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Physics PDF

1) Graphs visually present relationships between two quantities and can identify trends, random errors, and obtain data not directly measured. 2) The main types of relationships shown in graphs are linear, direct proportional, inverse proportional, and non-linear. 3) Important parts of a graph include a title, labeled axes with scales, plotted data points, and a line of best fit.

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69 views

Physics PDF

1) Graphs visually present relationships between two quantities and can identify trends, random errors, and obtain data not directly measured. 2) The main types of relationships shown in graphs are linear, direct proportional, inverse proportional, and non-linear. 3) Important parts of a graph include a title, labeled axes with scales, plotted data points, and a line of best fit.

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GRAPHS

GRADE 9 PHYSICS
Objectives

Students are expected:


1) Define a graph

2) Identify the functions of graphs


3) Draw a line of best fit
4) Extract information from graphs
WHAT IS A GRAPH?

A graph is a visual presentation of information. Graphs


serve as very important analytical tools for the following
reasons:

* Easily identify relationships or trends between two


quantities.
* Identify random error
* Obtain data that was not actually measured.
Types of relationships or trends

There are four types of relationships that are illustrated by


graphs:

* Linear
* Direct proportional
* Inverse proportional
* Non – linear
Types of relationships or trends

Linear relationship – this is


illustrated as a straight line
graph with a y or x intercept.
Evidence of a linear
relationship in a graph is
shown when one quantity
increases the other quantity
increases.
Types of relationships or trends

Direct proportional
relationship – this is illustrated
as a straight line graph passing
through the origin (0, 0). This is
a special case of a linear
relationship. Evidence of a
direct proportional relationship
is shown when one quantity
increases the other quantity
increases by a fixed amount or
vice versa.
Types of relationships or trends

Inverse proportional
relationship – this is
illustrated as a downward
sloping curve. Evidence of an
inverse proportional
relationship is shown when
one quantity increases, the
other quantity decreases by a
fixed amount or vice versa.
Types of relationships or trends

Non – linear relationship –


this is illustrated OFTEN as a
downward sloping curve.
Evidence of a non – linear
relationship is shown when
one quantity increases, the
other quantity decreases or
vice versa.
Identifying random error

A graph easily identifies the


trend between two quantities.
Any data that does not follow
the trend will be easily
identified as random error.
USES OF GRAPHS: Obtain data that was
not actually measured

Some quantities cannot be measured directly but can


be obtained indirectly from a graph by:

* finding the value of intercepts


* calculating the gradient.
USES OF GRAPHS: Obtain data
that was not actually measured

Graphs are also used in


forecasting (predicting future
data). Data can be obtained
by extrapolation.
Extrapolation is the extension
of a graph to obtain data.
USES OF GRAPHS: Obtain data
that was not actually measured

The point where the graph or


the extrapolated graph cuts
the axis is called the
intercept. There are y –
intercepts and x – intercepts.
The intercept will give data
that was not directly
measured. E.g. when the load
is 0N, the length is 25 cm.
Main parts of a graph

All graphs must have the following:

* A title
* Labels for both axes
* Scales for both axes
* A line of best fit
Main parts of a graph

From the instruction to plot a graph, the following can be obtained:

* The Title – ignore the first two words of the instruction and the
remainder of the statement is the title of the graph. The title is written at
the top of the grid.

* The labels for the axes – the quantity mentioned first in the instruction to
a plot a graph is ALWAYS placed on the y- axis. The quantity
mentioned second is placed on the x – axis.
* The axis is NOT fully labelled unless both the name of the quantity
and its unit is written!
Drawing the graph

The graph is the line of best fit drawn through plotted


points. The line of best fit can include some of the plotted
points and there should be equal number of plotted
points above and below the line.
On the following slide, there are three plotted points on the
line of best fit and one plotted point above the line and one
point below the line!
Main parts of a graph
Drawing the graph

To draw the line of best fit, a 30 cm transparent ruler is


needed and a pencil with a sharp point is needed!
* However, before the data can be plotted and the line of
best fit is drawn, the following MUST be done first:
* Suitable scales for the axes must be chosen.
* The value of the one graduation for each axis must be
calculated.
Choosing suitable scales

* To choose a suitable scale for an axis, look for the


smallest and largest value for that quantity in the data
table. A scale is suitable when the largest value for that
quantity occupy more than half of that axis! The scale
for each axis is written in the upper right hand corner of
the grid.

* The scale IS THEN USED TO NUMBER THE AXIS!


Choosing suitable scales

Example Using Table 1 TABLE 1 Distance (m)


Plot a graph of distance Time (seconds)
against time. 0 0
Let the chosen scale for the y – 20 10
axis is 2cm: 10 metres.
36 20
* This means that every 2 cm
on the grid along the y 50 30
–axis represent 10 metres. 60 40
The numbering of the axis 70 50
will increase by 10 every 2
cm! 80 60
90 70
Choosing suitable scales

Let the scale for the x – axis


is 1 cm: 10 seconds.
* This means that every 1
cm on the x – axis
represents 10 seconds.
The numbering of the axis
will increase by 10 every 1
cm!
Determining the value of a graduation

The grid is divided into 1 cm by 1cm squares. Each square


is on the x –axis have 5 equal graduations and on the y –
axis 5 equal graduations.

Graduations are the small lines that subdivide the 1cm by


1cm squares.
Determining the value of a graduation

*
Determining the value of a graduation

*
Drawing graphs : Plotting of data

Having calculated the value of a graduation on each axis,


you are able to plot data.

* Data from the data table can be now plotted using the
symbols or × .
Drawing the line of best fit

* To draw the line of best fit, place the 30 cm transparent ruler


on the graph paper, moving around the ruler and try to get a
line with all the plotted points lying on it.

* If a line with all the plotted points is not possible, move


around the ruler until you get a line with some plotted points
and equal number of plotted points above and below the
line.( using a transparent ruler, makes it possible to see
how many plotted points above and below before the line
of best fit is drawn).
Drawing the line of best fit

* Hold the ruler in firmly in place and using a sharp point


pencil, draw a fine line through the plotted points.

* The line of best fit occupies more than half the grid
on both axes!
Drawing the line of best fit

Using the Table 2, Plot a Time (hours) Earnings ($)


graph of earnings against
time
0 27
1 30
2 33
3 36
4 39
5 42
Drawing graphs: Narrow ranges

The range for earnings is very narrow. Instead of start the


axis from zero, the symbol Ϟ is placed in the first 1cm
square on the y axis.
Then using a suitable scale, the axis is numbered from the
second 1cm square. The data can be plotted using the
symbols or × and a line of best fit drawn that occupies
more than half the grid on both axes.
Drawing graphs: Narrow ranges
Obtain data that was
not actually measured :
The gradient
The gradient or slope is a
measure of the steepness
of a line. There are two
types of gradients,
positive and negative.
Calculating the gradient

*
Calculating the gradient
Calculating the gradient

*
Meaning of the gradient

* The gradient can tell us how a quantity changes as a


result of a change in another quantity!

* The gradient calculated above informs us every second,


the distance changes by 0.74 m!
Meaning of the gradient

*
The mark scheme for drawing of a
graph

❖ Title ( 1 mark)
❖ Labels (2 marks)
❖ Scales (2 marks)
❖ Plotting of points accurately (3marks)
½ mark is deducted for each point plotted incorrectly
❖ Line of best fit (1 mark)
❖ Line of best fit drawn with a sharp point pencil
(1 mark)
Total 10 marks
Summary for drawing graphs
Assessment

For each question, get a separate unused graph sheet.


Following the steps learnt on the powerpoint presentation,
Complete questions 1 and 2!

Remember practice makes perfect!


Question 1
Time /s Velocity

/m/s

a) On the grid provided, plot 0.0 0.0


a graph of velocity
against time. [10 marks] 5.0 7.5

b) Calculate the gradient, m 10.0 15.0


of the graph.
15.0 22.5
[ 4 marks]
20.0 30.0

25.0 38.0
Question 2

Force, F /N Extension of
A student investigating a spring, l /mm
relationship between extension
and force for a spring of
original length 60.0 cm 2 5
obtained the results in Table 1
below. 4 10
a) Plot a graph of extension 6 15
against force. (10 marks)
8 20
b) From your graph, calculate
the slope, S. (4 marks) 10 24
12 30

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