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Electron Proton Neutron
Negative charge Positive charge Neutral charge

e=-1.6x10-19 C e=1.6x10-19 C mn=1.675x10-27 kg
me=9.11x10-31 kg mp=1.673x10-27 kg
Do not memorize the above!
Law of Charges
- Like charges repel, opposite charges attract.
Electric charge
- The fundamental quantity in electrostatics.
TWO KINDS OF CHARGES

Positive and Negative
Charging by Conduction
A charging method that involves the contact of a charged object to a neutral object.
Charging by Induction
a charging method that charges an object without actually touching the object to any other
charged object.
Coulomb's Law (const “k”)

- The magnitude of the electric forces between two point charges is directly proportional
to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them. Electrostatic force, also called Coulomb’s force, is defined as the amount
and direction of attraction and repulsion between two charged bodies.
- If both charges have opposite signs, the force will be attractive, otherwise repulsive.
Electric Field ( “E” , units : N/C “Newton/Coulomb”)

- Is a region of space in which an electric charge experiences a force.
Electric Flux ( “Φ” , units : N.m2/C )

- Is the measure of the “flow” of an electric field through a surface. Is the product of
magnitude of the electric field (E) and the surface area (A) perpendicular to the field.
Gauss Law
- The total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed
divided by the permittivity.
Insulator (Dielectric materials)

- Materials that hold their electrons very tightly.
Conductor
- Materials that hold their electrons loosely, that can easily move through them.
Electron transfer is the gain or loss of electrons.

Ionization is the process of removing one or more electrons from an atom.
Anion is an atom that has gained one or more electrons.
Electric potential (“V” , units J Joules) is the potential energy (denotation “ΔPE”) per unit
charge.
Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy

Conservative force
PE is used to denote electric potential energy
Voltage
- Is the common name for potential difference. Whenever voltage is quoted, it is
understood to be the potential difference between the two points.
Capacitor
- Is a system that stores energy in the form of an electric field. A capacitor consists of a
pair of metal plates separated by air or other insulating material.
Capacitance
Unit of Capacitance
1 Coulomb/V = 1 Farad
1 farad = 1C/V
Dielectric Breakdown
- Is a partial ionization that permits conduction through a material that is supposed to
insulate.
Time constant
t=RC; t=time in seconds ; R=resistance in ohms ; C=capacitance in Farad
Circuit diagram
- Is a graphical/simplified representation of an actual electric circuit.
Current
- Is the rate at which charge flows past a point on a circuit. The current in a circuit can be
determined by the quantity of charge Q passing through a cross section of a wire in a
time t can be measured.
Unit of Resistance is ohm “Ω”.

Unit of Potential is volt “V”.
Unit of Charge is coulomb “C”.
Electric current (“A” , “amp” , ampere)

- Is the amount of charge flowing through a specified area, per unit time.
Complete circuit
- Is a conducting loop that provides a continuous current carrying path. Must contain a
source of electromotive force (emf). The SI unit of emf is volt.
Electric power (“W” , watt)

- The rate at which work is done to maintain an electric current is given by the product of I
and the potential difference “V”.
Electric circuit
- Is a closed conducting path for an electron flow.
Voltage
- Must be connected across the circuit to produce current.
Direct Current (DC)

- The current direction (not magnitude) in a circuit does not change with time.
Alternating Current (AC)

- The current direction (often also the magnitude) in a circuit changes with time.
Resistor
- Is an electrical component that limits or regulates the “flow” of electrical current in an
electronic circuit.
Ohmmeter
- Is an instrument used to measure resistance.
Junction/branch point
- Is a point where three or more conductors meet.
Kirchhoff's Junction rule

- At any junction point, the sum of all currents entering the junction must equal the sum of
all currents leaving the junction.
Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the potential difference in a circuit.

Ammeter is an instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.
Ohmmeter is an instrument used to measure the resistance in a circuit.
Rate quantities in physics:
Velocity
- The rate at which an object changes its position.
Acceleration
- The rate at which an object changes its velocity.
Power
- The rate at which work is done on an object.

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Electron Proton Neutron

Negative charge Positive charge Neutral charge

Do not memorize the above!

TWO KINDS OF CHARGES

Coulomb's Law (const “k”)

Electric Field ( “E” , units : N/C “Newton/Coulomb”)

Electric Flux ( “Φ” , units : N.m2/C )

Insulator (Dielectric materials)

Electron transfer is the gain or loss of electrons.

Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy

Unit of Resistance is ohm “Ω”.

Electric current (“A” , “amp” , ampere)

Electric power (“W” , watt)

Direct Current (DC)

Alternating Current (AC)

Kirchhoff's Junction rule

Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the potential difference in a circuit.

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