Newton’s law of motion can be divided by three types that is 1st law, 2nd law and

3rd law and it is law of gravity. The three laws are simple and sensible.

The first law states that a force must be applied to an object in order to change its
velocity. When the object’s velocity is changing that mean it is accelerating, which
implies a relationship between force and acceleration.

The second law, the acceration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration
is in the direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the
object.

Finally, the third laws, whenever we push on something, it pushes back with equal
force in the opposite direction.

Forces
A force is commonly imagined as a push or a pull on some object, perhaps rapidly, as
when we hit a tennis ball with a racket. (see figure 1.0). We can hit the ball at
different speeds and direct it ionto different parts of the opponents;s court. This
mean that we can control the magnitude of the applied force and alos its direction,
so force is a vector quantity, just like velocity and acceleration.

Newton’s 1st law

Newton’s 1st law of motion states that if a body is at rest it will remain at the rest
and if a body is moving in a straight line with uniform velocity will keep moving
unless an external force is acted upon.

For example, consider a book lying on a table. Obviously, the book remains at rest if
left alone. Now imagine pushing the book with a horizontal force great enough to
overcome the force of friction between the book and the table, setting the book in
motion. Because the magnitude of the applied force exceeds the magnitude of the
friction force, the book to a stop.

Now imagine the book across a smooth floor. The book again comes to rest once the
force is no longer applied, but not as quickly as before. Finally, if the book is moving
on a horizontal frictionless surface, it continues to move in a straight line with
constant velocity until it hits a wall or some other obstruction.

However, an object moving on a frictionless surface, it’s not the nature of an object
to stop, once set in motion, but rather to continues in its original state of motion.
This approach was later formalized as Newton’s first law of motion:
An object moves with a velocity that is constant in magnitude and direction, unless
acted on by a nonzero net force.

Newton 2nd law

Newton’s first law explains what happens to an object that has no net force acting on
it. The object either remains at rest or continues moving in a straight line with
constant speed. Newton’s second law is the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.
The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the acceleration is in the
direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object.

Imagine pushing a block of ice across a frictionless horizontal surface. When you
exert some horizontal force on the block, it moves with an acceleration of the 2m/s2.
If you apply a force twice as large, the acceleration doubles to 4m/s2. Pushing three
times as hard triples the acceleration, and so on. From such observations, we
conclude that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it.

Mass also affects acceleration. Suppose you stack identical block of ice on top of
each other while pushing the stack with constant force. If the force applied to one
block produces an acceleration of 2m/s2, then the acceleration drops to half that
value, 1 m/s2, When 2 blocks are pushed, to one-third the initial value. When three
block is pushed, and so on. We conclude that the acceleration of an object is
inversely proportional to its mass. These observations are summarized in Newton’s
second law:

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass.

Units of Force and Mass

The SI unit of force is the Newton. When 1 Newton of force acts on an object that
has a mass of 1 kg, it produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in the object. From this
definition and Newton’s second law, we can see that the Newton can be expressed in
terms of the fundamental units of mass, length and time.

1 N = 1 kg.m/s2

A force is a push or a pull. Hence a force can change the size, shape, and state of rest
or motion, direction of motion and speed / velocity. The symbol for force is F and the
S.I. unit is Newton (N). An object of mass m is subjected to a force F, its velocity
changes from U to V in time t. The above condition can be stated as:
F=

Where a = is acceleration, thus F = ma.

(a) Find the acceleration of the airboat.

(b) Starting from rest, how long does it take the airboat to reach a speed of
12.0m/s2?

(c) After reaching this speed, the pilot turns off the engine and drifts to a stops over
distance of 50.0m. Find the resistance force, assuming it’s constant.

Solution
(a) Find the acceleration of the airboat.

Apply Newton’s second law and solve for the acceleration:

Fnet = ma

a==

= 2.20m/s2

(b) Find the time necessary to reach a speed of 12.0m/s.

Apply the kinematics velocity equation:

If t = 5.45s

V = at + V0 = (2.20m/s2) (5.45) = 12.0m/s

(c) Find the resistance force after the engine is turned off.

Using kinematics, find the net acceleration due to resistance forces

V2 – = 2a Δx

0 – (12.0m/s)2 = 2a(50.0m)

= -12 / 100

= -0.12m/s2

Substitute the acceleration into Newton’s second law, finding the resistance force:
Fresistance= ma

= (3.50 X 102kg) (-144m/s2)

= -504N

Impulse and Impulsive Force

The force, which acts during a short moment during a collision, is called Impulsive
Force. Impulse is defined as the change of momentum, so Impulse = MV – MU, since
F = , thus impulse can be written as:

Impulsive force is Force = Impulse/Time. Unit is Newton (N).

The applications of impulsive force

In real life we tend to decrease the effect of the impulsive force by reducing the time
taken during collision.

Gravitational force or gravity

Gravity exists due to the earth’s mass and it is acts towards the center of earth.
Object falling under the influence of gravity will experience free fall. Assuming no
other force acts upon it.

Object experiencing free fall will fall with acceleration; gravity has an approximate
value of 10m/s2. The gravitational force acting on any object on earth can be
expressed as F=mg. This is also as weight.

For example
Find the gravitational force exerted by the sun on a 79.0kg man located on earth. The
distance from the sun to the earth is about 1.50 X 1011 m, and the sun’s mass is

1.99 X 1030kg.

Solution
Fsun = G

= (6.67 X 10-11 Kg-1m3s2)

= 0.413N

Newton’s third law

The action of one body acting upon another body tends to change the motion of the
body acted upon. This action is called a force. Because a force has both magnitude
and direction, it is a vector quantity, and the previous discussion on vector notation
applies.

Newton’s third law is the amount of force which you inflict upon on others will have
the same repelling force that act on you as well. Force is exerted on an object when it
comes into contact with some other object. Consider the task of driving a nail into a
block of wood, for example, as illustrated in the figure 1.7(a). To accelerate the nail
and drive it into the block, the hammer must exert a net force on the nail. Newton is
a single isolated force (such as the force exerted by the hammer on the nail) couldn’t
exist. Instead, forces in nature always exist in pairs. According to Newton, as the nail
is driven into the block by the force exerted by the hammer, the hammer is slowed
down and stopped by the force exerted by the nail.

Newton described such paired forces with his third law: Whenever one object exerts
a force on a second object, the second exerts an equal and opposite force on the
first.

This law, which is illustrated in figure 1.7(b), state that a single isolated force can’t
exist. The force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is sometimes called the action
force, and the force F12 exerted by object 2 on object 1 is called the reaction force. In
reality, either, either force can be labeled the action or reaction force. The action
force is equal in magnitude to the reaction force and opposite in direction. In all
cases, the action and reaction forces act on different objects.

For example, the force acting on a freely falling projectile is the force exerted by
earth on the projectile, Fg, and the magnitude of this force is its weight mg. The
reaction to force Fg is the force exerted by the projectile on earth, Fg = -Fg. The
reaction force Fg must accelerate the earth towards the projectile, just as the action
force Fg accelerates the projectile towards the earth. Because the earth has such a
large mass and its acceleration due to this reaction forces is negligibly small.

Figure 1.7: Newton’s third law. (a) The force exerted by the hammer on the nail is
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted by the nail on the
hammer. (b) The force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1.

Newton’s third law constantly affects our activities in everyday life. Without it, no
locomotion of any kind would be possible, whether on foot, on a bicycle, or in a
motorized vehicle. When walking, we exert a frictional force against the ground. The
reaction force of the ground against our foot propels us forward. In the same way,
the tired on a bicycle exert a frictional force against the ground, and the reaction of
the ground pushes the bicycle forward. This is called friction plays a large role in such
reaction forces.

Question Two
Research and illustrate the various characteristics of “Damped Oscillations”, your
answer should also include graphical display of these characteristic.

Answer
In the real life, the vibrating motion can be taken place in ideal systems that are
oscillating indefinitely under the action of a linear restoring force. In many realistic
system, resistive forces, such as friction, are present and retard the motion of the
system. Consequently, the mechanical energy of the system diminishes in time, and
the motion is described as a damped oscillation.

Thus, in all real mechanical systems, forces of friction retard the motion, so the
systems don’t oscillate indefinitely. The friction reduces the mechanical energy of the
system as time passes, and the motion is said to be damped.

In the figure 2.0, shock absorbers in automobiles are one practical application of
damped motion. A shock absorber consists of a piston moving through a liquid such
as oil. The upper part of the shock absorber is firmly attached to the body of the car.
When the car travels over a bump in the road, holes in the piston allow it to move up
and down in the fluid in a damped fashion.

(b)