Behavioral and Psychological Responses Towards Coronavirus Disease: A Study Based On Employees in The Garment Industry

BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TOWARDS
CORONAVIRUS DISEASE: A STUDY BASED ON EMPLOYEES IN

THE GARMENT INDUSTRY
W.O.K.S.Kumara
BM/2016/209
January 2022
BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TOWARDS
CORONAVIRUS DISEASE: A STUDY BASED ON EMPLOYEES IN THE
GARMENT INDUSTRY
By
W.O.K.S.Kumara
BM/2016/209
A Dissertation submitted to the

Department of Human Resource Management
Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies
University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the
Bachelor of Business Management (Special) Degree
In Human Resource Management
January 2022
2
Declaration
I hereby declare that the research work embodied in this dissertation is my own, and does
not incorporate without acknowledgement, any material previously submitted for a degree
or diploma in any university, and to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain
any material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference
is made in the text.
………………………………
W.O.K.S.Kumara
BM/2016/209
29th January 2021
iii
Certification of the Supervisor
I hereby certify that the dissertation submitted by W.O.K.S.Kumara , Index Number

BM/2016/209 is completed under my supervision, and to the best of my knowledge the
particulars exemplified in the dissertation are correct, and recommend to be presented in
the final VIVA.
……………………………..
Signature of the Supervisor
Name of the Supervisor: Dr. R.A.I.C. Karunarathna
Date:
iv
Acknowledgement
My Supervising Research Senior Lecturer Dr.R.A.I.C.Karunarathna continued support and

guidance greatly contributed to the successful completion of the research. I am extremely
grateful for her support, guidance, and patience throughout this entire process. I would like
to express my sincere gratitude to my other lecturers for their direct and indirect support. I
would like to thank my family for encouraging and supporting me throughout this entire
process. In particular, a special thank you to my mother and brother for supporting my
educational aspirations and for teaching me courage. Finally, thanks to the support of my
friends and colleagues who have supported me in various ways during this period and have
been able to successfully pursue my academic career with other equally important
competitive priorities.
v
Contents
Declaration ......................................................................................................................... iii
Certification of the Supervisor ............................................................................................ iv
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... v
Contents .............................................................................................................................. vi
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... ix
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... x
List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... xi
Abstract ..............................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1-5
1.1. Background of The Study ..................................................................................... 1
1.2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 4
1.3. Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... 5
1.4. Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 5
1.5. Chapter Framework ............................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 7-13
2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. Issues related to the pandemic. ........................................................................... 7
2.1.2. Measures to prevent coronavirus infection ......................................................... 8
2.1.3. Preparing for the pandemic................................................................................. 9
2.2. Summary Table of Literature Review ..................................................................... 10
2.3. Chapter Summary .................................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 3 – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY ...... 14-24
3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 14
3.2. Research Gap........................................................................................................... 14
3.3. Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................... 14
vi
3.4. Hypotheses .............................................................................................................. 15
3.5. Research Approach ................................................................................................. 16
3.6. Research Design ...................................................................................................... 16
3.6.1. Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................... 16
3.6.2. Research Strategy ............................................................................................. 17
3.6.3. Extent of Researcher Interference .................................................................... 17
3.6.4. Study Setting..................................................................................................... 18
3.6.5. Unit of analysis ................................................................................................. 18
3.6.6. Time Horizon .................................................................................................... 18
3.7. Population, Sample and the Sampling Technique ................................................... 18
3.7.1. Population ......................................................................................................... 18
3.7.2. Sample .............................................................................................................. 19
3.7.3. Sample Technique ............................................................................................ 19
3.8. Measurement Scales of Variables ........................................................................... 19
3.8.1. Issues related to the pandemic .......................................................................... 19
3.8.2. Measures to prevent coronavirus infection ....................................................... 20
3.8.3. Preparing for the pandemic............................................................................... 20
3.8.4. Age.................................................................................................................... 21
3.8.5. Gender .............................................................................................................. 21
3.8.6. Education .......................................................................................................... 21
3.8.7. Monthly income ................................................................................................ 21
3.9. Operationalization ................................................................................................... 21
3.10. Data Collection Methods....................................................................................... 23
3.11. Data Analysis Techniques ..................................................................................... 23
3.12 . Summary .............................................................................................................. 24
vii
CHAPTER 4 – DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ............................................. 25-41
4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 25
4.2. Sample Composition ........................................................................................... 25
4.2.1. Age ............................................................................................................... 25
4.2.2. Gender .......................................................................................................... 27
4.2.3. Highest level of education ........................................................................... 28
4.2.4. Monthly income ........................................................................................... 29
4.3. Preliminary Analysis ........................................................................................... 31
4.3.1. Reliability analysis ....................................................................................... 31
4.3.2. Validity analysis........................................................................................... 31
4.3.3. Descriptive statistics (Behavioral and psychological responses)................. 32
4.3.4. Correlation Test ........................................................................................... 33
4.4. Hypothesis Testing .............................................................................................. 34
4.5. Summary of Hypotheses Testing ........................................................................ 41
4.6. Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 41
CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................... 42-46
5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 42
5.2. Key findings ........................................................................................................ 42
5.3. Discussion ........................................................................................................... 42
5.4. Theoretical Implications ...................................................................................... 44
5.5. Practical Implications .......................................................................................... 45
5.6. Limitations and Avenues for the Future Researchers ......................................... 45
5.2. Conclusion (Summary of the Study) .................................................................... 46
Reference .................................................................................................................... 47
Appendix .................................................................................................................... 52
viii
List of Tables
Table 2.1:Summary table of literature review ................................................................... 10

Table 3.1.Operationalization of Variables ......................................................................... 22
Table 4.1: Age Composition of the Sample ....................................................................... 26
Table 4.2: Gender Composition of the Sample .................................................................. 27
Table 4.3: Highest Level of Education Composition of the Sample ................................. 28
Table 4.4: Monthly income Composition of the Sample ................................................... 30
Table 4.5:Cronbach's Alpha Value .................................................................................... 31
Table 4.6:KMO and Bartlett's Test .................................................................................... 31
Table 4.7:Validity Statistics ............................................................................................... 32
Table 4.8:Descriptive statistics of Behavioral and psychological responses ..................... 32
Table 4.9:Inter-item correlation coefficient, mean, standard deviation ............................. 34
Table 4.10:One-Way ANOVA test (Behavioral and Psychological responses by Age) ... 34
Table 4.11:Independent sample t-test(Behavioral and Psychological responses by Gender)
............................................................................................................................................ 35
Table 4.12:Group Statistics (Gender) ................................................................................ 35
Table 4.13:One-Way ANOVA test (Behavioral and Psychological responses by Education)
............................................................................................................................................ 36
Table 4.14:One-Way ANOVA test (Behavioral and Psychological responses by Monthly
Income) .............................................................................................................................. 36
Table 4.15: Chi-square analysis (Age)............................................................................... 37
Table 4.16: Chi-square analysis (Gender) ......................................................................... 38
Table 4.17: Chi-square analysis (Level of education) ...................................................... 39
Table 4.18:Chi-square analysis (Monthly Income) ........................................................... 40
ix
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Covid confirmed cases and deaths of 2021 September 26 ................................ 1
Figure 3.1:Conceptual Framework of the Study ................................................................ 14
Figure 4.1: Age Composition of the Sample .................................................................... 26
Figure 4.2: Gender Composition of the Sample ................................................................ 27
Figure 4.3: Highest Level of Education Composition of the Sample ................................ 29
Figure 4.4: Monthly income Composition of the Sample.................................................. 30
Figure 4.6:Histogram of behavioral and psychological responses .................................... 33
x
List of Abbreviations
ANOVA - Analysis of Variance
GCE A/L - General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
GCE O/L - General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
GDP - Gross domestic product
KMO - Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin
SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences
UK - United Kingdom
WHO - World Health Organization
xi
Abstract
Employees are a valuable resource among the various resources within an organization.
Moreover, it is important for their employees to maintain good health and well-being in the
current COVID-19 epidemic. Previous research has found that factors that influence the
behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease include age, gender,
monthly income, and level of education. Much research and study has been conducted to
examine the effect of age, gender, monthly income, and level of education on the behavioral
and psychological responses to corona virus disease in the Western context. We know very
little about the research done in Sri Lanka. Thus, the aim of the study was to identify
behavioral and psychological responses to corona virus infection in Sri Lankan garment
workers. In this study, the researcher conducted a cross-sectional survey of a sample of
750 garment workers in Sri Lanka using a standard questionnaire randomly selected from
the population and used to collect primary data. Detailed statistics on SPSS coding, valid
analysis, reliability, and correlation testing. One-way ANOVA test and independent sample
t-test were used to test the hypothesis. Collected data analyzed with assistance.
Furthermore, research finds that factors influencing behavioral and psychological
responses to coronavirus include age (F = 11.461, p = .000), gender (F = 30.413, p = .000),
monthly income (F = 8.322 , p = .000), education level (F = 18.759, p = .000). were found
to have a significant effect. This study will enable Sri Lankan apparel workers to gain an
understanding of the impact of the corona epidemic. It is also important for the government,
the Ministry of Health and managers to make decisions. However, the scope of the study is
limited to employees in the garment sector in Sri Lanka. However, the scope of the study
is limited to employees in the garment sector in Sri Lanka.
Keywords: COVID-19(Corona), Behavioral and Psychological Responses, Age, Gender,
Level of education, Monthly Income
xii
1. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of The Study
Covid 19 is a very serious epidemic. Individuals react differently to the epidemic. The
behavioral and psychological responses of those individuals are important.
The World Health Organization named the disease Covid 19 on February 11, 2020. The
disease began to spread around December 2019, based in Wuhan, China. In March 2020,
the World Health Organization declared the world an epidemic as the disease began to
spread around the world (Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) – World Health Organization,
2021). Globally, as of 26 September 2021, 230,418,451 Covid-19 patients have been
confirmed and 4,724,826 deaths have been reported to the World Health Organization.
There are 42,746,878 confirmed cases of Covid-19 patients in South Asia and 672,295
deaths reported to the World Health Organization. In Sri Lanka, 510,040 Covid-19 patients
have been confirmed and 12,448 deaths have been reported to the World Health
Organization. (WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, 2021).
Figure 1.1: Covid confirmed cases and deaths of 2021 September 26
Source: WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard
1
The disease infects our respiratory system. The virus can be spread by small liquid particles
in the mouth or nose of an infected person. (Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it
transmitted?, 2021). Symptoms include fever, cough, cold, sore throat, and fatigue. The
worst-case scenario is Covid pneumonia (Melnick & Darling-Hammond , 2020). Social
guidelines for avoiding the disease include maintaining social distance, using masks, and
frequent hand soaping and disinfectant cleaning, as well as not going to public places in
vain. (Advice for the public on COVID-19 – World Health Organization, 2021)
Thus, the disease is spreading rapidly around the world. This can be interpreted as a public
accident emergency. People must respond to such accidents in an emergency and stop them
from spreading. Government alone cannot do that (Nelson, Lurie, Wasserman, &
Zakowski, 2007). Therefore, it is essential to involve the public in controlling this epidemic.
It is important for the public to be aware of preventive measures and to focus on self-
defense. Guiding the public to become full and active participants is essential to improving
flexibility and minimizing overall risk to the population (de Zwart, Veldhuijzen, Richardus,
& Brug, 2010).
Emerging communicable diseases have gained new importance in the government hospital
sector since the 1990s. Governments around the world are making plans to use these for
emergencies. It is very important that they are transmitted to the public. (Holmes, 2008).
The current epidemic of Covid takes a similarly special place. The success or failure of all
plans for the disease depends on the response of the public and the actions taken by the
public to prevent or slow the spread of the disease (Guest, del Rio, & Travis, 2020).
Everyone around the world responds differently to every single situation that occurs,
especially in a situation as serious as an epidemic. Each person builds a social response that
is unique to their needs (Ahmed, 2020). Public attitudes, beliefs, and the level of behavioral
and psychological responses to disease will determine the success of disease prevention
(Lau, Yang, sui, & Kim, 2003).
Significant changes in the population can be seen in the early stages of the epidemic. If the
behavior of the epidemic is completely different from what it was before, behavioral
changes may occur in response to it (Drury, Carter, Ntontis, & Guven, 2020). Depending
on the changes in behavior and their content, the factors that develop them as well as the
methods of modifying them vary. The spread of an infectious disease creates serious
2
situations and challenges, and every relevant protective behavior varies widely depending
on the circumstances and/or ability and/or motivation for changes in behavior.
Understanding these effects is important for developing effective strategies to protect
against pandemics (Michie , West, & Amlot, 2020) .
As the pandemic spreads, so do the psychological responses of individuals to the effects of

the pandemic. As information about the epidemic changes, so does the public outcry. Some
people take drastic measures while others will not. Such responses are based on their views
on the pandemic (Everett, Colombatto, Chituc, Brady, & Crockett, 2020). For example,
some consider it a moral obligation to remain socially isolated in order to protect fellow
citizens who may be at risk. Others may disagree, believing that such actions are unethical,
harm the economy, and increase unemployment and social damage in various ways (Gupta,
2021).
At the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, some people did extra shopping. In fact, the
purchase of surplus goods was based on individual criteria. It’s because people believe they
may have to stay home longer and others think they’ll empty the shelves sooner. In the face
of such a crisis, the people reacted. This is how mental and behavioral individuals respond
to threats (Drury, Carter, Ntontis, & Guven, 2020). The mental reaction of the people there
was to think that they would have to stay at home for a long time and that others would
soon empty the shelves. Doing extra shopping is a behavioral response.
According to research on emotional risk, people's response to risk depends on their

emotional response to cognitive situations and their cognitive assessment of those risks.
When such an event occurs, those emotional reactions often lead to behavioral reactions
(Loewenstein, Weber, Hsee, & Welch, 2001). Behavioral and psychological responses to
coronavirus disease are individual changes in thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns that
occur during a pandemic (Aschwanden, et al., 2020).
Considering all of the above, the thoughts and feelings that people have about events related
to the Covid 19 pandemic are psychological responses. Changes in behavior associated
with those events are called behavioral responses.
The aim of the present study is to study the behavior and psychological responses of
garment workers to the pandemic. The apparel sector selected for this study is also a very
important sector for Sri Lanka. Provides employment for many people. Sri Lankan
3
garments are exported to a large number of countries around the world, including the
European Union and the United States. It is one of Sri Lanka's leading export sectors and
contributes significantly to GDP. It is a key component of Sri Lanka's foreign exchange
earnings (Embuldeniya, 2015). It is hoped that this study will be important to understand
the behavior of garment sector workers in this epidemic situation and to deal with the new
epidemic situation in Sri Lanka. Very few studies have been conducted in this regard
around the world and almost no such study has been conducted in Sri Lanka.
1.2. Problem Statement
With the advent of covid 19, the day-to-day living conditions of people around the world
changed. Similarly, the way of life of the people living in Sri Lanka has changed. Sri
Lankans have not faced such an epidemic recently. This epidemic is a new challenge for
Sri Lankans. This had a huge impact on the employees working in the garment sector.
To understand the impact of the epidemic on workers in the garment industry, we can look
at how those workers responded to the epidemic. We need to look at how employees have
reacted behaviorally and psychologically to the epidemic.
This research focuses on the following problem:
What are the behavioral and psychological responses of garment workers to pandemics?
Sub-question is:
What are the responses to the issues related to the pandemic?

What are the responses to the measures to prevent coronavirus infection?
What are the responses to preparing for the pandemic?
What are the responses to the time estimates of the consequences of the pandemic?
What is the impact of age on the behavioral and psychological responses to the pandemic?
What is the impact of gender on the behavioral and psychological responses to the
pandemic?
What is the impact of gender on the behavioral and psychological responses to the
epidemic?
What is the impact of monthly income on the behavioral and psychological responses to
the epidemic?
4
1.3. Objectives of the Study
General objective
Identify the behavioral and psychological responses of garment workers to a pandemic

situation.
Specific objectives
The impact of a pandemic on garment workers.
Getting to know employees' views on health care plans.
Understand how employees manage the pandemic.
Knowing employees' views on the pandemic situation.
1.4. Significance of the Study
This research will be important for garment industry factories. Employers can better
manage their employees by understanding the behavioral and psychological reactions of
employees to the current pandemic. The government can look into the responses of workers
in the garment industry and the health plans they have formulated. It is important to know
the successes and failures of the government's current plans as well as to make future plans.
The findings will be important to future researchers as there is little research on the subject.
This research issue is also a subject for us as students studying Human Resource
Management. It is also a great opportunity to develop our knowledge in the field.
1.5. Chapter Framework
The research report is structured in five chapters.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to the first chapter of this study. It consists of the introduction to
the study, the problem statement, the objective and the significance.
Chapter 2 - Literature Review The second chapter of the study. This is the most important
chapter that provides the existing literature on behavior and psychological responses. It also
expresses the model and hypothetical development of the study
Chapter 3 - This chapter focuses on methodology. It describes the population, samples,

data collection methods, measurement methods and data analysis methods.
5
Chapter 4 - Chapter four describes the results and discussion of the research study about
the impact of on behavior and psychological responses and practical implications of the
study
Chapter 5 - Overall conclusion and recommendations chapter is the final chapter of the
study. It includes an overall summary of the study, limitations and recommendations for
future researchers
6
2. CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
The literary review provides a theoretical basis for research and determines the nature of
research. This chapter reviews the definitions, models, and theories of behavioral and
psychological responses to coronavirus disease.
The behavioral and psychological responses of individuals to covid 19 pandemics can be

categorized under 4 categories. Issues related to the pandemic, Measures to prevent
coronavirus infection, Preparing for the pandemic, and Time estimates of the consequences
of the pandemic (Aschwanden, et al., 2020).
2.1.1. Issues related to the pandemic.
Before and after the release of COVID-19 on January 20, 2020, emotional analysis and
paired sample T-testing were performed to examine changes in the same group. There the
authors found that people developed negative emotions during the epidemic. Individuals'
sensitivity to social risks increased, and positive emotions and life satisfaction decreased.
People were more concerned about their health and family and less concerned about leisure
and friends (Li, Wang, Xue, Zhao, & Zhu, 2020).
According to a study of Iran's emotional experiences during the COVID-19 crisis, the
Corona crisis led to the closure of mosques and places of worship, the can't be gathering of
people during the festive season, the need to stay home alone with family members, and
the avoidance of visiting relatives and friends. So angry feelings developed in the people
(Ahmadi & Ramezani, 2020).
A study of 69 suicides in the covid pandemic in India revealed fears of infection, subsequent
financial crisis, loneliness, social strikes, pressure to quarantine, COVID-19 work-related
stress, inability to return home, Alcoholism, and severe psychological effects associated
with COVID-19 (Dsouza, Quadros, Hyderabadwala, & Mamun, 2020). Revealed in a
review using 24 articles. Negative psychological effects were reported, including prolonged
quarantine, fear of infection, despair, boredom, inadequate supply, inadequate information,
financial loss, and confusion due to disrepute and anger (Brooks, et al., 2020).
7
In April 2020, an Italian survey estimated the eating and lifestyle changes of 3533 people
between the ages of 12 and 86. During this period, 34.4% of respondents had increased
appetite and 17.8% had decreased appetite. As a result, nearly half of the study participants
reported weight gain during the pandemic. Additionally, it was observed that although there
was no difference in the physical activity of the group of individuals who had not played
any sport before the Covid-19 lockout, the frequency of training among the physical
athletes increased. About 3% of smokers quit during this time (Di Renzo, et al., 2020).
According to research conducted in Pakistan, the number of suicides during and after an
pandemic is high. Many suicides are due to the economic downturn associated with locking
up. The second factor that contributes to suicide is the fear of infection. Unemployment
associated with locking up exacerbates life-threatening conditions (Mamun & Ullah, 2020).
It shows a positive link between the economic downturn and the rising number of suicides
(Oyesanya, Lopez-Morinigo, & Dutta, 2015)
2.1.2. Measures to prevent coronavirus infection
Guidelines for wearing masks vary considerably across countries. Doctors have different
opinions about these masks. But many countries have made it mandatory to wear a mask.
The use of a quality mask can reduce the risk of infection (Li, Liu, Li, Qian, & Dai, 2020).
Recommended measures to prevent the disease in people who are suspected of having the
virus and those who care for them. Frequent hand washing, staying away from other people
not touching the face, wearing face masks are recommended (Jain, et al., 2020).
A study of 1050 people in Thailand found that 24% of people wear masks to protect
themselves from the disease. COVID-19 was independently associated with a lower risk of
infection compared to wearing a mask. People who wash their hands frequently and wear
regular masks are and more likely to wash their hands and work to maintain social distance.
It has been found that wearing a mask, washing hands frequently, maintaining a distance
of more than 1 meter and not having close contact for 15 minutes would reduce the risk of
contracting the virus by 84% (Doung-ngern, et al., 2020)
8
According to a study of laser clinics during pandemics, all procedures in the middle of the
pandemic could not be postponed altogether and had to be started gradually with the slow
reopening of laser clinics. Here are some tips to help you get started: Patients undergoing
laser treatment should maintain a distance of at least 1 to 2 meters from each other,
depending on the size of the clinic. In case of any doubt, in order to find the contacts
properly, get their complete data about anyone who enters the clinic. Staff should obtain
the full address and telephone details and update details. Patients should have their
temperature measured before entering the clinic and be checked for covid 19 symptoms at
the clinic. Hand washing should be done before and after treatment and contact with eyes,
nose and mouth should be avoided. Physicians and nurses should also wear gloves and
masks. At the end of each treatment, disinfection should be done using the disinfectant
(Elsaie & Nada, 2020).
2.1.3. Preparing for the pandemic
According to research conducted in Taiwan, the shortage of face masks was due to the fact
that people in the covid 19 condition were increasingly buying masks. Due to the shortage
of face masks, the Taiwanese government began implementing a ration system on February
6, 2020. Everyone in the country was told to buy only two face masks within seven days.
The National Health Insurance Administration of Taiwan has made it possible for people
to access online data with real-time updates on how to get face masks at all pharmacies and
selected local health centers in the country. Based on open data, many software applications
were quickly developed to assist the public in the efficient search of outlets (Eunice J, et
al., 2020)
That there is a high demand for the purchase of essential goods in the event of severe
uncertainty. It was discovered during a study of consumer spending dynamics using in-
house scanner data to cover consumer goods during the first wave of the COVID-19
pandemic in the UK. Despite the unusually high demand, there was a high demand from
the rich and a low demand from the general public. However, in the period before the lock-
up, demand from the wealthy and the general public increased compared to the purchases
of ordinary goods. (O'Connell, De Paula, & Smith, 2021).
9
According to research into the role of personality in the psychological and behavioral
responses of the public to the coronary virus epidemic in the United States, Participants
may be required to purchase and store face masks, hygiene items, and food items to prepare
for the outbreak (Aschwanden, et al., 2020). According to research conducted by 34
countries on international trade, the growth in exports of personal protective equipment in
May 2020 was 2.5 times the volume of exports in 2019. Even in August, it was more than
50%. This is in line with customer demand (Hayakawa & Mukunoki, 2021). The reason for
such an increase in exports is that I mostly buy personal protective equipment to prepare
for the covid.
2.2. Summary Table of Literature Review
Table 2.1:Summary table of literature review
Authors Independent Dependent Sample Findings

variables variable
Li, Wang, Xue, Emotions Psychological Using Increased sensitivity to

Zhao, & Zhu, responses 17,865 social risk and positive
2020 active emotions
Weibo
users.
Ahmadi & Emotions Emotional The People who are patient

Ramezani, 2020 Iranian have a more secure
people. mental state.
Dsouza, Loneliness Suicides 69 suicides Extensive psychiatric

Quadros, Social in Covid care is needed across
Hyderabadwala, conflict and pandemic the country with the
& Mamun, pressure for in India severe stress
2020 quarantine associated with
COVID-19.
10
Brooks, et al., Quarantine, Psychological In a review Negative
2020 fear of effect using 24 psychological effects
infection, articles were reported,
despair, including post-
laziness, traumatic stress
disorder, confusion,
and anger
Di Renzo, et al., Smoking, Habits and 3533 The locking of the

2020 sleep quality, lifestyle people COVID-19 resulted in
and physical aged changes in eating
activity between habits and lifestyle.
12 and 86
years
Mamun & Fear of Suicides Suicide 12 Unemployment

Ullah, 2020 infection, associated with
economic locking up exacerbates
downturn life-threatening
associated conditions.
with locking
up
Li, Liu, Li, Use of masks Possible That wearing a face

Qian, & Dai, and face effects of mask to protect against
2020 masks using masks the plague can be
in public effectively integrated
with social remoteness
Jain, et al., Diagnosis, Challenges Utilizing The pandemic has

2020 differential Caused by news challenged the world's
diagnosis, the pandemic reports and economic, medical and
data from
11
treatment, official public health
prevention sources infrastructure
Doung-ngern, Personal Personal COVID-19 Effectiveness of

et al., 2020 protective protective 1050 personal protective
measures measures people measures against
against against without COVID-19 infection.
COVID-19 infection symptoms
infection
Elsaie & Nada, Social Conducting Participate For some, laser

2020 distance, laser clinics. in laser sessions were provided
contact protection continuously, while
discovery, during the others preferred to
health and COVID 19 suspend or completely
safety epidemic. shut down private
activities in
accordance with
government law.
O'Connell, De Chronology, consumer 17,093 COVID-19 changed

Paula, & Smith, purchasing purchases households the nature of consumer
2021 dynamics, purchases.
heterogeneity
by socio-
economic
group
12
Aschwanden, et Pandemic Psychological 4662 Conscience is
al., 2020 concerns, and persons associated with
measures to behavioral psychological and
prevent responses behavioral responses
corona virus to the COVID-19
infection, pandemic.
pandemic
preparation
behaviors,
and time
estimates of
pandemic
consequences
Hayakawa & Impact of Export Exporting The medical

Mukunoki, importing 34 manufacturing industry
2021 countries, countries was positive while
measures to 173 other exports were
taken to countries negative
quantify the
epidemic
2.3. Chapter Summary
The purpose of the literature review is to gain a better understanding of the background of
behavioral and psychological research. Studies have shown that there is a behavioral and
psychological response to a pandemic. This includes the empirical results found by many
other researchers. This chapter further deals with the key variables presented by previous
scholars and research.
13
3. CHAPTER 3
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction
This chapter presents the methodology of this study. It includes research design, the
purpose of the study, research strategy, the extent of researcher interference, study setting,
unit of analysis and time horizon, population and sample, data collection procedure,
measures and data analysis procedure.
3.2. Research Gap
It has been about two years since the covid 19 virus started spreading and research is still
being done. Little is known about it. This research looks at the behavioral and psychological
responses to coronavirus disease, with very little research being done around the world. No
such research has been conducted in Sri Lanka. The apparel sector used here is also a very
important sector for Sri Lanka. It is a sector that provides a high level of employment and
is a key component in bringing in foreign exchange. Therefore, it is important to conduct
this research in several areas.
3.3. Conceptual Framework
Figure 3.1 depicts the variables and the associations between such variables identified in
the current study.
Figure 3.1:Conceptual Framework of the Study
Age
Gender
Behavioral and
Psychological responses
Education
Monthely Income
Source: Aschwanden, et al., 2020
14
As given in the conceptual framework, behavioral and psychological responses are
considered the dependent variable whereas Pandemic Situation is considered the
independent variable and the mediator respectively.
3.4. Hypotheses
Based on the empirical evidence in the literature, the basic data collected from the
employees of the Sri Lankan Garment sector under four assumptions have been prepared
for analysis.
H1 : There is an impact between age to the pandemic and Behavioral and Psychological
responses of employees.
Many previous studies have suggested that age may have a significant effect on the
behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. For example, The response
to corona virus infection varies considerably with age (Aschwanden, et al., 2020).
Significantly higher levels of fear of the corona virus were recorded among people over 35
years of age. They feared for their health even at home (Balkhi, Nasir, Zehra, & Riaz,
2020).
H2 : There is an impact between gender to the pandemic and Behavioral and Psychological
responses of employees.
Many previous studies have suggested that gender may have a significant effect on the
behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. For example, Women are
more likely to take precautions against coronavirus (Aschwanden, et al., 2020). Women are
more sensitive to behavioral and psychological responses (García‐Fernández, et al., 2020).
H3 : There is an impact between education to the pandemic and Behavioral and

Psychological responses of employees.
Many previous studies have suggested that education may have a significant effect on the
behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. For example, in a study by
Aschwanden et al (2020), responses to coronavirus levels vary significantly depending on
education level. Elderly, married, highly educated, and employed participants expressed
higher preferences for precaution, and they were more likely than younger, single, less
educated, and unemployed participants to implement them (Anaki & Sergay, 2021).
15
Research in Pakistan has found that graduates think about their health even at home (Balkhi,
Nasir, Zehra, & Riaz, 2020).
H4 : There is an impact between monthly income to the pandemic and Behavioral and
Many previous studies have suggested that monthly income may have a significant effect
on the behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. According to
Mamun & Ullah (2020), the number of suicides during the epidemic is high. The cause of
many suicides is the economic downturn associated with locks. There is a positive
relationship between the recession and the number of suicides (Oyesanya, Lopez-Morinigo,
& Dutta, 2015). There was a high demand from the rich and a low demand from the general
public to buy consumer goods to prepare for the plague (O'Connell, De Paula, & Smith,
2021).
3.5. Research Approach
The research approach of this research is deductive. Subtraction is the process by which
the logical generalization of a known fact leads to a logical conclusion.There are seven
steps involved in the hypothetical-reduction method of research. (1) Observations, (2) Basic
information gathering (3) Theory formulation (4) Hypothesis (5) Further scientific data
collection (6) Data analysis (7) Subtraction (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016)
3.6. Research Design
A research design is a plan or plan for collecting, measuring, and analyzing data designed
to answer your research questions (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016)
Selection of Research Strategies, Collection Methods and Analysis Procedures Selection

and Time Horizon for Accepting the Research Project (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill,
2009)
3.6.1. Purpose of the Study
This study is a quantitative study that tries to find out the solution for the research problem
of "What are the behavioral and psychological responses of garment workers to
epidemics?". This research can be termed explanator research as it studies the relationship
between the covid epidemic and the behavior and psychological responses of garment
16
workers (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2009). It is also inherently descriptive, as the
present study explains the relationship between variables (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill,
2009)
3.6.2. Research Strategy
A strategy is a plan to achieve a specific goal. A research strategy helps to meet research
objectives and answer research questions in the study. The choice for a specific research
strategy will therefore depend on the research objectives of the study and the research
questions (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016)
The survey method is used for this research. A survey is a system of gathering information
from people or themselves to describe, compare or explain their knowledge, attitudes and
behaviors. (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). The survey strategy is usually associated with a
reduction approach. It is a popular and common strategy in business and management
research, and is often used to answer who, what, where, and how many questions. It
therefore tends to be used for exploratory and detailed research. Surveys are popular
because they allow a large amount of data to be collected in a very economical way from a
significant population. Data are collected using a questionnaire administered to a sample
(Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2009)
The questions in the survey equipment are usually set up as a self-contained questionnaire
and are completed by the respondent himself or herself on paper or on a computer (Sekaran
& Bougie, 2016)
3.6.3. Extent of Researcher Interference
The extent of the interventions made by the researcher has a direct bearing on whether the
study conducted is correlated or causal. This study is a correlational study with minimal
involvement of the researcher. Behavioral and psychological responses to Corona virus
infection in apparel sector employees were investigated and data were collected by
distributing a questionnaire to employees in the organization without affecting the normal
activities of the companies (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016).
17
3.6.4. Study Setting
Research can take place in a natural work environment or in artificial, strategic settings.
Correlation studies are conducted without fail and many serious cause studies are
conducted in planned laboratory settings (Sekaran, 2003)
This research was conducted in a non-contrived setting. In the natural environment where
work usually takes place. This research studied the behavioral and psychological responses
to corona virus infection in garment workers. No artificial or tactical structure has been
created.
3.6.5. Unit of analysis
The analysis unit is the level of data collection that is collected during the subsequent data
analysis phase. The analysis unit is the level of data collection that is collected during the
subsequent data analysis phase. Problem Statement of this Research Gathers data using
only garment industry workers to study the behavioral and psychological responses to
Corona virus disease in garment industry workers. So the unit of analysis here is the
individual (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016).
3.6.6. Time Horizon
The time horizon has two parts, cross-sectional and longitudinal. This research needs to be
done at one time. So the time horizon of this study is cross-sectional. Cross-sectional
studies A study that collects data only once, perhaps days, weeks, or months to answer a
research question. Such studies are called cross-sectional studies.
3.7. Population, Sample and the Sampling Technique
3.7.1. Population
The population of this study is all garment workers in Sri Lanka.
Population refers to the entire group of people, events, or things that a researcher hopes to
investigate (Sekaran, 2003)
18
3.7.2. Sample
The total number of employees working in the garment sector in Sri Lanka cannot be
ascertained. The total number of elements in the population is unknown, as it has not been
accurately reported elsewhere. Therefore, the “Hair Method” is used to determine the
sample size.
Determination of the sample size:
Sample size = 50 + (15× 𝑥 )
X stands for the total number of items (questions anchored on the Likert scale) used in the
questionnaire.
Sample size = 50 + (15× 45)
= 725
A sample is a subset of a population. It includes a select few members. In other words,

some, but not all, elements of the population will form the sample (Sekaran, 2003)
3.7.3. Sample Technique
This study used a simple random sampling method. Because it has the least inclination
and gives the most generalization. Simple random sampling can be defined as having a
known and equal opportunity to select every element in the population as a subject. It is
an unrestricted probability sample design (Sekaran, 2003)
3.8. Measurement Scales of Variables
Measurement scales of four variables in the research model were adopted from previous
researches and discussed in coming subsections in detail.
3.8.1. Issues related to the pandemic
Patients' Psychological and Behavioral Responses to COVID-19 epidemiology Participants

were asked how much they cared about coronavirus infection to test how they reacted to
problems related to the pandemic. Examples include "My concern about Corona virus
infection", " My concern for a serious illness or death from the Corona virus", "The concern
I show if someone in my family becomes seriously ill or dies from a viral illness”, "Loss
19
of my job due to the spread of corona virus or concern about changes in my job", "What
should I do if I lose my assets, business or retirement investment plans due to the spread of
the virus?", "When I have contact with my friends or family, my concern for the effects of
the Corona virus", My concern about the effects of Corona viruses on my plans for a trip,
vacation or big event", "The concern I have about the impact of Corona viruses on my
education or the education of someone close to me. (E.g. your children)", "My concern
about the disruption of my daily routine due to the Corona virus", "My concern about the
loss of jobs for people in my community due to the Corona virus", "My concern about
losing money to feed people in my community due to the Corona virus", "My concern for
the impact of the virus on the Sri Lankan economy". Questions such as Items are rated on
a Likert-type scale from 1 (Does not care at all ) to 5 (Extremely concerned ) (Aschwanden,
et al., 2020).
3.8.2. Measures to prevent coronavirus infection
Below are some questions that have been asked to measure the steps taken to prevent
coronavirus infection. "'Wash your hands often", "Using a hand sanitizer", "Avoid touching
your eyes, nose and mouth", "Maintaining a physical distance between you and other
people", "Cover your mouth with your elbows when coughing and sneezing", "Stay home
if you are sick", "Wearing a face mask", "Clean and disinfect the surface of the equipment
you use. (Tables, chairs)". Items were marked 1 (yes) or 0 (no) and summarized. In
addition, we asked participants (a) how difficult it is to take each precaution (difficulty),
(b)How effectively do they think about each precaution (productivity). These items were
answered with difficulty ranging from 1 (extremely easy) to 5 (extremely difficult) on a 5-
point Likert type scale. 1 (extremely inefficient) to 5 (extremely effective) for productivity.
The average is carried across items and the higher scores reflect the more perceived
difficulty and efficiency (Aschwanden, et al., 2020).
3.8.3. Preparing for the pandemic
For preparation behaviors, participants were asked if they had engaged in five behaviors in
the past month. "I bought face masks'', I stored a hand sanitizer", "I stored food",
"Activities I had planned to attend were canceled (e.g. concert, sports event)" and "I
changed my travel plans because of Corona". Items were marked as 1 (yes) or 0 (no) and
summarized. The higher the score, the more prepared the behavior (Aschwanden, et al.,
2020).
20
3.8.4. Age
From the survey participants, their age was asked. There were eight Categories included.
The eight Categories were 1 (Between 18 and 23 years), 2 (Between 24 and 29 years), 3
(Between 30 and 35 years), 4 (Between 36 and 41 years), 5 (Between 42 and 47 years),
6(Between 48 and 53 years), 7 (Between the ages of 54 and 59) and 8 (60 years and
older).
3.8.5. Gender
Survey participants were asked their gender. The two Items were 0 (female) and 1 (male).
3.8.6. Education
Survey participants were asked about their level of education. There were six categories
included. The six category were 1 (Up to GCE Ordinary Level), 2 (Up to GCE Advanced
Level), 3 (Bachelor Degree), 4 (Master Degree), 6 (Ph.D.) and 6 (Professional
Qualifications (NVQ, Diploma and other related courses))
3.8.7. Monthly income
Survey participants were asked about their monthly income level. There were six categories
included. The six categories were 1 (Monthly income less than Rs. 20,000), 2 (Monthly
income between Rs. 20,000 and Rs. 40,000), 3 (Monthly income between Rs. 40,000 and
Rs. 60,000), 4 (Monthly income between Rs. 60,000 and Rs. 80,000), 5 (Monthly income
between Rs. 80,000 and Rs. 100,000) and 6 (Monthly income is more than Rs. 100,000).
3.9. Operationalization
Behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease are defined as individual

changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that occur during a pandemic (Aschwanden,
et al., 2020). Accordingly, there are three dimensions of Behavioral and psychological
responses to coronavirus disease : (i) Issues related to the pandemic, (ii) Measures to
prevent coronavirus infection and (iii) Preparing for the pandemic . The independent
variables are (i) Age, (ii) Gender, (iii) Education, and (iv) Monthly income (Aschwanden,
et al., 2020).
21
Table 3.1.Operationalization of Variables
Variable Dimensions Indicators Source
Behavioral Issues related to These items are rated 1 (Does not care Aschwanden,
and the pandemic at all) to 5 (extremely concerned) with et al., 2020
psychological a 5 point Likert mode
responses
Measures to Items taken to prevent the virus from
prevent being infected were marked as 1 (yes)
coronavirus or 2 (no) and summarized. Difficulties
infection were answered on a scale of 5 on the
Likert type, ranging from 1 (extremely
easy) to 5 (extremely difficult). 1
(extremely inefficient) to 5 (extremely
effective) for productivity.
Preparing for Items were marked as 1 (yes) or 2 (no)

the pandemic and summarized
Age Items are marked 1 (18-23), 2 (24-29),

3 (30-35), 4 (36-41), 5 (42-47), 6 (48-
53), 7 (54-59) and 8 (60 years and
older.).
Gender Items were marked as 1 (Male) or

2(Female) and summarized
Education Items 1 (Up to GCE Ordinary Level),

2 (Up to GCE Advanced Level), 3
(Bachelor Degree), 4 (Master Degree),
5(Ph.D) and 6(Professional
Qualifications)
22
Monthly Items are marked as 1 (less than Rs.
Income 20,000.), 2 (Rs. 20,000 - Rs. 40,000.),
3(Rs. 40,000 - Rs. 60,000), 4(Rs.
60,000 - Rs. 80,000), 5(Rs. 80,000 -
Rs. 100,000), 6(more than Rs.
100,000) and summarized
3.10. Data Collection Methods
The questionnaire used consists of two parts: parts A (independent variable) and parts B
(dependent variable).Part A contained four items and Part B contained forty-one items.
Data were collected by providing a printed questionnaire to garment workers. Since the
respondents are anonymous and maintain ethical standards, the respondents are given the
freedom to withdraw from the survey at any time without informing the researcher.
3.11. Data Analysis Techniques
Descriptive analysis of this research is performed. Cronbach's alpha is used to test the
reliability of the data. The reliability of measurement is confirmed by testing for both
stability and stability. Consistency shows how well concepts fit together as a set of
measuring items. Cronbach's alpha is a coefficient of reliability that indicates how well the
items in a set are related to each other (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016).
To test the hypothesis of this research, the effects of gender were tested using independent
groups t-test. Numerical Data If a numerical variable can be divided into two different
groups using a descriptive variable, you can estimate the probability of these groups
changing using the independent group t-test (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2009). Other
independent variables are age, level of education, and monthly income. The one-way
ANOVA test was performed to measure the effect it had on the dependent variable. If a
numeric variable is divided into three or more different groups using a descriptive variable,
the probability of changing these groups using a one-way ANOVA can be estimated
(Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2009). In addition, the chi-square test was used to test
hypotheses. chi-square test Statistical test to determine the probability (likelihood) that two
categorical data variables are associated. A common use is to discover whether there are
23
statistically significant differences between the observed frequencies and the expected
frequencies of two variables presented in a cross-tabulation (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill,
2009).
3.12 . Summary
This chapter describes this research dissertation as quantitative and explanatory research.
In addition, hypotheses, questionnaire design, and data analysis procedures are described
and how measurements and operations are performed.
24
4. CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1.Introduction
Chapter four of this study reveals data analysis and results. It includes; Sample
composition, reliability and validity results, detailed statistics, independent group t-test,
independent group t-test, one-way ANOVA test and chi-square test. Analytical results will
be displayed using tables, charts and charts. Further, this chapter discusses the findings of
this study with the previous literature. Finally, this chapter provides theoretical and
practical implications for research findings.
4.2. Sample Composition
The survey was able to collect data from seven hundred and thirty-three (733) respondents.
4.2.1. Age
From Table 4.1 above, out of seven hundred and thirty-three respondents (733), seventy-
eight (78) respondents between the ages of 18-23, two hundred and forty-seven (247)
respondents between the ages of 24-29, and two hundred and ninety-four (294) between
the ages of 30-35, Ninety-nine (99) between the ages of 36 - 41, and fourteen (14) between
the ages of 42 - 47, none of the respondents between the ages of 48 - 53 and 54 - 59, There
is one respondent who is 60 years and older.
25
Table 4.1: Age Composition of the Sample
Age Frequency Percentage
Between 18 and 23 years 78 10.64%
Between 48 and 53 years 0 0%
Between the ages of 54 and 59 0 0%
60 years and older 1 0.14%
Total 733 100%
Source: Analysis Data (2022)
From Figure 4.1 above, out of seven hundred and thirty-three respondents (733), 10.64%
respondents between the ages of 18-23, 33.70% respondents between the ages of 24-29,
40.11% between the ages of 30-35, 13.51% between the ages of 36 - 41, 1.91% between
the ages of 42 - 47, none of the respondents between the ages of 48 - 53 and 54 - 59, There
is 0.14% respondent who is 60 years and older.
Figure 4.1: Age Composition of the Sample
26
4.2.2. Gender
According to Table 4.2, out of the seven hundred and thirty-three (733) employees who
participated in the survey, three hundred and eighty (380) were female and three hundred
and fifty-three (353) were male respondents.
Table 4.2: Gender Composition of the Sample
Gender Frequency Percentage

Female 380 51.8%
Male 353 58.2%
Total 733 100%
According to Figure 4.2, the percentage of female and male respondents was 51.8% and
48.2%, respectively. The selected sample shows that the number of female respondents is
higher than the number of male respondents.
Figure 4.2: Gender Composition of the Sample
27
4.2.3. Highest level of education
According to Table 4.3, two hundred and eighty-eight (288) of the respondents represent
G.C.E. O / L Qualifications, Two hundred and sixty-six (266) of the respondents represent
G.C.E. A / L Qualifications, one hundred and twenty-six (126) of the respondents represent
the Bachelor degree, thirty-six (36) of the respondents represent a master's degree, none of
the respondents have completed a Ph.D. degree. Seventeen (17) of the respondents are
Professional Qualifications.
Table 4.3: Highest Level of Education Composition of the Sample
Education Level Frequency Percentage

Up to GCE Ordinary Level 288 39.3%
Up to GCE Advanced Level 266 36.3%
Bachelor Degree 126 17.2%
Master Degree 36 4.9%
Ph.D 0 0%
Professional Qualifications 17 2.3%
Total 733 100%
According to Figure 4.3, 39.3% of the respondents represent G.C.E. O / L qualifications,

36.3% of the respondents represent G.C.E. A / L qualifications, 17.2% of the respondents
represent the Bachelor degree, 4.9% of the respondents represent a master's degree, none
of the respondents have completed a Ph.D. degree. 2.3%of the respondents are Professional
Qualifications.
28
Figure 4.3: Highest Level of Education Composition of the Sample
4.2.4. Monthly income
From Table 4.4 above, out of seven hundred and thirty-three respondents (733), Twenty-
five (25) respondents with monthly income less than Rs. 20,000, Monthly Income Rs.
20,000 to 40,000 Three hundred and eighty-three respondents (383), Monthly income
between Rs. 40,000 and 60,000 one hundred and ninety-five respondents (195), Eighty
(80) respondents had monthly incomes between Rs. 60,000 and Rs. 80,000, Monthly
Income Between Rs. 80,000 and 100,000 Thirteen respondents (13) and Thirty-seven (37)
respondents with a monthly income of more than Rs. 100,000. Most of those who took part
in the survey have a monthly income of Rs. 20,000 to 40,000.
29
Table 4.4: Monthly income Composition of the Sample
Monthly income Frequency Percentage

Less than Rs. 20,000 25 3.4%
Between Rs. 20,000 and Rs. 40,000 383 52.3%
Between Rs. 40,000 and Rs. 60,000 195 26.6%
Between Rs. 60,000 and Rs. 80,000 80 10.9%
Between Rs. 80,000 and Rs. 100,000 13 1.8%
More than Rs. 100,000 37 5.0%
Total 733 100%
From Figure 4.4 above, 3.4% of respondents with monthly income less than Rs. 20,000,
monthly income Rs. 20,000 to 40,000 respondents 52.3% , monthly income between Rs.
40,000 and 60,000 respondents 26.6%, 10.9% respondents had monthly incomes between
Rs. 60,000 and Rs. 80,000, monthly income between Rs. 80,000 and 100,000 respondents
1.8% and 5% respondents with a monthly income of more than Rs. 100,000.
Figure 4.4: Monthly income Composition of the Sample
30
4.3. Preliminary Analysis
4.3.1. Reliability analysis
Cronbach's Alpha was used in this study to test the internal consistency.
Table 4.5:Cronbach's Alpha Value

Variable Cronbach’s Alpha
Behavioral and psychological responses .962
[N=733]
Table 4.5 represents the results of Cronbach's alpha test of 733 questionnaires for
independent variables (where the dependent variable Cronbach's alpha test was not
performed, as dependent variables were measured as categorical data) with all values higher
than 0.7 (Hair, Black, Babin, & Anderson, 2014). Then, the researcher suggested that the
internal reliability of each device was satisfactory.
4.3.2. Validity analysis
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measurement and Bartlett's test confirmed sample adequacy

and sphericality. Since the KMO coefficient is greater than 0.7 for variables. A sig. score
of less than 0.05 indicates that the study sample of 733 observations is sufficient to proceed
with EFA. Also, the results show that there are sufficient correlations between the variables
to proceed and it should be noted that sampling is sufficient in this study. Since the KMO
measurement of the sampling quantity meets the minimum criteria, it is not necessary to
test the analog-image correlation model. The test results of KMO and Bartlett are given in
Table 4.6.
Table 4.6:KMO and Bartlett's Test
Variable KMO Chi- Sig

Measure Square
Behavioral and psychological
.861 64104.612 .000
responses
[N=733]
31
According to the validity statistics given in Table 4.7, the cumulative percentage of the
weight extraction addition of the two types of construction is 50%, which, statistically,
guarantees the validity of the construction.
Table 4.7:Validity Statistics
Variable Lowest FL Highest FL ESSL Cum%

Behavioral and psychological responses .001 .976 61.013%
[N=733]
4.3.3. Descriptive statistics (Behavioral and psychological responses)
The results of the descriptive statistics of behavioral and psychological responses show in
table 4.8 as given below. According to table 4.8. The mean value of behavioral and
psychological responses is 4.6453. The skewness and kurtosis of the distribution are -1.795
and 2.885 respectively. Figure 4.5 represents the histogram of transformational leadership.
Table 4.8:Descriptive statistics of Behavioral and psychological responses
Mean 4.6453
Std. Deviation .57220
Skewness -1.795
Std. Error of Skewness .09
Kurtosis 2.885
Std. Error of Kurtosis .180
[N=733]
32
Figure 4.5:Histogram of behavioral and psychological responses
[N=733]
4.3.4.Correlation Test
Pearson correlation was used to calculate the correlation between the independent variable
and the dependent variable. Table 4.9 shows the results of the correlation test.
According to Table 4.9, the Pearson correlation is moderate to .222**. And a significant
value (Table 4.8) with a 99% confidence gap of less than 0.01. Therefore, there is a positive
correlation between the dependent variable and the independent variable. Furthermore,
Table 4.8 shows the mean, standard deviation, dependent and independent variables of the
demographic variables.
33
Table 4.9:Inter-item correlation coefficient, mean, standard deviation
Standard
1 2 3 4
No Variable Mean Deviation
1 Your age 2.63 .934
2 Your Gender .48 .500 .042
Your highest
level of 1.97 1.064 .379** .197**
3 education
Your monthly
2.71 1.099 .508** .281** .658**
4 income
Behavioral and
psychological 4.6453 .57220 .249** -.141** .267** .222**
5 responses
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). [N=733]
4.4. Hypothesis Testing
Since the independent variable is used here as classification data (demographic data), this
hypothesis was tested separately in the test.
H1 : There is an impact between age to the pandemic and Behavioral and

The one-way ANOVA test was used to test this hypothesis, as the independent variable
age was used here as categorical data (more than two groups).
Table 4.10:One-Way ANOVA test (Behavioral and Psychological responses by Age)
Sum of Mean
Model df F Sig.
Squares Square
Between
17.511 5 3.502 11.461 .000
Groups
Within Groups 222.156 727 .306
Total 239.667 732
[N=733] Source: Analysis Data (2022)
34
According to the ANOVA output shown in Table 4.10, the value is sig. 0.00 and it is less
than 0.05. Thus, this hypothesis can be accepted (F=11.461, p=.000).
H2 : There is an impact between gender to the pandemic and Behavioral and

The independent sample t-test was used to test this hypothesis, as the independent
variable gender was used here as categorical data (have two groups).
Table 4.11:Independent sample t-test(Behavioral and Psychological responses by

Gender)
Levene's Test
for Equality
of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95%
Confidence
Sig. Interval of the
(2- Mean Std. Error Difference
F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
Equal
variances 30.413 .000 3.860 731 .000 .16175 .04190 .07949 .24401
assumed
Equal
variances
3.818 642.463 .000 .16175 .04237 .07855 .24495
not
assumed
[N=733]
According to the Independent sample t-test output shown in Table 4.11, the value is sig.
0.00 and it is less than 0.05. Thus, this hypothesis can be accepted (F=30.413, p=.000). As
shown in there is a group difference, it is Table 4.12.
Table 4.12:Group Statistics (Gender)
Your
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Female 380 4.7232 .47660 .02445
Male 353 4.5615 .65015 .03460
[N=733]
Source: Analysis Data (2022
35
H3 : There is an impact between education to the pandemic and Behavioral and
Table 4.13:One-Way ANOVA test (Behavioral and Psychological responses by

Education)
Sum of Mean
Model df F Sig.
Squares Square
Between
22.395 4 5.599 18.759 .000
Groups
Total 239.667 732
[N=733]
H4 : There is an impact between monthly income to the pandemic and Behavioral and
Table 4.14:One-Way ANOVA test (Behavioral and Psychological responses by

Monthly Income)
Sum of Mean
Model df F Sig.
Squares Square
Between
12.974 5 2.595 8.322 .000
Groups
Total 239.667 732
[N=733]
36
Chi-square analysis
Table 4.15: Chi-square analysis (Age)
No Question Value df Asymptotic

Significance
(2-sided)
01 Wash your hands often. 95.048a 5 .000
02 Using a hand sanitizer. 31.469a 5 .000
03 Avoid touching your eyes, nose and 160.309a 5 .000
mouth.
04 Maintaining a physical distance between
141.606a 5 .000
you and other people
05 Cover your mouth with your elbows when
172.681a 5 .000
coughing and sneezing.
06 Stay home if you are sick. 116.574a 5 .000
07 Wearing a face mask. 22.756a 5 .000
08 Clean and disinfect the surface of the
182.862a 5 .000
equipment you use. (Tables, chairs)
09 I bought face masks. 7.434a 5 .190
10 I stored a hand sanitizer. 82.983a 5 .000
11 I stored food. 121.202a 5 .000
12 Activities I had planned to attend were
94.851a 5 .000
canceled (e.g. concert, sports event).
13 I changed my travel plans because of
27.283a 5 .000
Corona.
Source: Analysis Data (2022), [N=733]
According to Table 4.15, steps to prevent corona virus infection (questions 1 to 8) and
preparation for the epidemic (questions 9 to 13) were asked. Of the "Yes" and "No"
questions asked, 12 were found to be age have relation (p <0.05). It was found that age did
not affect the "I bought face masks" question (P = .190).
37
Table 4.16: Chi-square analysis (Gender)

Significance
(2-sided)
03 Avoid touching your eyes, nose and
11.447a 1 .001
mouth.
11.737a 1 .001
15.334a 1 .000
18.953a 1 .000
11 I stored food. 8.864a 1 .003
5.424a 1 .020
8.934a 1 .003
Corona.
questions asked, 12 were found to be gender have relation (p <0.05). It was found that
gender did not affect the "I bought face masks" question (P = .060).
38
Table 4.17: Chi-square analysis (Level of education)

Significance
(2-sided)
22.850a 4 .000
mouth.
18.881a 4 .001
28.367a 4 .000
24.239a 4 .000
11 I stored food. 15.020a 4 .005
11.807a 4 .019
15.066a 4 .005
Corona.
questions asked, 11 were found to be level of education have relation (p <0.05). It was
found that level of education did not affect the "Using a hand sanitizer" and "I bought face
masks" questions (P = .064, P=.116).
39
Table 4.18:Chi-square analysis (Monthly Income)

Significance
(2-sided)

10.087a 5 .073
mouth.
22.459a 5 .000
21.059a 5 .001

16.980a 5 .005
11 I stored food. 9.436a 5 .093

8.519a 5 .130
8.487a 5 .131
Corona.
questions asked, 4 were found to be level of monthly income have relation (p <0.05). It was
found 9 questions that monthly income did not affect (p >0.05).
40
4.5. Summary of Hypotheses Testing
Behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease were examined under four
hypotheses: age, gender, monthly income, and level of education. Furthermore, research
finds that factors influencing behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus
include age (F = 11.461, p = .000), gender (F = 30.413, p = .000), monthly income (F =
8.322 , p = .000), education level (F = 18.759, p = .000). were found to have a significant
effect.
4.6. Chapter Summary
This chapter represents the results of data analysis collected from employees in the apparel
sector in Sri Lanka. The results of the sample composition were presented using pie charts
and tables. Detailed statistics for each variable were presented using the table. It also found
that age, gender, level of education and monthly income had a significant impact on the
behavioral and psychological responses to the corona virus infection based on garment
workers in Sri Lanka. According to one-way ANOVA test, independent sample t-test and
Chi-square analysis, the hypothesis of the study was accepted.
41
5. CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1.Introduction
This chapter includes conclusions and recommendations. This research chapter concludes
with a summary of the main points of the study, the limitations of the study, and the ways
in which prospective researchers will conduct research on the subject. Also included is a
summary of this research dissertation.
5.2. Key findings
The findings of this study show that age, gender, education level and income level have a
significant impact on the behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease.
There, it was found that women were more highly prepared and follow good habits to
coronavirus than men. People of high age, high income, high level of education were also
found to be highly prepared and follow good habits.
5.3. Discussion
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of age (F=11.461, p=.000), gender
(F=30.413, p=.000), education level (F=18.759, p=.000), and income (F=8.322, p=.000) on
the behavioral and psychological responses to corona virus disease. The findings of this
study show that age, gender, level of education and income have a significant effect on the
behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. Therefore, this research
finding is consistent with previous research findings.
The population of this study were employees of the garment industry in Sri Lanka. The
population consisted of 750 sample workers selected from the garment industry in Sri
Lanka using a simple random sampling method. In this research, the researcher collected
preliminary data through a standard questionnaire. The questionnaire was translated into
Sinhala before the data was collected. The questionnaire was distributed to 750 employees
in the garment industry in Sri Lanka. The researcher gave a two week as the response time
and returned only 742 of the survey. Out of the given survey, 9 incomplete q survey were
removed. Therefore, only 733 surveys were used for data analysis. The majority of
respondents are women and the majority have G.C.E O / L qualifications and a monthly
42
income of between 20,000 and 40,000. However, the majority of respondents in the sample
were in the 30–35 age group.
The study uses a quantitative method and is a cross-sectional study. The survey consisted
of two parts (Part A and Part B) and Part A consisted of questions related to independent
variables (age, gender, level of education and monthly income). Part B consisted of
questions related to the behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. The
researcher used version 23.0 of the SPSS (Statistics Package for Sociology) to analyze the
data collected. The results of this analysis are then represented across charts, histograms
and tables. The researcher performed basic analysis through detailed statistics, valid
analysis, reliability, and correlation testing. One-way ANOVA test and independent sample
t-test were used to test the hypothesis.
Based on the survey data, I suggested that age has a significant effect on the behavioral and
psychological responses to coronavirus disease. In support of our research findings,
previous researchers have found that age has a significant effect on behavioral and
psychological responses to coronavirus disease. For example, in a study by Aschwanden et
al (2020), responses to coronavirus disease vary significantly with age. Significantly higher
levels of fear of the corona virus were recorded among people over 35 years of age. They
feared for their health even at home (Balkhi, Nasir, Zehra, & Riaz, 2020).
Based on the survey data, I suggested that gender may have a significant effect on the
behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. In support of our research
findings, previous researchers have found that gender has a significant effect on the
behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. For example, a study by
Aschwanden et al (2020) found that women are more likely to take precautionary measures
against coronavirus disease. Women are more sensitive to behavioral and psychological
responses (García‐Fernández, et al., 2020). Women have a higher risk of developing mental
health problems during the COVID-19 epidemic than men (del Río-Casanova, Sán, et al,
2021)
Based on the survey data, I suggested that the level of education has a significant effect on
the behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. In support of our
research findings, previous researchers have found that education levels have a significant
effect on behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. For example, in a
43
study by Aschwanden et al (2020), responses to coronavirus levels vary significantly
depending on education level. Elderly, married, highly educated, and employed participants
expressed higher preferences for precaution, and they were more likely than younger,
single, less educated, and unemployed participants to implement them (Anaki & Sergay,
2021). Research in Pakistan has found that graduates think about their health even at home
(Balkhi, Nasir, Zehra, & Riaz, 2020).
Based on the survey data, I suggested that monthly incomes have a significant impact on
the behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. In support of our
research findings, previous researchers have found that monthly incomes have a significant
effect on the behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease. For example,
a study by Brooks et al (2020) reported negative psychological effects, including confusion,
on financial status. According to Mamun & Ullah (2020), the number of suicides during
the epidemic is high. The cause of many suicides is the economic downturn associated with
locks. There is a positive relationship between the recession and the number of suicides
(Oyesanya, Lopez-Morinigo, & Dutta, 2015). There was a high demand from the rich and
a low demand from the general public to buy consumer goods to prepare for the plague
(O'Connell, De Paula, & Smith, 2021).
5.4. Theoretical Implications
The researchers found that age, gender, level of education and monthly income had a
significant impact on the behavioral and psychological responses to corona virus infection
based on research in garment workers in Sri Lanka. Therefore, workers in the garment
industry, especially in Sri Lanka, meet research gaps on the impact of age, gender,
education level, and monthly income on the behavioral and psychological responses to
corona virus disease. The findings of this study contributed to the enrichment of existing
knowledge. The findings of this research enrich the existing knowledge of the literature on
the impact of age, gender, level of education and monthly income on the behavioral and
psychological responses of coronavirus workers to the garment industry. In general, this
finding also enriches the human resource management literature.
44
5.5. Practical Implications
This research shows that age, gender, education level and monthly income have a
significant impact on the behavioral and psychological responses to corona virus infection
based on garment workers in Sri Lanka. There, through this study, users will be able to gain
an understanding of the impact of the Corona epidemic on Sri Lankan apparel workers.
You can also get an idea of how Sri Lankan garment workers have reacted to the corona
epidemic. It also provides an insight into the knowledge of Sri Lankan apparel workers on
the Corona epidemic.
Through the use of this research, managers can gain an understanding of how employees
should be managed in an epidemic situation. An understanding of the extent to which
employees follow the health and safety guidelines can also be gained. It will be important
for the government and the private sector to make relevant decisions. In particular, this
epidemic will be of great help to all areas of control. For them to make their future plans.
5.6. Limitations and Avenues for the Future Researchers
The study contains some limitations. The first is that this data was collected only in the
garment sector employees in Sri Lanka. Prospective researchers may try to expand the
scope of the study by adding other areas to the apparel section to generalize research
findings.
The researchers measured the behavioral and psychological responses to employee

coronavirus through employee self-assessment. Employees then did not receive behavioral
and psychological responses to the true coronavirus disease. However, when measuring the
behavioral and psychological responses of employees to coronavirus disease, self-
assessment alone is not sufficient, and the supervisor's assessment may also include the
evaluation of peers and employees. Here the effect of four independent variables is tested
and future researchers can conduct research using other independent variables (e.g. based
on employee disease knowledge).
45
5.2. Conclusion (Summary of the Study)
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of age, gender, monthly income, and
education level on the behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease.
Accordingly, the researcher formulated a hypothesis to achieve the above objective and
collected data from employees in the garment sector in Sri Lanka. In this study, the
researcher collects preliminary data through a standardized survey and distributes 750
surveys to employees in the garment sector in Sri Lanka. However, only 742 of the survey
were returned. 9 incomplete surveys were removed and 733 surveys were used. I used the
SPSS 23.0 version I used to analyze the collected data. The one-way ANOVA test and
independent-sample t-test showed that age, gender, monthly income, and education level
correlated with behavioral and psychological responses to coronavirus disease.
46
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51
Appendix
Appendix 1- Survey
Behavioral and Psychological Responses to Corona Virus: A Study

Based on Employees in the Garment Industry
Dear Sir/Madam
I am W.O.K.S.Kumara, a final year undergraduate in the Department of Human Resource

Management, Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya.
Attached is the survey for my research degree in Business Management (HRM) Special
Degree. My research study is entitled "Behavioral and Psychological Responses to Corona
Virus: A Study Based on Employees in the Garment Industry". The main purpose of this
study is to identify the behavioral and psychological responses of garment industry workers
to the Corona virus on the Covid pandemic. I kindly ask you to fill out the attached survey
with your genuine and sincere feedback on each item. This survey takes only 10-15 minutes
of your time. Participation in this study is entirely voluntary. The information you provide
is confidential and will only be used for academic purposes. Your support in this regard is
greatly appreciated.
W.O.K.S.Kumara,
Final year undergraduate,
HRM Department,
University of Kelaniya
52
Part A
About Yourself
01. Your age.
1. Between 18 and 23 years.
7. Between the ages of 54 and 59.
8. 60 years and older.
02. Your gender.

1. Male
0. Female
03. Your highest level of education.

1. Up to GCE Ordinary Level.
2. Up to GCE Advanced Level.
3. Bachelor Degree.
4. Master Degree.
5. Ph.D.
6 . Professional Qualifications (NVQ,
Diploma and other related courses)
53
04. Your monthly income
1. Monthly income less than Rs. 20,000.
2. Monthly income between Rs. 20,000 and Rs. 40,000.
6. Monthly income is more than Rs. 100,000.
Part B
Issues related to the pandemic.
How much do you care about the following?
A little Extremely
Does not Somewhat Concerned
careless concerned
care at all (1) caring(3) (4)
(2) (5)
My concern about
01 Corona virus
infection.
My concern for a
serious illness or
02
death from the
Corona virus.
The concern I
show if someone
in my family
03
becomes seriously
ill or dies from a
viral illness.
54
A little Extremely
careless concerned
care at all (1) caring (3) (4)
(2) (5)
Loss of my job
due to the spread
04 of corona virus or
concern about
changes in my job.
What should I do
if I lose my assets,
business or
05 retirement
investment plans
due to the spread
of the virus?
When I have
contact with my
friends or family,
06
my concern for the
effects of the
Corona virus.
My concern about
the effects of
Corona viruses on
07
my plans for a trip,
vacation or big
event.
The concern I
have about the
impact of Corona
viruses on my
08 education or the
education of
someone close to
me. (E.g. your
children).
55
A little Extremely
careless concerned
care at all (1) caring (3) (4)
(2) (5)
My concern about
the disruption of
my daily routine
09
due to the Corona
virus.
My concern about
the loss of jobs for
10 people in my
community due to
the Corona virus.
My concern about
losing money to
11 feed people in my
community due to
the Corona virus.
My concern for
the impact of the
12
virus on the Sri
Lankan economy
56
Measures to prevent coronavirus infection.
In general, what precautions can you take to protect yourself from the corona virus?
Yes (1) No (0)
13 Wash your hands often.

14 Using a hand sanitizer.
15 Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
16 Maintaining a physical distance between you and other people.
Cover your mouth with your elbows when coughing and
17
sneezing.
18 Stay home if you are sick.
19 Wearing a face mask.
Clean and disinfect the surface of the equipment you use.
20
(Tables, chairs)
To minimize the spread of the virus, follow these recommendations.
Neither Somewhat Extremely

Extremely Somewhat
easy nor difficult difficult
Easy (1) easy (2)
difficult (3) (4) (5)
21 Wash your hands often.
22 Using a hand sanitizer.
Avoid touching your
23
eyes, nose and mouth.
Maintaining a physical
24 distance between you
and other people.
Cover your mouth with
25 your elbows when
Stay home if you are
26
sick.
27 Wearing a face mask.
Clean and disinfect the
surface of the
28
equipment you use.
(Tables, chairs)
Do you believe these recommendations are effective in reducing the spread of the virus?
57
Extremely Somewhat Somewhat Extremely
Neutral
inefficient ineffective effective effective
(3)
(1) (2) (4) (5)
Wash your hands
29
often.
Using a hand
30
sanitizer.
Avoid touching
31 your eyes, nose
and mouth.
Maintaining a
physical distance
32
between you and
other people.
Cover your
mouth with your
33 elbows when
coughing and
sneezing.
Stay home if you
34
are sick.
Wearing a face
35
mask.
Clean and
disinfect the
surface of the
36
equipment you
use. (Tables,
chairs)
Preparing for the pandemic
Yes (1) No (0)

37 I bought face masks.
38 I stored a hand sanitizer.
39 I stored food.
40 Activities I had planned to attend
were canceled (e.g. concert, sports
event).
Corona.
Thank you for your cooperation
58
ක ොක ෝනො වෛ ස් ක ෝගය සඳහො චර්යොත්ම සහ
මකනෝවිද්‍යොත්ම ප්‍රතිචො : ඇඟලුම් ර්මොන්තකේ කස්ෛ යින් මත

පද්‍නම් වූ අධ්‍යනයක්
හිතවත් මහත්මයා/මහත්ිය
මම කැළණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ වාණිජ හා කළමනාකරණ අධ්‍යන පීඨයේ මානව සම්පත්

කළමනාකරණ යද්‍පාර්තයම්න්තුයේ අවසාන වසයර් උපාධි අයේක්ෂකයයකු වන
W.O.K.S. කුමාර යවි. මයේ වයාපාර කළමනාකරණ (මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණ)
වියශ්ෂ උපාධිය සඳහා සිදු යකයරන පර්යේෂණ අධ්‍යනයේ ප්‍රශ්නාවලිය යම් සමඟ
අමුණා ඇත. මයේ පර්යේෂණ අධ්‍යනය නම් කර ඇත්යත් 'යකායරෝනා වවරස් යරෝගය
සඳහා චර්යාත්මක සහ මයනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රතිචාර: ඇඟලුම් කර්මාන්තතයේ යස්වකයින්ත
මත පද්‍නම් වූ අධ්‍යනයක්' යලසිනි. යමම අධ්‍යනයේ ප්‍රධ්‍ාන අරමුණ වනුයේ යකාවිඩ්
වසංගත තත්වය මත ඇඟලුම් කර්මාන්තත යස්වකයන්ත යකායරෝනා වවරස් යරෝගය
සඳහා ද්‍ක්වන ලද්‍ චර්යාත්මක සහ මයනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රතිචාර හදුනාගැනීමයි. එක්
එක් අයිතමයන්ත සඳහා ඔයේ අවයාජ සහ අවංක ප්‍රතිචාර ද්‍ැක්ීයමන්ත අමුණා ඇති
ප්‍රශ්නාවලියට පිළිුරු සපයන යලස කාරුණිකව ඉල්ලා සිටිි. යමම ප්‍රශ්නාවලිය සඳහා
ගත වන්තයන්ත ඔයේ කාලයයන්ත විනාඩි 10-15ක් පමණි. යමම අධ්‍යයනයට සහභාගී ීම
සම්ූර්ණයයන්තම ස්යේච්ඡායවන්ත සිදු යේ. ඔබ විසින්ත සපයනු ලබන යතාරුරු
රහසිගතව පවතින අතර අධ්‍යන කටයුු සඳහා පමණක් භාවිතා කරනු ඇත. යම්
සම්බන්තධ්‍යයන්ත ඔබයේ සහයයෝගය ඉතා අගය යකාට සලකි.
W.O.K.S. කුමාර ,
අවසාන වසයර් උපාධි අයේක්ෂක,
මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණ යද්‍පාර්තයම්න්තුව,
කැළණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය
59
අක ොටස
ඔබ පිළිබද්‍ කතො තුරු
01. ඔබයේ වයස.
1. අවුරුදු 18ත් 23ත් අතර
8. අවුරුදු 60 සහ වැඩි.
02. ඔබයේ ස්ී පුරුෂ භාවය.
1. පුරුෂ
2. ස්ී
03. ඔබයේ අධ්‍යාපන මට්ටම.
1. අ.යපා.ස.සාමානය යපළ ද්‍ක්වා.

2. අ.යපා.ස.උසස් යපළ ද්‍ක්වා .
3. ප්‍රථම උපාධිය.
4. ශාස්රපති උපාධිය.
5. ආචාර්ය උපාධිය.
6. වෘත්ීය සුදුසුකම් (NVQ, ඩිේයලෝමා
සහ අයනකුත් අද්‍ාළ පාඨමාලා).
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04. ඔබයේ මාසික අද්‍ායම .
1. මාසික අද්‍ායම රු: 20,000 ට අඩු.
2. මාසික අද්‍ායම රු: 20,000 ත් රු: 40,000 ත් අතර .
3. මාසික අද්‍ායම රු: 40,000 ත් රු: 60,000 ත් අතර.

6. මාසික අද්‍ායම රු: 100,000 ට වැඩි.
ආක ොටස
ෛසංගතයට සම්බන්ධ්‍ ගැටළු.
පහත සඳහන්ත කරුණු පිළිබද්‍ ඔබ යකාපමණ සැලකිලිමත්ද්‍?
එතරම් ද්‍ැඩි යලස

කිසියස්ත් තරමක් සැලකිලි
සැලකිලිම සැලකිලීම
සැලකිලිමත් සැලකිලිමත් මත් යේ
ත් යනායේ ත් යේ (5)
යනායේ (1) යේ (3) (4)
(2)
යකායරෝනා
වවරසය වැළඳීම
01
සම්බන්තද්‍යයන්ත මයේ
සැලකිලිමත් බව.
වවරසයයන්ත ද්‍රුණු
අසනීපයක් යහෝ
02
මරණයක් ගැන
මයේ සැලකිලිමත්
බව.
මයේ පවුයල්
යකයනක් ද්‍රුණු
යලස යරෝගාුර
03 වුවයහාත් යහෝ
වවරස් යරෝගයයන්ත
ිය ගියයහාත් මා
ද්‍ක්වන සැලකිල්ල.
වවරසය පැතිරීම
යේුයවන්ත මයේ
රැකියාව අහිි ීම
04
යහෝ මයේ
රැකියායේ
යවනස්කම් ගැන
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යනායේ (1) යේ (3) (4)
(2)
වවරසය පැතිරීම
වත්කම්, වයාපාර
05 යහෝ විශ්‍රාම
ආයයෝජන සැලසුම්
අහිි වුවයහාත් මා
කළ යුු යේ පිළිබද්‍ව
මම මයේ ිුරන්ත
යහෝ පවුයල් අය
සමඟ සම්බන්තධ්‍කම්
පවත්වන විට,
06
වවරසයේ බලපෑම්
පිළිබඳ මයේ
සංචාරයක්,
නිවාඩුවක් යහෝ
විශාල උත්සවයක්
සඳහා වන මයේ
07 සැලසුම් වලට
වවරසයේ බලපෑම
පිළිබඳ මයේ
මයේ අධ්‍යාපනයට
යහෝ මට සමීප
යකයනකුයේ
අධ්‍යාපනයට
08 යකායරෝනා
වවරසයේ බලපෑම
ගැන මා ුළ ඇති
(උද්‍ා: ඔයේ ද්‍රුවන්ත).
වවරසය
වද්‍නික කටයුු
09
අඩාල ීම
සම්බන්තද්‍යයන්ත මයේ
62
යනායේ (1) යේ (3) (4)
(2)
වවරසය
10 ප්‍රජායේ පුේගලයින්තට
රැකියා අහිි ීම
ගැන මයේ
වවරසය නිසා
මයේ ප්‍රජායේ
ිනිසුන්තට ආහාර
11
ගැනීමට මුද්‍ල්
නැතිීම
සම්බන්තද්‍යයන්ත
ශ්‍රී ලංකායේ
ආර්ිකයට
12 වවරසයේ බලපෑම
ගැන මයේ
ක ොක ෝනො වෛ සය ආසොද්‍නය ෛැලැක්ීමට පියෛ .
යපාදුයේ ගත් කල, යකායරෝනා වවරසයයන්ත ආරක්ෂා ීමට ඔබ ගන්තනා

ූර්වාරක්ෂාවන්ත යමානවාද්‍?
සිදු කරයි සිදු

(1) යනාකරයි
(2)
13 ඔයේ අත් නිතර යස්දීම.
14 අත් සනීපාරක්ෂක (Hand Sanitizer) භාවිතා කිරීම.
15 ඔයේ ඇස්, නාසය සහ මුඛය ස්පර්ශ කිරීයමන්ත වැළකීම.
16 ඔබ සහ අයනකුත් පුේගලයින්ත අතර යභෞතික දුරස්ථභාවයක්
පවත්වා ගැනීම.
17 කැස්ස සහ කිවිසුම් යනවිටදී ඔයේ මුඛය වැලියටන්ත ආවරණය
කිරීම.
18 ඔබ අසනීප නම් නිවයස් සිටීම.
19 මුහුණු ආවරණයක් පැළදීම.
20 ඔබ භාවිතාකරන උපකරණ මුපිට පිරිසිදු කර විෂබීජහරණය
සිදුකිරීම. (යම්ස, පුටු )
63
වවරසයේ වයාේතිය අවම කිරීම සඳහා, යමම නිර්යේශ පිළිපැදීම.
අතිශයින්තම තරමක් පහසු යහෝ තරමක් අතිශය

පහසුයි (1) පහසුයි දුෂ්කර අපහසුයි (4) දුෂ්කර
(2) යනායේ (3) (5)
21 ඔයේ අත් නිතර

යස්දීම.
22 අත් සනීපාරක්ෂක
(Hand Sanitizer) භාවිතා
කිරීම.
23 ඔයේ ඇස්, නාසය සහ
මුඛය ස්පර්ශ කිරීයමන්ත
වැළකීම.
24 ඔබ සහ අයනකුත්
පුේගලයින්ත අතර
යභෞතික
දුරස්ථභාවයක්
25 කැස්ස සහ කිවිසුම්
යනවිටදී ඔයේ මුඛය
වැලියටන්ත ආවරණය
කිරීම.
26 ඔබ අසනීප නම්
නිවයස් සිටීම.
27 මුහුණු ආවරණයක්
පැළදීම.
28 ඔබ භාවිතාකරන
උපකරණ මුපිට
පිරිසිදු කර
විෂබීජහරණය
සිදුකිරීම. (යම්ස, පුටු )
වවරසය පැතිරීම අවම කිරීම සඳහා, යමම නිර්යේශ යකතරම් දුරට ඵලද්‍ායී ද්‍ැයි ඔබ
විශ්වාස කරනවාද්‍?
අතිශයි
අතිශයින්ත තරමක් මධ්ය තරමක් න්තම
ඵලද්‍ායී ඵලද්‍ායී යනායේ ස්ථයි ඵලද්‍ායී ඵලද්‍ායී
යනායේ (1) (2) (3) යේ (4) යේ (5)
2 ඔයේ අත් නිතර

9 යස්දීම.
අත් සනීපාරක්ෂක
3 (Hand Sanitizer)
0 භාවිතා කිරීම.
64
අතිශයි
අතිශයින්ත තරමක් මධ්ය තරමක් න්තම
ඵලද්‍ායී ඵලද්‍ායී යනායේ ස්ථයි ඵලද්‍ායී ඵලද්‍ායී
යනායේ (1) (2) (3) යේ (4) යේ (5)
ඔයේ ඇස්, නාසය

3
සහ මුඛය ස්පර්ශ
1
කිරීයමන්ත වැළකීම.
ඔබ සහ අයනකුත්
පුේගලයින්ත අතර
3
යභෞතික
2
දුරස්ථභාවයක්
කැස්ස සහ කිවිසුම්
3 යනවිටදී ඔයේ මුඛය
3 වැලියටන්ත ආවරණය
කිරීම.
3 ඔබ අසනීප නම්
4 නිවයස් සිටීම.
3 මුහුණු ආවරණයක්
5 පැළදීම.
ඔබ භාවිතාකරන
උපකරණ මුපිට
3
පිරිසිදු කර
6
විෂබීජහරණය කිරීම.
(යම්ස, පුටු )
ෛසංගතය සඳහො සූද්‍ොනම් ීම
ඔේ (1) නැත (2)

37 මම මුහුණු ආවරණ ිලදී ගත්තා.
38 මම අත් සනීපාරක්ෂක (Hand
Sanitizer) ගබඩා කර ගත්යති.
39 මම ආහාර ගබඩා කර ගත්තා.
40 මා සහභාගී ීමට සැලසුම් කළ
ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අවලංගු කරන ලදී
(උද්‍ා: ප්‍රසංග, ක්‍රීඩා ඉසේ).
41 යකායරෝනා නිසා මම මයේ ගමන්ත
සැලසුම් යවනස් කළා.
ඔබයේ සහයයෝගයට ස්ුතියි.
65
Appendix 2- Data Analysis Results
Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive
Statistic Std. Error
Behavioral and Mean 4.6453 .02113

psychological responses 95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 4.6038
Mean Upper Bound 4.6868
5% Trimmed Mean 4.7219
Median 5.0000
Variance .327
Std. Deviation .57220
Minimum 2.27
Maximum 5.90
Range 3.63
Interquartile Range .75
Skewness -1.795 .090
Kurtosis 2.885 .180
Correlation
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
Your age 2.63 .934 733

Your Gender .48 .500 733
Your highest level of
1.97 1.064 733
education
Your monthly income 2.71 1.099 733
Behavioral and
4.6453 .57220 733
psychological responses
66
Correlations
Behavioral
Your highest Your and
Your level of monthly psychological
Your age Gender education income responses
Your age Pearson Correlation 1 .042 .379** .508** .249**
Sig. (2-tailed) .251 .000 .000 .000
N 733 733 733 733 733

Your Gender Pearson Correlation .042 1 .197** .281** -.141**
Sig. (2-tailed) .251 .000 .000 .000
N 733 733 733 733 733
Your highest Pearson Correlation .379** .197** 1 .658** .267**
level of Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000
education N 733 733 733 733 733
Your monthly Pearson Correlation .508** .281** .658** 1 .222**
income Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000
N 733 733 733 733 733
Behavioral Pearson Correlation .249** -.141** .267** .222** 1
and Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000
psychological N
733 733 733 733 733
responses
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
67

Behavioral and Psychological Responses Towards Coronavirus Disease: A Study Based On Employees in The Garment Industry

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BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TOWARDS

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE: A STUDY BASED ON EMPLOYEES IN

A Dissertation submitted to the

29th January 2021

I hereby certify that the dissertation submitted by W.O.K.S.Kumara , Index Number

Signature of the Supervisor

Name of the Supervisor: Dr. R.A.I.C. Karunarathna

My Supervising Research Senior Lecturer Dr.R.A.I.C.Karunarathna continued support and

Declaration ......................................................................................................................... iii

Certification of the Supervisor ............................................................................................ iv

List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... ix

List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... x

List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1-5

1.1. Background of The Study ..................................................................................... 1

1.2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 4

1.3. Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... 5

1.4. Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 5

1.5. Chapter Framework ............................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 7-13

2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7

2.1.1. Issues related to the pandemic. ........................................................................... 7

2.1.2. Measures to prevent coronavirus infection ......................................................... 8

2.1.3. Preparing for the pandemic................................................................................. 9

2.2. Summary Table of Literature Review ..................................................................... 10

2.3. Chapter Summary .................................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER 3 – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY ...... 14-24

3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 14

3.2. Research Gap........................................................................................................... 14

3.3. Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................... 14

3.5. Research Approach ................................................................................................. 16

3.6. Research Design ...................................................................................................... 16

3.6.1. Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................... 16

3.6.2. Research Strategy ............................................................................................. 17

3.6.3. Extent of Researcher Interference .................................................................... 17

3.6.4. Study Setting..................................................................................................... 18

3.6.5. Unit of analysis ................................................................................................. 18

3.6.6. Time Horizon .................................................................................................... 18

3.7. Population, Sample and the Sampling Technique ................................................... 18

3.7.1. Population ......................................................................................................... 18

3.7.2. Sample .............................................................................................................. 19

3.7.3. Sample Technique ............................................................................................ 19

3.8. Measurement Scales of Variables ........................................................................... 19

3.8.1. Issues related to the pandemic .......................................................................... 19

3.8.2. Measures to prevent coronavirus infection ....................................................... 20

3.8.3. Preparing for the pandemic............................................................................... 20

3.8.5. Gender .............................................................................................................. 21

3.8.6. Education .......................................................................................................... 21

3.8.7. Monthly income ................................................................................................ 21

3.9. Operationalization ................................................................................................... 21

3.10. Data Collection Methods....................................................................................... 23

3.11. Data Analysis Techniques ..................................................................................... 23

3.12 . Summary .............................................................................................................. 24

4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 25

4.2. Sample Composition ........................................................................................... 25

4.2.1. Age ............................................................................................................... 25

4.2.2. Gender .......................................................................................................... 27

4.2.3. Highest level of education ........................................................................... 28

4.2.4. Monthly income ........................................................................................... 29