11

Disciplines and Ideas

in the Social Sciences
Second Semester: Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Filipino Approaches in the
Social Sciences
Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences – Grade 11
Second Semester: Quarter 2 – Module 1: Filipino Approaches in the Social Sciences
First Edition, 2021

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 11
Disciplines & Ideas in
the Social Sciences
Second Semester: Quarter 2 – Module 1
Filipino Approaches in the
Social Sciences
 Let Us Learn!

This Module in Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences aims to

enhance your knowledge on the key concepts in the Social Sciences rooted in
Filipino language/s and experiences.

Every part of the module contains activities and enhancement exercises

utilizing pictures, and illustrations which have been proven as effective
instructional materials in improving the multi skills of the students.

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

1. Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social
Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences.
a. 19th century (Isabelo de los Reyes, Jose Rizal, others)
b. 20th -21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Filipino Values,
Pantayong Pananaw, and others)

Specifically, you will be able to:

a. Examine the social ideas of Filipino thinkers starting from Isabelo

de los Reyes, Jose Rizal, and other Filipino intellectuals
(HUMSS_DISS11-IIVe-1)
b. Value the role of interpersonal relations in Philippine culture
(HUMSS_DISS11-IIVe-2)
c. Evaluate the person’s personality using the core values of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino. (HUMSS_DISS11-IIVf-3)
d. Explain the significance of using a particular language for
discourse. (HUMSS_DISS11-IIVg-4)
e. Critique dominant approaches using Filipino perspectives.
HUMSS_DISS11-IIVg-5)

1
 Let Us Try!

ACTIVITY #1. SEARCH THE 1WORD PUZZLE

Enhance your being a Word Smart!

D D J A E N A R I O
E E F A J A R D I O
L L L O C A L C O D
A P L O R I A S E P
P A R A S F N L A I
E L A Z I R P T E L
R A Z N O I E L O L
L D 0 S L R E Y E A
A B L A N O D O E R
S O R 0 R I D A D S

Look for the family name of the Filipino Thinkers in the puzzle. They
are some of our heroes who understood the need of their times and displayed
intense love for the country and concern for the Filipinos.

Make a list of what you have found, and write their complete name.

1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4.

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 ACTIVITY #2. VISUALIZATION.

Filipino Social Sciences offer an alternative way of looking at society

using the Filipino perspective, and equip us with the necessary knowledge
and skills to critique dominant approaches in the social sciences using our
own point-of-view as Filipinos.

Enhance your Visual Intelligence. (Drawing/Collage, etc.)

Make a PicCollage, draw or illustrate your understanding about

“Filipino perspectives in the social sciences”.

How do Filipino Thinkers view

Philippine society in the 19th Century?

3
How do you view Philippine society in the
20th Century?

How do you view Philippine society today?

4
 Lesson
The Filipino
1 Social Thinkers

Let Us Study

During the latter part of the 19th century, educated Filipinos began to
emerge in the society and many of them called for the implementation of
immediate reforms to improve the lot of their fellow Filipinos. The great
thinkers of the so-called Reform Movement, such as Jose Rizal, Mardelo H.
del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, advocated for the assimilation of the
Philippines to become part of Spain so the homeland Spain can be applied
equally to the colonies of the natives.

In this lesson, you will be led to learn and understand the concepts and
ideas of Filipino intellects on social issues as they attempt to indigenize the
social sciences and apply them to the local setting. This will take us through
the works of several Filipino intellectuals as they discuss the roots of the
Filipino nation, their cultural identity, the sense of belonging as viewed from
the Filipino perspective.

Time and again, Western Models and concepts have been continually
applied and employed by social scientists around the world in order to
explain the different workings in the society. These western theories
provide a useful background in the study of most social issues and
problems. We Filipinos have our won way of looking and evaluating social
occurrences from the lens of our own culture, experiences and norms.
Historically speaking, we have witnessed the emergence of Filipino
thinkers who tried to explain the sociopolitical milieu of their times
through their numerous works.

From Indio to Filipino

The phrase “From Indio to Filipino” was borrowed from the classic
Philippine history book entitled “History of the Filipino People” by the eminent
Filipino historian, Teodoro Agoncillo.

5
 The term indio was derogatory term used by the Spaniards to denote
the natives living in the archipelago. Initially, the term Filipino was given to
those Spaniards born in the Philippines, or the insulares, as opposed to
those born in Spain called peninsulares. The lowly natives were oftentimes
depicted in Spanish works as indolent and backward. However, when Jose
Rizal chose the name “Los Bravos” (or “Brave Indians” in reference to the
American Indians), he suggested to his companions that they should take
pride in calling their races as indios instead of resenting the disparaging
term. Incidentally, the natives were eventually called “Filipinos” only in 1898
when the Spanish governor-general Basilio Agustin tried to win back the
indios to support Spanish troops in their fight against the impending
American onslaught who are now beginning to occupy Manila during those
tumultuous time.

While racial discrimination continued in the 19th century, this became

an important stimulus in the rise of Filipino nationalism during the same
period. Other contributory factors include the following:

a. opening of the Philippines to world commerce,

b. the emergence of the middle class or clase media,

c. the entry if liberal ideas (like in the works of Joh Locke and Jean
Jacques Rousseau), and;

d. the Cavite Mutiny of 1871. The eventual execution of the three

martyred priests Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, and Jose Burgos on
February 17, 1972 ushered ushered in a new era in Philippine history,
the propaganda or Reform Movement.

Mostly composed of Filipino liberals and students attending European

universities, these propagandists had imbued in them the liberal ideas of the
nineteenth century as they wanted Spain to bring about radical changes in
the governance of its colony, Philippines. In effect, their writings explained the
evils of colonialism in the Philippine setting as they began to apply the
knowledge they had learned from European universities and indigenized these
ideas to relate to Filipino experiences under Spanish brutalities and atrocities
in the colony.

Despite being divided on many issues, all propagandists advocated for

reforms and assimilation of the application of Spanish laws and rights in the
colony so that all residents would be equally treated as Spanish citizens. They
also wanted the following:

6
 a. representations in the Spanish parliament,

b. the secularization of the clergy, and

c. the abolition of polo y servicios

Their growing aspiration to improve both political and social conditions

back in the colony provided impetus for several propagandists to search for
the Filipino past in order to present the accomplishment of past generations
and showcase the innate competence of the Filipinos.

Social Ideas of Filipino Thinkers

The rise of Filipino nationalism in the 19th century also brought about
the production of local knowledge necessary in redefining the Philippines as
a nation in putting into perspective the more than 300-year rule of Spanish
colonialists in the archipelago.

Meanwhile, the Filipino educated class, also called as ilustrados of the

“enlightened ones”, expanded during the century and created numerous
opportunities for their professional and personal growth. With education and
wealth as the most important criteria to become part of the elite group, the
ilustrados became prime movers for the immediate implementation of reforms
in the colony. Several of these educated Filipinos engaged themselves in
writing about the early Philippine culture and in recovering native ideals that
have been long forgotten in the past. These people attempted to indigenize the
Western models of the Social Sciences and apply these concepts within the
context of Philippine society of their time.

The Filipino Social Thinkers

Isabelo de los Reyes A prolific journalist and eventual politician.

Born on July 7, 1864 in Vigan Ilocos Sur.

A labor activist and a co-founder of the Iglesia

Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent
Church), or Aglipayan Church (with Gregorio
Aglipay)

He had been undertaking historical and

ethnographical researches to establish Filipino
identity.

7
 His works: El Folk-Lore Filipino, Las Islas Visayas
en la epoca de la conquista, Historia de Filipinas
(Vol. 1): Prehistoria de Filipinas, and the Historia de
Iloco were initially published as newspaper articles
aimed at going back to Filipino roots, in
establishing the Filipino identity, and in
indigenizing social ideas.

Pedro Paterno Born on February 27, 1858 in Sta. Cruz, Manila

from affluent family.

A poet and novelist: He wrote Sampaguitas y

Poesias Varias (1880) – the first Filipino collection
of poems, Ninay (1885) – the first Filipino novel,
which embodies spirit of early nationalism against
a backdrop pf racism because of Paterno’s
narration of the uniqueness of Filipino culture and
the dynamism of Philippine history with infusions
of foreign civilizations (Mojares, 2006)

He became a mediator between the Spanish

colonial government and the revolutionary
government of Emilio Aquinaldo that led to the
signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in Dec. 1897
temporarily ending the first phase of the
Philippine Revolution.

In his writings, he explained that:

Christian doctrines can already be seen in the

ancient religion of the natives, called bathalismo or
the worship of Bathala as the supereme being.

He talked about Tagalog notions of personhood,

gender, art, and psychology

Jose Rizal Born on June 19, 1861 at Calamba Laguna

A writer, poet, teacher, ophthalmologist, novelist

and sculptor.

A genuine scholar

8
 He had numerous works that reflected his ideas
on society, education, women, history, culture,
language, colonialism, and revolution.

In A La Juventud Filipina, he extolled the Filipino

youth ang their contribution to the society,
especially that the hope of the nation lies on them.
Education is of prime importance to Rizal if the
Filipinos wanted to aspire for nationhood.

The Noli Me Tangere (1887), and the El

Filibusterismo (1891) reflected the ills of the
society as a result of deteriorating colonial rule.

He wrote essays that highlight his views on so

many social issues of his time.

a. He predicted of an independent Philippines

b. He defended the natives against the negative

backlash of the Spaniards against the indios.

He established the La Liga Filipina in 1892. It

aimed:

a. to unite the whole archipelago into one

compact, vigorous, and homogenous body;

b. for mutual protection in every want and

necessity;

c. for defense against all violence and injustice;

d. for encouragement of instruction, agriculture,

and commerce.

e. for study and application of reforms

The society was a vision of a moral community in which all the people
worked together for a common good, for better future (Trillana, 2006).
Unfortunately, the Spanish authorities viewed the organization as a threat to
their colonial power. In the ensuing event, Rizal was arrested and sent to exile
in Dapitan just almost three days after the Founding of the La Liga Filipina.

9
The Revolution and Beyond

The dissolution of the Liga Filipina resulted in the formation of two

groups: the Cuerpo de Compromisario, and the Katipunan. The ore radical
Katipunan engendered a burning passion among its members in aspiring for
complete separation from Spain instead of waiting for reforms advocated
previously by the Propagandists.

The Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng

Bayan, or simply Katipunan, was officially founded on July 7, 1892, in Tondo
by Andres Bonifacio. The Katipuneros were left with no choice but to take up
arms and start a revolution that would free the natives from the yoke of
Spanish oppression. The secret society has three-pronged objectives:

1. Political Separation of the Philippines from Spain

2. Moral Teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals

3. Civic Self-help, defense of the poor and the oppressed

As members began to swell by thousands, especially with the

publication of its newspaper Kalayaan and the continued suspicion by the
authorities, Spanish officials instigated a crackdown against the Katipuneros
that culminated in the discovery of the organization on August 19, 1896. The
revolution broke out on August 23, 1896 with the so-called “Cry of
Pugadlawin” which Rizal has predicted about widespread bloodshed in the
name of independence was now underway.

Other Filipino Thinkers

Andres Bonifacio The “Father of Philippine Revolution”

Born on November 30, 1863 at Tondo Manila

Enriched his knowledge on social issues by

reading popular works of his time, including
Rend Revolution, Life of the Presidents of the
United States, Les Miserables, The Ruins of
Palmyra, Wandering Jew, Noli Me Tangere, and
El Filibusterismo.

One of the original members of the Katipunan

Supremo of the Katipunan

10
 His essays and poems expose his views with
regard to the cultural identity of the pre-colonial
natives, and his lofty ideals of ushering a new
dawn to the once great Tagalog nation.

Emilio Jacinto The “Brains of the Katipunan”

Born on December 15, 1875 at Tondo, Manila

Joined the Katipunan, and rose to become the

right-hand man of Andres Bonifacio.

For Bonifacio, he is the “eyes of the Katipunan”,

and the “soul of the revolution”

He became the secretary of the Katipunan

Editor of the Kalayaan

Formulated the Kartilla – the Katipunan Code of

Conduct with fourteen teachings.

Filipino Social Science

The author Resil Mojares stated that the need to create a Filipino social
science was a recurring theme at the turn of the 20th century. (Mojares, 2006).
Existing literature about the history of the Philippines as written by Spanish
friars and official had to be revisited by Filipino intellects at that time in order
to contradict the negative backlash thrown by the harsh colonialists against
the poor indios. For instance, Isabelo de los Reyes, and Pedro Paterno
attempted to resurface the indigenous ideals in most of their works.

Rizal’s annotation of Antonio de Morga’s work entitled Sucesos de las

Isla Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Islands) published in 1609 was
indicative of the need to deconstruct colonialism and produce modern
knowledge. In Rizal’s work that was eventually published in 1890, the Filipino
nation was now being redefined as an autonomous entity.

Mojares argued that the late 19 th century saw the increasing awareness
of the Filipinos on their identity and began laying local foundations on the
fields of History, Anthropology, Linguistics, Political Science, and Sociology.

11
 Let Us Practice

I am a Word Smart!

ACTIVITY #3 – Enhance your Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence

Unscramble the letters to arrive at the correct answer. Write the word
on your answer sheet. Item number 1 is done for you.

1. YANNI - The first Filipino novel

2. IBONACOFI – The Father of Philippine Revolution

3. TOINJCA - The Brains of the Katipunan

4. LITRAKAL - The Code of Ethics of the Katipuneros

5. LANAKAYA - The newspaper of the Katipunan

6. DARILADALIDOS – the newspaper of the Propaganda Movement

7. SODATRISUL – The educated and elite class

8. SOINID - The natives of the Philippines

9. LOCARYIFCAR – The rule/government of the friars

10. NOITAZIRALUCES – The transfer of administration of priests from

regular to secular

WHAT IS THE WORD?

1. NINAY 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

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 Let Us Practice More

ACTIVITY #4 CONCEPT MAPPING

Direction: Complete the following Concept Map based on your

understanding of the lesson. Do this in your Answer Sheet.

FILIPINO
THINKERS

They Are:

Known as:

13
 Words and Works

Isabelo de los Reyes Pedro Paterno

Jose Rizal Andres Bonifacio

Emilio Jacinto

14
 Let Us Remember

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Write the
answer on your Answer Sheet.

We Filipinos have our fair share of social thinkers that explained the
workings of the Filipino society in different periods of time. Their words
reflected in the political milieu of their times as they attempted to expound
social occurrences within the lens of Filipino culture, experiences, and norms.

1. was a Filipino journalist, labor activist, and a co-founder of

the Aglipayan church, who made historical and ethnographical researches
to establish Filipino identity. His most important contribution to Philippine
studies is the published in 1889 that contains stories of local
folklores, such as legends, fables, and superstitions.

2. , an intellectual who had great interest in early Filipinos

and their culture, wrote Sampaguitas y Poesias Varias (1880) the first
Filipino collection of poems, and (1885), the first Filipino
novel. Despite the minimal scholarly value and numerous flaws in his
works, Paterno emphasized that Filipinos had culture and identity long
before the arrival of the Spaniards in the archipelago.

3. was one of the great Filipino thinkers of all time and had
numerous works that reflected his ideas on society, education, women,
history, culture, language, colonialism, and revolution. His work A La
Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth, 1879), and El Consejo de los Dioses
(The Council of the Gods, 1880) earned him to top honors during his stint
at University of Sto. Tomas.

His famous books and reflected the ills of the

society as a result of the deteriorating colonial rule. He also wrote essays
that highlight his views on so many important social issues of his time.
These include Filipinas den Cien Aňos (The Philippines A Century Hence,
1889), Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (On the Indolence of the Filipinos,
1890), and To the Young Women of Malolos (Sa mga Kababayang Dalaga
sa Malolos, 1888).

4. Jose Rizal’s was a civic organization established in 1892

aimed at directly involving the people to help reform the society and assist
fellow Filipinos to improve their condition.

15
5. is considered the “Father of Philippine Revolution” and one
of the greatest Filipino heroes. From his essays and poems, one can
appreciate his views with regard the cultural identity of the pre-colonial
natives and his lofty ideals of ushering a new dawn to the once great
Tagalog nation. One of the most important work is Ang Dapat Mabatid ng
mga Tagalog that was part of the first issue of Kalayaan, Katipunan’s
newspaper.

6. is the so-called “Brains of the Katipunan” and the right-

hand man of Andres Bonifacio. His (Pahayag, 1896) that
appeared in the Kalayaan reflects the philosophy of the revolution. He also
wrote Katipunan ng mga A.N.B. (Association of the Sons of the Nation)
aimed at informing prospective members of the conditions for joining the
organization. With this essay is or the set of teachings
formulated by Jacinto that must be followed by the Katipuneros.

Let Us Assess

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Write the correct answer on your Answer

Sheet.

1. This term is used to refer to the natives of the Philippines during the time
of the Spaniards.
A. Indios C. Ilustrados
B. Katipuneros D. Propagandists

2. This term refers to the educated elite class during the Spanish
Philippines.
A. Indios C. Ilustrados
B. Katipuneros D. Peopagandists

3. The work of Isabelo de los Reyes which contain stores on local folklores
such as legends, fables and superstitions.
A. Prehistoria de Filipinas C. Historia de Filipinas
B. Historia de Iloco D. El Folk-Lore Filipino

4. The founder of the La Liga Filipina.

A. Isabelo de los Reyes C. Pedro Paterno
B. Jose Rizal D. Andres Bonifacio

16
5. The literary work of Jose Rizal which extolled the Filipino youth and their
contribution to the society, especially that the hope of the nation lies on
them.
A. El Consejo de los Dioses C. A la Juventud Filipina
B. Noli Me Tangere D. El Filibusterismo

6. The Father of Philippine Revolution.

A. Jose Rizal C. Andres Bonifacio
B. Emilio Jacinto D. Emilio Aguinaldo

7. The “eyes of the Katipunan” and the “soul of the revolution”

A. Jose Rizal C. Andres Bonifacio
B. Emilio Jacinto D. Emilio Aguinaldo

8. The official newspaper of the Propaganda Movement.

A. La Solidaridad C. Kartilla
B. Kalayaan D. Pact of Biak na Bato

9. The official newspaper of the Katipunan.

A. La Solidaridad C. Kartilla
B. Kalayaan D. Pact of Biak na Bato

10. The Code of Conduct of the members of the Katipunan.

A. La Solidaridad C. Kartilla
B. Kalayaan D. Pact of Biak na Bato

11. The first Filipino collection of poems.

A. Ninay C. Filipinas Dentro de Cien Aň os
B. El Folk-Lore Filipino D. Sampaguitas y Poesias Varias

12. It is of prime importance to Rizal if the Filipinos wanted to aspire for

nationhood as reflected in most of his works.
A. Revolution C Reforms .
B. Education D. Colonization

13. The first novel that embodies spirit of early nationalism against a
backdrop of racism.
A. Ninay C. Filipinas Dentro de Cien Aň os
B. El Folk-Lore Filipino D. Sampaguitas y Poesias Varias

17
14. The major work of Rizal which first exposed the ills of society as a result
of deteriorating colonial rule.
A. A la Juventud Filipina C. Noli Me Tangere
B. El Consejo de los Dioses D. El Filibusterismo

15. The state of Philippine politics and society during the Spanish times
wherein friars and monastic orders reigned supreme over most
government affairs.
A. Secularization C. Colonialism
B. Frailocracy D. Revolutionary

Let Us Enhance

ACTIVITY #5 PICTURE PERFECT: SOCIAL AWARENESS

Cut a picture depicting social discrimination/injustice.

Guide Questions:
1. Why did you choose this picture?
2. Why do you consider it as an example of social
discrimination/injustice?

Let Us Reflect
ACTIVITY #6 INTROSPECTION

Write a short reflection guided by the following questions.

1. How would you feel, and or do if you were one of the early Filipinos
during the Spanish times?
2. What are you going to do as a young Filipino in the society today?

18
 19
Let us Try: Activity #1
Jaena , De los Reyes, Rizal, Jacinto
Bonifacio, Paterno, Del Pilar
Let us Try: Activity #2 Student’s Concept
Let us Practice: Activity#3
1. Ninay 4. Kartilla 7. Ilustrados
2. Bonifacio 5. Kalayaan 8. Indios
3. Jacinto 6. La Solidaridad 9. Frailocracy
10. Secularization
Let us Practice More: Activity #4 Students’ Concept
Let us Enhance: Activity #5 Students’ Concept
Let us Reflect: Activity #6 Students’ Concept
Let us Asses: Multiple Choice
Multiple Choice
1. A 6. C 11. D
2. C 7. B 12. B
3. D 8. A 13. A
4. B 9. B 14. C
5. C 10. C 15. B
Answer key to Activities
 References

Book

Ong, Jerome A. & Jose, Mary Dorothy dL. Disciplines and Ideas in the
Social Sciences (Teacher Manual). Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.,
2016

Ong, Jerome A. & Jose, Mary Dorothy dL. Disciplines and Ideas in the
Social Sciences (Textbook). Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc., 2016
Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:

Department of Education – Tagum City Division

Address: Energy Park, Apokon, Tagum City, 8100

Telefax :(084) 216-3504

Email Address: tagum.city@deped.gov.ph