CSC099

Foundation Computing II

Introduction to Computer and

Programming Language

PUSAT ASASI
UiTM Dengkil
Learning Outcomes :
•Overview of computer and its application
•Computer components
•Evolution of Programming Languages
•To describe the function of programming languages.
•To explore existing programming languages.
•Introduction to C Programming
•The Programming Process using C programming

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Introduction
• Computer – an electronic devices consist of hardware and
software and perform tasks and produce the output

• Computer – is a device that can perform computation and

logical decisions billion times faster than human being can.

• Programming Language – language for computer consist

of a vocabulary and a set of rules that can be understood
by the computer

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Categories of Computers
• Individuals
• Desktop : PC, iMac
• Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• Laptop

• Organizations
• Supercomputers
• Mainframes
• Servers
• Minicomputers

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Computer Components

Computer

Hardware Software
• Any part of the computer • The set of computer
that can be physically touch programs that enables the
• Input and Output devices hardware to perform
different tasks.
• Application
• System

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Computer Software
Software

System Software Application Software

• Operating systems (OS) • Microsoft Office
• System utilities • Adobe Photoshop

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Computer Hardware

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

•The ‘heart’ of a computer

•Comprised of 2 parts:-
• Control Unit
• Coordinate all the computer instructions
• Machine cycle – Fetch, Decode, Execute,
Store
• Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)
• To perform mathematical operations

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Main Memory (RAM)
• Volatile

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Coding Schemes
• Each printable and non-printable character is represented by unique
number in memory.
• Encoding – method to encode character to unique number

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

• Originally, ASCII used 7 bits equals one character; 128
characters; used by minicomputers and personal computers.
• After that, ASCII was extended to be 8 bits equals one
character; 256 characters.
• EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
• 8 bits equals one character; 256 characters; used by
mainframe computers and IBM.
• Unicode
• 16 bits (2 bytes ) equals one character; 65536 characters;
used for foreign language symbols.
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What is Programming Language?
• A set of rules, words and symbols are used to write
a computer program – telling a computer what to
do.
• The source codes (program) are compiled
and the executable files (*.exe) are
produced. program1
Error free

Compiled Executable
Programmer file (*.exe)
writes program & debug

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 Understanding Software Programming
• Some tasks are complex
• Requires creative thought
• Requires human touch
• Some tasks are candidates for automation
• Works with electronic information
• Repetitive
• Follows a series of clear steps

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The Importance of Programming

• A career in programming offers

• Plentiful jobs
• Strong salaries
• Telecommuting is often easy to arrange
• Computer programs exist for many tasks
• Programming necessary when no existing software for
task

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The Importance of Programming
Add
features
that
support
personal
needs

Successfully Create
complete miniprograms
projects (macros)
Basic
knowledge of
programming

Create
Add custom
custom commands
applications

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Type of programming languages

•Low-level: Written mainly in binary or

machine code (0’s/1’s) .

•High-level: closer to human language

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 Generation of Programming language

• Machine language
• Assembly language
• High Level language

program  machine language

Compiler
machine language  program
Computers understand
People understand
binary(11011)
‘program’

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History of Programming Languages

Computer
language
evolution

The only language understood by a computer is machine language

Machine Language Assembly Language

COBOL BASIC Fortran Smalltalk Ada

Visual Basic C and C++ Pascal Java

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Machine Language
• Binary number codes understood by a specific CPU.
• Lowest level of language
• Represent data and program instructions as 1s and 0s
• The only language that computer directly understand
• (Do not require translator)
• Not convenient to read and use.
• First generation language
• Machine - dependent

Example:
To calculate wages = rates * hours in machine
language:
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store

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Assembly Language
• Second generation language
• Developed to replace 1s and 0s use in machine language.
• Use mnemonic codes : abbreviations that easy to remember
• Requires a translator to translate the assembly program into
machine language ( assembler).
• Difficult to learn
• Machine-dependent

ADD for Addition

MULT for Multiply

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 Assembly Language
• Low level language.
• Unique to particular computer.
• Use mnemonics symbols. E.g. “MULT” –Multiply
• Easier to understand.
• A program is written in source code (text file) and translated into
machine language by an assembler.

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 Comparison

• A Machine-language Program Fragment and Its Assembly-

Language Equivalent
Memory Address Machine-Language Assembly-Language
Instructions Instructions

00000000 00000000 CLA

00000001 00010101 ADD A

00000010 00010110 ADD B

00000011 00110101 STA A

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Many Languages for Many Projects
• Programming languages have been developed to balance
conflicting goals

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 High-Level Programming Language

• Made easy for programmer to develop and maintain

program
• Machine- independent (can run on may different types of
computers)
• Have 3 categories : third, fourth and fifth generation
• Written in series of English-like words
• Must be translated to machine code first (Use translator)

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High-Level Programming Language
• Portable to many different computers.
• Easier to read, write, and maintain than machine
and assembly languages.
• Instruction are coded; programmers use this to
write programs.
• Example : COBOL (Business), FORTRAN (Scientific),
BASIC, Pascal, C, C++, C#, Java etc.
• Compiler/interpreter: translates a program (code)
written in a high-level language into machine
language

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Some Well-Known High-Level Programming
Languages

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Visual Basic

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Visual Basic

• Advantages of Visual Basic

– Prototyping is form of rapid application
development (RAD)
– Developers create prototype then generate
system documents
– RAD is alternative to waterfall approach
– Used to build Windows applications

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C and C++

Provides higher-level
programming features

Allows direct manipulation

of system memory and CPU
registers

Code runs fast and uses

small amount of memory

Basic components are

common to many
languages

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 Java
• Programmers use various languages when information needs to
be collected from networked computers
– Java is an object-oriented language
• Is a good choice for these applications
• Popular because it uses a large set of existing
classes
• Classes exist for many graphical objects
• Can run on many CPUs and with many operating
systems

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Java
Compile once and run on many platforms

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Objective C
• Most popular language for writing Mac OS X applications

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JavaScript and VBScript
Scripting languages
– Allows decisions and calculations
– Adds interactivity to web pages

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ASP, JSP, and PHP

• How interactive web pages are built

– Several languages adapt the HTML page to
user’s selections
• Active Server Pages (ASP)
• JavaServer Pages (JSP)
• PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)
– User supplies information that is translated
into a request using database query language

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ASP, JSP, and PHP

• Interactive web pages

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Programming Languages

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Building Mobile Applications
Special languages and supporting tools help speed development
of applications for mobile devices like smart phones and tablets

Specific features include GPS capability, software keyboards,

and touch-sensitive screens

User interface must take smaller screen size into account

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Mobile Applications
Xcode 4

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 Mobile Applications
• Tools for building apps for Android devices
– Android software development kit (SDK) is
required
– Uses well-known IDEs with special plug-ins

• Build iOS apps (iPhone, iPad)

• Objective C language

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Mobile Applications

Corona and Magmito support several different

devices and save time for simple applications

For specific features and ultimate performance,

custom programming is still required.

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Natural Language

o Like our natural language (such as Malay, English, French, or Chinese)

o Its use is still quite limited.
o Tools that allow end users to create or customize computer programs
with natural language.
o For example “make me an app that suggests new careers paths to me
based on people with similar skills and experiences who have
successfully improved their salary and quality of life with a new
career.” (John Spacey, 2016)

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Examples :
To calculate the salary = rates X hours
• Machine language
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store

• Assembly language
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR salary

• High-level language – C Programming

salary = rate * hours;
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 Language Translator
Program need to translate because computer only understand
machine language
• Assembler
• Used in assembly language for translate the language to
machine language
• Interpreter
• Translates one program code statement at a time.
• Immediately displays feedback when it finds error.

• Compiler
• Translating the source code from its original language into
machine code.
• Converts the entire source program into machine language at
one time

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 C Language
• Is a structured programming language
• High level language
• Is a case sensitive language
• Developed by Dennis Rithcie (1972)
• ANSI define a standard on C (1983), which was followed by ISO (1990)
• Designed for writing system software

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Example of a C Program

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Program Development

• A computer understands a program only if the program is coded in its

machine language.
• Thus, programming language need to be converted to machine
language (executable file)

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High Level Program to Executable Code
1. Programmer create and edit text file containing the
program (source code) with a text editor and save it into
file (source file)
2. Run
1. preprocessor to process the preprocessor directives (begin with #).
2. compiler to:
• Check that the program obeys the rules
• Translate into machine language (object code)
3. linker to connect hardware-specific code to machine instructions, producing an
executable code.
3. Loader : Loads executable file into main memory
4. Execution : Execute the program

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High Level Language
to Machine Language
(Executable file)

Programmer

Code

Code

Executable Code
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Flow of Information During Program Execution

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Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

• An integrated development environment, or IDE, combine all the tools

needed to write, compile, and debug a program into a single software
application.
• Examples are Code Blocks, Microsoft Visual C, Borland C Builder,
CodeWarrior, BloodShed DevC++, etc.

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Code Blocks IDEs

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References

• Technology in Action, 15th Edition, Pearson, Alan Evans, Kendall

Martin and Mary Anne Poatsy. Chapter 10.
• C How to Program, 7th Edition, Pearson, Paul Deitel and Harvey
Deitel
• C Programming a Q & A Approach, Mc Graw Hill, H.H. Tan, T.B.
D’Orazio, S.H.Or and Marian M.Y.Choy
• C Program Design for Engineers, 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley
Jeri R. Hanly and Eliot B. Koffman

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Thank You
THE END

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