Readings in Philippine History

1.
Meaning of History:
a. From the Greek noun historia, meaning learning.
b. According to Aristotle, history meant a systematic account of a set of natural

phenomena, whether or not chronological ordering was a factor in the
account.
c. The word history in Latin was reserved usually for accounts of phenomena
(especially human affairs) in chronological order.
d. The most common definition of history means “the past of mankind.”
2. Reconstruction of total past
a. The past of mankind for the most part is beyond recall.
b. Not all events, thoughts, places that occurred in a person’s life are
remembered.
c. Other events that were also not recorded or documented is beyond the
possibility of recollection.
d. Therefore, reconstruction of the total past of mankind is unattainable.
3. Subjectivity and Objectivity in History
a. Subjectivity occurs when an event is recorded via testimonies and/or spoken

directly from the observer.
b. Objectivity occurs and a study is only considered objective when the

evidence from that event is a physical object and only exists outside the
human mind.
4. Historical context and human setting are important in identifying the estimated date and
place wherein the artifact is found while also interpreting the culture and idea behind the
artifact; it can also contribute to the human setting in which the object is dated to have
existed.
5. Since some historical events especially from the old age wherein written evidence are
not available and other viable records are missing, there are only limited sources to be
observed. A historian can understand the whole history of the past when there is enough
surviving physical evidence or record of it.
6. Other types of literature like fiction, poetry, drama and fantasy are narrations of a story
that are either true or fictitious. History deals with the historian arranging events of the
past with evidence and experiences of testimonies as well as the historian himself to
restore the total past as close as possible to the real event.
7. Historiography deals with the writing of history and is done by the process of analyzing
records and events from the past (historical method). And as a historian who knows
contemporary life best, they can simply understand the experiences of past generations
seeing as they have the widest range of knowledge, wisdom and imagination.
8. The historical method is believed to have started in the fifth century B.C during the time
of Thucydides where he followed the following steps: selecting a subject to investigate,
collecting information about the subject, checking the source for authenticity, and
extracting parts of the source proven to be true.
9. An evidence is considered a primary source when the evidence was recorded during the
time of the event or the evidence itself experienced the event first hand (e.g.
photographs, physical objects, witnesses, legal documents). It is only considered a
secondary source when it was recalled by someone who was not there at that time of
event. A document can be identified as “original” when it contains the earliest source of
information and if it is not modified, translated or changed.
10. A document, synonymous to source, is defined as proofs or evidences whether in the
form of text, oral testimonies, multimedia, or archeological objects. There are two types
of documents, one is a human document which is basically from an account of an
individual’s experience and actions. Personal documents are self-recorded information
by the author itself. Although, all documents are considered human and personal since
they are the work of an individual.
Pg. 13 quiz
1. History
2. Subjectivity
3. Artifacts
4. Historical method
5. Historiography
6. Primary source
7. Secondary source
8. Original document
9. Original sources
10. Document
Read and analyze each statement below. On the space before each number, write A if the
statement is correct and B if it is incorrect.
1. The "frame of reference' or the perspective taken by a historian in writing about our past is
crucial.
2. Historians make a truthful historical account of the past based on authentic and relevant
evidences.
3. The Code of Datu Bendahara Kalantiaw was falsified by Jose Maria Pavon.
4. The "colonial-minded" historiography in the Philippines created numerous gaps on our past
that needs reexamination, rethinking and rewriting.
5. The writing of history from the point of view of the masses is called "people's history".
6. According to Diego Lope Povedano, the ancient Tagalogs practiced an embryonic form of
Christianity allowing easy conversion of the prehispanic Filipinos to Catholicism.
,7. A people's history is fundamentally pro-colonial.
8. Colonial history emphasized the benefits of Spanish or American colonization but ignored the
hardship of such colonization imposed on the Filipinos.
_9. The historian's task in the Philippines is to write a history depicting the whole of reality, a
history that will make it possible to reform and reshape Philippine society toward a better future.
10. The greatest challenge among Filipino historians is freeing historiography from colonial
myths.

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1.

a. From the Greek noun historia, meaning learning.

b. According to Aristotle, history meant a systematic account of a set of natural

d. The most common definition of history means “the past of mankind.”

2. Reconstruction of total past

a. The past of mankind for the most part is beyond recall.

d. Therefore, reconstruction of the total past of mankind is unattainable.

3. Subjectivity and Objectivity in History

a. Subjectivity occurs when an event is recorded via testimonies and/or spoken

b. Objectivity occurs and a study is only considered objective when the

,7. A people's history is fundamentally pro-colonial.

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