LYNIE JANE C.

CUICO GEC 103 – The Contemporary World

Functions of the State

Political Socialization- Political socialization is a particular type of political learning

whereby people develop the attitudes, values, beliefs, opinions, and behaviors that
are conducive to becoming good citizens in their country. Socialization is largely a
one-way process through which young people gain an understanding of the political
world through their interaction with adults and the media. The government sets rules
and regulations (most of which often become laws), which the people of the
state/country need to follow, and breach of them often becomes not only a moral
wrong but a social wrong as well. Political socialization is a particular type of political
learning whereby people develop the attitudes, values, beliefs, opinions, and
behaviors that are conducive to becoming good citizens in their country.
Socialization is largely a one-way process through which young people gain an
understanding of the political world through their interaction with adults and the
media. People develop attitudes toward the political system through the socialization
process. Political legitimacy is a belief in the integrity of the political system and
processes, such as elections. People who believe strongly in the legitimacy of the
political system have confidence that political institutions will be responsive to the
wants and needs of citizens and those abuses of governmental power will be held in
check. If political leaders engage in questionable behavior, there are mechanisms to
hold them accountable. The presidential impeachment process and congressional
ethics hearings are two such mechanisms.

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_american-government-and-politics-in-the-information-age/
s10-02-political-socialization.html

Policy maker- The main purpose of the government is to have lawmakers set policy
and then have government workers carry out those policies. They impact the life of
every citizen, from how and when we vote to where we can park and what does and
do not constitute a crime. There are several factors that influence policy-making at
local government level. Aspects such as the political environment, the financial
environment and community needs have a direct and significant effect on
policy-making at this level of government. Capacity shortages probably comprise
the factor that has the most detrimental effect on policy-making at local
government level; and therefore the necessity for the relevant skills and knowledge
relating to policy-making is indisputable. It is just as essential, however, that the
other two spheres of government, namely national and provincial government,
should carry out their constitutional obligation to support municipalities and
strengthen their capacity.

https://core.ac.uk/reader/222966290

https://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/UNDP4/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/
Gov_MakingPolicy_Tigno.pdf
Policy Implementation- leadership, communication and feedback mechanisms.
Leadership is needed at all levels of the system for policy implementation. From a
political perspective, the appropriate level of leadership is needed to reshape
mandates, resources, structures and programs. Legislative bodies make public
policy decisions; others perform the administrative task of implementing those
policies. The decisions could be the adoption of a vision for the community, a
comprehensive plan, a budget, or a policy relating to a specific issue, such as
allowing or prohibiting local gambling activities. Policies to adapt to the impacts of
climate change are rapidly emerging across countries, sectors and levels of
government. Less is understood, however, about how individual policies are
accumulating over time into different policy mixes, and what factors explain these
patterns across contexts. Policy instrument perspectives on adaptation form an
important analytical link between debates about different forms of adaptation
governance and specific instances of policy adoption (Henstra 2016). While the
empirical study of policy instruments is well-developed in climate change mitigation
and sustainability research (for example Rogge et al. 2017, Schaffrin et al. 2015,
Jordan et al. 2013), instruments perspectives are still scarce in the empirical
adaptation literature (but see Keskitalo et al. 2016, Macintosh et al. 2015, Macintosh
et al. 2014, Thistlethwaite and Henstra 2017).

https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169842/1/Lesnikowski%20et%20al%202020.pdf

Political Communication- one of the activities made by the government is

education and early childhood education and care. Learning development begin
immediately after birth. During the first three years of a child's life, essential brain
and neural development occurs. Therefore, children greatly benefit by receiving
education before kindergarten. It also supervises all basic education institutions, both
public and private, and provides for the establishment and maintenance of a
complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the goals of
national development. Local governments publish essential data on a host of issues
such as community development, community health, education, recreation, crime,
and interesting stories about its citizens. In many ways, social media is a new
outlet for local governments. It's also one that can have great benefits for them.
Social media outlets like Facebook can help get out important news like school
closures, road detours, emergency power outages, floods, fires, and other vital
information. Social media is also a great way for local governments to resound the
truth when necessary. Timely, genuine messages through social media can dispel
rumors, resolve inaccuracies, and provide a venue for local governments to post
rebuttals about important issues. Local governments can also effectively use social
media to respond quickly in the event of a crisis or emergency. Communication is
vitally important during times of emergencies. Having a channel like social media to
get the truth out to the community helps to keep rumors at bay and helps prevent
unnecessary panics. When a local community uses social successfully to handle a
crisis, the public will remember and seek out that same media outlet when they need
information again. This is part of the process of creating trust between local
governments and its citizens. Social media outlets can also be used to generate
goodwill with local citizens. It's a good place to post information about community-
sponsored events like Shop with a Cop, coat or toy drives, and other charity events.
https://www.diligent.com/en-au/insights/board-communication-local-government/importance-
strong-communication-local-government/ 

Policy Adjudication- is the process by which a court judge resolves issues between
two parties. Adjudication hearings are similar to the arbitration hearing process.
Generally, adjudication hearings involve money or nonviolent infractions that result in
a distribution of rights and obligations for all parties involved. Policy adjudicator
is someone who presides, judges, and arbitrates during a formal dispute or
competition. They have numerous purposes, including preliminary legal judgments,
to determine applicant eligibility, or to assess contenders' performance in
competitions. The formal giving or pronouncing a judgment or decree in a court
proceeding; also the judgment or decision given.

In Consumer Complaints handling, the process of adjudication starts after efforts

to arrive at an amicable settlement have failed during the Mediation stage, the
Complainant may opt to pursue his/her consumer complaint further by filing a
formal complaint with the Adjudication Division.

Once the essential requirements have been complied, the complaint will then be
assigned to the Adjudication Officer who will be tasked to adjudicate on the
consumer complaint by ordering the filing of the respective position papers from
the parties within ten (10) working days from receipt of the notice/order. Once the
position papers have been submitted, the Adjudication Officer will determine
whether or not the complainant is entitled to the remedy of Repair, Replace, or
Refund and may also impose the appropriate administrative penalty or sanction
prescribed by applicable laws/regulations if necessary.

https://fairtrade.dti.gov.ph/faq/what-is-adjudication/#:~:text=The%20formal%20giving%20or
%20pronouncing,the%20judgment%20or%20decision%20given.

Which among the functions of the State our government needs to focus on as
they appear to be vital in achieving the goals and objectives of the
government?

The Constitution specifically grants Congress its most important power the authority
to make laws and that is the Political implementation. Creating laws that determine
the formation and powers of local governments is one of the most important powers
of the state. Counties, towns, and cities are the legal units of the states. Many states
have strong home rule laws.
For the Goals of the State
SECURITY
SURVIVAL- is the essential component of safety. It necessitates the state's very
existence, meaning that neither internal forces nor those of other states manage to
overthrow it. Survival, or the act of surviving, is the propensity of something to
continue existing, particularly when this is done despite conditions that might kill or
destroy it. An example of survival is someone beating cancer. We need to survive
and always believe that anything is possible. “Things that have never happened
before happen all the time. Today, JEST Camp is one of the country's premier
Survival Course Providers in the Philippines, offering adventurous souls a chance to
uncover their primitive instinct for survival through teaching them indigenous skills
with the widest range and most comprehensive survival training courses.

https://www.jestcamp.com/about_us#:~:text=Today%2C%20JEST%20Camp%20is
%20one,most%20comprehensive%20survival%20training%20courses.

PROSPERITY

ECONOMIC GROWTH- indicates the expanding size, complexity, and specialized

nature of the productive system and of the output good. Also, an increase in the
capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period
of time to another. It can be measured in nominal or real terms, the latter of which is
adjusted for inflation. Example, Books, which were previously only available to tiny
elite, became available to more and more people. This is one example of how growth
is possible and what economic growth is an increase in the production of goods and
services that people produce for each other. Industry and Trade
Services, industry, and agriculture are the main sectors of the Philippine economy.
Food processing, cement, iron, and steel production, and telecommunications are
among the country's most significant contributors.

https://www.asiafundmanagers.com/us/philippines-economy/

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- Economic development includes initiatives that

improve infrastructure, enhance our education system, better our public safety,
improve parks, and foster endless ways to incentivize and attract new businesses
and jobs. Economic development helps to protect the local economy from economic
downturns by attracting and expanding the region's major employers. For
example, improved productivity, higher literacy rates, and better public education are
all consequences of economic development in a country.

How the current regime/administration realizes or carries out each of your

chosen goal of the State?

 The public sector activities taken up by the government are railways,

electricity generation, and health services. The railways ensure cheap
 transportation across the country. The government undertakes electricity
generation to provide power at a reasonable rate to consumers.
 The government provides the legal and social framework, within which the
economy operates, maintains competition in the marketplace, provides public
goods and services, redistributes income, corrects for externalities, and takes
certain actions to stabilize the economy.
 Governments provide the legal and social framework, maintain competition,
provide public goods and services, redistribute income, correct for
externalities, and stabilize the economy. An economic activity takes place
when resources such as capital goods, labor, manufacturing techniques or
intermediary products are combined to produce specific goods or services.
Thus, an economic activity is characterized by an input of resources, a
production process and an output of products (goods or services). It ensures
proper utilization of resources such as national, human, and physical
resources. These resources play a very crucial role to develop the production
capacity and as well as economic growth of the rate.

Which of the goals appear to be the priority of this current administration?

For me it is the economic development because it simply put, cities with more
resources are better equipped to provide for their communities. Economic
development increases tax revenues, available jobs, and opportunities for citizens.
Having economic development, and other entities responsible for implementation,
who understand and accept their roles in implementing the vision, incorporate those
roles into their organizations’ strategic plans, and establish ongoing communication
among themselves to avoid gaps, duplication or turf battles.

Which among the goals should be given precedence by our government?

Why?

For me it is the economic development because it simply put, cities with more
resources are better equipped to provide for their communities. Economic
development increases tax revenues, available jobs, and opportunities for citizens.
Having economic development, and other entities responsible for implementation,
who understand and accept their roles in implementing the vision, incorporate those
roles into their organizations’ strategic plans, and establish ongoing communication
among themselves to avoid gaps, duplication or turf battles.

For Indicators of Good Governance

▪ Rate, one (1) being the lowest score & ten (10) highest score, how well this
government fare in each of the indicator of good governance? Justify your
rating score.
LEGITIMACY AND VOICE

7/10 – We could say that it was a good governance if all men ,women and the
LGBTQIA has the voice in decision-making, either directly or through legitimate
intermediate institutions that represents them.

Around the world, we see stigmatization, harassment and outright attacks used to
silence and discredit women who are outspoken as leaders, community workers,
human rights defenders and politicians. Women, girls and people with diverse
gender identities continue to face structural, systemic and legal barriers to the
realization of the right to freedom of opinion and expression.

DIRECTION

7/10 - the government should have a broad and long-term plan on good governance
and human development, along with a sense of what is needed for such
development. For example, It is obvious that the Philippine Government is struggling
to comply with the constitutional mandate that the State is obliged to provide free
quality education at the basic education level for all Filipino children and youth. The
inadequacies of the State are either due to limited funds or poor governance or both.
It is really important for the government to pay attention regarding to this matter, as
education is the passport to a great future.

PERFORMANCE

10/10 - Carefully and painstakingly measuring governance by the performance

method can show whether regimes are delivering necessary and desirable
governmentally provided performance results to their citizens. This concept of
governance enables an existing government, civil society, or donors to appreciate
which parts of an overall system are working well and which poorly. Critical decisions
can thus be made that can, in the best of circumstances, improve living conditions
for the inhabitants of the developing world.

ACCOUNTABILITY

10/10 – it means that public officials elected and un-elected have an obligation to
explain their decisions and actions to the citizens. Government accountability is
achieved through the use of a variety of mechanisms political, legal, and
administrative designed to prevent corruption and ensure that public officials remain
answerable and accessible to the people they serve. In the absence of such
mechanisms, corruption may thrive.

FAIRNESS

8/10 - If everyone is involved, then equality is ensured, and everyone deserves the
opportunity to make their voices heard, whether it is through voting or running
themselves. Equality is a crucial part of a functioning government system, along with
being a key portion of basic human rights. There are two types of democracies:
republic and direct.

Which form/s of government is/are best for the Philippines? Substantiate your
answer.

Democracy is considered as the best form of government because of the following

reasons: In democracy, people have the right to choose their rulers. If rulers do not
work well, people will not elect him in the next election. Democracy has more
freedom of speech than any other forms of government. Democracy is better than
other forms of government as it enhances the dignity of the individual, improves the
quality of decision-making, and provides a method to resolve conflicts. The 5
arguments in favor of democracy are it is a more accountable form of government,
improves decision-making, enhances citizens' dignity, can correct its mistakes, and
can deal with conflicts. In a system of government known as the presidential system,
the president is the head of the executive branch and is chosen by popular vote. On
the other side, the Unitary System is a form of governance in which local
governments have a limited amount of autonomy but authority is centralized in the
national government.

The fact that the executive, legislative, and judicial departments of government are
clearly separated from one another under the presidential system is one of its
benefits. This guarantees that there are checks and balances in place to avoid power
abuses and prevents any branch from becoming overly dominant. The president is
directly answerable to the people, and if necessary, he or she may be removed from
office by impeachment.

The Unitary System also permits more effective governance and decision-making. It
is simpler to organize and carry out plans and programs on a national scale when
authority is centralized in the national government. This is crucial in a nation like the
Philippines, which has a sizable population and numerous distinct areas.

Moreover, the Presidential and Unitary System offers continuity and stability in the
executive branch. There are no unexpected changes in leadership that can impair
governance and lead to instability because the president has a fixed term and can
only be removed from office using legal procedures.

Ultimately, the Presidential and Unitary System is the best type of government for
the Philippines because it guarantees stability and continuity in governance, a clear
separation of powers, and effective governance. While there may be benefits to
alternative systems of governance, such as the parliamentary and federal ones, they
might not be as well suited to the particular needs and circumstances of the
Philippines.