PT 1: KNOWING THE KEY TERMS

Directions: Refer to the twenty (30) key terms listed. Write the meaning of the terms and indicate what
specific lesson in which the term belongs (60 POINTS).

Rubrics:
1 point – definition
1 point – indication of the specific location of the term
2 points – maximum points per item

Example:
1. Criminal behavior – It is a behavior in violation of the criminal law (lesson 1).

Criminal behavior- criminal behavior is behavior in violation of the criminal law. It is not a crime
unless it is prohibited by the criminal law which is defined conventionally as a body of specific rules
regarding human conduct which have been promulgated by political authority, which apply uniformly
to all members of the classes to which the rules refer, and which are enforced by punishment
administered by the state olationl behavior

Crime Typology-Deviance refers to the study of behavior that departs from social norms. Included
within the broad spectrum of deviant acts are behaviors ranging from violent crimes to joining a nudist
colony. Not all crimes are deviant or unusual acts, and not all deviant acts are illegal.

Deviant behavior-Deviant behavior is conduct that deviates from the societal norm. By this definition
alone, deviance is neither good nor bad, but must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Such behavior
may be described as “different,” or “unexpected,” and may elicit positive or negative responses from
other people. Deviant behavior that becomes popularized, or seen as normal, is how societies change or
revolutionize over time. In a legal context, deviant Behavior refers to acts that are not only outside
those society would consider normal, but Which are unlawful as well. To explore this concept, consider
the following definition of deviant behavior Definition.

Asocial behavior-Antisocial is a personality disorder, a condition where a person disregards what is

right or wrong, doesn’t have empathy, and ignores others' feelings. It’s also characterized by
manipulation and harsh treatment. It also relates to sociopathy; a sociopath is extremely antisocial
and has no conscience.

Crime Typology-A Crime Typology Some typologies focus on the criminal, suggesting the existence of
offender groups, such as professional criminals, psychotic criminals, amateur criminals, and so on.
Others focus on the crimes, clustering them into categories such as property crimes, sex crimes, and so
on.

Biological theory-Biological Theory is devoted to theoretical advances in the fields of evolution and
cognition, with an emphasis on the conceptual integration afforded by evolutionary and developmental
approaches. The journal appeals to a wide audience of scientists, social scientists, and scholars from the
humanities, particularly philosophers and historians of biology.
Positivism- is associated with the belief that all valid knowledge is acquired only through observation
and not through the mere exercise of reason or blind adherence to belief. Early positivism was built on
two important principles: (1) an unflagging acceptance of social determinism, or the belief that human
behavior is determined not by the exercise of free choice but by causal factors beyond the control of the
individual, and (2) the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminology.

Phrenology-phrenology (also called craniology). Gall believed that the shape of the human skull was
related to personality and could be used to distinguish criminals from normal men and women. Gall’s
approach built on four themes

Atavism- is the theory that some individual animals, for some reason, revert back to an earlier
evolutionary type. In the case of humans, many behavioral scientists once believed that atavisms caused
certain persons to revert in a major way, both physically and mentally, to their animal origins

Criminal Anthropology-is the scientific study of the relationship between human physical
characteristics (in particular, bodily features) and criminality. Today the word is mostly applied to the
Italian School of Criminology, whose contributors built on scientific, or positivistic, principles like the
use of measurement and observation in applying evolutionary concepts to the study of crime and
criminals. Criminal anthropology sees criminals as throwbacks to earlier evolutionary epochs.

Biological evolution-is the change in inherited traits over successive generations in populations of
organisms. Evolutionary modification of traits occurs when variation is introduced into a population by
gene mutation or genetic recombination or is removed by natural selection or genetic drift

Insane criminals-mental illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distinguish fantasy from
reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive
behavior. Insanity is distinguished from low intelligence or mental deficiency due to age or injury.

Criminaloids-also called “occasional criminals,” were described as people who were enticed into
breaking the law by virtue of environmental influences. Nevertheless, most criminaloids were seen by
Lombroso as exhibiting some degree of atavism and hence were said to “differ from born criminals in
degree, not in kind.” Those who became criminals by virtue of passion were said to have surrendered to
intense emotions, including love, jealousy, hatred, or an injured sense of honor.

Criminal by passion-in popular usage, refers to a violent crime, especially homicide, in which the
perpetrator commits the act against someone because of sudden strong impulse such as anger rather
than as a premeditated crime

Constitutional theory-is an academic discipline that focuses on the meaning of the United States
Constitution. Its concerns include (but are not limited to) the historical, linguistic, sociological, ethical,
and political aspects.

Somatotyping-is a highly disputed taxonomy developed in the 1940s by American psychologist

 William Herbert Sheldon to categorize the human physique according to the relative contribution of
three
fundamental elements which he termed somatotypes, classified by him as ectomorphic, mesomorphic,
and endomorphic

Behavioral genetics-also referred to as behaviour genetics, is a field of scientific research that uses
genetic methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behaviour

Eugenic criminology-A perspective that holds that the root

causes of criminality are passed from generation to
generation in the form of “bad genes.”
Eugenics-The study of hereditary improvement by genetic Contro
Supermale

Sociobiology- as “the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior [that is] a branch of
Evolutionary biology and particularly of modern population biology.” Because of the Important role of
biology in social evolution that Wilson was able to demonstrate, his work Brought renewed attention to
biological theories throughout the social sciences.

Cultural Transmission-also known as socialization, posits that all behavior is learned from the society
or culture surrounding a person. These behaviors can be prosocial or antisocial.

Altruism- Selfless, helping behavior

Territoriality-commonly defined as “the defense of an area,” wherein the area being defended is known
as the “territory.” Territoriality serves as a framework that allows animal behaviorists and behavioral
ecologists to describe and hypothesize links among diverse aspects of animals’ biology.

Tribalism-The attitudes and behavior that result from strong feelings of identification with one’s own
social grouping.

linksial learning approach

MacDonald Triad

Anomie
Delinquency-generally thought to mean criminal behavior committed by juveniles under the legal age
of adulthood.

Criminal profiling-is an investigative strategy used by law enforcement agencies to identify likely
suspects and has been used by investigators to link cases that may have been committed by the same
perpetrator.
Psychiatric Criminology-is a theory that is derived from the medical sciences (including neurology)
and that, like other psychological theories, focuses on the individual As the unit of analysis. Psychiatric
theories form the basis of psychiatric criminology
(Schamalleger, 2017, p. 137).
PT 2: CHECKING YOUR READING COMPREHENSION
Directions: Provide the answers. Wrong spelling and any acts of changing your answers is not allowed.
(15 POINTS)
1. Lesson 1

(a) _____ is a division of criminology which attempts to provide scientific analysis of the causes of crime.
In the study of criminal etiology, two things or objects should be considered namely: the (b) _____and his
(c) _____ in relation to criminal law or penal law. Marvin Wolfgang’s famous 1958 study, Patterns in
Criminal Homicide—considered a landmark analysis of the nature of homicide and the relationship
between victim and offender—found that victims often (d) _____ the incident that results in their death.
Criminologists also conduct research on the links between different types of crime and criminals. This is
known as a (e) _____ . Criminal behavior is behavior in violation of the (f) _____. The first identifiable
tradition of explaining crime and criminal behavior to emerge in modern society is the (g) _____. A notion
that legitimate government is only possible with the voluntary agreement of free human beings who are
able to exercise free will is termed as (h) _____. According to Thomas Hobbes, compliance can be enforced
by the fear of (i) _____. Hobbes views that people should surrender themselves to the absolute rule of a
(j) _____. Rousseau developed the concept of the (k) _____, observing that in addition to individual self
interest, citizens have a collective interest in the well-being of the community. Social Contract Theory in
the Rational Actor Model of crime and criminal behavior claims that human beings are viewed as (l)
_____. (m) _____ is another view of rational actor model of crime and criminal behavior which essentially
assesses the rightness of acts, policies, decisions and choices by their tendency to promote the
‘happiness’ of those affected by them. Jeremy Bentham proposed that the actions of human beings are
acceptable if they promote (n) _____. John Stuart Mill generally accepted the position of Bentham but
nevertheless wanted to distinguish qualities as well as (o) _____ of pleasures.

ANSWERS:
a.Criminal Etiology f.criminal law k.general will

b.man g.rational actor model l.rational actors

 c.criminal behavior h.social contract theories. m.utilitarianism

d.precipitate i.punishment n.happiness

e.crime typology j.Leviathan o.quantities

PT 3: ESSAY
Directions: Discuss how the following factors might contribute to the commission of a crime. Each
factor should be discussed in not less than fifty (50) words. Corroborate your answers by giving
examples. Discuss also your recommendation on how to address the factors of criminality (40 POINTS).

Rubrics:

Discussion – 5 points
Examples - 2 points
Recommendations - 3 points
TOTAL - 10 POINTS
A. LOW EDUCATION

People who lack education have trouble getting ahead in life, have worse health and are poorer than
the well-educated. Major effects of lack of education include: poor health, lack of a voice, shorter
lifespan, unemployment, exploitation and gender, Marginalisation and poverty Factors linked to poverty
such as unemployment, illness and the illiteracy of parents, multiply the risk of non-schooling and the
drop-out rate of a child by 2.Put classroom-running and curriculum-building decisions in the hands of
the community.

B.LOW INTELLIGENCE

I don’t know about you, but I enjoy spending time with people who’re smarter than me. To do this, I
have to actively scan my social circle for low-intelligence people and limit my association with them. So
I thought an article that lists the major signs of low intelligence would be a nice idea. Note that when I
mean low intelligence," I’m not talking about people with learning or intellectual disabilities that are
diagnosed in childhood.Also, I’m not talking about low IQ scores. I don’t care much for IQ scores. Never
taken one, and never will.
 Lacking curiosity- The hallmark of low intelligence, lack of curiosity keeps people stuck at their present
level of knowledge. They know just enough to get by in the world. They don’t ask questions and seem to
be satisfied with where they are intellectually. That activity can boos your intelligence is play Jigsaw
puzzles,Crossword puzzles,Concentration card game, or card matching. Sudoku.
C. HAVING SIBLINGS OR FRIENDS WHO ARE IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW. If I am the youngest
sibling in my family I know a few things to be true: Your older sibling will always know when you steal
something from their room, and your oldest sibling is far, far more organized than you Ex.It can feel
exhausting trying to make conversation with a person you don’t like very much, especially if that person
is the sister of your partner. One of the best ways to find a topic of conversation: figure out what you
have in common. If you both love a certain workout class, type of food, or even a brand of wine,
use that to fuel your interactions. The more things in common you can figure out with your
sister-in-law, the more you’ll be able to get through your time together without having to navigate
awkward silence.

D. HABITUAL ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE USE

Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person’s brain and
behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine. Substances
such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs. When you’re addicted, you may
continue using the drug despite the harm it causes

An example of drug misuse is when a person who can’t fall asleep after taking a single sleeping pill
takes another pill an hour later hoping that “it’ll do the job.” Prevention and early intervention strategies
can reduce the impact of substance use and mental disorders in America’s communities.

PT 4. ESSAY (Article Review)

Title of the Article: Who’s to Blame?
Three teenage boys were arrested in the small town of Hillsboro, Maine, and charged with
beating a homeless man to death with a baseball bat in an underground parking garage on a cold
January evening. A surveillance camera captured the beating, and the youngsters were identified by
residents who watched the video clip on local TV news.
Because the boys were juveniles, a storm of controversy swarmed around a local judge’s decision
to charge them as adults and to bind them over for trial in criminal court—something that state law
allows for serious crimes if the suspected offenders were over 14 years of age at the time of the alleged
offense.
Soon opinions were being heard from many quarters, and the news media arranged to interview
a criminology professor, Dr. Roy Humbolt, at a local college to see if he might be able to shed some light
on the boys’ behavior.
The first question came from a reporter holding a digital voice recorder toward professor
Humbolt. “What happened here? How do you explain this kind of senseless killing?” “Well,” Humbolt
began, “it’s not senseless. Crime is a social event, not just an isolated instance of individual activity. And
in much youth crime we see patterns of co-offending.” Humbolt felt as though he was hitting his stride
and started lecturing as though he was in the classroom with his undergraduates. “Criminal behavior is
often attributable to social failings rather than to individual choice. Consider, for a moment, the
backgrounds of these young men. Were they subjected to physical abuse while they were growing up?
Was violence what they learned at the hands of older siblings or parents? Were they, in this instance,
involved in some adolescent rite of passage, maybe even an initiation into a gang? Did they feel forced to
behave this way because of peer pressure? Was it something they saw on television or in video games
that they might have played and then decided to reenact?” (Schmalleger, 2017, p. 42).
Directions: In not less than fifty (50) words, give your views regarding the case presented.
Cite entries from the modules and examples to substantiate your discussion (20 POINTS).

1. What do you think of the explanations offered by professor Humbolt for the boys’ behavior?
Which of his explanations, if any, makes the most sense? How can we know for sure if those
explanations are accurate?

● According to Professor Humboldt, men behave in certain ways because they alter their habits
or engage in different hobbies, or because they are being punished for killing someone in the
garage. The most crucial thing he said was why their parents failed to guide them. However,
they became criminals as children and lack knowledge of this. You know exactly what they said
when they were found guilty of what they carelessly did in a group of people. When you come
across the proof, find the young people who witnessed them.

2. Generally speaking, does understanding absolve responsibility? In other words, if we can

understand why someone does something, then should we hold him or her less responsible for
doing it? Why or why not?

● I think a person might accept responsibility because, in this case, he was unable to govern
himself. We need to learn whether or not to calm ourselves down in order to prevent such a
mistake. Do whatever you like to us.

PT 5. UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT (Refer to figure 9).

Directions: Cut and paste an image that would depict the three theories comprising the social
process approach. Give a short description of the image before proceeding to your opinion. Do not
forget to provide the sources of where you got the images (30 POINTS).

1. Social Learning Theory

 The continuation or cessation of new behaviors depends on how they are reinforced or rewarded
in the social environment, according to the study of learned behaviors through observation,
modeling, and imitation of new behaviors that are reinforced by others, or "models,"

2. Social Control Theory

According to control theory, people are motivated to uphold the law by their relationships,
commitments, values, customs, and beliefs. Therefore, individuals who internalize moral principles
and are connected to and invested in their larger community will lessen their propensity to engage
in voluntary deviant behavior.

3. Social Reaction Theory (Labeling Theory)

 SOCIETAL REACTION THEORIES PREDICT THAT SOCIETY CAUSES THE DEVIANT TO ENGAGE IN
MORE UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR BY "TAGGING, DEFINING, IDENTIFYING, OR MAKING
SELF-CONSCIOUS," WHILE SOCIETAL CONTROL THEORIES DO NOT CONSIDER PEOPLE TO BE
CONFORMING TO EITHER POSITION.
PT 6 - ESSAY (Article Review) Refer to Lesson 3 and 4
Title of the Article: Richard Benjamin Speck: “Born to Raise Hell”
In an appalling crime ranked number ten on Time’s list of the top 25 crimes of the twentieth
century, Richard Speck committed the mass murder of eight nurses from a community hospital in
Chicago on the night of July 14, 1966.
Born the seventh of eight children on December 6, 1941, Speck had an early upbringing in
Kirkwood, Illinois, that included strict adherence to Baptist religious teachings. When he was just six
years old, his father died, and his mother subsequently married a hard-fisted drinker with an arrest
record. After the family relocated to Dallas, Texas, Speck performed poorly in school and began sinking
into increasingly serious delinquent behavior. His drunken stepfather’s response was typically the
administration of severe physical punishment for each of Speck’s continuing transgressions. Speck
himself became a heavy drinker, an affliction that would haunt him for the remainder of his life.
In spite of incarcerations for various burglaries, thefts, check forgeries, and other low-level
crimes, 18-year-old Speck married 15-yearold Shirley Malone in November 1962. Their brief marriage
was marked by his repeated absence while imprisoned, punctuated by his physical abuse of both his
wife and his mother-in-law whenever he was not in jail. The abuse of his wife included frequent
instances of rape at knifepoint.
In January 1966, the couple divorced, and Speck left Texas to return by bus to Illinois, ending up
in Monmouth, a small town near the Iowa border. Following the rape of a 65-year-old woman in early
April and the murder of a barmaid 11 days later, Speck was interrogated. He was allowed to go when he
became physically ill, but he promised to return for further questioning. When he failed to show up,
investigators who went looking for him found he had fled on a bus headed east, presumably to the
Chicago area. Before leaving, he had the phrase Born to Raise Hell tattooed on his forearm.
Late on the evening of July 13, 1966, a drunken Speck invaded a townhouse where nursing
students from nearby South Chicago Community Hospital resided. Within the first hour, he was able to
capture and tie up nine women. After securing all the victims, Speck spent the next three hours
systematically taking each student to another room within the townhouse and killing her. Each was
violently murdered by strangulation, multiple stab wounds, and/or a cut throat; one was also raped.
Speck lost count of the number of women he had captured, and as a result, one of the women survived
by rolling under a bed and hiding there. Speck left the townhouse at approximately 3:30 a.m. The
survivor, Corazon Amurao, huddled in terror under the bed until almost 6 a.m. before she finally
crawled out a window and began calling for help.
Speck was soon arrested and tried in Peoria, Illinois. The jury returned a guilty verdict in just 49
minutes, and Speck was sentenced to death.
Speck achieved notoriety in the national press when his lawyers offered the claim that he was an
XYY supermale, apparently hoping that the claim could provide a defense to the charges against him. At
the time the claim was made, the XYY theory was being debated in academic circles and had become
popular with the public. Later tests showed, however, that Speck did not carry the extra Y chromosome.
Speck’s death sentence was commuted to 50 to 100 years in prison when the U.S. Supreme Court voided
the death penalty in 1972. He died of a heart attack on December 5, 1991

Directions: In not less than fifty words, give your views regarding the case presented. Cite entries from
the modules and examples from the above case to substantiate your discussion (20 POINTS).

Question to Resolve:
What caused Richard Speck to go on a murderous crime spree? Do you think it was his background or
his biology, or a combination of both?
Richard Benjamin Speck is another name for Richard Benjamin Speck.Marie Doorey Editorial History
Richard Speck, full name Richard Benjamin Speck,born December 6,1941,Kirkwood,Illinois, U.S.died
December 5, 1991, Joliet) American mass murderer best known for the 1966 murder of eight female
nursing students in a Chicago townhouse.
Richard Speck View all mediaIllinois, December 6, 1941 Speck was the seventh child in a family of
eight. The family relocated to Monmouth, Illinois, not long after he was born. Speck’s father, to whom he
was deeply attached, died of a heart attack when he was six years old.

PT 7: ESSAY:
Directions: In not less than fifty words, resolve on the given question (60 POINTS). A. Identify and

discuss at least three (3) behaviors that are deviant but not criminal (30 POINTS).
Non-criminal deviance is the term for behaviors that are morally repugnant but are not unlawful. Here
are a few instances to illustrate the statement, "All deviation is deviant, but not all deviance is criminal,"

Speaking out loud in public while watching pornography I'd also like to add that where something is
considered "deviant," whether criminally or not, varies from place to place because deviance is
influenced by a group's social values.

.B. Identify and discuss at least three (3) behaviors that are illegal but not deviant (30 POINTS).

Not all criminal behavior is considered to be abnormal. Using a cell phone while driving or parking on
double yellow lines are two examples of actions that are illegal.

PT 8: ESSAY (Refer to the case of Rhia Almeida stated in Lesson 5).

Directions: In not less than fifty words, resolve on the given statements (20 POINTS). A.

State and discuss at least three (3) factors that led the offender commit the crime.

Three criteria are identified by the crime triangle as constituting a criminal offense. the chance for the
crime to be committed, the victim of the criminal's desire, and the criminal's desire itself. By denying
the criminal the opportunity, you can end the crime triangle. Deviant behavior refers to actions that
depart from accepted social norms. This idea holds that deviations must be evaluated on an individual
basis because they are neither beneficial nor harmful. Such conduct may be characterized as "odd" or
"weird," and it may elicit positive or unfavorable reactions from others. Cultures change or revolutionize
as a result of abnormal behavior that is regarded as the standard. time. When used in a legal context, the
term "deviant behavior" describes conduct that is both against the law and socially unacceptable. To
look into this notion,
B. Do you think the crime could have been prevented? How?

Activities that foster a sense of community, the provision of social services, and the creation of
community support groups can all help to reduce crime. The best way to prevent crime is to eliminate
the opportunities for it.

PT 9: ESSAY
Directions: In not less than fifty words, resolve on the given statement (10 POINTS).

How can media be a contributory factor to criminal behavior?

Social media may encourage unlawful activities as a way to profit from celebrity culture. As a result,
offenders are disseminating confessions made prior to their crimes, videos of themselves committing
crimes, and raw post-crime footage.
PT 10: ESSAY (refer to figure 10)
Directions: In not less than 100 words, resolve on the given statement(10 POINTS).

How do could the cycle of violence be broken?

I believe that assistance for kids who have experienced domestic abuse need to be easily available,
comprehensive, and integrated. Children require services that concentrate on developing conflict
resolution and problem-solving skills, as well as strong self-esteem and self-worth, in order to break the
cycle of violence. Social support and supportive peer groups are also essential. Preventive services
should take into account contributing factors like substance abuse, poverty and financial stress, youth
development and empowerment, as well as communication patterns, problem solving, and conflict
management within families, according to victims of gender-based violence.

PT 11:
Directions: In not less than fifty words, resolve on the given statement (10 POINTS).

Discuss the importance of Criminal Profiling

PT 12: CHECKING YOUR READING COMPREHENSION

Directions: Provide the answers. Wrong spelling and any acts of changing your answers is not allowed
(15 POINTS).
Learning Factors
To some criminologists, they believe that criminality is a function of socialization, the interactions
people have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society, the process is referred to
as (a) _____. Criminologists have long studied the critical elements of socialization to determine how they
contribute to a burgeoning criminal career. Prominent among these elements are the (b) _____, the
school, (c) _____, institutional involvement and belief. (d) _____ can help neutralize the effect of both
individual (e.g., emotional problems) and social (e.g., delinquent peers) forces that promote delinquent
behaviors.
This theory states that (e) _____ co-offending by brothers was common to boys who had brothers close
to them in age were convicted for as crime committed with their brother. Though experts have long
debated the exact relationship between peer group interaction and delinquency, there is little question
that some kids are particularly susceptible to peer influence. The more (f) _____ the peer group, the
more likely its members will engage in delinquency. (g) _____ suggests that people learn the techniques
and attitudes of crime from close and intimate relationships with (h) _____ peers; crime is a learned
behavior. (i) _____ maintains that everyone has the potential to become a criminal but that most people
are controlled by their (j) _____ to society. Crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are
weakened or broken. (k) _____ says people become criminals when significant members of society (l)
_____ them as such, and some accept those labels as a personal identity. According to Sutherland,
criminal behavior is learned, and that it is learned in (m) _____with others. (n) _____ This theory asserts
that delinquency and crime are learned and adopted. (o) _____ is a modification of Sutherland’s theory
have some parallels with a prominent theory that people learn violence by imitating or modeling the
behavior of people they “look up to”.

ANSWERS:
a..learning factors f.antisocial k.Social reaction theory

b.family g.Social learning theory l.label

c.peer group h.criminal m.association

d.Effective parenting i.Social control theory n.Imitation-Suggestion Theory

e..co-offending j.bonds o.Identification Theory

PT 13: ESSAY
Directions: In not less than fifty words, resolve on the given statement.
 Schools contribute to criminality when they label problem youths and set them apart from
conventional society. One way in which schools perpetuate this stigmatization is the “track system,”
which identifies some students as college bound and others as academic underachievers or potential
dropouts (Seigel, 2010, p. 216).

Guide questions: Do you think that the “track system” is an effective way of classifying students?
What do you think would be the effect to the student’s future? Give your recommendations (10
POINTS).

PT 14: ESSAY (Refer to Lesson 7 – Psychological Foundations of Criminal Behavior)

Directions: Paraphrase (reword) the three theories (30 POINTS).

The main focus of illegal psychology is on the fundamental reasons why people engage in criminal
activity. Psychologists who work in this area examine not just the intentions and motivations of
criminals but also their post-criminal behaviors. Due to the fact that criminology is a problem in
every community as a result of various social structures, they are crucial to criminal justice because
it help judges understand various issues relating to a criminal's mind.

For instance, according to Merton strain theory, crime is encouraged in American society because
each person is expected to fulfill certain materialistic objectives. As a result, those who are
unfortunate enough to not be able to accomplish such goals in the right way end up turning to crime
in their quest for success.

15: ESSAY (Refer to Lesson 8 – Psychological Traits and Characteristics)

Directions: Paraphrase (reword) the two factors that influence human behavior (20 POINTS).
The words "personality" or "psychological traits" must have been used by many of us, and we must
all have heard them. When people give certificates or testimonials to others or use the word
"personality" in advertisements, it is clear that this term is being used to describe someone's
behavior broadly in each of these contexts.

For examples, if someone is thought to have a pleasant personality, this implies that they are
typically simple to meet and get along with. The phrases "irritable personality" and "charming
personality" are also commonly used. Therefore, it is clear that when someone uses the word
"personality," they are referring to the broad, recurring traits of their behavior. It is a complete and
comprehensive portrait of a person. Therefore, we can make a rudimentary attempt at defining the
term personality.