Carbon and Its Compounds Notes

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
FORM 2 NOTES
Prepared by;
Tr. Stephen Omondi Oketch
Tel. 0711410583/0714839279
More notes available
CARBON AND IT'S COMPOUNDS
Introduction
►Carbon is an element in Group IV and period 2 of the
Periodic table.
►It has atomic number 6 and electronic configuration 2:4 and
thus has four valence electrons(tetravalent).
►It does not easily ionize but forms strong covalent bonds
with other elements including itself.
Allotropes of Carbon
►Allotropy is the ability of an element to exist in more than
one form in the same physical state.
Allotrope is the existence of an element in more than one
form in the same physical state.
►Carbon naturally occur in two main crystalline allotropic
forms, carbon-graphite and carbon-diamond.
Diamond
Physical Properties of Diamond
►Its is a colourless crystalline solid.
►It has a high melting point (3550oC) and boiling point
because it has a very closely packed giant tetrahedral
structure joined by strong covalent bonds.
►Hardest naturally occurring substance.
►Does not conduct electricity because it has no
free/mobile/ delocalized electrons.
►Has giant tetrahedral structure
►Is insoluble in water and organic solvents.
►Is used in making Jewels
Is used in marking drilling
Is used in marking cutting tools like glass cutter because it is
very hard.
The tetrahedral unit in the giant atomic structure of diamond

Graphite
► It is Black crystalline solid
► Has a high melting and boiling point because it has a
very closely packed giant hexagonal planar structure
joined by strong covalent bonds
► It is soft and slippery because its layers are held
together by weak van der Waals forces of attraction. As
such, it is used as a lubricant and making lids of pencils.
► It used in making electrodes in batteries.
► It conducts electricity because it has free delocalized
electrons.
► Has giant hexagonal planar structure.
Amorphous carbon
►These are other forms of carbon, which contain micro-crystals of
graphite e.g charcoal and animal charcoal.
►The arrangement of the layers is disorderly unlike in graphite
hence the name amorphous.
►Other examples of amorphous carbon includes coke, soot and
lampblack.
(a) Charcoal
►It is obtained by burning wood or vegetable matter in limited
supply of air.
►It is porous with large surface area.
Uses of charcoal
►It is used in absorption of gases or liquids.
►It is used as gas mask
►It is used as a catalyst.
(b) Animal charcoal
►Obtained by burning bone in a limited supply of air.
►Has a good decolourising properties and has high
percentage of calcium phosphate.
►Used to purify sugar syrup.
(c) Lampblack, soot or carbon black

► Obtained by burning hydrocarbons in limited supply of air.
► Used to make shoes polish.
► Used in making ink.
► Used in making filler for rubber in manufacture of tyres.
(d) Coke
► Produced by heating coal.
► Coke ovens used in blast furnace.
Properties of carbon
The Solvay process for industrial
manufacture of sodium carbonate.
Raw materials.
►Brine /Concentrated Sodium chloride from salty
seas/lakes.
►Ammonia gas from Haber.
►Limestone /Calcium carbonate from chalk
/limestone rich rocks.
►Water from rivers/lakes.
Chemical processes
► Ammonia gas is passed up to meet a downward flow of sodium
chloride solution / brine to form ammoniated brine/ammoniacal
brine mixture in the ammoniated brine chamber
► The ammoniated brine mixture is then pumped up, atop the
carbonator/ solvay tower.
► In the carbonator/ solvay tower, ammoniated brine/ammoniacal
brine mixture slowly trickle down to meet an upward flow of
carbon(IV)oxide gas.
► The carbonator is shelved /packed with quartz/broken glass to
(i) reduce the rate of flow of ammoniated brine/ammoniacal brine
mixture.
(ii) increase surface area of the liquid mixture to ensure a lot of
ammoniated brine/ammoniacal brine mixture react with
carbon(IV)oxide gas
► Insoluble sodium hydrogen carbonate and soluble ammonium chloride
are formed from the reaction.
Chemical equation
CO2(g) + H2O(l) + NaCl (aq) + NH3(g) -> NaHCO3(s) + NH4Cl(aq)
► The products are then filtered. Insoluble sodium hydrogen carbonate

forms the residue while soluble ammonium chloride forms the filtrate.
► Sodium hydrogen carbonate itself can be used:
(i) as baking powder and preservation of some soft drinks.
(ii) as a buffer agent and antacid in animal feeds to improve fibre digestion.
(iii) making dry chemical fire extinguishers.
► In the Solvay process Sodium hydrogen carbonate is then heated to
form Sodium carbonate/soda ash, water and carbon (IV) oxide gas.
Chemical equation
2NaHCO3 (s) -> Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
► Sodium carbonate is stored ready for use in:
(i) during making glass/lowering the melting point of
mixture of sand/SiO2 from 1650oC and CaO
from 2500oC to around 1500oC
(ii) in softening hard water
(iii) in the manufacture of soapless detergents.
(iv) swimming pool “pH increaser”.
► Water and carbon(IV)oxide gas are recycled
back to the ammoniated brine/ammoniacal
brine chamber.
► More carbon(IV)oxide is produced in the kiln/furnace. Limestone is
heated to decompose into Calcium oxide and carbon(IV)oxide.
Chemical equation
CaCO3 (s) -> CaO(s) + CO2(g)
► Carbon(IV)oxide is recycled to the carbonator/solvay tower. Carbon

(IV)oxide is added water in the slaker to form Calcium hydroxide.
This process is called slaking.
Chemical equation
CaO(s) + H2O (l) -> Ca(OH)2 (aq)
► Calcium hydroxide is mixed with ammonium chloride from the
carbonator/solvay tower in the ammonia regeneration chamber to
form Calcium chloride , water and more ammonia gas.
Chemical equation
Ca(OH)2 (aq) +2NH4Cl (aq) -> CaCl2(s) + 2NH3(g) + H2O(l)
NH3(g) and H2O(l) are recycled.
Calcium chloride may be used:
(i)as drying agent in the school laboratory during gas
preparation (except ammonia gas)
(ii)to lower the melting point of solid sodium chloride
/ rock salt salts during the Downs process for
industrial extraction of sodium metal.
Brine Brine saturated with ammonia Coke & Limestone
Ammoniated Ammonia
Solvay Tower/
brine regeneration Kiln/
Carbonator
chamber Furnace
Ammonium
chloride Carbon(IV)
Oxide
Slaker Sodium
Haber hydrogen
process Calcium hydroxide Water
Carbonate
Roaster
Calcium
Calcium chloride Sodium oxide
carbonate
REVISION QUESTIONS
1. The figure below shows the stages in the manufacture of sodium
carbonate. Study the diagram below and use it to answer the questions that
follow.
a) (i) Name three starting materials in the manufacturer of
sodium carbonate. (3 marks)
(ii) Which substances are recycled in this process? (3 marks)
(iii) Identify the chambers in which the recycled substances are

regenerated and state the substance regenerated in each
chamber. (2 marks)
(iv) Name the substances U and V. (2 marks)
b) Give an equation for the reaction which occurs:

(i) In the reaction chamber 1 (1 mark)
(ii) When solid V is heated. (1 mark)
(iii) In the reaction chamber 3. (1 mark)
c) State three commercial use for;

(i) Sodium carbonate. (3 marks)
(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate. (3 marks)
d) (i) state the by-product for the Solvay process. (1 marks)
ii) Give two functions of baffles from Solvay tower/ carbonator in

Solvay process. (2 marks)
iii. Name two uses of the by-product named in (d)(i) above. (2 mks)
2. Solvay process has got four main steps. Write down
the chemical equations for the reactions that takes
place in the four main steps. (4 marks)
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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

The tetrahedral unit in the giant atomic structure of diamond

(c) Lampblack, soot or carbon black

► The products are then filtered. Insoluble sodium hydrogen carbonate

► Carbon(IV)oxide is recycled to the carbonator/solvay tower. Carbon

(ii) Which substances are recycled in this process? (3 marks)

(iii) Identify the chambers in which the recycled substances are

b) Give an equation for the reaction which occurs:

(iii) In the reaction chamber 3. (1 mark)

c) State three commercial use for;

d) (i) state the by-product for the Solvay process. (1 marks)

ii) Give two functions of baffles from Solvay tower/ carbonator in

I offer zoom classes for form 1-3 students

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