
Philippines, the top materials used for house construction are concrete, steel (or
metal), bricks, and wood (iConceptSEO, 2021). Woodcrafts, furniture, and other
objects that can be made through wood are very popular nowadays due to their
applications, qualities, and designs. There are different types of wood that are used
in different products like plywood, veneer, beech, chipboard, oak, and fiberboard
(furniture, n.d.). Recognizing the limited natural resources and depleting forest
products yet still being affordable and accessible, the focus of this study is modified
wood. This means that when it is installed, there is a chance that it could split or
crack under a lot of stress. If it is not placed with nails at closer intervals, the board
can drop in the middle. This means that projects which require fiberboard will take a
little more work than those with real wood (medium density fiberboard, n.d.).
Fiberboard is used to reduce ridges and uneven surfaces in subfloor and to make a
robust and stable support for the final floor finish. It also helps increase serviceable
life of final floor and has a high load bearing and weight resistance. It is lightweight,
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and it holds paint well. Fiberboard has an eco-friendly composition with the use of
natural ingredients or wastes and scraps from wood (Collins, 2017). Fiberboard can
be made with plant fibers, which makes it affordable and sustainable. The plant
fiber can make the fiberboard more durable. In the Philippines, there are a lot of
fiber plants that can be found like the Abaca fiber, Pineapple fiber, Jute fiber,
Several countries like the Philippines grow species of agave for commercial
applications. The agave fiber was used to manufacture textiles, industrial fillers,
paper, filters, mattresses, carpets and a variety of ropes and twines (Adams,
2015). The lower-grade fiber is processed by the paper industry because of its
high content of cellulose and hemicelluloses. While the medium-grade fiber is used
in the cordage industry for making ropes, baler and binder twine. Ropes and twines
are widely engaged for marine, agricultural, and general industrial use. The higher-
grade fiber after treatment is converted into yarns and used by the carpet industry
(Lock, 1969). Sisal plant is a member of the agave family. The plants grow for 7 to
12 years and then produce a flower stalk and then die. Each plant produces 180 to
240 leaves yielding 1 to 4 tons of fiber per hectare. Its fiber is long, coarse, and
saltwater. Sisal fibers lie along the surface of the leaf (wild fibers, 2017). Agave is a
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genus of monocots native to the hot and arid regions of the Americas, although
some Agave species are also native to tropical areas of South America. The genus
is primarily known for its succulent and xerophytic species that typically form large
Among the basic needs of the poor living in urban areas, the one that makes
consider that food, shelter, clothing and education are among the most basic of
their needs, it is shelter that is the most visible manifestation of the dignity of a
human being. That is why it is very important that there be sustained and vigorous
efforts of the government (both national and local), the business sector, and civil
society to implement the provisions of R.A. No.7279, whose objectives are to uplift
areas through decent housing at affordable cost, coupled with basic services and
employment opportunities.
Nowadays, wood and its different types like plywood and fiberboard or particle
board are used. Some are cheap and some are expensive depending on the
ingredients used and their quality. That’s why the proponents wanted to conduct a
study in making a reinforced fiberboard with the use of sisal fibers. The proponents
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will be conducting this study to test and identify if the fiber in sisal plants can be
This study aims to reinforce fiberboards using Sisal (Agave sisalana) plant.
antimicrobial properties.
2). Identify the properties of the develop product by utilizing Agave sisalana in
terms of:
a. Flexural Strength
b. Impact Strength
c. Compressive Strength
e. Durability
a. Flexural Strength
b. Impact Strength
c. Compressive Strength
e. Durability
Hypothesis
formulated:
a. Flexural Strength
b. Impact Strength
c. Compressive Strength
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e. Durability
This study aims to strengthen the fiberboards with the use of Sisal
Plant Fibers. The main purpose of the study is to extract the sisal plant into
about to prove that the reinforcement of fiber strands coming from Agave
sisalana will help the normal fiberboard to make it more durable, stronger
and less expensive. On the other hand, the stem and roots of the Agave
the leaves of the sisal plant. Sawdust was also used in this study instead
of wood chips that are commonly used in fiberboards. This study will make
us use of the decorticating machine for the extraction of sisal fibers. This
limits the use of hot press for fiberboard production since the binder that
will be used was urea formaldehyde. The test methods covered by this
This study of strengthening the fiberboard with the use of sisal plant fiber is
fiberboards can provide a stronger foundation for the existing homes. The
buildings, which might make them survive longer. Fiberboards can be used
projects that were mandated as the sole national government agency (to
sisal plants used as fiberboards. This study can also help them learn more
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current database of DOST regarding fiberboards and the sisal plant. The
teachers can also use this study as an example of a study. All the possible
and literature to help with their concept related to our research. This could
also help them evaluate the use and properties of fiberboard, improve and
identify the gaps needed to be addressed and as well as possibly for them
fiberboards if the Agave sisalana fibers were not strong enough. The
purpose in the future about replacing plywood or other wood used with
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
fiberboard with the use of sisal plant fiber. This will provide the readers
studies in both local and foreign will include the processes related to fiber
extraction of sisal plant and the machines that were used in manufacturing
the fiberboard. Articles, books, journals, and other researches that provide
understandable manner.
adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix, ultimately
properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mixing ratios and
designs and molded into cubes and cylinders. 5 fiber fractions for the M20
2015).
Agave sisalana and how leaf dimensions are related to fiber properties.
The whorl of the plant was systematically divided into lower, middle, and
upper parts, and five leaves were randomly collected from each helix
position. Leaf fibers were extracted and 2 cm fibers were taken from three
locations on the leaf (top, middle and bottom). The results showed that the
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sisalana agave leaves collected above were the longest and the widest at
the base and middle. The highest Agave sisalana runkel ratio was 0.42.
Young sisal leaves (Agave sisalana) have the best fiber properties for the
properties were tested and the glass laminate was found to have an
MPa and an impact strength of 9.8 J/m among natural fibers. Laminated
applications and can compete with artificial glass fibers (E-glass fibers)
where high stiffness per unit weight is desired. (Samuel et al., 2012).
In this work, residual softwood fibers from the pulp and paper
did not significantly affect the formaldehyde content. (Antov et al., 2021)
stress tolerance and economic traits. Deserti or This study represents the
al., 2018).
fibers were treated with 24, 48, and 72 h soaking times using NaOH
strength and flexural strength were measured for treated, untreated and
were found at 44.0 MPa and 50.8 MPa for fibers with a polyester ratio of
polyester composites reinforced with sisal fibers have been found to have
superior tensile and flexural properties and lower water absorption than
fracture surface showed that the heat-treated fibers were more fragile than
(MDF). Addition of cutting oil to the surface layer improved the flexural
the thickness swelling and water absorption. The improved adhesive bond
surface to the core layer of MDF. Preliminary results of this study indicated
that metalworking fluids used in the metal industry can be efficiently used
Composites made from natural fibers such as sisal and jute polymer
and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GRP) are increasingly being used. In
this study, sisal jute glass fiber reinforced polyester composites are
that incorporating sisal jute fibers into GRP improved its properties and
tested with density values of 1.064 g/cm3 - 1.335 g/cm3, water absorption
Composites-epoxy,” 2022).
properties of sisal fibers obtained from the Agave sisalana plant. The
et al., 2021).
showed that the use of sisal fiber and cement increased the compressive
One way he solves this problem is to add Agave Sisalana fiber and
E-Glass fiber. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the
addition of Agave sisalana fiber and E-glass fiber on the impact resistance
higher impact resistance than E-glass fibers. The conclusion of this study
is that the addition of agave saisalana fiber and E-glass fiber improves
samples were prepared in the form of cubes and prisms from concrete with
0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25% and 1.5%. Testing was performed at her 15th day of
showed that the IFSS values were on the order of the FIB. (Gan et al.,
2014).
For hardwood fiberboards, the bending properties of the 1.00 g/cc density
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board LCNF blend fiberboard were higher than the control fiberboard.
Regarding the internal bond strength (IB), the IB of the LCNF composite
fiberboard was higher than that of the control fiberboard. (Kojima et al.,
2016).
the weight loss, 0.11%, 4.62%, 7.15%, and 10.97%, and the tensile
strength was 10.25 ± 0.05. , 14.47 ± 0.02, 14.48 ± 0.02 and 19.90 ± 0.09
MPa for 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% fiber content, respectively. The
sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different
difference in compaction factor as the variation was very minute after the
addition of fiber. According to the study, 1.5% addition of fiber was more
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effective on compression strength for both the mix design M20 and M25.
Conceptual Paradigm
(INPUT) (PROCESS) (OUTPUT)
Amount of sisal fibers Fiber Extraction
(0%, 25%, 50%, 75%)
Urea formaldehyde
Data Gathering
Ammonium Chloride
Conceptual Framework
The input is the first frame containing the products that are used in
the sisal fibers, urea formaldehyde and ammonium chloride are the
ingredients used. The second frame consists of the process and methods
that are provided the data. The collected materials will be experimented
and observed then the data gathered will be analyzed. The third frame,
reinforced with the use of Agave sisalana fiber is the product of the study.
The feedback connects the output, the process and the input.
Synthesis
can be extracted from sweet sorghum stalks using sodium hydroxide. Also
increase. Fiber morphology such as length, cell wall thickness and lumen
images showed that the high tensile strength fiber bundle will be ridge on
the surface. The study concludes that the sweet sorghum stalk fiber has
materials like coconut coir, fronds, spathes and shredded wood that are
30% fiber by weight. CFB was made by forming the cement-fiber mixture
into mats and pressing them to the desired thickness ranging from 8 mm to
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25 mm. The board is 244 cm long by 61 cm wide. CFB can provide panels
low maintenance cost. The production technology was simple and the
characteristics. It is water-resistant.
(Ramesh et al., 2013), and polymer composites (Layth et al., 2015). In our
the plant we are using for our concept. However not all may be used as
may not be used and will be disregarded, as they were either too complex
or the data gathered is too old and may not be more accurate than the new
and Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Layth and Rahuman both used fibers.
show that plant fibers can be used to strengthen and improve the quality
studies in our study, the interpretation that was known in our study were
the Potential use of the plant in different ways by humans, their chemical
plants/plant fibers and researches that were done that gives benefits to the
community, like the industries (example: in the wood industry, that's why
applied with plant fibers and will still identify if the stem and roots have the
Definition of Terms
fiberboards.
hardener in fiberboards.
development.
CHAPTER 3
Research Design
and price.
design that can establish cause and effect relationships (Prayas Gautam,
2017). Posttest-only control group design follows all the same steps as the
one received treatment and one did not, and the same post-test will be
performed.
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Research Flowchart
this study.
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The materials that will be used in this experiment are sisal plant
machines that will be used are multi-fiber decorticating machine for fiber
extraction, oven cage for sawdust drying, and hot press machine for
fiberboard making. The researchers will also use the following instrument:
weighing scale, tape measure, cabinet, scissors, basins, molding box, mat,
Phase 2: Procedures
be able to perform this research. The main ingredients will be the sisal
fibers of sisal leaves will be washed, and will be extracted through the
decorticating machine. The sisal fibers will be sun-dried for two days,
which is then cut into 1-inch pieces. The sawdust also needs to be dried in
ammonium chloride will be added to the sawdust and will mix constantly.
The same process will be conducted to the sisal fibers on another basin.
Then, the layering of the fiberboard will be made. Half of the sawdust will
be placed on a molding box followed by the sisal fibers and then the other
half of the sawdust. Then, it will be placed inside the hot press machine
covered with a paper mat. This will result to a multilayer type of fiberboard.
The following are the test that will be conducted to determine the
Bending the material to know its maximum stress. Place the finished
fiberboard over two points of contact and then a force will be applied to the
before rupture. This test will be done by bending the material to know its
maximum stress. Place the finished fiberboard over two points of contact
sample is placed into a holding fixture with the geometry and orientation
determined by the type of test that is used and then a known weight
known height so that it collides with the specimen with a sudden force. The
product responds to forces that push, compress, squash, crush and flatten
the test specimen. Compression tests are important to measure the elastic
materials.
determines the force required for a pallet connection to fail due to force
materials.
Statistical Treatment
different statistical treatments for the study. The data that will be collected
in this study will be organized and classified based on the research design
and the problems formulated. The data gathered will be tallied and
withdrawal strength.
there are significant difference between the fiberboards with 0%, 25%,
fiberboards.
References:
Antov, P., Krišt’ák, L., Réh, R., Savov, V., & Papadopoulos, A. N.
(2021). Eco-Friendly Fiberboard Panels from Recycled Fibers
Bonded with Calcium Lignosulfonate. Polymers, 13(4), 639.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040639
Di Bella, G., Fiore, V., Galtieri, G., Borsellino, C., & Valenza, A. (2014).
Effects of natural fibres reinforcement in lime plasters (kenaf and
sisal vs. Polypropylene). Construction and Building Materials, 58,
159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.026
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Gan, H. L., Tian, L., & Yi, C. H. (2014). Effect of Sisal Fiber Surface
Treatments on Sisal Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene (PP)
Composites. Advanced Materials Research, 906, 167–177.
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https://fprdi.dost.gov.ph/354-dost-fprdi-fmb-team-up-to-strengthen-
country-s-wood-processing-industry
https://nha.gov.ph/corporate-profile/
https://nha.gov.ph/programs/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fiberboard
Huang, X., Wang, B., Xi, J., Zhang, Y., He, C., Zheng, J., Gao, J.,
Chen, H., Zhang, S., Wu, W., Liang, Y., & Yi, K. (2018).
Transcriptome Comparison Reveals Distinct Selection Patterns in
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Kojima, Y., Kawabata, A., Kobori, H., Suzuki, S., Ito, H., Makise, R., &
Okamoto, M. (2016). Reinforcement of fiberboard containing lingo-
cellulose nanofiber made from wood fibers. Journal of Wood
Science, 62(6), 518– 525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-
016-1582-3
Kumar, P. P., Rumar, H. R., Sai, P., Jaketia, A., Soni, L., & Achha, A.
(2017). A study on durability of sisal fibre reinforced concrete
composites. Conference: International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, 7.
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_Durability_of_Sisal_Fibre_Reinforced_Concrete_Composites
Mohammed, L., Ansari, M. N. M., Pua, G., Jawaid, M., & Islam, M. S.
(2015). A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite
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