Program-1

1.Write a program to generate impulse sequence, step sequence, ramp sequence, sinusoidal
sequence, cosine sequence and sawtooth sequence.

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%impulse signal
disp('unit impulse function');
N= input('enter the value of N:');
n=-N:N;
y=[zeros(1,N),1,zeros(1,N)];
subplot(3,2,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('time---->');
title('unit impulse signal');

%step signal
disp('unit step function');
N= input('enter the value of N:');
n=-N:1:N;
y=[zeros(1,N),ones(1,N+1)];
subplot(3,2,2);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('time---->');
title('unit step signal');

%ramp signal
disp('unit ramp function');
N= input('enter the length of ramp sequence:');
n=0:N-1;
y=n;
subplot(3,2,3);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('n---->');
title('Ramp sequence');

%sinusoidal signal
disp('sine function');
f= input('enter the value of frequency:');
n=-2*pi:pi/12:2*pi;
y=sin(2*pi*f*n);
subplot(3,2,4);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('n---->');
title('sine sequence');

%cosine signal
disp('cosine function');
f= input('enter the value of frequency:');
n=-2*pi:pi/12:2*pi;
y=cos(2*pi*f*n);
subplot(3,2,6);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('n---->');
title('cosine sequence');

%sawtooth function
disp('sawtooth function');
f=input('enter the value of f:');
N= input('enter the value of N:');
n=-N:N;
y=sawtooth(2*pi*f*n);

subplot(3,2,5);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('n---->');
title('sawtooth sequence');

Command Window:
unit impulse function
enter the value of N:5
unit step function
enter the value of N:8
unit ramp function
enter the length of ramp sequence:9
sine function
enter the value of frequency:0.1
cosine function
enter the value of frequency:0.1
sawtooth function
enter the value of f:0.1
enter the value of N:5
 Program-2

2. Write a program to generate real exponential sequence and complex exponential sequence.
Program:
%Exponential function

N=input('Enter the length of exponential sequence');

n=0:N-1;
a=input('Enter the value of >1:');
b=input('Enter the value of (0,1):');
c=input('Enter the value of (-1,0):');
d=input('Enter the value of <-1:');
y1=a.^n ;
y2=b.^n ;
y3=c.^n ;
y4=d.^n ;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,y1);
ylabel('Amplitude -------->');
xlabel('n ------->');
title('Exponentially growing sequence');
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,y2);
ylabel('Amplitude -------->');
xlabel('n ------->');
title('Exponentially decaying sequence');
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n,y3);
ylabel('Amplitude -------->');
xlabel('n ------->');
title('Alternatively Exponential decaying sequence');
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n,y4);
ylabel('Amplitude -------->');
xlabel('n ------->');
title('Alternatively Exponential growing sequence');

%Complex Exponential function

clc;
close all;
clear all;
N=input('Enter a value:');
n=0:N-1;
r=0.1;
a1=2;
a2=1;
a3=-1.8;
g=cos(r.*n);
y1=(a1.^n).*g;
y2=(a2.^n).*g;
y3=(a3.^n).*g;
 h=sin(r.*n);
y4=(a1.^n).*h;
y5=(a2.^n).*h;
y6=(a3.^n).*h;
subplot(2,3,1);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Real part of Complex Exp a>1:');
subplot(2,3,2);
stem(n,y2);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Real part of Complex Exp a=1:');
subplot(2,3,3);
stem(n,y3);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Real part of Complex Exp a<-1:');
subplot(2,3,4);
stem(n,y4);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Img part of Complex Exp a>1:');
subplot(2,3,5);
stem(n,y5);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Img part of Complex Exp a=1:');
subplot(2,3,6);
stem(n,y6);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Img part of Complex Exp a<-1:');

Command Window for Real Exponential Function:

>> exponential
Enter the length of exponential sequence10
Enter the value of >1:5

Enter the value of (0,1):0.5

Enter the value of (-1,0):-0.5
Enter the value of <-1:-4

Command Window for Complex Exponential Function:

Enter a value:10
 Program-3

3. Write a program to check whether the given system is linear or not.

y[n] = x[n] + 1/2 x[n-1] + 1/4 x[n-2]

Program:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
n=0:50;A=2;B=3;
x1=cos(2*pi*(0.1)*n);
x2=cos(2*pi*(0.4)*n);
b=[1 1/2 1/4];
a=[1];
y1=filter(b,a,x1);
y2=filter(b,a,x2);
y31=(A*y1)+(B*y2);
x3=(A*x1)+(B*x2);
y3=filter(b,a,x3);
y=round(y3)-round(y31);
if y==0
display('The given system is linear');
else
display('System is Non-linear');
end

Command Window:

The given system is linear

>>
 Program-4

4. Write a program to check whether the given system time invariant or not

Y[n]=x[n]+1/2x[n-2]+1/4x[n-4]

Program:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
n=0:50;
x=cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
b=[1 1/2 1/4];
a=[1];
y=filter(b,a,x);
k=10;
nk=n-10;
xnk=cos(2*pi*0.1*nk);
ynk=filter(b,a,xnk);
ys=y;
if round(ynk)==round(ys)
display('Given system is Time invariant');
else
display('Given system is Time variant');
end

Command Window:
Given system is Time invariant
 Program-5

5.Write a program to find the impulse response of the system defined by the difference equation

Y[n]+y[n-1]-0.06y[n-2]=x[n]+2x[n-1]

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
N=input('Enter length of sequence:');
n=0:N-1;
b=input('Enter the x coefficients:');
a=input('Enter the y coefficients:');
x=[1,zeros(1,N-1)];
y=filter(b,a,x);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('Amplitude---->');
title('Impluse Response');
%in built function
i=impz(b,a,N);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,i);
xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('Amplitude---->');
title('Impluse Response');

Command Window:
Enter length of sequence:50

Enter the x coefficients:[1 2]

Enter the y coefficients:[1 1 -0.06]
 Program-6

6.Write a program to find the frequency response of the given system defined by the difference
equation
Y[n]+y[n-1]-0.06y[n-2]=x[n]+2x[n-1]

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N= input('enter the length of sequence:');
b= input('enter the coefficients of x:');
a= input('enter the coefficients of y:');
[h,w]= freqz(b,a,N);
m= abs(h);
mdb= 20.*log10(m);
p= angle(h);

subplot(2,2,1);
plot(w/pi,mdb);
xlabel('amplitude------->');
ylabel('n------>');
title('magnitude response');

subplot(2,2,2);
plot(w/pi,p);
xlabel('amplitude------->');
ylabel('n------>');
title('phase response');

Command Window:
enter the length of sequence: 50
enter the coefficients of x: [1 2]

enter the coefficients of y: [1 1 -0.06]

 Program-7

7.Write a program to find the frequency response of the system defined by difference equation

Y[n]+y[n-1]-0.06y[n-2]=x[n]+2x[n-1]

Program:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
x1=input('enter the x1 seq:');
x2=input('enter the x2 seq:');
s1=input('enter the starting index of x1 seq:');
s2=input('enter the starting index of x2 seq:');
l1=length(x1);
l2=length(x2);
e1=s1+l1-1;
e2=s2+l2-1;
n1=s1:e1;
n2=s2:e2;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n1,x1);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('n----->');
title("x1 sequence");
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n2,x2);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('n----->');
title("x2 sequence");
p=[x1,zeros(1,l2-1)];
q=[x2,zeros(1,l1-1)];
l=l2+l1-1;
s=s1+s2;
e=s+l-1;
n=s:e;
for i=1:l
y(i)=0;
for j=1:l;
if(i-j+1>0)
y(i)=y(i)+p(j)*q(i-j+1);
end
end
end
disp(y(i));
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('n----->');
title('convoluted sequence');
%convolution using function
y1=conv(x2,x1);
disp(y1);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n,y1);
ylabel('amplitude---->');
xlabel('n----->');
title('convoluted sequence using function');

Command Window:

enter the x1 seq:[3 2 1 2]

enter the x2 seq:[1 2 1 2]

enter the starting index of x1 seq:0

enter the starting index of x2 seq:-1
4

3 8 8 12 9 4 4
 Program-8

8.Write a program to find the circular convolution of two discrete sequences using for loop and
MATLAB inbuilt function.

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
x1=input('Enter the first sequence:');
x2=input('Enter the second sequence:');
s1=input('Enter the starting index of x1:');
s2=input('Enter the starting index of x2:');
l1=length(x1);
l2=length(x2);
e1=s1+l1-1;
e2=s2+l2-1;
n1=s1:e1;
n2=s2:e2;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n1,x1);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('n');
title('x1 sequence');
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n2,x2);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('n');
title('x2 sequence');
N=max(l1,l2);
x1=[x1,zeros(1,N-l1)];
x2=[x2,zeros(1,N-l2)];
s=s1+s2;
e=s+N-1;
n=s:e;
for i=1:N
y(i)=0;
for j=1:N
k=i-j+1;
if(k<=0)
k=N+k;
end
y(i)=y(i)++x1(j)*x2(k);
end;
end;
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('n');
title('circular convoluted sequence');
c=cconv(x1,x2,N);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n,c);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('n');
title('circular convolution sequencecusing inbuilt function');

Command Window:

Enter the first sequence:[1 2 1 2]

Enter the second sequence:[3 4 5 6]
Enter the starting index of x1:0
Enter the starting index of x2:-1
 Program-9

9.Write a program to find the 8-Point Discrete Fourier Transform and Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform of a sequence.

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
N=input("Enter the value of N:");
x=input('Enter the input sequence:');
x=[x,zeros(1,N-length(x))];
for i=1:N
for j=1:N
w(i,j)=exp(-1i*2*pi*(i-1)*(j-1)-(1/N));
end;
end;
%Dft of sequence X=w,x
XC=w*transpose(x);
XR=transpose(XC);
display(XR);
%idft of sequence
xc=(1/N)*transpose(conj(w))*XC;
xr=transpose(xc);
display(xr);
%inbuilt function

X=fft(x,N);
ix=ifft(X,N);
display(X);
display(ix);

Command Window:
Enter the value of N:8
Enter the input sequence:[1 2 3 4]

XR =

Columns 1 through 4

8.8250 + 0.0000i 8.8250 + 0.0000i 8.8250 + 0.0000i 8.8250 + 0.0000i

Columns 5 through 8
 8.8250 + 0.0000i 8.8250 + 0.0000i 8.8250 + 0.0000i 8.8250 + 0.0000i

X=

Columns 1 through 4

10.0000 + 0.0000i -0.4142 - 7.2426i -2.0000 + 2.0000i 2.4142 - 1.2426i

Columns 5 through 8

-2.0000 + 0.0000i 2.4142 + 1.2426i -2.0000 - 2.0000i -0.4142 + 7.2426i

ix =

1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0 -0.0000

xr =

Columns 1 through 4

7.7880 + 0.0000i 7.7880 + 0.0000i 7.7880 - 0.0000i 7.7880 - 0.0000i

Columns 5 through 8

7.7880 - 0.0000i 7.7880 - 0.0000i 7.7880 - 0.0000i 7.7880 - 0.0000i

>>
 Program-10
10. Write a program to plot frequency response of Low Pass Filter to give response of 3dB or
less frequencies upto 2KHz and attenuation of 20dB or more beyond 4KHz and sampled at
10KHz for butterworth, Chebyshev type-1,2 filters
Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
fsam=input('Enter the sampling frequency in Hz:');
fp=input('Enter the passband frequency in Hz:');
fs=input('Enter the stopband frequency in Hz:');
Rp=input('Enter the passband attenuation in db:');
Rs=input('Enter the stopband attenuation in db:');
% Normalized frequencies
wp=(2*fp)/fsam;
ws=(2*fs)/fsam;
% Order and Cutoff frequencies of filters
[n1,w1]=buttord(wp,ws,Rp,Rs);
[n2,w2]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,Rp,Rs);
[n3,w3]=cheb2ord(wp,ws,Rp,Rs);
% High pass filter transfer function
[b1,a1]=butter(n1,w1,'high');
[b2,a2]=cheby1(n2,Rp,wp,'high');
[b3,a3]=cheby2(n3,Rs,ws,'high');
% Frequency response of high pass filter
% butterworth filter
[h1,w1]=freqz(b1,a1);
mdb1=20*log10(abs(h1));
p1=angle(h1);
subplot(3,2,1);
plot(w1/pi,mdb1);
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlabel('w');
title('Magnitude response of low pass butterworth filter');
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(w1/pi,p1);
ylabel('Phase');
xlabel('w');
title('Phase response of low pass butterworth filter');
% Chebyshev type-1 filter
[h2,w2]=freqz(b2,a2);
mdb2=20*log10(abs(h2));
p2=angle(h2);
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(w2/pi,mdb2);
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlabel('w');
title('Magnitude response of low pass chebyshev type-1 filter');
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(w2/pi,p2);
ylabel('Phase');
xlabel('w');
title('Phase response of low pass chebyshev type-1 filter');
% Chebyshev type-2 filter
[h3,w3]=freqz(b3,a3);
mdb3=20*log10(abs(h3));
p3=angle(h3);
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(w3/pi,mdb3);
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlabel('w');
title('Magnitude response of low pass chebyshev type-2 filter');
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(w3/pi,p3);
ylabel('Phase');
xlabel('w');
title('Phase response of low pass chebyshev type-2 filter');

Command Window:
Enter the sampling frequency in Hz:10000
Enter the passband frequency in Hz:2000
Enter the stopband frequency in Hz:4000
Enter the passband attenuation in db:3
Enter the stopband attenuation in db:6
 Program-11

11.Write a program to plot frequency response of a High Pass Filter to give response of 3dB or
less frequencies upto 4KHz and attenuation of 6dB or more beyond 2KHz and sampled at 10KHz
for butterworth, Chebyshev type-1,2 filters.

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
fsam=input('Enter the sampling frequency in Hz:');
fp=input('Enter the passband frequency in Hz:');
fs=input('Enter the stopband frequency in Hz:');
Rp=input('Enter the passband attenuation in db:');
Rs=input('Enter the stopband attenuation in db:');
% Normalized frequencies
wp=(2*fp)/fsam;
ws=(2*fs)/fsam;
% Order and Cutoff frequencies of filters
[n1,w1]=buttord(wp,ws,Rp,Rs);
[n2,w2]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,Rp,Rs);
[n3,w3]=cheb2ord(wp,ws,Rp,Rs);
% High pass filter transfer function
[b1,a1]=butter(n1,w1,'high');
[b2,a2]=cheby1(n2,Rp,wp,'high');
[b3,a3]=cheby2(n3,Rs,ws,'high');
% Frequency response of high pass filter
% butterworth filter
[h1,w1]=freqz(b1,a1);
mdb1=20*log10(abs(h1));
p1=angle(h1);
subplot(3,2,1);
plot(w1/pi,mdb1);
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlabel('w');
title('Magnitude response of high pass butterworth filter');
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(w1/pi,p1);
ylabel('Phase');
xlabel('w');
title('Phase response of high pass butterworth filter');
% Chebyshev type-1 filter
[h2,w2]=freqz(b2,a2);
mdb2=20*log10(abs(h2));
p2=angle(h2);
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(w2/pi,mdb2);
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlabel('w');
title('Magnitude response of high pass chebyshev type-1 filter');
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(w2/pi,p2);
ylabel('Phase');
xlabel('w');
title('Phase response of high pass chebyshev type-1 filter');
% Chebyshev type-2 filter
[h3,w3]=freqz(b3,a3);
mdb3=20*log10(abs(h3));
p3=angle(h3);
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(w3/pi,mdb3);
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlabel('w');
title('Magnitude response of high pass chebyshev type-2 filter');
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(w3/pi,p3);
ylabel('Phase');
xlabel('w');
title('Phase response of high pass chebyshev type-2 filter');

Command Window:

Enter the sampling frequency in Hz:10000

Enter the passband frequency in Hz:4000
Enter the stopband frequency in Hz:2000
Enter the passband attenuation in db:3
Enter the stopband attenuation in db:6
 Program-12
12.Write a program to design a 25 tap low pass filter with cut off frequency 0.5 pi radians using

(a)Rectangular (b)Hamming
Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
l=input('Enter the length of the filter:');
n=l-1;
wn=input('enter the cut off frequency in hz:');
%rectangular window
wr=rectwin(l);
b=fir1(n,wn,'low',wr);
[h1,w1]=freqz(b,1);
mdb1=20*log10(abs(h1));
p1=angle(h1);
subplot(5,2,1);
plot(w1/pi,mdb1);
ylabel('magnitude--->');
xlabel('w--->');
title('magnitude response of lpf using rectangular window');
subplot(5,2,2);
plot(w1/pi,p1);
ylabel('magnitude--->');
xlabel('w--->');
title('phase response of lpf using rectangular window');
% hamming window
wh=hamming(l);
b=fir1(n,wn,'low',wh);
[h3,w3]=freqz(b,1);
mdb3=20*log10(abs(h3));
p3=angle(h3);
subplot(5,2,5);
plot(w3/pi,mdb3);
ylabel('magnitude--->');
xlabel('w--->');
title('magnitude response of lpf using hamming window');
subplot(5,2,6);
plot(w3/pi,p3);
ylabel('magnitude--->');
xlabel('w--->');
title('phase response of lpf using hamming window');

Command Window:
Enter the length of the filter:25
enter the cut off frequency in hz:0.5
 Program-13
13. Write a program to design a 25 tap high pass filter with cut off frequency 0.5 pi radians
using

(a)Rectangular (b)Hamming

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
l=input('Enter the length of the filter:');
n=l-1;
wn=input('enter the cut off frequency in hz:');
%rectangular window
wr=rectwin(l);
b=fir1(n,wn,'high',wr);
[h1,w1]=freqz(b,1);
mdb1=20*log10(abs(h1));
p1=angle(h1);
subplot(5,2,1);
plot(w1/pi,mdb1);
ylabel('magnitude--->');
xlabel('w--->');
title('magnitude response of hpf using rectangular window');
subplot(5,2,2);
plot(w1/pi,p1);
ylabel('magnitude--->');
xlabel('w--->');
title('phase response of hpf using rectangular window');
% hamming window
wh=hamming(l);
b=fir1(n,wn,'high',wh);
[h3,w3]=freqz(b,1);
mdb3=20*log10(abs(h3));
p3=angle(h3);
subplot(5,2,5);
plot(w3/pi,mdb3);
ylabel('magnitude--->');
xlabel('w--->');
title('magnitude response of hpf using hamming window');
subplot(5,2,6);
plot(w3/pi,p3);
ylabel('magnitude--->');
xlabel('w--->');
title('phase response of hpf using hamming window');

Command Window:

Enter the length of the filter:25

enter the cut off frequency in hz:0.5
 Program-14

14. Write a program to design a FIR low pass filter with a pass band cut off frequency of 1500Hz,
a stop band cut off frequency of 2000Hz, pass band ripple of 0.01dB, stop band ripple of 0.1 and
a sampling frequency of 8000Hz.

Program:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency in Hz:');
f=input('enter the cutoff frequency in Hz:');
a=input('enter the magnitute values:');
dev=input('enter the ripples');
%low pass filter using kaiser window
[n,wn,beta,ftype]=kaiserord(f,a,dev,fs);
wk=kaiser(n+1,beta);
b=fir1(n,wn,ftype,wk,'noscale');
[h,w]=freqz(b,1);
mdb=20*log10(abs(h));
p=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(w/pi,mdb);
ylabel('magnitude');
xlabel('w');
title('magnitude response of low pass filter using kaiser window');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(w/pi,p);
ylabel('phase');
xlabel('w');
title('phase response of low pass filter using kaiser window');

Command Window:

enter the sampling frequency in Hz:8000

enter the cutoff frequency in Hz:[1500 2000]
enter the magnitute values:[1 0]
enter the ripples[0.01 0.1]
 Program-15
15. Write a program to design a FIR low pass filter with a pass band cut off frequency of 2000Hz,
a stop band cut off frequency of 1500Hz, pass band ripple of 0.01dB, stop band ripple of 0.1 and
a sampling frequency of 8000Hz.

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency in Hz:');
f=input('enter the cutoff frequency in Hz:');
a=input('enter the magnitute values:');
dev=input('enter the ripples');
%high pass filter using kaiser window
[n,wn,beta,ftype]=kaiserord(f,a,dev,fs);
wk=kaiser(n+1,beta);
b=fir1(n,wn,ftype,wk,'noscale');
[h,w]=freqz(b,1);
mdb=20*log10(abs(h));
p=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(w/pi,mdb);
ylabel('magnitude');
xlabel('w');
title('magnitude response of low pass filter using kaiser window');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(w/pi,p);
ylabel('phase');
xlabel('w');
title('phase response of low pass filter using kaiser window');

Command Window:

enter the sampling frequency in Hz:8000

enter the cutoff frequency in Hz:[1500 2000]
enter the magnitute values:[0 1]
enter the ripples[0.1 0.01]