OBJECTIVES:

1. To introduce and institutionalize TCMP as the backbone

program of the BJMP for inmate development
2. To provide the jail TCMP implementers with a manual that will
serve as a guide in the proper implementation of the program
3. To attain uniformity and standardization in the
implementation of TCMP and ensure its fidelity to the core
essence of the program

In November 2012, the BJMP National TC Technical

Working Group initiated the crafting of the BJMP TCMP
Operational Manual which will serve as reference for a
standard and uniform TC implementation and training of
personnel and inmates
.
TCMP CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1
The Therapeutic Community Modality Program and the Four
Interconnected Development Aspects: Behavior Management;
Emotional and Psychological; Intellectual and Spiritual; and
Vocational and Survival Skills.

The Therapeutic Community Modality Program is adopted by the

bureau in attaining one of its mandates, the “Development of
Inmates”, however there are issues and concerns attributed to the
program implementation that needs to be addressed to ensure its
effectiveness. The TCMP believes that a person needs to have a
strong sense of personal and social responsibility in order to live a
fully functional healthy lifestyle.

The conceptual paradigm of the study elaborates the four

development aspects of TCMP, these are: behavior management,
emotional and psychological, intellectual and spiritual, and
vocational and survival skills, showing special areas of concern in
the individual’s personality. Each component has very discrete sets
of activities, methodologies and philosophies and underlying
theories that help promote change in the members of the
community and the use of various behavior shaping tools are
interconnected/interrelated with one another.

TC PHILOSOPHY

I am here because there is no refuge finally, from myself.

Until I confront myself in the eyes and hearts of others,
I am running.
Until I suffer them to share my secrets,
I have no safety from them.
Afraid to be known,

2
 I can know neither myself nor any other,
I will be alone.
Where else but in our common ground can I see such a
mirror?
Here, together, I can at last appear clearly to myself,
Not as the giant of my dreams nor the dwarf of my fears, but
as a person, part of the whole, with my share in its purpose.
In this ground, I can take root and grow, not alone anymore,
as in death but alive to myself and to others.

LAYUNIN

(TC Philosophy in Tagalog)

AKO’Y NARIRITO SAPAGKAT

HINDI KO NA MATATAKASAN
ANG AKING SARILI.
HANGGANG HINDI AKO NAGIGING MATAPAT
SA PAGPUNA SA AKING SARILI
SA MATA AT PUSO NG IBA, AKO’Y TUMATAKBO.
HANGGANG HINDI KO INILALAHAD
ANG LABI NG AKING MGA LIHIM,
AKO’Y WALANG KAPAYAPAAN.
SA MALAKING TAKOT NA SARILI’Y MABUNYAG,
HINDI KO MAUUNAWAAN ANG AKING SARILI
AT PAGKATAO NG IBA.
SA DILIM MANANATILING NAG-IISA.
SAAN PA KUNDI SA PILING NG KATULAD KO
MAKIKITA ANG TUNAY NA SALAMIN.
SAMA-SAMA DITO SA WAKAS,
MATATANGGAP KO ANG TUNAY AT SARILING PAGKATAO.
DI ANG BALIW NG AKING PANGARAP
O ANG ALIPIN NG AKING TAKOT.
SA HALIP BILANG ISANG TAO SAKOP NG SANLIBUTAN

3
 AT MAY BAHAGI SA LAYUNING ITO.
SA LUPANG ITO AKO AY MAKAPAG-UUGAT AT SUSUPLING.
DI NA AKO MULING MAG-IISA TULAD SA KAMATAYAN.
SA HALIP AY MAY ALAB ANG BUHAY
SA SARILI AT KAPWA.

CARDINAL RULES IN TC

*No Sex or sexual acting out

*No drugs/ Alcohol

*No violence or threat of violence

*No stealing

HOUSE RULES: Examples

 No destruction of jail property

 Respect staff and status
 Follow directions without feedback.
 No cigarette smoking.
 No contraband
 No gambling
 Be on time in all activities.
 Lights off at 10:00 PM
 No talking/laughing after lights off.
 Maintain good grooming and hygiene.
 No vandalism
 Be courteous to people.
 Use the chain of command.
 No talking/laughing during the Morning meeting
and other activities.
 No lending or borrowing without permission.
 Respect other people’s property

4
* Please refer to Inmates’ Manual for additional house rules.

PHASES OF TREATMENT

TCMP in the BJMP set up is quite unique in the sense that inmates
are in custody while undergoing trial for their individual cases.
Their length of stay is determined by how fast is the disposition of
their cases. The cases may be decided upon after a short period of
time or may last for years. Though the different phases of treatment
is observed, it cannot be fully implemented or may not be followed
as scheduled due to the uniqueness of the status of the residents.

Phase I- Entry/Orientation Phase

Once an inmate is committed to jail, he undergoes a series of

examination to determine his physical, social and psychological
status. Upon his commitment, a resident is placed on orientation at
the Reception and Diagnostic room/ Orientation Room. In here, he
is acquainted with the TC program:

- The rules and norms of the community

- TC concepts, written and unwritten philosophy
- The staff and the members of the community
- The tools of the house
- Job functions and TC hierarchy

He is then assigned a static group and a big brother who will

provide him with support and will walk him through the orientation
phase. At this phase, the resident is handled gently and is expected
to commit mistakes in the process of learning the program.
Sanctions on negative behavior are usually light with emphasis on
teaching.

5
Phase II- Primary Treatment

After proper orientation on the different TC concepts and tools, the

norms and rules of the community and the staff members, the
resident is now ready to undergo the treatment proper. He becomes
a part of the community starting as a crew member of the
Housekeeping department until he gradually ascends in the
hierarchy. He must be knowledgeable on the following:

 Proper use of the different tools to address personal issues and

concerns and shape behavior
 Managing own feelings and learning how to express self
appropriately
 Learning how to follow the rules and norms of the community
 Maximize participation in activities that are appropriate to the
resident’s need for growth
 Learning how to trust the environment by disclosing self to the
community and develop insight in the process
 Developing positive coping skills to deal with difficult life
situations
 Enhancing educational and vocational skills to make him
productive
 Improve social skills and recognize the importance of other
people’s help in shaping behavior

Phase III- Pre Re-entry

Under regular circumstances, the resident is expected at this stage

to have internalized the TC values and concept to start life afresh.
However, in the jail setting where entry and release are not within
the jail control, residents may not have reached this phase of
treatment before they even leave the jail facility. Regardless of the
resident’s length of stay, he is expected to undergo this phase prior
to release into society. At this phase, the resident is expected to
have proven his ability to take on more responsibility hence needs

6
lesser supervision. He is considered a role model in the TC
community. He should focus on the following learning:

 Rebuilding of social and family ties

 Going up the ladder of hierarchy by showing leadership
 Realization of his full potential to be a productive member of
society
 Mapping out of plans

Phase IV- Re-entry

In the ideal setting, a resident at this stage is now ready to be

released back to society as he has demonstrated adequate self-
control and discipline. The inmate is now preparing for his life
outside of jail and is focused on making himself a productive
citizen. He may start planning for job hunting and rebuilding family
ties and relationships.

In the jail setting, the residents will stay inside the jail until
their cases are resolved or they have been convicted and need
to be remanded to the Bureau of Corrections.

The resident must focus on the following:

 Transition to life outside of jail

 Creating a new lifestyle applying the tools and concept of TC
 Learning positive coping skills to deal with day to day
situations
 Re-establishing and strengthening family ties and support
group
 Reintegration into the mainstream of society
 Developing realistic and attainable goals in life

Phase IV- Aftercare

7
Aftercare is an outpatient program that requires clients to report
twice a week to an outreach center. They have required to attend
group sessions to ensure their adjustment to life outside jail to
reduce recidivism. For clients released from jail, they are referred to
the Parole and Probation Administration and Local Government
Units for follow up and aftercare. The clients are focused on the
following:

 Maintaining positive behavior and prevent recidivism

 Strengthening coping mechanism
 Maintaining relationships and support mechanism
 Sustaining interest in job or vocation to maintain livelihood
 Integration into society

STANDARD PARAMETERS FOR JAIL TCMP

A. Physical Environment:
-The internal and external environment is comfortable, clean
and welcoming
-TC Philosophy and unwritten philosophies are visibly posted
around the facility
-Hierarchical structure and daily activities are displayed
-There is adequate space to hold activities and rooms for
specific meetings that require privacy
-A clean and well maintained kitchen that complies with the
sanitary standards of BJMP
-Provision of recreation areas both indoors and outdoors
-The dining area is equipped with enough tables and chairs to
accommodate the inmates
-Adequate sanitary toilets and bathrooms that provide privacy
to users
-Adequate space for sleeping and habitation that respects the
individual’s personal space

B. TCMP Staff:

8
 -The TCMP staff has undergone proper training on TCMP
-Presence of a permanent TCMP staff to supervise the
program and conduct the various activities
-The TCMP staff will not be transferred to other jails until
properly covered by another TC trained staff
-There is proper shift turn-over of TC trained staff on a daily
basis
-TCMP staff can be utilized to handle other tasks but puts
priority to TCMP
-Regular meetings are held by staff to discuss progress,
issues and concerns about the program
-All the jail staff are involved in the TCMP and are
contributing members
-The staff works as a team in delivering services to inmates
-The staff serves as role models and treats inmates with
respect and dignity
-Incentives are given to TCMP staff in terms of awards and
commendations

C. The Therapeutic Environment -The Inmates/ Residents:

-The residents treat each other with respect at all times regardless
of age, religion, cultural diversity, etc.

-The residents practice a culture of honesty and openness in

discussing thoughts and feelings, providing and receiving feedbacks

-Confidentiality is respected and practiced

-The residents are involved in decision making and planning

in TCMP activities

-The participants of TCMP are change agents in bringing

about transformation among peers

-The residents comply with the cardinal and house rules and
serve as “watchdogs” for their peers with the aim of correcting
erring members

9
 -Absence or minimal incidence of jail violence/disturbance

-The residents respect the hierarchy and chain of command

CHAPTER II

BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION

The Behavior Management is a component of Therapeutic

Community Modality Program (TCMP) that introduces the concept
and mechanics of the various shaping tools to include Morning
Meeting in order to facilitate the management of and shape the
behavior of the residents. This shows the essential elements and
significance of the tools which would provide the community
common language, increase cohesiveness and adapt to the moral
and behavioral code of the tools application. The behavior shaping
tools are ordered in hierarchy to provide enough room for personal
growth and learning. The community serves as a dynamic force that
motivates the individual to achieve positive behavior change.

Objectives:

1.)To introduce the concept of behavior management through the

use of various behavior shaping tools to residents.
2.)To institutionalize the practice of behavior shaping tools to
foster behavior change among residents.
3.)To highlight the importance of behavior management in
relation to the other TCMP components towards attitudinal
change among residents.

Indicators:
10
 1.)Residents will understand the different Behavior Shaping
Tools and practice them as part of their daily living.
2.)Residents will utilize the different behavior shaping tools in
promoting change within themselves and others.
3.)Residents will display improvement in demeanor,
communication and social skills.
4.)Residents will understand the relevance of the different tools
in the attainment of behavioral change.

TOOLS

*Pre Morning Meeting

*Morning Meeting

*Talk To

*Pull Up

*Dealt With

*Haircut

*Learning Experience/ Bans

*General Meeting

*Expulsion

11
12
 Exp
ulsi
on
General
Meeting

Learning
Experience/Bans

Haircut

Dealt With

Pull-Up

Talk To

Figure 1. Hierarchy of Behavior Shaping Tools

13
PRE MORNING MEETING

Duration/ Frequency: Fifteen minutes daily

Participants: Senior residents, Counselor

Pre-Morning Meeting is done early in the morning prior to the

Morning Meeting. Senior members of the community will meet for
about fifteen (15) minutes to discuss the attitude of the house the
previous day. It is also where the senior members formulate
solutions to the concerns discussed and to be executed during the
day. The attendees will also discuss the activities to be engaged in
the Morning Meeting and make sure that all participants are ready
with their corresponding parts and determine the amount of time to
be allotted for each part. The group will agree on the theme or
concept of the day. This is to make sure that everything is ironed
out prior to the conduct of the Morning Meeting such as the
validation of pull-ups and other concerns.

MORNING MEETING

Duration/ frequency: One hour daily

Participants: All residents, Counselor

Morning Meeting is a daily ritual that starts the day in a TC

Community. It is attended by the whole community and lasts for an
hour. It commences with the Opening Prayer, Singing of the
Philippine National Anthem and the recitation of the TC Philosophy.
It is usually facilitated by any member of the community. It is
divided into two (2) parts namely: (1) public announcements and
community concerns and (2) community-spirit building or up
rituals.

The first part of the meeting consists of public announcements

regarding important activities or businesses and other information
that the community needs to know. It is a review of how the
community performed in the previous day and check on the
14
behavior of erring members through the conduct of “pull-ups”. A
pull up is done as an expression of concern over the lapses of some
members and encourage ownership of mistakes on the violators.
The pull-up is followed by affirmations of good deeds, display of
responsible concern towards peers or unselfish acts of some
residents. This is to show that good deeds are not left unnoticed
and leave a feeling of self-worth to those concerned. The first part of
the Morning Meeting is a serious business where the members are
expected to be formal in their demeanors. Rules are set such as: no
side talking, no cross legging, no laughing, hands on the laps and
sit erect.

The Concept of the Day serves as a guide as to what direction

the community is headed for the day. It is elaborated by residents of
the community to have a better understanding of the whole
concept. The concept of the day is preferably taken from the
Unwritten Philosophies of TCMP.

The second part of the meeting consists of entertaining

presentations to lighten up the mood and start the day on a positive
note. It somehow develops some talents and shed off inhibitions of
participants.

PARTS OF THE MORNING MEETING

I. COMMUNITY ANNOUNCEMENT/CONCERNS

a. Opening Prayer (Ecumenical)

b. Singing of the Philippine National Anthem (Flag must be
displayed)
c. TC Philosophy (Adopted translation)
d. Announcements
 Staff (Director, Asst. Director, Counselor & other
personnel)
 Residents (Coordinators, Dep’t Heads, Expediters)
 Report on Dorm Inspection by Chief Expediter
15
 e. Community Concerns
 Pull-ups/ elaboration
 Affirmations
f. Concept of the Day
g. Verse of the Day

II. UP – RITUALS

h. News casting (Local, Nat’l, International, Sports and

Weather News)
i. Entertainment (Choose either Song, Dance, Skit,
Humorous Story)
j. Community Singing (Any song that has relation to the
Concept of the Day)
k. Greetings

16
HIERARCHY OF BEHAVIOR SHAPING TOOLS

Behavior Shaping Tools (BST) are employed to strengthen the

learning process and the practice of more adaptive behaviors within
the social learning environment. The major tools of the BST, such
as the Talk To, Pull–up, Dealt With, Haircut, Learning Experience,
General Meeting and Expulsion were developed as a means to
correct behaviors of the residents that violated the TC norms. The
Hierarchy of Behavior Shaping Tools will serve as a guide to
determine which of the tools are appropriate to be used based on
the severity of the infraction or violations committed by the
residents against the TC Rules as shown in Figure 1.

TALK TO

A “Talk To” is an outright correction done by any member of

the TC community to another member who has done a minor
infraction but is not aware of it. It is a friendly reminder/advice
about an unacceptable behavior and must be done privately.
During a “Talk To”, the resident is made aware of his/her negative
behavior and the results it may have on others and the
environment. The feedback given to the resident who committed
mistake is done in a positive way. This is to evoke awareness on the
part of the violators to avoid committing the same mistake and be
given heavier sanctions if done in the future.

PULL-UP

A Pull-up is done as a result of lack, missed or lapses in

awareness in a resident. All the members of the community are
responsible to pull-up minor infractions done by peers. It
encourages honesty, demeanor awareness and owning up to one’s
mistakes. This is done when the violator is unknown and must be
validated first prior to bringing up in the Morning Meeting.

17
 Pull-ups create a certain degree of dissonance on the guilty
party whereby there is a strong internal conflict whether to practice
honesty or continue to live in a lie. When the resident is able to
overcome the impulse to lie and start practicing honesty, his
commitment to live by the TC standards increases.

18
 Exp
ulsi
on
General
Meeting

Learning
Experience/Bans

Haircut

Figure 1. Hierarchy of Behavior Shaping Tools

19
 The resident receiving the pull-up is expected to listen without
saying a word, assume that it is valid, quickly display the corrected
behavior and express gratitude in receiving it. After one member did
the pull-up, other residents who want to show concern can make
elaborations to give emphasis to the infractions and concretize the
admonitions that need to be relayed to the violator. Two to three
elaborations are ideal.

Too many elaborations are discouraged as they may take so

much time. Focus should be given to the behavior and not the
person. It is meant to raise awareness and not to punish or
embarrass the violator. Personal attacks, shaming or the use of
racist language are strictly forbidden during pull-ups. It should be
emphasized that pull-ups are done out of responsible love and
concern to avoid creating negative feelings during the process.

In a situation wherein no one stood and owned up a negative

behavior raised in the pull-up, the resident doing the Pull-Up will
narrow down the Pull-Up to make it clear and specific, stating the
place and time of the occurrence. In the event that nobody stood to
own it up, the resident doing the Pull-Up will instead ask the
community to stand and there, he/she will deliver his pull-up
addressing the entire family believing that the violator is a
responsibility of the whole community.

Example of a Pull-up:

The moderator asks for someone who has a Pull-up. A member

raises his hand and declared: “Who among my brothers/ sisters did
not flush the toilet after using it early in the morning?”(Sinu-sino sa
ating mga kapatid na naririto ang hindi nagbuhos ng tubig sa
palikuran (kubeta) pagkatapos gumamit kaninang umaga?) A few
people stood up to admit the pull up. The resident doing the Pull-
Up then gives his/her admonition/advice to the violators. The
moderator asks for elaborations. All members attending the
Morning Meeting must raise their hands to show their concerns. It
is noted that a question must be asked mentioning the

20
circumstances using the 3Ws (What, Where, and When). The
violators are not allowed to talk or respond but just stand, face the
community and accept the admonitions. The number of
elaborations depends upon the number of Pull-Ups. The more Pull-
Ups brought in, the less elaborations.

1st elaboration: “Brothers/sisters, we should always be aware

of our actions. Going to the toilet is a routine activity. It is a must that
we should flush it after using to keep it clean. We should always
think of other people who might use it after us”.

2nd elaboration: “Brothers/ sisters, whatever our wrong

practices in the past are should be corrected here. We need to put our
lives in order. Flushing the toilet is a basic action that needs no
reminders. We should always practice cleanliness and good
hygiene”.

3rd elaboration: “Brothers/ sisters the reason we are here is

because of some wrongdoings. Let us leave all of those behind us.
Let us be aware of our actions and give consideration to other people.
We should not impose on others what we don’t want to experience
ourselves. Before leaving the toilet, make sure that you have done
what you are expected to do. Please be responsible.”

DEALT WITH

Dealt With is done when negative behaviors or infractions to

the House Rules/Norms are done for the second time of same
offense by a resident. A panel of three (3) composed of a senior
resident, peer and a friend are tasked to deliver a serious and stern
reprimand to the subjected resident.

Although the tool does not strictly require the presence of a

staff, to attain its purpose, the staff should monitor its conduct to
ensure that the panel assigned to the task really acted
appropriately. It is done privately in a room or an area with no other
else hearing the conversation. Figure 2 shows the Dealt With
Formation.

21
 Resident
Subjected to
Dealt With

Peer Senior Friend

Resident

Figure 2. Dealt With Formation

HAIRCUT

Haircut is done when negative behaviors or infractions to the

House Rules/Norms in same offense are done for the third time or
more or for first time grave offenses. It is a carefully planned and
structured verbal reprimand given by a Staff with four other
residents - Senior Resident, Peer, Big Brother, and Department
Head (Figure 3). The tone is more serious and can be loud, more
harsh and exaggerated. This is done to induce anxiety and
eventually change the person’s behavior. Before the group calls in
the person, they will discuss among themselves the order of
speakers, how intense the haircut will be and what sanctions will
be given if any. The resident is then called inside and waits until he
is asked to sit. He will be asked if he knows the reason for his
appearance. After the person’s response, he will be asked to sit and
remain silent to enable him/her absorb all the advices.

22
 The haircut gives emphasis on the behavior of the resident
and the severity of the haircut should be appropriate to the gravity
of the offense. Each member of panel is given ample time to express
himself without interruption from the other members. The staff or
peer who booked the haircut should not be part of the team so as to
avoid bias or subjectivity. Before a resident be subjected to Haircut,
his/her infraction must be first investigated, discussed and decided
by the Disciplinary Board (Book II, Rule 2,Section 4 of the BJMP
Manual). Sanction/Learning Experience that has been decided
upon by the jail Disciplinary Board and the TCMP staff will be
imposed after the Haircut.

Resident
Subjected to
Haircut

Senior Dep’t Big

Staff Peer
Resident Head Brother

Figure 3. Haircut Formation

LEARNING EXPERIENCE

A Learning Experience (LE) is an action or activity given to a

resident who was subjected to Haircut or General Meeting who did
an infraction to correct or modify a behavior. LE may be task –
oriented, written task or peer interactions. Since TCMP is
educational rather than punitive in its approach to behavioral
change, the LE should be done in a way that would remind the
person of the negative attitude he has done without compromising

23
his human dignity. The intent of the LE is not to stigmatize the
person but to motivate him to make restitutions for the wrong
doings he committed and redeem himself in the community.

The LE should be related to the infraction committed for him

to focus on the behavior expected of him in the community. It
should not be given as a punishment but rather a motivation to
develop more positive attitude. This will develop a sense of
responsibility on him while stressing his inadequacies. LE should
be realistic and humane. Putting a person on LE for more than one
(1) week may lessen the learning objective. Putting the person on LE
for an extended period of time or sanctions that are far harsher
than the offense or may deny him of the basic necessities may
border on abuse and violation of human rights.

Close supervision with clear goals increases the effectiveness

of the sanction. Upon lifting the LE after seven (7) days, the resident
subjected to the tool will be accorded with a Senior Resident coming
from his/her Static Group who will provide guidance and
continually monitors the performance in the house of the former.
The senior resident assigned will give a self-report after fifteen (15)
days on how the resident (who undergone LE) carried out his
responsibilities after the LE and state therein the resident’s
condition whether he/she needs further supervision. The authority
in giving LE lies in the Disciplinary Board and TCMP staff.

Examples of LE:

*If a resident has been missing out in his responsibilities in the

kitchen, he can be assigned as in charge of cleaning the kitchen for
a specific period of time.

*If a resident repeatedly leaves his bed in disarray, he can be asked

to provide orientation and supervision to new residents on how to
keep their beds neat at all times.

24
Categories of Learning Experiences:

a. Task-Oriented LE
-Pots and Pans
-Grounds and Landscaping
-Cleaning and Maintenance
-Time keeping (wake up calls, lights out calls)

b. Written tasks
-Composition or Essay
-Reproduction of TCMP Materials

c. Peer Interaction
- Reading and reporting of topic
-Announcements (Morning Meeting or House Meeting)
- Bans

BANS

Bans are sanctions to members who commit repeatedly

infractions or violation to the Cardinal Rules by prohibiting,
disallowing or limiting an activity or affiliation to a group. It
somehow curtails some freedom of movement and association. This
sanction causes unpleasant feelings which people try to avoid hence
may evoke behavioral changes in the future. It must be applied
consistently after the adverse behavior to emphasize the negative
consequences. Privileges limited should have impact but must not
limit individual ability to meet personal hygiene, nutritional and
emotional needs. A resident subjected to Bans must be first
processed in a General Meeting called for the purpose.

Examples of Bans:

*Regulation of visiting privilege

25
 *Banned from attending Entertainment and Recreational
activities

GENERAL MEETING

A repeated breach to the Cardinal Rules necessitates a General

Meeting. Such issue should be discussed with the community to
point out to the violator the negative effect the behavior had on the
community. Such offense includes sexual acting-out with a fellow
resident, taking drugs and engaging in physical fight with another
resident. Other facilities include stealing or even smoking as part of
the Cardinal Rules. These behaviors pose a threat to the community
because they violate the established order and safety of the facility.

Procedure in a General Meeting:

1. A General Meeting is called and led by a senior member of the

staff, usually the Director of the facility. The extent of the
problem is assessed to determine who among the community
members are involved in the incident. Those guilty of the
offense are asked to sit in a prospect chair. This is to arouse
anxiety and dissonance.
2. The Director sets the tone of the meeting and leads the
community in an open expression of opinions and feelings
regarding the offense brought out into the community. He
holds the community accountable for the slip of its members
as each is considered his “brother’s keeper” .The Director
opens the floor for feedbacks, inviting the community for self-
reflection and accountability. The formation of the General
Meeting is shown in Figure 4.

Example:

Director: “Good afternoon family! We are gathered here this

afternoon because two members of our community badly need our

26
help. They engaged in a physical fight which caused some injuries
in both of them. We have to ask ourselves how we failed them. Why
did we miss this brewing hostility between the 2 of them?
Remember, we are their keepers but we let them down by allowing
them to harbor the hatred towards each other without us noticing it
or doing something about it. We lack awareness to detect the subtle
signs that this incident is coming. Now, our brothers are in this
predicament because we were remiss in our duties to care for them.
I want you to account to me what led to this.

John: “Good afternoon family. I’m Mario and Greg’s big brother but
I failed to notice that something negative is going on between them.
I was preoccupied with my own business that I failed to talk to any
of them these past few days. Had I tried to reach out, I might have
learned something and could have prevented this thing from
happening. I feel guilty about it.

These revelations are open to other members of the community.

3. As soon as the mood is set and the level of awareness of the

community is raised, the leader calls for the violators to face
the entire community. The leader encourages the community
to express their feelings about the offense committed by the
violators.

Example:

Peter: “Mario and Greg, I am very disappointed with what you did.
You were supposed to be our role models but what you did just
showed us how immature the both of you in resorting to violence as
a way of resolving your conflict. You had been in the community for
quite some time and we expect you to know how to control your
anger and use the tools of the house to express them. I hope you
can be more patient and tolerant of each other. I really feel bad
about what happened.

4. After some members of the community have expressed their

feelings, it is time for the violators to account for what they

27
 did, share their deepest feelings and verbalize what they
learned from the mistake.

Example:

Mario: “Good afternoon family! I would like to apologize for my

behavior. I had been harboring this dislike towards Greg for quite
some time and I just kept it to myself for fear that other people
might judge me. It just started as a petty disagreement. I didn’t
think that it will develop and pile up until it came to a boiling point.
I should have shared my feelings in the proper forum so we could
have resolved it without resorting to violence. I’ve learned my lesson
and I want to apologize to Greg for my behavior. I hope we can start
all over again as friends.”

Greg will be given the chance to make a statement as well.

5. After the violators made their statements and offer

commitments, the Director will mark the closure of the issue
and allow for processing of the events that transpired and
provide appropriate emotional support to the violators who
have just been subjected to intense emotional experience.

28
 Sanction will then be given to the violators.

Legend:

- Director/Staff

- Subjected Residents

- Residents

Figure 4. General Meeting Formations

EXPULSION

29
 In extreme cases, when a resident is incorrigible and becomes
a threat to the community (Instigator, initiator of jail disturbances),
the Director with the recommendation of the Disciplinary Board
may transfer him/her to the nearest jail facilities with an
appropriate Court Order.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

ANGER MANAGEMENT – a specialized group activity discussing

issues to control anger

ANNOUNCEMENT - information given to all residents.

ATTITUDES – the general condition of the TC family as a whole,

including incidences, positive and negative.

BANS - a behavior shaping tool to prohibit a resident to a specific

area, activity, verbal, another client.

BIG BROTHER - an older member of the community tasked to

provide guidance to the newly committed residents.

BOOKED – logged an incident to the Coordinator of the Day.

CARDINAL RULES - the principal guiding rule observed by all

residents in a TC Community with heavier corresponding
consequences.

COERCION- the use of internal and external sources to heighten

dissonance on the client and magnify his choices and the specific
consequences of his choices.

COMMUNICATION – a department which oversees the daily census,

entry, news and other information to be disseminated.

COMMUNITY - the residents of the TC Family.

COORDINATOR - the highest position attained by a resident in a

TC Hierarchy, who works with the staff in running the house,

30
implementing rules. With corresponding status, a resident has an
authority over the other residents.

COORDINATOR OF THE DAY – assigned coordinator (resident) to

oversee and address the incidents, attitudes of the house through
the use of behavior shaping tools – talk to, dealt with, haircut.

COUNSELOR- staff member position who assists the residents’

needs

DAILY STRUCTURE- list of day to day activities

DEPARTMENT HEAD- a ranking resident next to the coordinator in

the TC Hierarchy assigned to oversee, monitor tasks to be done in a
particular department.

DISSONANCE - the time period of admitting, denying before coming

up with a decision.

DIRECTOR - the highest staff facility officer (Warden) who has

direct command to both residents and staff.

DORMITORY – a cell where the residents stays while on

confinement.

ENCOUNTER- a group process utilized to vent out concerns, anger

and hurt feelings

ENCOUNTER BOX- box used to receive slips being dropped.

ENTERTAINMENT and RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY - an activity in

the TC community aimed to aid residents in treatment.

EVALUATION – an assessment done anytime during the treatment

EXPEDITING TEAM – a department that serves as police of the

community to ensure order among residents

EXPULSION - the ejection of one from the community because of

his/her serious offense.

31
FRIEND - a resident who has the closest regard to the other
resident.

GENERAL MEETING - a behavior shaping tool addressing serious

infraction of a resident.

GENERAL WORKER – the lowest position in the TC hierarchy

GROUNDS- pertains to lawns, pathways and landscape

HAIRCUT - a behavior shaping tool consisting of a five-man panel

that addresses a resident’s infraction.

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE – the chain of command of residents

in TCMP.

HOUSE – pertains to the jail facility.

HOUSE RULES – are day to day standards that need to be followed

inside the jail facility to ensure the smooth and orderly flow of
operation.

HOUSEKEEPING TEAM – a department that maintains cleanliness

of the facility.

INFRACTIONS - a violation to the House Rules of the TC Family.

LEARNING EXPERIENCE – a form of sanction that aid residents

realize the value of correcting infractions.

MORNING MEETING - a daily ritual addressing attitudes of

previous days, performed to start the day right.

PEERS – friends of the same entry period……..

PRE-MORNING MEETING- the activity preceding the Morning

Meeting that discusses attitudes of the house and eliciting theme of
the week and word of the day……..

PULL – UP – verbal reprimand done during the Morning Meeting.

32
RESIDENTS – terms used for inmates who are part of the TCMP
community.

SENIOR RESIDENT – a member of the TC community having the

position such as Static Group leader and its Assistant and In
Charge of various special services groups.

STAFF – refer to jail personnel.

STATIC GROUP – a group composed of residents known as

permanent support group.

TALK TO – friendly reminder for resident violators.

TC FAMILY – refers to all residents of the TC community.

UNWRITTEN PHILOSOPHY – refers to a guiding value which

residents reflect and hold on.

VIOLATOR – a resident who commits an act in violation of the

TC/Jail Rules.

33
 CHAPTER III

PSYCHOLOGICAL and EMOTIONAL ASPECT

INTRODUCTION
BJMP residents who are detained are basically psychologically and
emotionally challenged. They share one thing in common, that is
being incarcerated with uncertainties as to the outcome of their
individual cases. They feel isolated, helpless and at times hopeless
brought about by separation from their loved ones and society in
general and all other issues that confront them while incarcerated.
Such emotional turmoil needs to be addressed to help them bounce
back and experience a life of normalcy despite their unique
situation. The TCMP provides activities and services that cater to
this particular need. This topic tackles the discussion on the
therapeutic value of processing of feelings which does not only lie
on how freely one expresses them but more so on the person’s
ability to identify, acknowledge, and express them appropriately.

 INITIAL INTERVIEW/ INTAKE INTERVIEW

 INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING/ ONE TO ONE COUNSELING

 GROUPS

*Static Group

34
 *Peer Confrontation Group

*Secrets

*Encounter Group

*Extended Group

 SPECIALIZED GROUPS

*Women’s Group

*Men’s Group

*Anger Management

*Loss and Bereavement

*Medication Support Group

35
COUNSELING
Counseling is defined as a professional activity of helping
individuals, groups or communities enhance or restore their
capacity for psychological, emotional and social functioning and
creating an environment favorable for the attainment of these goals.

Psychosocial Skills and Characteristics of Counseling:

*Empathy is the ability to perceive the client’s feelings and to

demonstrate accurate perception of the client. It is merely “putting
oneself in the client’s shoes”. When the client feels understood, a
sense of trust or “rapport” is developed. Rapport paves the way to a
more meaningful communication and may enable the client to
understand and accept more of his or her complexity of feelings.

*Warmth is also called “unconditional positive regard”. It involves

accepting and caring about the client as a person, regardless of any
evaluation or prejudices on the client’s behavior or thoughts. It is
most often conveyed through our non-verbal behavior or bodily
gestures.

*Respect is our belief in the client’s ability to make appropriate

decisions and deal appropriately with his or her life situation, when

36
given a safe and supportive environment in which to do so. It is
often showed best by not offering advice or cheap comfort. The
counselor shows his utmost respect to the client by listening in
silence and giving him the opportunity to design his own solutions
to the problem. A similar term for this is “empowerment” as the
counselor likewise demonstrates that he values the integrity of the
client.

*Congruence or genuineness is being honest and authentic in

dealing with the client. It is showing real concern rather than
focusing on techniques during sessions. It is also being aware of the
counselor’s own unmet needs and how it may affect his relationship
with the client.

*Confidentiality means that anything discussed during counseling

sessions is held absolutely private and not to be discussed
anywhere. This contract should be held sacred so as to maintain
the client’s trust and enable him to disclose sensitive matters to the
counselor without fear of any breach of confidentiality.

Pattern of Counseling Session:

1. Introduction: First 10 minutes

-Greet the client warmly.
-Smile and shake hands.
-Escort to the counseling room.
-Explain how the session is going to be to alleviate fears.
-This is the time to develop rapport.
-Assure client on confidentiality.

2. Information gathering: About 20 minutes

-Know the reason for consultation.
-Client can start anywhere.
-Counselor may take notes.
-Client needs to do almost all of the talking.
37
 -Counselor may ask open questions or use techniques like
clarifying, rephrasing, focusing, reflecting, reality testing, etc.
3. Discussion/ Counselor Input:
-Counselor tells the client what he thinks the client is saying.
-Counselor develops a list of concerns.
-Client would concur or not to the counselor’s understanding.
-Prioritize problems and which one to work on first.
-Client will provide plans of action to work on specific
problem.
-Counselor will assist in mapping out plans.
4. Conclusion:
-Motivate the client that “he can do it”. If not, he may need to
be referred to a Professional.
-Brief client on what to expect the next session (progress
based on plan of action).
-End session on a positive note.
-Client should be able to list down things that he has to look
forward to over the next few days. If not, this is a red flag for
suicide.

When to break Confidentiality?

1. Children are being neglected or abused
2. Appearance in court as a witness
3. Client expressed plan to commit suicide
4. Client expressed plan to harm others

38
INITIAL INTERVIEW/ INTAKE INTERVIEW
TCMP participants in jail are unique as they are not necessarily
drug users. TCMP is introduced as a program for the development
of inmates while they are awaiting trial. The intake interview in the
jail setting is done by a Counselor to newly admitted residents. The
main purpose is to elicit information about the resident and provide
information about the program and what the expectations are on
both parties. Full and honest disclosure is expected on the resident
to elicit adequate and elaborate information and come up with the
proper treatment plan.

Objectives:

1. To elicit information and foster trust and confidence

between the resident and the personnel in-charge by using
the intake interview form.
2. To provide the residents with the necessary information
about the program.

Indicators:

39
 1. Established rapport
2. Established openness and cooperation
3. Developed insight
4. Expectations expressed and information provided

Participants: Newly committed residents, Counselor

Duration: 1 hour

Procedure:

1. After the booking procedure, the Counselor/IWDO will

conduct the initial intake interview to the newly committed
residents using the intake interview form.

2. This is done only in a designated area and one resident at a

time.

40
ONE TO ONE COUNSELLING/INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING
Objectives:

1. To promote individual explorations and help surface

complicated and troubled feelings among the residents.
2. To provide a regular source of counseled guidance to
residents.
3. To assist the residents to develop better coping skills and
improve self-esteem.
4. To explore the different psychological tools which promote
the development of insight and increase self-efficacy among
the residents.

Indicators:

1. Self-understanding
2. Established rapport
3. Achieved a bigger, wider level of self-awareness.
4. Experienced relief from emotional distress.

Duration and Frequency: One to two hours per

session/depending upon the needs as designed by the counselor.

41
Participants: Counselor and resident

Procedure:

1. Individual counseling is a helping tool between the

residents and counselor. Residents are usually referred to
the counselor as needed by peers or staff based on the
residents’ behavior.

2. The counselor uses different techniques and methods in

counseling.

3. The resident discusses different issues which causes

his/her difficulties.

4. Follow-up sessions will be done depending upon the needs

of the resident.

5. The length of the sessions will be determined by the

progress of the resident.

42
GROUP COUNSELING
Objectives:

1. To provide support to residents who fall behind and raise

awareness about problematic behaviors.
2. To help solve and overcome the problem.
3. To impart to residents the practice of TC norms and values.
4. To develop awareness and insight into one’s motives,
feelings, and behavior.

Indicators:

1. Encouraged commitments
2. Problems addressed
3. Developed sense of belongingness

STATIC GROUPS
The Static Group is a permanent group of peers and leaders that
meet regularly while the residents are in treatment. It is a sort of
“home” group who provides support for one another and to the new
members of the community. This is designed to provide a forum for
self-expression and disclosure. It is usually facilitated by senior

43
members of the group. It focuses on group relationship and
patterns of behavior.

Duration/ Frequency: one hour/once a week

Participants: 10-15 residents, Counselor

Procedure:

1. Once a resident enters the jail, he/she is assigned to a

particular Static group. It serves as a permanent group
that addresses the general issues in treatment.
2. It utilizes confrontation from peers to evoke changes in
behavior though the group is primarily supportive. The
group provides immediate support to new members of the
community
3. Each resident member is encouraged in expressing and
disclosing personal issues and concerns and receives
feedbacks from the other members. Violence and threat
of violence are prohibited.
4. For each session the group may discuss any topic of
desire or may follow certain themes for a more systematic
flow of discussion.
5. By using confrontation, identification, support,
affirmation and giving feedback, residents learn and
practice the TC norms and values.
6. The residents are oriented to new and positive coping
styles which they can utilize to live a new lifestyle and
attain personal growth and better relationships.
7. When their emotional needs and problems are properly
addressed, their positive behaviors and attitudes emerge
and they will eventually feel better about themselves.
8. Focuses on the issues of the “here and now”. Personal
disclosure of the past is allowed if it affects the present.
Confidentiality is strictly observed.

44
 9. The static group does away with negative socialization
and employs positive re-socialization through a caring
relationship with peers.

PEER CONFRONTATION GROUP

The group participants in Peer Confrontation group are selected by
the staff and group according to peers like adult members will go
with the same date of entry in the facility and same goes with the
middle and young members. It is done in a more compassionate
way where each resident try to help one another. Participants
confront each other on what they do for themselves while in the
facility and ask how they are coping with it.

Duration/ frequency: one hour/ twice a month

Participants: 10-15 residents, Coordinator

Procedure:

1. Participants will sit in a circle position.

2. Staff may sit just outside the circle or there may be no staff.
3. There is no particular order of speaking. It is conventional
and free – wheeling.
4. Participants may start with a prayer.
5. Participants may then say “What do you say about me? Or
Please give me a feedback on my progress here “or how do
you see me?
6. Any of the other participants may give an honest, straight-
forward feedback. Tone and feeling should be proportionate
to the issue.
7. Peer confrontation is done in a compassionate way where
each resident try to help one another and identify certain
issues which could be a hindrance to his recovery.
8. At the end of the sharing, the resident is asked a
commitment about issue that he feels uncomfortable
dealing with.

45
SECRETS
Secrets are a group activity where participants are given the
opportunity to unload emotional baggage and thus experience
freedom from internal psychological conflicts. It promotes trust
among the participants knowing that each will reveal his utmost
secrets to the group. It also aims to deepen mutual respect among
the participants.

Duration/ frequency: 1-2 hours/ once a month

Participants: Staff, 10-12 residents

Procedure:

1. Form a group of 10-12 residents, preferably of variedly

different persons.
2. Each one is instructed to go to a place where they can be
alone and free from distractions.
3. In a piece of paper, the resident will write a letter to himself
about an event in his life which he has been keeping as a deep
secret because it has caused a lot of pain, guilt, shame or
anxiety.
4. The letter is written as if he is addressing it to somebody and
could start as “Dear friend”. He should not state his name or
any name and place which could lead the group as to the
writer. He may write it in a way that would not give away any
hint. This is done for 30 minute.
5. The group then converges and all the rolled letters will be
placed in a bag. The residents will be seated in a circle. The
first one will be asked to pick up a letter and read it aloud to
everyone as if he is reading his own letter. The rest will provide

46
 advice, moral support, motivation or encouragement to the
reader. No criticisms or negative comments are encouraged.
6. The facilitator admonishes the participants to refrain from
curiously trying to find out the owner of the letters. Everyone
is likewise admonished to keep the discussions strictly
confidential.
7. After all the letters were read, the facilitator will do a brief
processing focusing on the feelings of the participants and how
it affected each one of them. The group may choose to pray as
a closing ritual.
8. Before the group adjourns, the facilitators collects the letters
and burn them in a clay bag or garbage bin as a symbolic
ritual of letting go of all the hurts and pains and not allowing
them to hinder their future growth.

ENCOUNTER GROUPS
The Encounter Group serves as a “safety valve” within the
community which is usually high pressured and structured. It is a
forum for members of the community to verbally express pent-up or
negative emotions within a structured and safe environment
without resorting to violence or aggression and without fear of
reprisal. There are strict behavioral norms and rules observed
during an encounter group such as no violence or threat of
violence, no attack on personal dignity, speak only for oneself and
remain seated at all times. The language used in expressing their
feelings is seldom restricted though in the Filipino culture, use of
foul language is avoided to prevent harboring of negative feelings
from the receiver. The primary goal of an encounter group is to raise
awareness of behaviors and explore the underlying feelings that led
to such negative emotions.

Duration/ frequency: 1- 1 1/2 hours/ once or twice a week

47
Participants: Counselor, 2 co-facilitators, 8-10 residents

Procedure:

1. A resident may drop a slip on another resident stating his

name, the name of the person he is dropping a slip and the
reason for dropping the slip. Only feelings of hurt, anger and
concern can be reasons for encounter.
2. The staff will choose his co-facilitators who are also staff
members. Once he has gathered 2 or 3 slips, he may schedule
an encounter group.
3. The facilitator will arrange the group in a circle in such a way
that the two parties involved are seated opposite each other.
The facilitator should be able to guide the flow of conversation
and should be skilled enough to interrupt anytime he feels
that the safety of the group is being compromised.
4. The flow of the encounter should pass through the four (4)
phases:
a.) Confrontation: This phase involves verbalization of
concerns or honest disclosure of emotions that has been
provoked during interpersonal interactions with another
resident. Regardless of the cathartic nature of
expression, the rules of the encounter group should
always be respected. The focus should always be about
how one feels because of the behavior of the other. There
should never be any attack on one’s persona but rather
on his/her behavior. Each should be allowed to express
himself before a rebuttal is allowed. Name-calling and
other hostile languages may not resolve the problem and
may even heighten the animosity between both parties.
This phase consist mainly of exchange of verbal
expressions of emotions as a way of release.

b.)Exploration: In this phase, all the feelings that were

expressed are further examined and explored and find
out how it could have resulted in such way in order to

48
 evoke awareness on the connection of behavior, feelings
and attitude. In this phase, blaming or finger pointing at
one party is avoided. It will only cause resentment form
one party. This phase hopes to enhance the insight of
both parties and encourage ownership of one’s mistake
and take accountability for his/her actions. It gives both
parties the opportunity to examine themselves in
relation to their conflict with the other party.

c.)Resolution and Commitment: After some realizations

and attaining some insights into their behaviors, the
residents are now ready to move to the last phase to
practice new behaviors. From the feedbacks received, the
resident involved will now express how he feels about the
whole thing and may own up his behavior which have
caused the conflict. He then goes on to make
commitments to avoid such occurrence in the future.
Such commitment made by the residents will be
monitored to make sure that they are being put to
practice to avoid lapses.

d.) Socialization: This is a structured social event

where all those involved in an encounter will have ample
time to mend fences with those they have offended or
hurt in the past. The purpose is to achieve closure,
reaffirm relationship and maintain the unity of the
community so that all those involved can move on and
leave the past behind.

EXTENDED GROUP
The Extended Groups (Probe, Marathon) are usually composed of 5-
12 residents and is being facilitated by 2 highly trained staff
members. It may last for 8-72 hours. The participants must have at
least 4 months in the program and have shown adequate stability
49
before he can be included in the activity. It is a potentially intimate
and intense session which needs a significant amount of
preparation. It focuses on the “here and now” but allows a deeper
exploration of issues that affects new behavior. Special subjects
may be the focus such as sexuality, trauma, etc.

SPECIALIZED GROUPS
Objectives:

1. To provide group support with the aim of resolving problems

and restoring healthy functioning of the residents who has
particular concerns/issues.
2. To create a feeling of universality among residents who have
similar issues or life experiences.
3. To explore issues based on certain themes as a guide.
4. To provide a safe environment where residents can freely
express their feelings and concerns.

Indicators:

1. Enhanced coping skills

LOSS AND BEREAVEMENT

50
Duration/frequency: one hour once a week

Participants: 10 – 15 residents

Procedure:

1. Facilitator is knowledgeable in conducting the sessions and

managing the time.
2. The group is very supportive and compassionate.
3. Facilitator discusses the process of grieving and the impact
of losses, mad feeling, attitudes and behavior derived from
the loss of a loved one.
4. Counselor gives some suggestions on how they would
handle the situation appropriately when there was another
similar situation.
5. At the last sessions, each participant was required to write
a letter to someone or a buddy to tell about the past and
what they will do in the future regarding losses.

WOMEN’S GROUP
Duration/ frequency: one hour once a week/ may last for six
sessions

Participants: 8-15 residents, Counselor

Procedure:

1. Held once a week and run by TC personnel. It provides an

opportunity for all female residents to share and discuss their
feelings on women’s issues: family, relationship, self-identity,
self-image and societal role.
2. Issues to be tackled are gender specific problems and aims to
help female residents identify their challenges and needs.
3. Residents are helped to explore and understand the
relationship between women’s issues and their influences on
them. It enhances self-understanding among women.

51
 4. They can also help each other through mutual support and
concern.

MEN’S GROUP
Duration/ frequency: 1 hour once a week

Participants: 8-15 residents, counselor

Procedure:

1. Topics include expression of feeling, reveal of true self, dealing

with feeling and how to avoid abusive relationship, family
conflicts, sexuality and sexual relationships.
2. Group sessions enabled each of them to identify, express the
feeling related to the trauma and lessons learned from those
experiences.
3. The counselor who raised the issue will be the one to conduct
it.

MEDICATION SUPPORT GROUP

Duration/ frequency: as long as the residents are on medication

Participants: Residents on medications and Jail health personnel

Procedure:

1. Counselor holds the group once a week who are on medical

and psychiatric medication.
2. Group members are educated on different kinds of medical
and psychiatric problems and its effects.
3. Sharing on the intake of medicines and its side effects of
taking it.
4. Cohesiveness is enhanced.

52
 5. Share and discuss how to face their difficulties, coping with
the disease and problems encountered while they are on
medications.

ANGER MANAGEMENT
Duration/ frequency: 1 ½ hour for 6 weeks/as
needed/curriculum-based

Participants: 10-15 residents

Procedure:

1. Facilitated by a counselor.
2. Questionnaires are provided to the residents to answer how
they demonstrated their anger before they came for
treatment and while in the facility and how they go through
it.
3. Participants are selected based on interview and attitude
showed while in treatment.
4. The group is an avenue for the residents to know their
anger feelings and acquire new knowledge and information
on how to deal with their feelings on different situation and
personalities.

PRE-RELEASE INTERVIEW

Objectives:

1. To ensure that the resident to be released is/are well-

prepared to face new challenges in the community upon
their reintegration into the mainstream of society.
2. To assess the various potentials of the resident which he
can utilize to be a productive citizen upon his release from
jail.

53
 3. To assess the effectiveness of the interventions provided and
determine what improvements or changes that need to be
done.

Indicators:

1. Residents prepared for their reintegration into the

mainstream of society.
2. Changes in behavior noted
3. Recommendations provided
4. Concrete goals established

Participants: Resident/s to be released from jail, IWDO, Admin

and OD

Duration: 1 hour

Procedure:

1. IWDO should coordinate with the Paralegal Officer to

monitor the status of the case of the residents.
2. If possible, immediate member of the family is/are present
before the residents will be released from jail.
3. Do a pre-release interview to conduct an assessment of the
resident’s potentials and map out plans after his release
from jail.
4. IWD should coordinate with service providers for his/her
referral for aftercare.

(Note: pre-release formed form/feedback mechanism)

54
 CHAPTER IV

INTELLECTUAL AND SPIRITUAL COMPONENTS

INTRODUCTION

Can spirituality and intellect go together? Is spirituality and

intelligence at odds with each other?

Intelligence and spirituality ultimately follow the same path. By

embracing intellect to its fullest extent, one will eventually arrive at
a sense of spirituality. Our actions are governed by intelligence; we
achieve the best results when we make the most intelligent
55
decisions. But if we go home, meditate, and begin asking questions
like, "What is the purpose of my life?" we have to load up a different
set of rules. Now we've supposedly left the territory of the intellect
and entered the spiritual realm. We try to interact intelligently with
our outer world and spiritually with our inner world.

Hence, as the BJMP aims to institutionalize Therapeutic

Community Modality program in all jails nationwide, the
Intellectual and Spiritual Component hopes to enhance the spiritual
and intellectual dimensions of the residents by providing
opportunities for them to develop self-worth and productivity.

Spirituality in TC

Spirituality is any action or activity that reflects or brings out the

goodness in a man. Spirituality in TCMP is designed to respond to
the inner longing of residents to find greater faith where they can
anchor themselves within their struggle to find meaning to their
existence. It summarizes a man’s relationship with himself, others
and the Supreme Being. The spiritual component provides the
residents with activities that would help them explore the meaning
and purpose of their existence and their particular place in the
world.

Intellectual Component

The intellectual component on the other hand responds to the

natural human characteristics of yearning for knowledge in order to
attain a higher level of understanding.

A well-structured and well-implemented Intellectual Component is a

factor in establishing a Therapeutic Community for the residents.It
helps the residents restore their self-esteem as their minds become
open to ideas and their intellect does not cease to feed on a free and
open interchange of opinions.

56
Providing worthwhile opportunities for learning/ education will
facilitate regaining their human quality and self-respect thereby
making self-realization - that being law-abiding and productive,
both during their stay in the facility and their eventual release in
the society’s mainstream is the real essence and measure of
development.

SPIRITUAL COMPONENT
*TC Philosophy
*TC Unwritten Philosophies

*Theme/Concept of the Day

*Meditation

*Religious Activities

Objectives:

57
 1. To enhance personal and spiritual well-being of
residents
2. To appreciate the value of the Word of God in
relation to our life and as nourishment to the soul
3. To give opportunity for the residents to experience
special encounter and healing from God
4. To remind the residents for the need for constant
connection with God in their lives

Indicators:

1. Active participation of residents in spiritual activities

2. Positive perception on TC implementation
3. Deeper awareness of God’s presence in the residents’ life
4. TC Philosophy /TC Unwritten Philosophies (slogans, sayings,
adages) visibly posted in the facility
5. Regular conduct of various spiritual activities

INTELLECTUAL COMPONENT
*Seminars
*Educational Activities (ALS)

*Debates

*Data Sessions/lectures

*Saturday Night Activities

*Games (Grab Bag, Islands, Charade, Pinoy Henyo)

58
Objectives:

1. To actualize the intellectual skills of the residents

2. To teach the residents how to think and delay impulses
3. To guide the residents on the right way of thinking and how
it affects his feelings and behavior

Indicators:

1. Residents exhibit increased awareness and positive behaviour

2. Elimination of racial, cultural and gender biases as seen in
dealings
3. Changed perception among residents on enhancement of
knowledge/ education

4. Pride in quality, a culture among residents

5. Increased number of residents enrolled in ALS and A & E

passers

Procedure:

1. Select a topic related to expertise of the

speaker/lecturer beneficial to the residents.

2. Schedule the activity.

3. Preparation Phase

4. Seminar Proper

59
THE TC PHILOSOPHY

The TC Philosophy is recited daily during the Morning Meeting. It

embodies all the challenges and aspirations of most residents who
feel alienated and the desire to overcome the imposed limitations on
their freedom and find their own place where they could feel safe
and welcome.It acknowledges the importance of fellowship in
shaping one’s behavior and motivating one’s fortitude of helping
himself and others. It likewise serves as his anchor in times of
emotional turmoil which he can always go back to and reflect. It

60
forms emotional binding among the participants knowing that they
are grounded on the same philosophy.

1. Surrender

“I am here because there is no refuge, finally from myself”

I am where I am right now because I admit that something went

wrong with my life that I have no control over. I admit that I need
the help of a Higher Power and of others to bring positive change in
my life.

2. Self-disclosure

“Until I confront myself in the eyes and hearts of others, I am

running. Until I suffer them to share my secrets, I have no
safety from them. Afraid to be known, I can neither know
myself or any other; I will be alone.”

I now know that unless I come out in the open and admit my
mistakes, I will forever be running from them. I need to disclose my
deepest secrets to my peers so that I can find the right ways of
dealing with them. By opening myself up for others to see through
me, I will be free from my own demons and let others guide and
help me though my ordeals. Nobody can help me unless I let them
know my woes and let them understand that like them, I also need
help.

3. Reflection

“Where else but in our common grounds can I find such a

mirror?”

There is no better place to disclose my feelings than in a place full

of people with similar experiences where I feel safe and free from

61
prejudices. People are here for different reasons but with a common
problem. It is easy to identify with somebody who is going through
the same experience as me.

4. Self-realization

“Here together, I can appear clearly to myself, not as the giant

of my dreams not the dwarf of my fears, but as a person, part of
the whole with my share in its purpose”

When I start to understand myself better, I began to realize how all

my negative behaviors came to be. It is easier to deal with
something when we understand its roots. I will learn not to look at
myself as too big or too small to handle all my worries. I will learn
that I will deal with them as a person among others who are united
together to help each other by relating our similar attitudes and
behaviors.

5. Growth

“In this ground, I can take root and grow”

I realize that this environment can help me overcome my mistakes

and start a new life. I can anchor myself in this community to foster
permanent change.

6. Self-worth

“Not alone anymore as in death, but alive to myself and to

others”

62
I begin to believe in my ability to overcome all my challenges and
give out all my best for myself and others. I also believe in my
ability to be of help to others who are in similar situation.

TC UNWRITTEN PHILOSOPHIES

The unwritten philosophy of TC consists of slogans or aphorisms

that are verbally given to the residents to impart the beliefs and
values of TC in relation to their day to day living. These sayings are

63
used to remind the residents as to what are considered important to
them.

1. “Honesty”
A lot of residents continue to live in a lie without the fear of its
consequences. This virtue points out the importance of truth
and its relevance to recovery.

2. “Responsible love and concern”

The residents will learn how to give and accept criticisms
without resentment. Bonded by trust and confidence, the
residents know that mistakes need to be corrected if the aim is
to bring the other towards behavioral change.

3. “To be aware is to be alive”

Residents learn to be conscious of what is going on in the
environment. In TC, minor attitudes are engrossed to prevent
major attitudinal problems to arise.

4. “Trust in your environment”

There will be no change if there is no honesty and disclosure.
Before doing so, trust must be established. One should believe
that the program can help him. In doing so, he will learn to
accept the program and use its tools to evoke changes in
himself.

5. “Be careful what you ask for, you might just get it”
Man by nature is ambitious. We never get contented with what
we have. We want more, even if having so would lead us to
commit mistakes. We should learn to appreciate what we have
and use it to better ourselves.

64
6. “No free lunch”
In reality, nothing really comes easy. If we aim for something,
we have to work for it. There is no pride in getting something
the easy way. It is hard to let go of something that we labored
for. Change will not come if we will just wait for it to happen.
We have to make it happen.

7. “You can’t keep it unless you give it away”

Knowledge or learning is better appreciated if shared with
others. Something becomes valuable if used to help others
make positive changes in their lives. Helping others help us in
the process as we start to feel good about ourselves.

8. “What goes around comes around”

“Whatever you do unto others will be done unto you”. Any
good deed will be rewarded while evil deeds will be punished in
the end. We should always be mindful of our actions as they
are the parameters of how we will be judged in the end.

9. “Act as if”
Learning and accepting the TC program is not easy. Most
residents feel resistant towards it. This philosophy teaches the
residents to go with the flow as a way of compliance. In the
process, they will learn to embrace it and the behavior will
soon become natural.

10. “Understand rather than be understood”

It is sometimes common for us to be selfish. We find it hard to
admit our mistakes hence we tend to blame everybody but
ourselves. We expect everyone around us to understand our
wrongdoings but we seldom make an effort to understand
others. Understanding others is a virtue because it speaks of
humility and patience. If we take the first step to know where

65
others are coming from, there would be lesser conflicts in
relationships.

11. “Personal growth before vested status”

Sometimes, we become so wrapped up in our own status or
positions in life that we tend to forget to develop relationships
with the people around us. We should cultivate our personal
abilities before we scale the ladder to success.

12. “Compensation is valid”

A reward for working hard is well deserved. We get what we
put into.

13. “Forgiveness”
To accept what has been done, move on and get over the hurt
and anger gives us a feeling of inner peace and happiness.
Failure to get over the pains will pin us down and stunt our
progress.

14. “Humility”
To humble one’ self before others is a laudable virtue. We are
often enveloped by pride that it is difficult for us to lower
ourselves and admit our inadequacies and limitations. By
doing so, we develop a fair insight about ourselves thus giving
us the challenge to improve ourselves.

15. “You alone can do it, but you can’t do it alone”

Oftentimes, we feel invincible and indispensable knowing that
certain tasks can only be accomplished by us. We don’t realize
that we have certain limitations that without the help of
others, the burden will be too great for us. We should learn to
reach out for help and admit our weaknesses.

16. “Pride in quality”

66
Time flies so fast that we tend to hurry in everything we do.
We lose our focus and do things haphazardly just for the sake
of completion. We should always seek for quality in our work.
The product of our labor speaks of our attitude towards life in
general.

17.“Feelings don’t think”

We usually react impulsively to things around us because of
our feelings. Before we can even think, an action has already
been done. Everything starts in the mind. If we think before we
act, chances are, we will behave with contempt as we have
analyzed the process before the action.

18.“Guilt kills”
One of the underlying reasons for depression is guilt. It is a
feeling of shame and self-blame. If a guilt feeling remains
unresolved, it can be turned inwards, thus resulting to self-
inflicted harm.

19.“Hang tough”
Sometimes, we feel that there is no end to our miseries and we
feel helpless and hopeless. No matter how dim life seems to be,
there is always hope. In every problem is a solution. Every
problem is a learning experience that would make us tougher
in dealing with life’s challenges.

20.“You are your brother’s keeper”

In TC, each one is responsible for the other members of the
community. The failure of one is the failure of all. This gives all
the residents a sense of responsibility in shepherding others.
The success of the program is a reflection of how one cares for
the other.

67
THEME/ CONCEPT OF THE DAY
It refers to a word or saying that will serve as a guide for the
community to ponder upon in relation to their day to day
interactions and behaviors. It is elaborated during the Morning
Meeting by some members of the community to emphasize its
relevance and how it can stimulate the residents’ thoughts and help
them change their behavior into something positive. It can also be
taken from the Unwritten Philosophies.

MEDITATION: DISCOVERING YOUR INNER SANCTUARY

The visualization meditation is used to help an individual establish
a practice of moving his attention within, finding his place of
relaxation and peace by contacting his inner wisdom. This
experience is unique for everyone so much so that one’s experience
may be different from the others. Some may experience visual
imagery while the others may not. What is important is to do it the
most easy and natural way in order to attain the goal and have the
opportunity to relax and enjoy the process. After the activity, ask
the participants how they feel and what have they learned from the
experience.

Duration/ frequency: 1-2 hours/ once a month

Participants: Residents, Facilitator

Procedure:

68
A facilitator is present to give the instruction to the participants.
Soft background or meditation music can be used. The instruction
goes this way:

“Ang ehersisyong ito ay magsisimula sa pamamagitan ng

paghahanap ng posisyon na komportable sa iyo. Pwedeng nakaupo
o nakahiga. Kapag nakaupo, siguraduhing nakalapat ang likod sa
upuan, nakalapat ang dalawang paa sa sahig at ang mga kamay at
braso ay naka-relaks. Kung nakahiga,humiga ng ang likod ay
nakalapat sa sahig at ang katawan ay naka-relaks.”

“Kapag ikaw ay komportable na, ipikit ang mga mata at damhin ang
nararamdaman ng katawan. Kapag nakaramdam ng tensiyon,
huminga ng malalim at isiping dahan-dahang nawawala ang
tensiyon ng katawan at ito ay tuluyang nagiging relaks.”

“Una ay isipin ang mga daliri ng paa at mga paa.Isipin na ang mga
ito ay dahan-dahang nagiging relaks”

‘Susunod ay ang iyong mga binti at tuhod. Dahan-dahang ilagay

ang mga ito sa posisiyong nakapahinga”

“Dumako naman sa balakang at puson.Isipin na ang mga parting

ito ng katawan ay tuluyang nagiging relaks.Huminga ng malalaim
para tuluyang ma-relaks ang mababang bahagi ng katawan.”

“Dumako naman sa tiyan at mga bahagi sa loob nito.Isiping ang

mga ito ay dahan-dahang lumalambot at nagpapahinga.”

“Isipin ang mga parte ng dibdib ,likod, balikat, braso, kamay at

mgadaliri.Ilagay ang mga ito sa posisyong nakapahinga.”

“Dumako naman sa leeg, ulo, mata, talukap, tenga at panga.I-

relaks ang mga ito.Huminga ng malalim at dahan-dahang ilabas
ang hangin kasama ng paglabas ng lahat ng tensiyon sa mga
parting ito. Damhin ang enerhiyang pumapasok sa katawan at
naglalabas ng lahat ng natitirang tensiyon.”

69
“Habang humihinga ng malalim, i-relaks ang isip na para bang ito
ay bahagi ng katawan.Iwaksi ang anumang isipin hanggang sa ang
iyong utak at isip ay nagiging tahimik at walang bumabagabag.”

“Habang humihinga ng malalim, dalhin ang kamulatan sa isang

napakalalim na lugar sa sarili.”

“Isipin na ikaw ay naglalakad sa isang napakagandang

kapaligiran.Maaring ito ay nakikita sa iyong isip o pwedeng
magkunwari na ikaw ay nasa isang lugar na katulad nito. Habang
naglalakad sa kapaligiran, nakikita mo ang kagandahan nito at
nararamdaman mo na lalong nagiging relaks ang pakiramdam.

“Isipin na ang napakagandang lugar na ito ay iyong nakikita at

nararamdaman.Napaka-espesyal ng lugar na ito para sa iyo.
Maaaring ito ay may mga puno, naggagandahang bulaklak, ilog,
dagat at bukid. Ang napakaganda at tahimik na lugar na ito ay
malapit sa iyong puso at ito ay ang iyong sariling “inner sanctuary”
na walang pwedeng makarating kung hindi ikaw lang.”

“Damhin mo ang simoy ng hangin sa iyong “inner sanctuary”

Nararamdaman mo ba ang sikat ng araw at hangin? Naririnig mo
ba ang huni ng mga ibon at insekto?Naririning mo ba ang hampas
ng alon sa dagat? Damhin mo ang para sa iyo ay nakapagbibigay
kasiyahan sa iyo.”

“Tingnan mo ang paligid sa iyong “inner sanctuary” at hanapin ang

isang lugar na makapagbibigay sa iyo ng magandang
pahingahan.Gamitin ito na lugar para ikaw ay umupo o mahiga
kung kinakailangan. Damhin ang kapanatagan ng loob habang
ikaw ay nasa “inner sanctuary” mo. Isiping ikaw ay tulad ng isang
spongha na sinisipsip ang lahat ng kabutihan sa paligid.”

“Ngayon, dalhin ang kamulatan sa isang napakalalim at tahimik na

bahagi ng iyong sarili hanggat matagpuan mo ang iyong lugar na
tigibngkatahimikan at kapayapaan.Dito, ikaw ay ligtas sa lahat ng
problema at anumang dalahin sa buhay. Hayaan ang sariling
damhin ang kapayapaan kung saan walang kailangan gawin kundi

70
ang hayaan ang sarili na maranasan ng buo ang kapayapaan at
kapanatagan ng kalooban.”

“Sa iyong lubos na kapayapaan, mahahanap mo ang iyong sariling

kaalaman na makapagtuturo sa iyo ng iyong mga pangangailangan
at nagbibigay ng tamang gabay sa pagtahak sa buhay.Kahit hindi
mo ito nararamdaman o hindi ka nainiwala dito, hayaang maniwala
o isiping na niniwala sa presensya nito. Maniwala man o hindi, ito
ay naririyan sa kalooban mo.”

“Kung may mga tanong ka sa iyong “gabay”, magtanong ka. Maging

tahimik at pakiramdaman ang sagot.Maaaring marinig ito, Makita
bilang imahe or maramdaman. Sa papaano mang paraan, maging
bukas at hayaan itong pumasok sa iyong kamulatan.Maaari ding
hindi ito maramdaman. Maari itong dumating sa mga susunod na
panahon. Tanggapin ang anumang karanasan.

“Kung may karagdagang tanong sa iyong“gabay”, tungkol sa pag-

ibig, problema o anumang nangangailangan ng sagot, magtanong at
ang pinto ay magbubukas upang malaman mo ang sagot. Maaring
ang mga sagot ay kakaiba sa inaasahan subalit ito ay darating…”

71
SEMINARS
Seminars are activities in TC that provide intellectual stimulation
and seek personal involvement among the residents. It is a way of
providing information, improving the resident’s speaking and
writing abilities and enhancing their listening ability so as to
understand all the information being presented.

Duration/Frequency: 1-2 hours/ once a week

Participants: Residents, Facilitator

Types of Seminars:

1. Discussion- open format and allow for group participation

2. Data Sessions –given specific information and games
3. Games- mind-expanding activities to elicit thought, creativity,
and imagination
4. Seminar series on varied topics

THE DEBATE

The debate is introduced to provide the residents the opportunity to

learn how to reason ably and put together arguments in a logical
manner. This is also an exercise on how to listen and formulate
ideas and demonstrate a broader understanding of certain issues. It
gives the participants certain insights on other’s opinions which
may be opposite to their own.

Duration/Frequency: 1-2 hours/ once a month

Participants: 20-30 residents, facilitator

Procedure:

1. Divide the group into two, according to gender or depending

upon the topic for debate.
2. Assign a group for “pro” and the other as “con”

72
 3. Choose the first speaker for each group. Each group is given 5
minutes to gather their thoughts on the issue. Each speaker is
given 2 minutes.
4. The “pro” group is first to give their opinion on the issue for 2
minutes. A rebuttal for 2 minutes is allotted for the “con”
group.
5. The exchange of opinions is allowed for a few minutes more.
Once the majority has spoken, the facilitator will switch the
stand so much so the “pro” will now become the “con” and vice
versa.
6. After the activity, the facilitator will process how the group felt
when they have to defend an issue which is contrary to their
beliefs and if they could see the reasonableness of the other’s
arguments? What have they learned from the activity?

GAMES: THE “GRAB BAG”

The “Grab Bag” is a form of seminar which enhances the residents’

ability to communicate, analyze ideas and develop insights about
themselves with the use of identification with inanimate objects.

Procedure:

1. Divide the group into small groups of 10 members with one

facilitator per group.
2. Each facilitator will have a plastic bag/ container with
different items inside
3. Without peeping, each resident will grab one item inside the
bag. He/she will be given 3-5 minutes to tell something about
the item, describing it as if he/she were the object, what it is
made of and its use.
4. Each resident takes turn until everyone member of the group
has picked an item and spoke.
5. The facilitator will process the activity and ask the group how
they feel about the activity and what insights they have
gained.
73
SATURDAY NIGHT ACTIVITIES

This activity is held every Saturday as a recreational event

purposely to instill fun, humor and entertainment after an intense
and hectic week. This gives the residents the chance to let loose and
socialize. Each static group is assigned a specific task or
presentation to develop talents among the residents.

74
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES:
Types of Seminar Duration/ Target Responsible
frequency Persons Persons

Seminars: suggested topics:

Spirituality
1-2 Residents
1. Seminar on Morning hours/once a SP, Residents,
Meeting week IWD Officer
2. Seminar on Written and
Unwritten TC
Philosophies
3. Other seminar related to 15 min. Residents
Residents
Spirituality such as
meditation, recollections

Daily Prayers

Bible Study/ Qur’an Study 1-2

hours/once a Residents SP, IWD
week officer,
Fellowship/Prayer Meeting
residents
Daily Devotion
1-2 hours Residents
(Rosary, Angelus, 3 o’clock Residents
prayer, Divine Mercy and other
devotions from Religious
Affiliations. 1-2
Residents Chaplain, IWD
hours/once a
Sacramental Celebrations officer,
week
c/o Chaplain or other Residents
requested priests
Residents
1-2
Fellowship/Prayer Meeting hours/once a SP, IWD
week officer,
1-2 residents
Residents
hours/once a
Orientation Seminars SP, IWD
week
officer,
1. Jail Rules and residents
Regulations

75
 2. Programs and Facility
Guidelines
3. House Structure
4. Meetings
5. Job functions

Residents SP, IWD,

1-2 residents
hours/once a
week
Personal Development

1. Personal Effectiveness
Seminar
2. Active Listening Hearts
Seminar
3. Stress Management
4. Grieving Process
5. Domestic Violence and
Abuse
6. Sexual Harassment Residents SP, IWD,
7. Anger Management 1-2 residents
hours/week
Social Survival

1-2 Residents SP, IWD,

1. Family life and Parenting
2. Human Rights hours/week residents

Health Awareness
1. Smoking Cessation
2. Drug Abuse and Addiction
3. CommonDiseases
Prevention Residents SP, IWD,
4. Reproductive Health 1-2 residents
5. Health and Sanitation hours/week
6. Prevention of
Communicable Diseases
7. Disaster Preparedness
8. Waste Management
9. STD/HIV/AIDS

76
 Residents
Games and Group Activities SP, IWD,
1-2 residents
1. Art Feelings Workshop hours/week
2. Family Tree
3. Grab bag
4. Role playing
5. Awareness Exercise
6. Psycho-drama
7. Charade
8. Pinoy Henyo
9. Poems

Residents
Literacy Program 1-2 IWD,
hours/week residents
basic writing/basic
reading/basic math/
ALS/participation in the
Accreditation &Equivalency
Test

Tutorial

Residents
Discussion IWD,
1-2 residents, SP
1. Debate hours/week
2. Discussion on
Responsibility and other
character traits
3. TC Concepts
4. Values
5. Gender Sensitivity and
Work roles

Residents
Workshops 1-2 SP, IWD,
1. Origami hours/week residents
2. Cooking
3. Gardening
4. Poetry
5. Art Therapy
6. Music Therapy

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 7. Book Reviews
8. Car maintenance
9. Flower Arrangement
10. Drama Workshop

Lectures
Topics:
1. History and Origin of the TC
2. Human Development
3. Sexuality
4. Stages of Recovery

78
 CHAPTER V

VOCATIONAL/SURVIVAL SKILLS

INTRODUCTION

The development of vocational and survival skills starts at the

beginning of performance in job functions in the TC Community
which has substantial value to the individual. Its aim is not only to
detain or confine residents but also to challenge them to learn
vocational skills for their reentry to the community. Vocational
rehabilitation helps the individual to become less dependent, adapt
himself and become more independent by making positive changes.

*TC Hierarchical Structure

*Job Changes

*Job Functions

*Staff Functions

SKILLS AND ATTITUDE DEVELOPMENT

Thinking + Feeling = Behavior

Thinking + Feeling + Behavior = Attitude

An attitude is a set of feelings, thoughts and disposition. Attitudes

determine how one will act. Attitude stems from the way one thinks,
feels and behave. The ideas formed from one’s thinking will be
translated into feelings. Thinking coupled with feelings will
determine the reaction of an individual to certain situations. The
person’s attitude will shape his ability to learn and absorb all the
teachings inside the program. It will design his willingness to take
on responsibilities and develop oneself. An individual’s attitude is
relevant to his development in the area of vocation and occupation.

79
It speaks of his adaptability and flexibility to the different tasks and
functions. It will predetermine how he will later on perform in the
hierarchical ladder. The development of skills is inseparable with
the other components of TC as each component plays a vital part in
the shaping of one’s attitude.

ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY OF THERAPEUTIC

COMMUNITY

Objectives:

1. To create an organized structure and an efficient system of

program implementation.
2. To foster the feeling of empowerment and self-sufficiency
among residents.
3. To improve the line of communication between personnel and
residents.
4. To promote a self-sufficient TC utilizing the residents who
possess a variety of skills.

Indicators:

1. Orderly and peaceful community

2. Self-reliance
3. Value of work evident through punctuality and patience.
4. Jobs completed on time with proper supervision.
5. Harmonious interpersonal relationship and respect for
hierarchy.
6. Pride in quality

Participants: Personnel and residents

80
Procedure:

1. The senior member of the staff, usually the Director identifies the
counselors coming from the staff/ personnel.

2. As soon as the counselors were identified, the residents of the

community will submit application for certain desired positions as
indicated at the hierarchical structure.

3. The applicants will be interviewed by the staff (Director, IWDO,

Chief Escort and Custodial).

4. After the interview, selection of applicant for key positions

(Coordinator & Department Head) is done through the use of Socio
metric pointing.

5. Crew members will be assigned as per assessment of the IWDO,

Chief Escort and Custodial.

6. New residents will be assigned automatically at the housekeeping

department for one month for orientation purposes.

81
 Table 1.1 The TCMP Hierarchical Structure (TYPE A)

TC
DIRECTOR

ASST DIRECTOR
DISCIPLINARY BOARD

STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF

BOD GROUNDS AND MAINTENANCE

KITCHEN EXPEDITING HOUSEKEEPING ADMINISTRATIVE
SPECIAL SERVICES LAUNDRY LANDSCAPING
DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT SERVICES
DEPARTMENT

RELIGIOUS
COORDINATOR COORDINATOR COORDINATOR CHIEF, EXPEDITER COORDINATOR COORDINATOR COORDINATOR OFFICE
SERVICES

VISITATION DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT CHIEF DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT

SUPPLY
SERVICES HEAD HEAD HEAD EXPEDITER HEAD HEAD HEAD

ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT

LIVELIHOOD DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT EXPEDITERS DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT UTILITY
HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD

ALS CREW CREW CREW CREW CREW CREW

ELDERLY

CLASS- A TC COMMUNITY (JAIL POPULATION – 1,000 UP)

1. BUSINESS OFFICE DEPARTMENT – Admin

2. KITCHEN DEPARTMENT – Food Service Officer
3. HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT – Records
4. GROUNDS/ LANDSCAPING DEPARTMENT – Custodial
5. LAUNDRY DEPARTMENT – Logistics
6. MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT – Operations
7. SPECIAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT – IWDO
8. EXPEDITING DEPARTMENT – Paralegal/ I&I

82
 Table 1.2 The TCMP Hierarchical Structure (TYPE B)

TC
DIRECTOR

ASST DIRECTOR
DISCIPLINARY BOARD

STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF

BOD GROUNDS AND MAINTENANCE

KITCHEN EXPEDITING HOUSEKEEPING ADMINISTRATIVE
SPECIAL SERVICES LAUNDRY LANDSCAPING
DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT SERVICES
DEPARTMENT

RELIGIOUS
COORDINATOR COORDINATOR COORDINATOR CHIEF, EXPEDITER COORDINATOR COORDINATOR COORDINATOR OFFICE
SERVICES

VISITATION DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT CHIEF DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT

SUPPLY
SERVICES HEAD HEAD HEAD EXPEDITER HEAD HEAD HEAD

ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT

LIVELIHOOD DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT EXPEDITERS DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT UTILITY
HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD

ALS CREW CREW CREW CREW CREW CREW

ELDERLY

CLASS- B TC COMMUNITY (JAIL POP 500-999)

1. BUSINESS OFFICE DEPARTMENT – Admin

2. KITCHEN DEPARTMENT – Food Service Officer
3. HOUSEKEEPING/ LAUNDRY DEPARTMENT – Records
4. GROUNDS/ LANDSCAPING/ MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT –
Custodial
5. SPECIAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT – IWDO
6. EXPEDITING DEPARTMENT – Paralegal/ I&
Table 1.3 The TC Hierarchical Structure (Jail pop-1-499
TYPE C)
83

TC
DIRECTOR
 ASST DIRECTOR
DISCIPLINARY BOARD

STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF

BOD GROUNDS , LANDSCAPING

HOUSEKEEPING ADMINISTRATIVE
SPECIAL SERVICES LAUNDRY KITCHEN DEPARTMENT EXPEDITING DEPARTMENT & MAINTENANCE
DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT SERVICES
DEPARTMENT

RELIGIOUS SERVICES COORDINATOR COORDINATOR COORDINATOR CHIEF, EXPEDITER COORDINATOR COORDINATOR OFFICE

VISITATION
SERVICES DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT CHIEF DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT HEAD DEPARTMENT HEAD SUPPLY
HEAD EXPEDITER HEAD HEAD

LIVELIHOOD

CREW CREW CREW EXPEDITERS CREW CREW UTILITY

ALS

CLASS- C TC COMMUNITY (JAIL POP -1-499)

1. BUSINESS OFFICE DEPARTMENT – Admin

2. KITCHEN DEPARTMENT – Food Service Specialist
3. HOUSEKEEPING/ LAUNDRY DEPARTMENT – IWDO
4. EXPEDITING DEPARTMENT – Paralegal/ I&I

Note: The set up of the Hierarchical Structure depends upon the

needs of the facility.

JOB FUNCTIONS

84
Objectives:

1. To develop the right attitude of the residents towards work

2. To enhance the capability of the residents in their day to

day task with utmost pride.

Indicators:

1. Developed self- worth and sense of responsibility.

2. Initiative
3. Creativity
4. Ingenuity
5. Pride in quality

Participants: Residents

Duration/frequency: All year round based on jail schedule

Procedure:

Departmental Meeting is conducted weekly for assignment of

tasks which will last for one week in rotation basis within the
department. Each team will be assigned one expediter to monitor
the job function. Job rotation will be primarily based on the
progress, performance and capability of each resident. Promotion or
demotion can happen during the process.

FUNCTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT POSITIONS IN THE

HIERARCHY (FROM HIGHEST TO LOWEST)

Coordinator

85
 1. A positive role model.
2. Deals with the attitudes of the residents and acts as a member
of the panel during the haircut and addresses the resident in
general meeting.
3. The leader of a team assigned to oversee a specific department,
e.g. kitchen department
4. Responsible for reporting of job changes and recommends
cutting off of learning experience
5. Assigned as Coordinator on Duty of the day and delegates
tasks to be covered for the day, i.e., investigating and booking.
6. Encourages residents to use behavior shaping tools, i.e.,
encounter slips, booking, etc.
7. Responsible for overseeing that each team works efficiently.
8. Supervises the over-all functions of the department in the TC
Facility.
9. Reports to staff any incident that is not in the boundaries of a
resident to deal with.
10. Carries out any given task that staff members assigned
him/her.
11. In-charge to disseminate instructions given by the
Director and staff through coordination with co-coordinators.
12. Serves as liaison between resident and staff.

Coordinator On Duty (not part of the whole hierarchical structure,

each coordinator take turns to become Coordinator of the Day)

1. He / she is designated as Coordinator of the Day to conduct

inspection in cells, kitchen and other areas where residents
are allowed together with the staff on duty and the chief
expediter.
2. Delegates tasks to other coordinators.
3. Under direct communication with the Chief Expediter.
4. Must always be aware and records all the events, incidences
of the day to the logbook.
5. Must have direct link with Staff on Duty.
6. Responsible to disseminate information coming from the Staff
or Director.
7. Evaluates or validate different incidences and seeks staff’s
acknowledgement.
86
Chief Expediter

1. Responsible for managing the daily function and activities

of the community.
2. Delegates other responsibilities to the Asst. Chief Expediter
and monitors every activity.
3. Oversees the schedule of the day.
4. Communicates with department heads in execution of job
functions.
5. Communicates with Coordinator of the Day on an hourly
basis.

Assistant Chief Expediter

1. Responsible for execution of directives from the chief

expediter.
2. Supervises the activity inside the dormitories.
3. Monitors overall function of the different departments and
reports to the chief all the incidences.
4. Facilitates department head meetings in the absence of the
chief expediter, job changes and requests. (e.g. request for
phone calls)

Department Head

1. Conducts departmental meetings before job function.

2. Delegates specific tasks to team members and monitors
individual conduct.
3. Monitors participation of members to activities of the
program (Morning Meeting, Seminars and Group Sessions)
4. Checks attendance and whereabouts of team members.
5. Attends department heads pre-evaluation meeting regarding
job change.
6. Recommends grants or denies team members’ in-house
requests in the department head meeting.
7. Conducts post evaluation to residents regarding the result
of their requests.
8. Screens team members’ requests.
87
Department Crew

1. Responsible for carrying-out tasks, duties and

responsibilities of their concerned departments.

TCMP DEPARTMENTS AND FUNCTIONS

Business Office Department (BOD)

88
 1. Welcomes new members of the family and makes sure that
policies, rules and their limitations are clear.
2. Responsible in facilitating younger members’ group by
sharing experiences.
3. Role model that shows how to overcome trying
circumstances (coping, adjustment, etc.)
4. Orients new residents how to drop slips, ventilate feelings in
the encounter group, use the behavior shaping tools and
internalize the TC Philosophy and Unwritten Philosophies.
5. Provides support to residents when needed.
6. Prepares sequence of program for special events and
disseminates all written communications.
7. Maintains and updates bulletin board postages and
announcements.
8. Updates profile of residents (Name, Address, Age, Status,
Birth date, Ethnic Origin etc.) and provides list of residents
in the Tag board to be posted in every dormitory.
9. Prepares sound system in every activity.

Expediting Team

1. Oversees the day-to-day affairs of the different departments.

2. Reports any incident in the TC facility and the overall
attitude of the community.
3. In-charge of the attendance of the residents in groups,
seminars, static, specialized groups.
4. Confronts attitudes around the house and make necessary
steps to address them through booking.
5. Coordinates with staff regarding announcements, activities,
medication and court hearings for proper information
dissemination.
6. Coordinates with Coordinator on Duty and Medical Staff in
attending to sick residents.
7. Prepare designated room assignments upon admission of
new residents.( Assign big brother/ sister)
8. Oversees activities of residents in the Learning Experience
structure.

Kitchen Department
89
 1. Prepares and cook food for daily consumption.
2. Maintains quality of food and dietary requirements of every
menu.
3. Preserves sanitary working environment and maintains
kitchen equipment properly.
4. Manages quantity of food servings to minimize wastage.
5. Prepares menu for special requirements and occasions.
6. Serves meals on time.
7. Ensures proper storage of food items to avoid spoilage and
contamination.
8. Conducts regular health screening of kitchen workers.
9. Maintains proper washing of dishes and kitchen utensils
and proper disposal of waste materials.

Maintenance and Landscaping Department

1. Maintains cleanliness of grounds

2. Responsible in planting, watering and trimming of plants,
trees and flower beds
3. Maintains inventory of materials and equipment.
4. Informs staff of any equipment that needs repair or
replacement.
5. Responsible in making minor repairs of jail facilities and
equipment.
6. Responsible in monitoring proper usage of water and
electricity.

Housekeeping Department

1. Maintains the cleanliness of the cell area, mess hall,

visitation area and visitor’s comfort room.
2. Maintains inventory of housekeeping materials such as
brooms, dustpans, rugs, floor wax, etc.
3. Provides proper storage of housekeeping materials.

Laundry Department

90
 1. Assigns and schedules laundry time for every dorm.
2. Designates and maintains hanging area for washed
clothing.
3. Collects the dried washed clothing and distributes to the
respective dorms.

STAFF FUNCTIONS

Director

The Warden serves as the Director of the facility. He oversees all the
activities in the program. He designates staff to serve as
Counselors. He makes final decisions as to what sanctions or
learning experiences will be meted out to erring residents.

Assistant Director

This position is usually occupied by the Assistant Warden. He takes

over the responsibilities in the absence of the Director. He reports
directly to the Director and assists him in the conduct of the latter’s
responsibilities.

Counselor

A staff is assigned as a Counselor for each department. The jail set

up is unique as the Counselors take on other responsibilities in
addition. Due to the inadequate number of jail personnel, custodial
officers are oftentimes assigned as Counselors. The Counselors are
responsible for the conduct of the different activities of TC on a
daily basis. Each Counselor will monitor the activities of their
respective departments. They will conduct individual counseling
and facilitate groups. They are present in the conduct of the
different behavior shaping tools. Instead of being the dominant
figure, the Counselor’s role is to bolster or enhance the community
as the primary change agent and build the community to function
around the established hierarchy.
JOB CHANGES
What: Job Change (Job rotation)
Where: All TC implementing Jails
91
 When: Every six months
Participants: TC staff and residents

Interventio Objectives Expected Method/ Dura Responsible

n Results Procedures tion Person
Application To assess Harmonious The Director Six (6) IWDO
Interview and relationship will call for a months Officer of
Pre determine among the staff meeting the Day
evaluation who is the residents for a job Custodial
Discussion best assigned to rotation or Staff
Post person their new job change. Disciplinary
Evaluation capable to position. Departmen- Board
Announce handle the tal meeting of
ment position Personal department
among the growth and heads will be
applicants development held.
. in his The residents
attitude will apply for
To create towards their desired
opportunit work and position and
ies and job undergo
experience functions. interview with
various responsible
job persons.
positions Then,
for responsible
everyone persons will
in the TC evaluate and
facility. discuss the
applicants
qualifications
as well as the
positions to
be occupied.
After post
evaluation,
the IWD in-
charge
announces
the selected
92
 applicants on
their
respective
positions.
New positions
will be posted
at bulletin
board.

This kind of Job Change will be done regularly every six (6) months.
This will be done by the TCMP Director by calling all the staff/
counselors in order to facilitate the procedural change of positions
handled by department heads and coordinators. Once the meeting
is done, the coordinators will now apply for the positions as to
where they want to be assigned that will be evaluated by the staff
before giving them their new assignments. After each assignment is
identified, the Director or the IWDO will then announce to the
community the new assignments and positions the applicants are
holding.

What: Job Change (With Infraction/Offense Committed)

Where: All TC Implementing Jails
When: Upon Violation of Offenses
Participants: Disciplinary Board, TC Staff and Residents

93
Intervention Objectives Expected Method/ Dura- Responsible
Results Procedure tion Person
Validated Realiza- Increased Selection As the IWDO
by the tion of the level of of need Officer of
inmate resident aware- qualified arises the Day
Conduct that the ness that resident to Custodial
investiga- offense upon the Staff
tion by commit- commis- vacated Disciplinary
Disciplinary ted sion of an position. Board
Board brought offense or
BST demotion infraction
Removal and value will
from the the need receive
present of correspon
position. improve- ding
Promotion ment of sanction.
of deserving behavior
resident and
attitude.

A sudden change of position and responsibility will occur if a

certain resident holding key position commits infraction such as
violation of cardinal rules. Such infraction has been verified and
investigated by the responsible inmates and such investigation
report has reached the staff. It is assumed that the members of the
disciplinary board have already sanctioned the resident after which,
he will be ousted of his present position and promotion and
demotion will take effect. For example;

A coordinator of the Kitchen Department was found out using the

food container to facilitate entry of alcoholic beverages. He will be
given sanction by the members of the disciplinary board after the
investigation and the department head of kitchen will assume his
position and a crew can be promoted to take the department head
position.

94
 What: Job Change (Vacated Positions upon release)
Where: All TC Implementing Jails
When: Upon release of a resident holding a key position
Participants: TC Staff and Residents

Intervention Objectives Expected Method/ Dura- Responsibl

Results Procedur tion e Person
e
Application Assess and Harmonio Upon IWDO
Interview determine us release of Officer of
Pre who is the relation- the the Day
evaluation best person ship resident Custodial
Discussion capable to among the holding key Staff
Post handle the residents position. Disciplinar
Evaluation position assigned y Board
Announce- among the to their
ment applicants. new
position.

Personal
growth
and
develop-
ment in
his
attitude
towards
work and
job
functions.

The release of a resident particularly the one who occupies a key

position will open a vacancy. The vacated position will be filled up
by either succession depending on his/her qualifications.

The Director, IWDO, Chief Escort or Custodial may conduct

interview and selection of the applicants vying for the position and
will announce later who qualifies for the vacant position. Never

95
allow the residents to do the selection and interview without the
supervision of any staff.

LIVELIHOOD AND SKILLS TRAINING

Objectives:

1. To motivate the participation of the residents in the

livelihood and skills training in preparation for reintegration
to the mainstream of society.

96
 2. To cultivate and enhance one’s capacity to become
productive and improve self-worth.

Indicators:

1. Self- reliant, resourceful and creative individuals

2. Generate income

Designed Tools: Project Proposals, Training Design, Feasibility

Studies

Participants: Residents/ Staff

Procedure:

The IWDO will conduct skills inventory of the residents to determine

the appropriate skills training needed. With the help of skilled staff
or outsourced trainers, residents are trained on their specific field
of interest which could be their source of livelihood once they are
released from jail.

List of Suggested Vocational Skills Training:

COURSE DESCRIPTIO REQUIREMENT SUPPORT

N S GROUP
1. Culinary Cooking and  Length of TESDA/
Arts Baking for a 3 stay in the ALS
month period facility (5 (SERVICE
of study with months). PROVIDER
one month  Good )
On The Job health IWDO
Training
2. Basic Steel TESDA/
Fabrication Welding -do- ALS
(SERVICE
PROVIDER
) IWDO
3. Beads
Making Training on -do- SERVICE
Enhancemen beads PROVIDER

97
 t enhancement

Other suggested vocational skills training;

1. Rug making
2. Wood carving
3. Flower making
4. Massage Therapy
5. Artistry
6. Basic Electricity
7. Automotive
8. Masonry and Carpentry
9. Tailoring and Dressmaking
10. Tailoring and Dressmaking
11. Furniture
12. Lantern and Christmas Décor Making
13. T-shirt printing
14. Basket weaving
15. Shell craft
16. Guitar making
17. Organic Farming

SCHEDULE OF DAILY ACTIVITIES

TIME MONDA TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY

Y
5:00 - 6:00 AM WAKE- UP TIME / JOB FUNCTIONS
6:00 - 6:45 AM M O R N I N G E X E R C I S E S
6:45 -7:45 AM BREAKFAST AND BATHING TIME

98
7:45 - 8:00 AM PRE –MORNINGMEETING
8:00 - 9:00 AM M O R NI N G M E E T I N G VISITING PRIVILEGES
9:00 - 9:15 AM DEPARTMENTAL MEETING (once a week) Hygiene Inspection
Specializ House Cleaning
ed Alternative Learning System/Tutorial Recreation Time
9:15 - 11:45 Group
AM Encounter
General Bible Group/ Static Athletics Saturday Holy Mass/
Cleaning Sharing Group Group Activities Family Day
Dynamics
LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM
11:45 - LUNCH SET – UP
12:00PM
12:00 -1:00 PM L U N C H AND S IE S T A
Static V I S I T I N G P R I V E L E G E S
Group Visiting Privileges
Community House Cleaning
1: 00 - 5:00 PM Seminar/ Expressive Athletics/ Drills Personal Recreation Time
or Therapy Job Functions /Exercises Hygiene
ART Seminar
Therapy
LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM / SKILLS DEVELOPMENT WORK-
SHOP
5:00 - 6:00 PM Persona l T I m e / Sp I r I tual Enhancement
6:00 - 7:00 PM D I N N E R / W A S H - U P
7:00 - 8:30 PM T V VIEWING Music Therapy
8:30 - 9:00 PM DEVOTION TIME
9:00 LIGHTS –OFF/TAPS
*Sample schedule of activity

TIME ACTIVITY
 Wake-up time
5:00 -6:00 AM  Job Function
6:00 -6:45 AM  Morning Exercises(Daily Dozen)
6:45 -7:45 AM  Breakfast and Wash-up
7:45 -8:00 AM  Pre-Morning Meeting
8:00-9:00 AM  Morning Meeting
99
  ALS Dep-Ed- Mon & Tues (9:00-11:30)
 Bible Study – By Group (10:00-11:00)
9:00-11:30 AM  Phone Call Privileges (10:00-11:00)
 Holy Mass as scheduled
11:30-12:30 PM  Lunch
12:30- 1:00 PM  Personal Time
1:00-5:00PM  Visiting Privileges
 Monday – No visiting privileges intended for
general cleaning
5:00 – 5:30 PM  Inmates’ Counting
 Job Function/ Departmental Meeting/
Static Group Meeting
5:30 -6:00 PM  Aerobics/ Dancing
6:00 – 6:30 PM Holy Rosary/ Bible Reading
6:30 -7:30 PM Dinner/ Cleaning-up
7:30 -8:00 PM Spiritual Enhancement
8:00 – 9:00 PM TV Viewing
9:00 PM LIGHTS OFF (TAPS)

Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Interior and Local Government
BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY
Directorate for Inmates Welfare and Development
BJMP Building, 144 Mindanao Avenue, Project 8, Quezon City

INTAKE ASSESSMENT FORM

GENERAL DATA

100
Name: Age: Gender:
Occupation: Civil Status: Birth date:
Religion: Address:
Birthplace: Citizenship: Height: Weight:
Date Committed: Educational Attainment:
Nature of Case:
Spouse/Guardian: Relationship:
Address: Tel. #:

DRUG HISTORY
Any history of drug use Yes________ No________
Age when the client started using drugs:
Reasons/Causes of Drug Abuse:

Record of substance abuse

Vices: Frequency:
Smoking
Womanizing
Drinking
Drugs
Gambling
Others

MENTAL STATUS EXAM CHECKLIST (PSYCHOLOGICAL)

Appearance
Hair BizarreDyedUnkemptOther
BuildAverageUnderweight Emaciated OverweightOther
GroomingAdequatePoor ImmaculateNeglectedOther
DressAppropriate Mismatched DisheveledTatteredOther

Behavior
Eye ContactGoodFleetingAvoidedSporadic Unwavering None
RepetitionGesturesMannerismStereotypyEchopraxia
Psychomotor ActivityAgitationRetardation
Interpersonal StyleCooperativeRelaxedAttentiveShy Seductive
WithdrawnIndifferentEvasiveCautious
DefensiveIrritableResistantHostileOther_____

Speech
Speech RateNormalPressured/FastSlowSoft-spoken
IntelligibilityClear CoherentSlurredMumbledStuttersOther
VolumeGoodLoudWhispered
Speech QualitySpontaneous ExcitedHesitantEmotional Monotonous
ImpoverishedEcholaliaLogorrheaVerbigerative
Speech QuantityGarrulousResponsiveTaciturnMutismProfanity

101
 Mood and Affect
Mood Normal Anxious Frightened Depressed Guilt Ridden
Elated Expansive Irritated Angry Ambivalent
Mood Swing Other
Affective Expression Appropriate Inappropriate Blunt Flat Other

Perception
Perceptual Disturbances
HallucinationsAuditoryVisualOlfactoryGustatoryTactile
Mood CongruentMood Incongruent
Describe Content

Thought
Thought ContentIdeas of ReferenceHypochondriasis
Thought InsertionThought BroadcastingThought Withdrawal
Magical ThinkingOther
Describe Content
DelusionsNon-bizarreBizarreSystematizedPersecutory
GrandeurInfidelityEratomaniaOther
Mood CongruentMood Incongruent
Describe Content
PhobiaSpecify:
Preoccupation
Suicidal IdeationIdeation HistoryPrevious AttemptsCurrent Ideation
ImpulsivenessViable Plan
Hostile IntentPrevious IntimidationHistory of ViolenceCurrent Intent
ImpulsivenessViable Plan
Thought ProcessGoal-directedRelevantIrrelevantIllogical
Over-abundancePoverty of ThoughtOther
Thought DisorderFlight of IdeasNeologismCircumstantialTangential
Clang AssociationDerailmentBlockingPerseveration
Describe Content

Sensorium
ConsiousnessAlert LethargicCloudedStuporousOther
OrientationTime OrientationPlace OrientationPerson Orientation
MemoryRemote Memory Deficit Recent Memory Deficit Immediate Memory Deficit
JudgmentFairImpaired
InsightImpairedDenialSelf AwarenessEternal Locus of Disorder
Intellectual InsightTrue Insight
102
COLLATERAL INFORMATION: TORTURE SCREENING
(Provide detailed information for each torture event. Use separate sheet if needed)

File No: Name

When
Torture Incident
Where
Methods
Physical Mental Pharmacological

103
( ) beating on the soles of the feet ( ) food deprivation or ( ) administration of drugs to
( ) burning with cigarettes butt forcible feeding with induce confession and/or
() hitting with weapons spoiled foods or human reduce mental competency
( ) hitting with blunt object excreta or other taboo ( ) use of drug to induce
( ) strangulation food ( e.g. pork for extreme pain or certain
( ) blindfolded Muslim) symptoms of disease
( ) rape ( ) denial of sleep
( ) molestation / sexual harassment ( ) confining in solitary Other forms of
( ) striking of the ears with cupped cells pharmacological torture
hands ( ) witnessing of torture (specify):
( ) hanging by the arms or feet by the victim’s family
( ) application of hot pepper to ( ) denial of worship
eyes/mouth/genitals
() suffocation with a plastic bag Others (specify):
( ) insertion of foreign objects into sex
organ/rectum
( ) water cure
( ) electrocution
( ) immersion in water

Others, (specify):

By Whom? Provide details such as name, How Often? How Long?

rank if possible; where information not
available: were persons known prior to
events? Also describe characteristics:
clothing, scars, birthmarks, tattoos, height
weight, anything unusual, language,
intoxication, etc.

Other Persons Present during Torture Suspected Purpose or Reason for Torture in particular
Statements by Perpetrators and Context in which Torture Took
Place

Narration of Events of Torture (include details about interrogation, how many persons, role in interrogation,
contents of what victim was told or asked; information about torture method should be as precise as possible,
including: instruments used if any and Specific torture methods, in particular of a sexual nature)

104
 ARTICULATED EFFECTS
(CATEGORIES SUBJECT TO ENRICHMENT)
Physical Psychological Emotional Behavioral

Medical Attention
Was the victim examined by a doctor/health If so, when?
worker at any point during or after the
incident?
□ Yes □ No
Name of Doctor/Health Workers: Hospital/Clinic of Doctor:
Address of Doctor:
Doctor of choice? □ Yes □ No If not, who provided doctor?
Describe the nature of the examination performed by the doctor and how long the examination took
place (please be as specific as possible)
Other persons present during Addresses of other persons present during medical
medical examination, if any: examination, if any:
Did the victim receive appropriate treatment for the injuries sustained? □ Yes □ No
Describe the treatment received
Were any medical report/s or certificate/s issued □ Yes □ No
If so, what did the report/s or certificate/s reveal?
□ Physical _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
□ Mental _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
□ Consistency of facts alleged and findings ______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

If the victim died in custody, was an autopsy or forensic examination performed? □ Yes No
If so, what were the results of the autopsy or forensic examination?
Name of person who performed Address of Person who performed autopsy or forensic
autopsy or forensic examination examination

GENERAL IMPRESSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

105
 Date:
Time started:
Time Ended:

Psychologist on Duty

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF REGIONAL MODEL TC JAILS

PARAMETERS INDICATORS OBSERVATION/REMARKS RECOMMENDATION

I. TC Environment
a. TC Hierarchical Presence of Hierarchical
Structure Structure
b. TC Philosophy TC Philosophy posted and
visible
c. Unwritten Philosophies Unwritten Philosophies
posted & visible
II. Daily Activities
a. Morning Meeting Morning Meeting
conducted daily and

106
 accurately
b. Daily Schedule of Daily schedule of activities
Activities updated and posted
III. Behavior Shaping
Tools
a. Pull-ups
b. Haircut Behavior shaping tools
c. Learning Experience practiced regularly and
d. Encounter accurately
e. General Meeting
IV. Psychological/
Emotional
a. Individual Counseling
Counseling conducted and
b. Group Counseling
groups facilitated
c. Specialized Groups
V. Intellectual/ Spiritual
a. Educational Training Regular ALS class
(ALS) conducted
b. Seminars Seminars conducted
c. Religious Activities Religious activities
provided
VI. Vocational/Skills
a. Job Functions Job functions assigned
and well defined
b. Livelihood/Skills Livelihood/Skills Training
Training Programs available
VII. Impact of TC on the
Inmates
a. Discipline
b. Sense of Responsibility
c. Initiative Positive changes on
d. Courteousness inmates perceivable
e. Concern for others
f. Personal Grooming
VIII. Impact on the TC
Facility
a. Cleanliness Environment is clean and
b. Orderliness orderly
IX. TC Staff
a. Knowledge and Skills of Adequate knowledge and
TC Staff skills
b. Attitude & Dedication Activities are conducted
of Staff towards the on a regular basis
program

107
 *GRIEVING PROCESS*

Ang “GRIEF” o Kalungkutan ay isang natural na reaksyon sa isang

kawalan. Ito ay ang paghihirap ng kalooban na nararamdaman kapag ang
isang mahal sa buhay ay nawala o lumayo. Kadalasan ang “grief” ay may
kinalaman sapagpanaw ng mahal sa buhay, subalit ito rin ay pwedeng
maramdaman sa ibat-ibang pangyayari sa buhay tulad ng:

- Paghihiwalay sa karelasyon - Pagkamatay ng alagang hayop

- Pagkakasakit ng malubha - Pagkakasakit ng mahal sa buhay

108
 - Nawalan ng hanap buhay - Pagkakasira ng pagkakaibigan
- Nakunan sa pagbubuntis - Nalagay sa peligro ang buhay
- Pagkakakulong

Mas matindi ang kawalan, mas matindi ang lungkot na nararamdaman.

Subalit, kahit na ang pinakamunting uri ng kawalan ay maaring magdulot ng
kalungkutan. Ito ay depende sa kakayahan ng tao na harapin ang matinding
kawalan.

Ang lahat ay may ibat-ibang paraan ng pagluluksa.Ang pagluluksa ay base

sa ibat-ibang kadahilanan na tulad ng pagkatao o “personality”, kakayanang
humarap sa problema, mga karanasan sa buhay, paniniwala sa Diyos at ang
uri ng kawalan . Ang “grieving” o pagluluksa ay nangyayari ng dahan dahan at
sa takdang panahon. Ito ay hindi maaring madaliin. Ito ay walang
nakatakdang haba ng panahon. Ang iba ay gumagaan ang pakiramdam sa loob
ng sandaling panahon habang ang iba ay tumatagal ng taon. Ano man ang
mga nararanasan, mahalaga na magpasensya at hayaan ang sarili na dumaan
sa tamang proseso ng pagluluksa.

*Mga Maling Paniniwala Tungkol sa Pagluluksa:

1. Ang sakit ay kusang mawawala kung ito ay hindi pinapansin.

 Ang pagbaliwala sa sakit na nararamdaman ay lalong

ngpapalala nito. Mas madali itong malagpasan kung ito ay
harapin at bigyang atensyon.

2. Mahalagang maging “Matapang” sa harap ng sitwasyon.

 Ang pagkalungkot at pagkatakot ay mga normal na sintomas ng

pagluluksa. Ang pag-iyak ay hindi nangagahulugan ng
kahinaan. Hindi kailangang magmatigas o magpakita ng
katapangan upang maprotektahan ang ibang mahal sa buhay.
Ang pagpapakita ng tunay na damdamin ay makakatulong sa
iyo at sa iba pang mahal sa buhay.

3. Ang hindi pag-iyak ay nangagahulugan hindi ka apektado sa pagkawala

ng minamahal.

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  Ang pagluha ay normal na reaksyon sa lungkot subalit ito ay
hindi lamang ang paraan. Ang hindi pagluha ay hindi
nangangahulugang hindi ito nakakaramdam ng sakit. Ito ay
maaring kasinghapdi ng nararamdaman ng iba ngunit ito ay
kayang ipinapahayag sa ibang pamamaraan.

4. Ang pagluluksa ay pwedeng tumagal hanggang isang taon lamang.

 Walang takdang haba ng panahon ng pagluluksa. Bawat isa ay

may ibat-ibang kakayahang harapin at malagpasan ng isang
pangyayari.

*Proseso ng Pagluluksa:

Ayon kay Dr. Kubler Ross

1. Denial: “Hindi ito nangyayari sa akin”(Pagtanggi)

2. Anger: “Bakit sakin pa nangyari ito?(Galit) Sino ang may kasalanan?”
3. Bargaining: “Maayos lang ang problemang ito… o (Pagtatawad) Maibalik
lang ang buhay ng ama ko, gagawin ko…..
4. Depression: “Sobra ang lungkot na nararamdaman ko.
(Matindingkalungkutan) Hindi ko na kayang kumilos.
5. Acceptance: “Tanggap ko na ang nangyari (Pangtanggap). Wala na akong
magagawa pa.”

 Kung ikaw ay nakaranas ng pagluluksa at nakaramdam ng mga

nabanggit na emosyon, makakatulong saiyo na malaman na
ang iyong mga reaksyon ay normal at ito ay unti-unting
mawawala sa paglipas ng panahon. Hindi kinakailanagn
dumaan ka sa lahat ng antas sa proseso dahil ang tao ay iba-
iba ang pamamaraan sa pakikipaglaban sa kalungkutan. Hindi
rin kailangan magkasunod-sunod ang proseso sapagkat ang
ibang antas ay maaaring hindi rin nararanasan ng ibang tao.
Ang pagluluksa ay magkakaiba sa lahat ng tao Ang paraan ng
pagharap sa kawalan ay iba-iba rin.

*Kadalasang sintomas ng pagluluksa.

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1. Hindi makapaniwala

 Pwedeng makaramdam ng pagkamanhid at hindi

makapaniwalang nangyayari ang ganito or pwedeng balewalain
ito. Kung may mahal sa buhay na namatay, maari mo siyang
paulit-ulit na asahan na magpakitang buhay kahit na alam mo
na siya ay nawala na.

2. Kalungkutan

 Maaring maramdaman ang pag-iisa, pagnanais na makita ang

mahal sa buhay at pagkawala ng pag-asa. Pwedeng umiyak ng
madalas at mawalan ng balanse sa iyong emosyon.

3. “Guilty Feeling”

 Kadalasan makakaramdam ang taong naiwan ng guilty feeling

na pakiwari niya siya ang may kasalanan sa pangyayari. Maari
din siyang magsisi kung siya ay may nagawa o hindi nasabi sa
yumaong mahal sa buhay.

4. Galit.

 Maaring magalit sa sarili dahil ikaw ay walang nagawa o sa

doctor at maari ring sa Diyos kung bakit niya kinuha ang iyong
mahal sa buhay. Maaring ring magalit sa yumao sa pag-iwan sa
iyo.

5. Takot.

 Maaring maramdaman ang takot o pagkawalang pag-asa sa

pagharap sa buhay na hindi kasama ang yumao. Maari ring
matakot sa katotohanan na tayo ay mortal na nilalang na
pwedeng pumanaw anumang oras.

6. Pagkakasakit

 Ang depresyon at pagkabahala ay maari ring lumabas sa

pamamagitan ng sakit ng katawan tulad ng pagbaba ng
timbang, hindi pagkatulog etc.

111
*Paano haharapin ang Pagluluksa:

I. Humanap ng suporta

 Ang pinakamahalagang tulong sa paghilom ng sakit ay ang

suporta ng ibang tao. Mahalagang mailabas ang iyong
damdamin habang nagluluksa. Iwasang magluksa ng nag-iisa.

1. Bumalik sa pamilya at mga kaibigan

 Anumang tulong ang maibibigay nila ay makakatulong na

maibsan ang sakit. Maari itong emosyonal pisikal o pinansyal
na suporta.

2. Sumali sa mga “Support Groups”

 Ang pagluluksa ay isang napalungkot na pangyayari. Ang

pagsali sa mga support groups na may kahalintulad na
karanasan ay makakatulong na maibsan ang kalungkutan sa
kaalamang hindi ka nag-iisa at pare-pareho kayo ng
pinagdaanan.

3. Bumaling sa Diyos

 Bumaling sa mga gawain sa simbahan upang matugunan ang

mga spiritual na pangagailangan. Ang paniniwalang ang lahat
ng pangyayari ay kagustuhan ng Diyos at ito ay may dahilan,
ang nagbibigay sa atin ng lakas ng loob.

4. Kumausap ng isang Therapist o Counselor.

 Kung ang pakiramdam ay hindi na kinakaya ang sakit ng

pagluluksa, dapat ng kumausap ng isang “therapist” o
“counselor” na siyang gagabay sa iyo sa buong proseso.

II. Alagaan ang sarili

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  Habang nagluluksa, mahalagang alaagan ang sarili upang
magkaroon ng lakas ng pangagatawan at kaisipan na kayanin
ang problema. Ang “ STRESS “ ng pagluluksa ay madaling
makaubos ng lakas pisikal at emosyonal.

1. Harapin ang damdamin

o Upang mapabilis ang paghilom ng sakit mahalagang aminin ito at

harapin. Ito ay maaring pigilan subalit ito ay paulit-ulit na
mangigibabaw kung ito ay hindi haharapin. Ang sakit ng
damdamin na hindi binigyan ng atensyon ay amaaring magdulot
ng kumplikasyon tulad ng depresyon, pagkabahala, paggamit ng
bawal na gamot at iba’t-ibang uri ng sakit.

2. Ibulalas ang Damdamin sa ibat-ibang pamamaraan

o Maaring isulat sa isang “journal’ ang lahat ng damdamin

patungkol sa yumaong mahal. Maari ring gumawa ng scrapbook or
photo album, gumawa ng tula o kanta.

3. Panatilihing malusog ang katawan

o Ang depresyon ay makakapagpababa ng resitensya o immune

system kung kaya’t madali kang kapitan ng ibat-ibang sakit.
Labanan ito sa pamamagitan ng tamang pagkain, tulog at
ehersisyo. Iwasan ang ibat-ibang bisyo dahil ito ay maaring
magpalala ng depresyon.

4. Abangan ang posibleng dahilan ng pagbabalik ng “Grief”

o Ang anibersaryo, pasko, kaarawan at iba pang mahalagang petsa

ay maaring nagpapaalala at magbabalik ng malungkot na
damdamin. Siguraduhing may mga kasama sa pagdiriwang at may
makakausap. Gawing masaya ang pagdiriwang at ipadama ang
pagmamahal ng bawatisa sa yumao upang maiwasang maalala
ang mga masakit na nakalipas.

*Kung ang Pagluluksa ay Nananatili:

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 o Normal sa isang tao ang magluksa at malungkot. Sa paglipas ng
panahon, ang ganitong damdamin ay dapat na dahan-dahang
gumagaan at nawawala. Kung ang pakiramdam ay nananatili,
hindi gumagaan at tila lumalala pa sa paglipas ng panahon, ito ay
maaaring senyales ng mas malalang kondisyon sa pag-iisip na
depresyon.

*Pagkakaiba ng Pagluluksa at Depresyon:

o Ang kaibahan ng pagluluksa (grief) at depresyon (Clinical
Depression) ay hindi madaling makita dahil sila ay may
magkaparehong sintomas. Ang pagluluksa ay parang nakasakay
sa isang “ roller coaster “. Iba’t ibang emosyon ay nararamdaman
sa araw-araw. May mga maganda o masamang araw. Subalit,
gaano man kasakit ang nararamdaman, ay may mga sandali pa
rin na kaya ng tao ang tumawa at makaramdam ng ginhawa.
Kapag nawala na ang kakayahan na sumaya, ito ay posibling
nahuhulog na sa “Clinical Depression “.

*Sintomas ng “ Clinical Depression “:

- matinding pagsisi sa sarili

- pag-iisip ng pagpapakamatay o kagustuhang saktan ang sarili
- kawalanan ng pag-asa at pagpapahalaga sa sarili
- mabagal na pagkilos at pananalita
- hindi makatulog o sobrang tulog
- hindi kayang kumilos sa bahay, trabaho o paaralan
- nakakakita o nakakarinig ng boses na wala sa paligid

o Kung may nararamdamang ganito, kinakailangan ng magpatingin

sa propesyonal. Kung ito’y pabayaan, maaari itong mahulog sa
pagkawala ng balanse sa pag-iisip, sakit o pagpapakamatay.

114
 *ANGER MANAGEMENT*

Ang GALIT ay isang normal at malusog na emosyon, subalit kung

ito’y nagiging malala at hindi mapigilan na humahantong na sa
pananakit na pisikal at sikohikal, ito ay nagkaroon ng negatibong epekto
sa relasyon, kalusugang pisikal at emosyonal.

115
 Ang nararamdamang galit ay normal lalo na kung isang tao ay
naaapi o nagagawan ng kamalian. Ang damdamin ay hindi ang problema
kung hindi ang gawain na resulta ng damdamin ang pagkakaiba. Ang
galit ay nagiging problema kung ito’y nakakasakit na sa sarili at iba. Ang
galit ay nag-uugat kung ano ang natutunan mula pagkabata. Kung ang
pamilya ay tigib ng agresyon at galit sa pananalita at gawa, ang bata ay
naniniwala na ito ay normal na paraan sa pagpaparating ng emosyon. Ito
ay nakukuha rin kung ang tao ay may “ traumatic “ na karanasan o
nakakaranas ng mataas na antas ng “ stress “.

*Maling Paniniwala Tungkol sa Galit:

“Kailangang mailabas ang galit at masama itong maipon sa loob “.

Tama na ito ay maibulalas ngunit sa pamaraang malusog at hindi

nakakapagbigay ng masamang epekto sa sarili at iba. Dapat matuto ng
pamamaraan ng tamang pagsasagawa nito.

“Ang galit, agresyon at pananakal ay nakakatulong para

makuha ko ang respeto ng iba at makuha ko ang gusto ko.”

Ang respeto ay kusang binibigay at hindi hinihingi. Ito ay

nakukuha kung ang tao ay karapat-dapat ayon sa tamang pag-uugali at
pakikipagkapwa-tao.

“Hindi ko kayang pigilin ang galit kaya hindi ko matutulungan

ang aking sarili”.

Kung may isang bagay na kayang kontrolin ay ang ating sarili.

Walang ibang makakatulong sa atin kung hindi an gating sarili.

*Halaga ng Anger Management:

1. Ang malalang galit ay nakakaapekto sa kalusugan.

BP, BSugar, Heart Disease, Cancer

2. Masama sa pag-iisip

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 -Depresyon, Poor Concentration

3. Masama ang epekto sa kabuhayan

-nasisira ang relasyon sa katrabaho, boss, customers

-pwedeng maapektohan ang promotion o matanggal sa
trabaho

4. Masama ang epekto sa relasyon sa pamilya at mga kaibigan

*Dahilan ng Galit:

1. Ang galit ay kadalasang ginagamit para pagtakpan ang iba’t- ibang

damdamin tulad ng kahihiyan, sakit ng damdamin, pagkatalo,
panghihinayang, kakulangan ng kakayahan atbp.

2. Walang ibang alam ng pagpapadama ng emosyon

-natutunan sa pamilya mula pagkabata
-“ trauma” sa nakaraan

*Sintomas ng Galit:

1. Tension sa sikmura
2. Paninigas sa katawan, balikat at mga kamay at panga
3. Pamumula ng mukha
4. Mabilis na hininga
5. Masakit ang ulo
6. Hindi mapakali
7. Mabilis na tibok ng puso

*Negatibong Kaisipanna Humahantong sa Galit:

1. Mga maling paniniwala

-“ paranoid “ , pagdududa
-pakiramdam na lahat ay laban sa kanya at walang
nakikinig sa kanya

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 2. Mariin na paninindigan at kagustuhang kontrolin ang kapaligiran
-paniniwalang ang tao sa kanyang paligid ay dapat
gumagalaw ng ayon sa kanyang kagustuhan.

3. Paghahanap ng mga bagay na ikakagalit at pagbale-wala sa mga

positibo na bagay.

4. Paninisi sa iba bukod sa sarili

*Paraan ng Pagpapahupa ng Galit:

A. Mabilisang Pagpapahupa ng Galit

-pansinin ng pisikal na sintomas ng galit

-huminga ng malalim
-mag-exercise para mailabas ang naipon na emosyon
-gamitin ang mga ‘ senses “
* mata, tenga, dila, ilong, at pakiramdam
-masahiin ang tensiyonadong parte ng katawan
-magbilang hanggang 10 bago mag-isip ng tamang reakyon.

B. Tanungin ang Sarili

-gaano ba kahalaga ang bagay na ito sa kabuunan ng buhay ko?

-karapat-dapat ba ito para ako ay magalit?
-karapat-dapat ba ito para masira ang araw ko?
-tama ba ang reakyon ko sa pangyayari?
-may nagagawa ba ako para ma-resolba ang problema?
-tama bang pag-aksayahan ko ng panahon ang problema?

C. Tamang Paraan ng Pagpapahayag ng Emosyon

1. Alamin kung ano ang dahilan ng galit

-bigyan ng panahon ang sarili na suriin ang sitwasyon at
makaisip ng karampatang solusyon

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 2. Kung mainit ang sitwasyon, lumayo ng mga 5 minuto,
maglakad o magpahinga upang bigyan ang sarili ng panahon
na lumamig ang ulo.

3. Makipaglaban ng patas

-bigyang halaga ang relasyon sa kapwa imbis na ang hangaring

manalo sa laban
-panatiliin ang pangyayari sa ngayon at iwasang halungkatin
ang nakaraan
-matutong magpatawad at isuko ang laban

*Kung Ang Mahal Sa Buhay ay may Problema sa “ ANGER

MANAGEMENT“:

o Ipaalam na hindi mo papayagang siya ay lumagpas sa iyong

itinakdang hangganan
o Hintayin na lumamig ang ulo bago pag-usapan ang paksa
o Pansamantalang lisanin ang lugar kung nananatiling galit ang
mahal sa buhay
o Humingi ng tulong sa professionals para sa “counseling”
o Panatilihing ligtas ang sarili
o Humingi ng tulong sa may kapangyarihan

TANDAAN : Ang galit ay walang kinalaman sa ating kapaligiran at mga

pangyayari kung hindi sa ating reaksyon sa mga pangyayari. Tayo
lamang ang may kakayahang magtimpi at ipahayag ang sarili sa
paraang tanggap ng lipunan.

*DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ABUSE*

o Ang “Domestic Violence” at “Abuse” ay maaaring mangyari

kanino man subalit ito ay madalas nababalewala, nabibigyan ng

119
 kadahilanan o ikinakatwa, lalo na kung ang pag-aabuso ay sa
paraang sikolohikal at hindi pisikal. Ang pagbibigay pansin at pag-
aamin ng mga senyales ng pag-aabuso sa isang tao ay mahalaga
upang ito ay matigil. Walang sinuman ang dapat mamuhay sa
takot sa taong mahal niya.

Tandaan : Laging may mahihingan ng tulong.

*Bakit May “Domestic Violence”?:

o “Domestic Abuse” o Pag-aabuso sa asawa/partner ay nangyayari

kung ang isang tao na may malapit na relasyon o asawa ay
ninanais na madomina o ma-kontrol ang kabiyak o partner. Ang
“Domestic Abuse” ay pwedeng pisikal o sikological. Ito ay ginagawa
para sa isang adhikain, at yan ay ang ma-kontrol ang kabiyak.
Ang “abuser” ay gumagamit ng pananakot, panghihiya at iba pang
pamamaraan para humina ang depensa ng kabiyak at ito’y
mapaikot sa kanyang mga daliri. Ang “abuser” ay maaring
manakot na saktan ang kabiyak at ang mga mahal nito sa buhay.

o Ang “domestic violence” ay nangyayari ano man ang edad,

kasarian, lahi, relihiyon at kalagayan sa buhay. Dapat tandaan na
ang “abuse” ay hindi katanggap-tangap at karapatan ng lahat na
mahalin, irespeto at ligtas ang pakiramdam.

o Ang unang hakbang sa paghingi ng tulong ay ang pag-amin na

may abuso na nangyayari sa isang relasyon. Ito ay kadalasang
nagsisimula sa pananakot at dahan-dahang lumalala sa
pananakit. Ang pang- aabusong sikolohikal at emosyonal ay sing-
sama rin ng pisikal dahil ito ay sumisira sa yong pagpahalaga sa
sarili, at nagdudulot ng takot, depresyon at kawalang pag-asa.

*Mga Sintomas Ng “Abusive Relationship” :

Ikaw ba ay?

o Madalas nakakaramdam ng takot sa iyong kabiyak o partner?

o Umiiwas sa ibang paksa sa takot na magalit ang iyong partner?

120
 o Pakiramdam mo ay wala ka ng ginawang tama sa mata ng iyong
partner?
o Naniniwalang karapat-dapat lang na ikaw ay saktan ng iyong
partner?
o Nag-iisip kung ikaw ba ay nahihibang na?

*Ang Iyong Kabiyak / Partner ba ay?

o Pinapahiya o sinisigawan ka?

o Madalas pinapababa ang pagkatao mo?
o Tinatrato ka ng masama sa harap ng iyong mga kamag-anak at
kaibigan?
o Hindi pinapansin o minamaliit ang mga kabutihang nagawa?
o Sinisisi ka sa mga nangyayari at kung bakit ikaw ay naabuso?
o Ang tingin niya sa iyo ay isang pag-aari o isang bagay na sexual
imbes na isang tao?

*Sintomas ng Pagka-bayolente ng Kabiyak o Partner:

o Masama o pabigla-biglang pagkagalit

o Nananakit o nananakot na saktan ka o patayin ka
o Nananakot na ilayo ang mga anak ninyo o saktan sila
o Nananakot na magpapakamatay kapag iniwanan mo
o Pwersahang makipagtalik sa iyo
o Sobrang seloso o “possessive”
o Minamatyagan kung ano ang ginagawa mo at kung saan ka
pumupunta
o Pinagbabawalan kang makipagkita sa mga kamag-anak o kaibigan
o Limitado ang pagbibigay ng pera o paggamit ng telepono, kotse
atbp

 Ang “ Domestic Violence” ay nagiging usaping criminal kung ito ay

nagiging pisikal na pananakit o “sexual abuse” (pamimilit sa kabiyak na
makipagtalik kahit ayaw ng huli) at “stalking” (malimit na pagmamatyag
at pagsunod)
*Maling Paniniwala Tungkol sa “Domestic Violence”

o Ito ay hindi problema ng aking komunidad.

121
 Ang problema ng pamilya ay problema din ng komunidad dahil ito
ang humuhubog sa kanilang mga anak. Kung “dysfunctional” ang
relasyon ng mag-asawa, posibleng ang mga anak at maging mga
“delinquents” paglaki o malihis ng landas.

o Ito ang nangyayari lamang sa mahihirap na tao.

Ito ay hindi namimili ng antas ng kabuhayan

o Ang ibang babae ang karapat-dapat lang na saktan dahil sa

kanilang pagkakamali.
Walang sinuman ang dapat saktan ano man ang pagkakamali

o Ang alcohol, droga, stress at sakit sa pag-iisip ay dahilan ng

“domestic violence”.
Ito ay pwedeng maka-dagdag sa problema subalit ang pananakit
ay nasa pagkatao ng “abuser”.

o Ito ay personal na problema lang ng mag-asawa o mag-partner.

*Gulong ng “Domestic Violence”:

Pang-aabuso Tumataas na Tensyon

- Pisikal -ang “abuser” ay nagsisimulang

magalit
- Sikolohikal/ -hindi magkaintidihan o
- nagkakagalit ang magkabiyak
Emosyonal
-nararamdaman ng biktima na kailangan
niyang payapain ang kabiyak
-parang naglalakad ang biktima sa “egg
Shells”

Pagkakasundo Kalmante

-humihingi ng patawad ang -kumikilos ang “abuser” na parang

“abuse” sa biktima walang nangyari

122
 -nangangako ang “abuser” -walang pang-aabuso na nangyayari
na hindi na ito mauulit kailanman

-sinisisi ng “abuser” ang biktima -umaasa ang biktima na hindi

na ito mauulit
-itinatanggi ng “abuser” na inabuso -binibigyan ng “abuser” ang
biktima ng mga regaloniya
ang biktima at sinasabing
hindi ito kasinlala ng inaakala

*Humingi ng Tulong:

1. Tumawag sa Pulis
- Proprotektahan nila ang biktima, mga anak at ibang mahal sa
buhay
- Aarestuhin ang “abuser” at makakasuhan ng criminal

2. Humingi ng suporta sa pamilya at mga kaibigan

3. Humanap ng ligtas na lugar na pansamantalang matutuluyan

-GABRIELA

4. Humingi ng tulong na medical

-malalaman kung ano ang kalagayan ng katawan matapos ang

abuso.

- makakatulong ang medical records sa kaso laban sa abuser

Importante: Kailangang maputol ang gulong ng pang-aabuso. Ang pang-

aabuso ay hindi titigil hangga’t hindi malapatan ng “therapy” ang
“abuser”. Ang pinakamahalaga ay ang KALIGTASAN ng BIKTIMA.

*SMOKING CESSATION*

123
 Taon-taon, libo-libong tao sa buong mundo ay namamatay sa
mga sakit dulot ng paninigarilyo.

 Isa sa dalawang panghabangbuhay na naninigarilyo ay

mamamatay dahil sa bisyong ito.

 Ang paninigarilyo ay dahilan ng maraming uri ng cancer.

 Ang paghahalo ng nicotine at carbon dioxide galing sa sigarilyo

ay nagpapataas ng pressure, at nagpapabilis ng tibok ng puso,
dahilan para mahirapan ang puso at mga ugat.

 Pwede ito ng humantong sa “heart attack” at “stroke” dahil

pinapabagal nito ang sirkulasyon ng dugo. Pinuputol din nito
ang daloy ng “oxygen” papunta sa mga paa at kamay na pwede
humantong sa pagputol ng mga paa at binti.

 Ang “tar” galing sa sigarilyo at sumisksik sa loob ng baga na

pwedeng magdulot ng cancer. Ang taong naninigarilyo ng 20
sticks isang araw ay humihinga ng isang tasang “tar” sa isang
taon.

 Ang paggamit ng “low-tar cigarettes” ay hindi nakakatulong

dahil ang naninigarilyo nito ay mas malalim at matagal ang
pagsinghot ng usok, na nagdadala sa tar na mas malalim sa
loob ng baga.

 Ang mga sakit na dulot ng paninigarilyo ay mabagal na proseso

ng kamatayan katulad ng sakit sa baga na “emphysema” kung
saan ang mga “airlobes” sa loob ng baga ay nawawalan na ng
“elasticity” at nananatiling puno ng hangin. Ang pasyente ay
laging hirap sa paghinga na nangangailangan na ng “oxygen”.
Ang sakit na dulot ng paninigarilyo ay nagdudulot ng maraming
taon na paghihirap lalo na sa paghinga.

 Ang paninigarilyo ay nagdudulot ng pagbabara ng taba at

“blood clots” sa loob ng mga ugat na siyang kadahilanan ng
“stroke” at heart disease”.

 Sa kabataan, 3 sa 4 na namatay dahil sa heart disease ay dahil

sa paninigarilyo.

 Ang naninigarilyo ay 10x na pwedeng mamatay sa lung cancer

kaysa hindi naninigarilyo

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  Ang paninigarilyo habang buntis ay pwedeng magdulot ng
“prematurity”, “abortion”, mababa ang timbang na sanggol at
iba pang “abnormality” sa bagong silang na sanggol.

*Mga Dahilan ng Paninigarilyo:

1. Para pamparelax o para gumanda ang pakiramdam.

2. Mas lumakas pa ang pisikal at mental na kakayahan.

3. Nagiging bisyo na

4. Nagiging “addict” sa nicotine

5. Dahil sa “peer pressure” o para makihalobilo sa iba

6. Pampakalma pag nakakaramdam ng nerbiyos o stress

*Paano Titigil sa Paninigarilyo?

1. Siguruhinang Kagustuhang Tumigil sa Paninigarilyo :

 Kailangan buo ang loob kung ikaw ay magdedesisyon. Kung ito ay

gagawin na may pagdududa, madalas ito ay nabibigo kung ikaw ay
titigil. Kailangang mananatiling nakatigil sa paninigarilyo upang
kumalas na ng tuluyan.

2. Hanapin ang Tunay na Dahilan ng Pagtigil:

 Ang dahilan ng pagtigil ay nagbibigay ng inspirasyon na kayanin

ang lahat ng balakid, kasama na ang mga “withdrawal symptoms”
at magbigay ng lakas ng loob na harapin ang lahat ng mga
pagsubok.

 Mga Posibleng Dahilan ng Pagtigil:

o Ayaw ng mga tao ang mga naninigarilyo
o Masyado ng magastos
o Umiwas kang manigarilyo sa paligid ng pamilya
o Nagdudulot ng masamang amoy ng bibig at katawan
o Gustong umigi ang kalusugan
o Takot sa masamang dulot ng paninigarilyo sa katawan.

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3. Gumawa ng plano ng pagtigil

 Gumawa ng plano kung papaano titigil sa paninigarilyo na

tutulong sa iyo sa paghanap ng dahilan sa pagtigil at kung ano
ang gagawin para maiwasang bumalik sa dating bisyo. Ito ay
makakatulong na harapin ang “stress” at “withdrawal symptoms”.

o “Withdrawal Symptoms” ay mga sintomas na nararamdaman

ng katawan kapag bumababa ang antas ng nicotine sa
katawan dahil sa pagtigil ng paninigarilyo.

 Mga Sintomas ng Withdrawal:

o Hinahanap-hanap ang epekto ng sigarilyo - tumagal ng 3-5
minutos
o Masakit ang ulo, tiyan, pagtatae, masakit na lalamunan
o Hindi makatulog
o Inuubo
o Mainitin ang ulo, hindi mapakali, depresyon
o Malakas kumain at tumataas ang timbang
o Madaling mapagod

 Plano sa Pagtigil ng Paninigarilyo:

a. Magkaroon ng karampatang paghahanda
o Siguraduhing ang dahilan ng pagtigil ay napakalakas
para magkaroon ng malakas na panangga sa mga
pagsubok na haharapin.
o Tandaan, na ang desisyon na tumigil ay walang iba kung
hindi sa iyo lamang.
o Laging isa-isip ang dahilan ng pagtigil upang patuloy na
mahikayat ang sarili na manatili sa desisyon.

b. Maglaan ng tamang petsa kung kalian magsisimulang tumigil

o Dapat gawin ito habang napakalakas pa ng kagustuhang
tumigil.

c. Sumangguni sa doctor tungkol sa posibleng epekto ng pagtigil

sa katawan
o Tandaan na ang pagnanais na bumalik sa paninigarilyo
ay tumatagal ng 3-5 minuto lamang.

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4. Maghanap ng Makakasama sa Pagtigil:
 Mas epektibo kung kayo ang nagtututlungan sa pagtigil sa
paninigarilyo

5. Humingi ng “moral support” sa pamilya at mga kaibigan

6. Mag-ehersiyo at maging abala sa ibang gawain upang malibang ang

kaisipan at mawala sa isip ang paninigarilyo
 Uminom ng maraming tubig upang mabawasan ang gana sa
pagkain

7. Iwasan ang mga lugar o sitwasyon na nakapagpa-alala ng paninigarilyo

 Ang sidhi ng pagnanasa ay tumataas kapag nakakaamoy ng
sigarilyo.

8. Alamin kung ano ang gagawin pag nakakaramdam ng pagnanais na

manigarilyo

9. Maging positibo at sigurado na kakayanin mo ang pagtigil.

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 *SEXUAL HARASSMENT*

“Sexual Harassment “ = ayon sa “Philippine Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of

1995” ay ang “paghingi ng sekswal na pabor, tinanggap man o hindi, galing sa
amo, manggagawa, namumuno, guro, professor, nagtuturo, tagapagsanay o
ibang tao na may kapangyarihan, impluwensiya o nakakataas sa iba”.

 Ito ay nangyayari kapag ang isang tao ay humingi ng pabor na

sekswal kapalit ng trabaho, pagtaas ng katungkulan o anumang
pribilehiyo.

 Ang “Sexual Harassment Act” ay hindi lamang tumatalakay sa mga

direktang nasasangkot kung hindi kasali rin ang mga tao na kahit
papaano ay tumulong upang maganap ang pangyayari.

 Ang “Sexual Harassment” ay may maraming anyo. Maaaring ikaw

ay naging biktima ng malisyosong pagtitig, biro, salita, sulat,
“graffiti” o paghawak sa parte ng katawan.

*Ano Ang Gagawin?

1. Sabihin ang “hindi” o “tigil” ng malakas at malinaw para marinig ng
iba.
 Kung may nakakarinig, tumanggi ng malinaw at magalang na
paraan. Iwasan sumigaw at baka ito’y mabigyang kahulugan na
ikaw ay “hysterical” at emosyonal at pwedeng mapagbintangan
na gumagawa ng isyu o pinapalaki ang isyu.

 Sabihin ang iyong nararamdaman ng malinaw. Sabihin mo na

ang aksyon ay nagdudulot sa iyo ng pagkabalisa at pagkatakot,
na ang kanyang kilos ay hindi nararapat at nilalabag nito ang
iyong mga karapatan bilang babae.

2. Itala ang lahat ng pangyayari

 Isulat ang buong pangyayari, kalakip ang petsa, oras, lugar at
mga taong nakakita o nakarinig. Itago ang tala o “journal “ sa
isang ligtas na lugar. Ito ay makakatulong kung may
imbestigasyon na mangyayari.

3. Ipaalam ang pangyayari sa mapapagkatiwalaang tao

 Sabihin ito sa isang malapit na kaibigan sa opisina. Kung may
nangyaring paghawak, pananakot na pisikal o sikolohikal,
pumunta sa “manager” o “supervisor”. Kung kinakailangang
ipaalam ang pangyayari, siguruhing ang taong ito ay may
posisyon sa iyong trabaho o magiging testigo para sa iyo.

128
 4. Magsampa ng Reklamo
 Ang iyong kumpanya ay maaaring may pamantayan hinggil sa
“ Sexual Harassment”. Sila ay may katungkulang tulungan ka
upang malutas ang problema.

 Kung ikaw ay hindipinansin ng “Human Resources” (HR) sa

iyong kumpanya, maaari mong ituloy ang reklamo sa
pamamagitan ng pagsampa ng reklamo sa pulis. Maging handa
dahil ito ang maaaring maging matagal na proseso.
Kakailanganin mo ng abogado kung hangad mo ang hustisya.

*Anti- Sexual Harassment Act of 1995*

Ang “Sexual Harassment“ ay nagaganap sa isang lugar na may kinalaman

sa trabaho kapag:

1. Ang sekswal na pabor ay hinihingi kapalit ng pagtanggap, pagbalik o

patuloy na pagtatrabaho ng isang tao, o sa pagbibigay sa isang tao ng
mataas na kumpensasyon, magandang kalagayan, promosyon o
pribilehiyo, o ang pagtanggi sa sekswal na pabor ay paglilimita,
paghihiwalay o pag-uuri sa empleyado na nahantong sa diskriminasyon,
pag-aalis o pagpapabababa sa mga oportunidad na makaka-apekto sa
empleyado.

2. Ang ganitong pangyayari ay nakaka-apekto sa mga karapatan at

pribilehiyo ng empleyado sa ilalim ng “Labor Laws“.

3. Ang ganitong pangyayari ay nagdudulot ng kapaligiran na puno ng galit,

pananakot at pagpapahiya.

Ang “Sexual Harassment” ay nagaganap sa isang “Education” o “Training

Environment”:

1. Sa isang tao na nasa pangangalaga o pamumuno ng maysala.

2. Sa isang tao na ang pag-aaral, pagsasanay o pagtuturo ay nasa

pangangalaga ng maysala.

3. Kung ang sekswal na pabor ay ginagawang condition para ipasa o

pagbibigay ng karangalan o “scholarship” o pagbibigay at ibang
benepisyo o pribilehiyo o kunsiderasyon.

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 4. Kung ang sekswal na pananamantala ay humantong sa kapaligiran na
puno ng takot o galit para sa mag-aaral, “trainee “ o “apprentice”.

Sinumang nag-uudyok sa iba na gumawa ng naturang aksyon ng “sexual

harassment” o tumutulong sa paggawa ng naturang aksyon, kung saan hindi
nito magagawa kung walang tulong, ay mananagot din.

*Tungkulin ng Amo o Namumuno sa isang Opisina o “Training”

Environment

- Tungkulin ng amo o namumuno na ipagbawal o itigil ang paggawa ng

“sexual harassment acts” at maglabas ng paraan para sa pagresolba, pag-
areglo o paghabla ng kaso.

*Pananagutan ng Amo, at Namumuno ng Opisiina, “Educational” o

“Training Institution”

Ang amo o namumuno ng opisina ay may panangutan sa mga kasiraan

na ang kadahilanan ay ang “Sexual Harassment” na nangyari sa lugar ng
trabaho kapag ang naturang aksyon ay nangyari at nakarating sa mga
kinaukulan subalit walang aksyon na ginawa.

*Kaparusahan

Ang sinumang lumabag sa probisyon ng batas na ito, kapag nalaman na

nagkasala ay ang kaparusahan na pagkabilanggo na hindi bababa sa isang (1)
buwan o di lalagpas ng anim (6) na buwan o multa na hindi bababa sa
P10,000 o hindi lalagpas sa P20,000 o parehong multa at pagkabilanggo o
depende sa desisyon ng korte.

130
 *DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION*

Ang ibang tao ay gumagamit ng ipinagbabawal na gamot na inireseta ng doctor

na walang negatibong epekto o adiksyon. Subalit sa nakararami, ang paggamit
ng bawal na gamot ay nagdudulot ng malaking problema sa trabaho, bahay,
paaralan, at relasyon, at nakakaramdam ng pag-iisa, kawalang pag-asa at
kahihiyan.

Kung ikaw ay nababagabag na ikaw o isang kaibigan o miyembro ng pamilya

ay gumagamit ng bawal na gamot, mahalagang malaman na may solusyon o
lunas ito, kung maghingi ng tulong.

Dapat malaman ang dahilan ng ”drug abuse” at “addiction”, paano ito

nangyari, ano ang mga sintomas nito, at bakit napakalakas ng pwersa nito sa
isang tao. Ito ay makakapagbigay ng mas magandang pang-unawa tungkol sa
problema at paano ito mahanapan ng solusyon.

*Alamin ang “Drug Use, Abuse at Addiction”

- Ang mga tao ang sumusubok na gumamit ng droga sa maraming

kadahilanan. Karamihan ay nagsisimula dahil sa kagustuhang
malaman at masubukan ang epekto nito; dahil sa paggaya sa
ginagawa ng mga kaibigan (peer pressure); upang sumaya sa party;
para mas gumaling ang abilidad sa “sports” o para mawala ang
nerbiyos, depresyon o “stress”. Angpagiging “addict” ay depende sa
kakayahan ng tao na dalhin ito.

Ang “drug abuse” o “addiction” ay hindi tungkol sa dami ng droga na ginamit

kung hindi sa epekto ng droga sa katawan at galaw ng tao. Kahit na madalang
o kakaunti ang droga na ginamit, kapag ito ay nagdudulot na ng problema sa
trabaho, paaralan, pamamahay o relasyon, malamang ang isang tao ay may
problema na sa “drug abuse” o “addiction”.

*Ang Utak at “Drug Addiction”

 Ang “addiction” ay isang sakit kung saan ang isang tao ay may di-
pangkaraniwan at di-mapigilang pagnanasa na gumamit ng
ipinagbabawal na gamot. Ang paulit-ulit ng paggamit ng droga ay
nagbabago ng anyo at andar ng utak.
 Ang paggamit ng droga ay dahilan para tumaas ang antas ng
“dopamine” sa utak. Ang “dopamine” ay isang “neurotransmitter”
na nagbibigay ng magandang pakiramdam sa katawan. Ito ay
naaalala ng utak kung kaya’t ito ay hinahanap-hanap ng katawan
 Ang isang “addict” ay masyadong kumakapit sa droga na tilaito ay
nagiging kasinghalaga ng pagkain at tubig sa buhay niya.

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  Ang pagbabago sa utak ng tao dahil sa droga ay nakakahadlang sa
tamang pag-iisip, tamang desisyon, at ang normal na pakiramdam
kapag walang droga.
 Ano man ang ginagamit na droga, ang di-mapigilang pagnanasa ay
tumataas at mas nagiging mas mahalaga kaysa pamilya, mga
kaibigan, trabaho at kahit karunungan at kaligayahan.

*Paano Umuusbong Ang “Drug Abuse” at “Addiction”

Ang isang tao na nagsimulang mag-eksperimento sa droga ay patuloy na

gumagamit nito dahil ito’y nagbibigay sa kanya ng magandang pakiramdam.
Kadalasan, napakaliit ng kaibahan ng isang “drug abuse” at “addiction”.

Kadalasan ang isang “addict” ay itinatanggi na siya ay umabot na sa ganitong

estado.

*Ang “Drug Abuse” at “Addiction” ay umuusbong kapag:

1. Ang droga ay pumupuno ng kahulugan sa buhay. Halimbawa:

Gumagamit ng droga para kumalma kapag kinakabahan; sumigla ang
pakiramdam kapag nalulungkot, o mas nagiging kumpiyansa sa sarili
kapag humaharap sa ibang tao kung nahihiya. Nagsisimula rin ito kapag
umiinom ng mga “regulated drugs” na nireseta ng doctor para sa
nerbyos, hindi pagkatulog o matinding sakit sa katawan. Hangga’t hindi
nakakakita ng ibang paraan upang tugunan ang mga pangangailangan
na ito, malamang na patuloy pa rin ang paggamit ng bawal na gamot.

2. Habang nalululong sa droga, madalas nahuhuli o “absent” sa trabaho o

ang kakayahang gawin ang trabaho ay tuluyang bumababa at
nagpapabaya. Ito ay nangangahulugan na ang kapasidad ng droga ay
nawawala. Ang nagsisimula bilang libangan o kusang paggamit ay
nahuhulog sa di-mapigilan na pangangailangang pisikal at sikolohikal.
Ang mabuting balita ay may mga paraan upang matigil ang paggamit ng
bawal na gamot sa pamamagitan ng tamang gamutan at suporta. Ang
unang hakbang ay ang pag-ako na mayroon kang problema o maging sa
mga mahal sa buhay na madalas nakakakita sa mga negatibong epekto
ng droga sa inyong buhay.

*Mga Kathang-Isip tungkol sa “Drug Abuse” at “Addiction”

1. Malalampasan ang “drug addiction” sa pamamagitan ng determinaston

at lakas ng loob.
- Katotohanan: Pwedeng tumigil sa paggamit ng droga kung talagang
gustuhin mo subalit ang matagal ng paggamit ay nagbabago sa takbo
ng utak na humahantong sa di-mapigilang pagnanais na mag-droga.
Itong mga pagbabago na ito sa utak ay ang dahilan kung bakit

132
 napakahirap na tumigil sa pamamagitan lang ng malakas na
paghahangad.
-
2. Wala ng magagawa sa taong lulong sa droga.
- Katotohanan: Kahit na ang “addiction” ay isang sakit sa utak, ang tao
ay hindi nawawalan ng paraan upang ito’y matigil. Ito’y pwedeng
gamutin sa pamamagitan ng gamot, “therapy”, ehersisyo at iba pang
paraan.

3. Ang mga lulong sa droga ay kailangang dumating na sa sukdulan bago

sila matulungan.
- Katotohanan: Ang paggaling ay pwedeng magsimula anumang oras.
Ang mas maagang paggamot ang mas mabuti dahil mas mahaba ang
paggamit nito, mas malalala ang “addiction” at mas mahirap itong
malunasan. Huwag hintaying naubos na ang lahat bago gumawa ng
aksyon.
-
4. Hindi pwedeng pilitin ang isang “addict” na magpagamot. Kailangan ito’y
manggaling sa kanya.
- Katotohanan: Ang pagbigay lunas sa “drug addiction” ay hindi
kailangang kusang-loob ng “addict”. Ang mga taong pinilit lang ng
kanilang mga mahal sa buhay o ng korte ay kapareho lang na
nakikinabang sa gamutan tulad din ng mga “addict” na kusang-loob
na nagpapagamot. Habang nawawala ang epekto ng droga sa
katawan, lumilinaw naman ang kanilang kaisipan, nawawala ang
paglalaban at dumadating ang kagustuhang magbago.

5. Hindi matagumpay ang unang tangkang gamutan kaya hindi kailangang

umulit pa.
- Katotohanan: Ang gamutan sa “addiction” ay mahabang proseso na
dumadaan sa mga pagkabigo. Ang pagbalik sa bisyo ay hindi
nangangahulugan ng kabiguan o kawalan ng pag-asa. Ito ay dahilan
para bumalik sa simula at bumalik sa paggamot o baguhin ang
paraan ng gamutin.
-

*Mga Sintomas ng Drug Abuse

 Napapabayaan ang mga responsibilidad sa trabaho, paaralan at

pamamahay dahil sa paggamit ng droga.
Halimbawa:
- bumabagsak sa klase.
- pagpalya sa pagpasok sa trabaho.
- napapabayaan ang mga anak.

 Paggamit ng droga sa ilalim ng mapanganib na gawain habang

lango sa droga.

133
 Halimbawa:
- pag-“drive” habang lango sa droga.
- paggamit ng kontaminadong hiringgilya.
- pakikipagtalik na walang proteksyon.

 Ang paggamit ng droga ay nagdudulot sa isang tao ng mga

problemang legal.
Halimbawa:
- pagnanakaw, pagwawala habang lango sa droga.

 Ang paggamit ng droga ay nagdudulot ng problema sa relasyon.

Halimbawa:
- paglayo sa mga kaibigan.
- paghihiwalay sa kabiyak o kasintahan.

*Mga Sintomas ng “Drug Addiction”

 Nakakaranas ng “drug tolerance”. Ang katawan ay

nangangailangan ng mas maraming droga upang maranasan ang
parehong epekto.

 Gumagamit ng droga para malunasan ang nararanasang

“withdrawal symptoms”. Kahit na naisin ng isang tao na tumigil sa
bisyo, hindi niya ito kaya dahil ang utak ay kontrolado na ng
droga.

 Ang buhay ay umiikot na lamang sa paggamit ng droga. Nauubos

na ang oras sa kaiisip kung paano makakakuha ng droga, gamitin
ito at makabawi sa epekto nito.

 Tinalikuran na ang mga gawain na dati ay nakapagbibigay saya.

Lumalayo na ang “addict” sa mga tao, libangan at mga pagtitipon.

 Patuloy na gumagamit ng droga kahit na alam ang masamang

epekto nito.

*Nakakabahalang Sintomas ng “Drug Abuse”

I. Sintomas na Pisikal
- namumulang mata
- pagbabago sa gana sa pagkain, walang tulog or sobrang tulog.
- nagiging pabaya sa sarili, nagiging madumihin, hindi nag-aahit.
- kakaibang amoy ng katawan, hininga o sa damit.
- nanginginig, utal o nawawalan ng balanse.

134
 II. Sintomas sa kilos
- hindi wastong pagtupad ng mga tungkulin sa trabaho at
paaralan.
- hindi maipaliwanag na pangangailangan sa pera na
humahantong sa pangungutang at pagnanakaw.
- nagiging malihim at mapagduda.
- nag-iiba ang grupo ng mga kaibigan at kasalamuha.
- madalas nasasangkot sa kaguluhan at away.

III. Sintomas Sikolohikal

- nag-iiba ng ugali at katauhan.
-nagiging mainitin ang ulo, bayolente o nag-iiba-iba ang kundiston
ng pag-iisip
- hindi mapakali at malikot.
- walang gana, natutulala.
- nininerbiyos, matakutin.

*Sintomas Kapag Gumagamit ng Sumusunod na Droga

1. Marijuana:
-Mapulang mata, maingay, tawa ng tawa, susundan ng antok,
nawawalan ng gana at interes, tumataas o bumababa ang timbang.

2. Depressants (Vacuim, Xanor, Donuicum). Pampababa ng enerhiya.

- Parang lasing, hindi makapag-isip, inaantok, nauutal at nawawalan ng
balanse

3. Stimulants – Pampalabas ng enerhiya (Cocaine, Ampethamines,

Shabu, Ecstasy).
-Magalaw, di mapakali, mainitin ang ulo, nine-nerbiyos, madaldal at
mabilis magsalita susundan ng depresyon o sobrang tulog. Minsan ay
ayaw kumain at natutulog ng matagal na panahon, nangangayayat at
natutuyo ang laway, nagdududa at nagiging “paranoid”.

4. Inhalants: Sinisinghot (Glue, Aerosols, rugby, Solvent)

- Nagluluha at lumalabo ang mata, lumalabo ang pag-iisip at memorya,
nagtutubig at namumula ang ilong, masakit ang ulo, nasusuka,
mistulang lasing, inaantok, ninenerbiyos, irritable, nawawalan ng
gana sa pagkain.

5. Hallucinogen (LSD, PCP)

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 - Kakaibang pagkilos, “Paranoid”, agresibo at bayolente, nakakakita at
nakakarinig ng mga bagay na hindi totoo, natutulala, nauutal,
nalilito, nawawala sa sarili.

6. Heroin
- Maraming tusok ng karayom sa mga baso, pinagpapawisan,
nagsusuka, inuubo, nagninginig, o kumikibit ang mga laman,
nawawalang ng gana sa pagkain.

*Paano Makakakuha ng Tulong:

Ang unang hakbang tungo sa tuluyang paggaling ay ang pag-amin ng

problema sa paggamot ng droga. Nangangailangan ito ng matinding lakas at
tatag ng loob. Huwag subukang gawin ito ng nag-iisa dahil madaling
mawawalan ng loob at sabihin sa sarili na “ito na ang huli”. Ang pangyayaring
ito ay magtutulak sa “addict” ba bumalik sa dating gawi. Ano man ang napiling
paraan ng “treatment” o “rehab program”, mahalagang gawin ito kasama ang
suporta ng pamilya at mga kaibigan. Mas madaling makalabas sa pagkalulong
kapag mayroong malalapit na tao na masasandigan para makapagbigay ng
direksiyon at lakas ng loob sa tuwing nanghihina. Maaaring isuko ang sarili sa
“rehab program” ng gobyerno o pribado. Maraming “support groups” na
handing umalalay sa mga taong may problema sa droga.

*Kung ang Mahal sa buhay ay may Problema sa Droga:

 Magsalita: Kausapin ang taong mahal tungkol sa kanyang

problema sa droga, at magbigay ng suporta na hindi humuhusga.
Mas maagapan ang “addiction”, mas mabuti at mas malaki ang
tsansa na magamot. Huwag antayin na umabot na ang “addiction”
sa sukdulan.

 Alagaan ang Sarili: Huwag pabayaan ang sariling kalusugan.

Maaring magkasakit dahil sa sobrang stress. Siguruhing may mga
taong makakatulong at makapagbibigay ng suporta sa ganitong
sitwasyon. Huwag ilagay ang sarili sa mapanganib na sitwasyon.

 Iwasang sisihin ang sarili: Alamin kung ano ang magagawang

tulong at ihandog ito sa mahal sa buhay na “addict”. Alalahanin
na ito ay sariling kagustuhan ng tao at wala kang kinalaman dito.
Hindi mo kayang kontrolin ang mga pangyayari. Hayaang
tanggapin ng tao ang kanyang problema at umayon sa
paggagamot.

136
*Huwag dapat gawin:

- Subukang parusahan, takutin o bayaran ang “addict”.

- Pagtakpan ang taong gumagamit ng droga.
- Saluhin ang lahat na responsibilidad ng “addict”.
- Itago o itapon ang droga.
- Gumamit din ng droga.
- Makaramdam ng sala sa nangyari sa mahal sa buhay.

137
 *HIV/ AIDS*

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) – ito ay grupo ng mga “viruses” na pag

nakapasok sa katawan, ay pumapatay o sumisira sa “immune system” o
panlaban ng katawan. Bilang panlaban ng katawan sa HIV, patuloy itong
gumagawa ng panibagong “cells” o pinipigil nito ang pagdami ng “virus” subalit
sa kalaunan, patuloy itong ginugupo ng “virus” hanggang tuluyang masira ang
kakayahan ng katawan na labanan ang anumang impeksyon o kanser.

AIDS (Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) – ay ang mga sintomas

na nararamdaman ng taong ginupo na ng HIV kung saan ang katawan ay
mawawalan ng kakayahang labanan ang impeksyon o ano mang uri ng kanser.
Ang ordinaryong impeksyon na hindi masyado nakaka – apekto sa mga
malulusog na tao ay maaaring kumitil ng buhay ng isang taong may AIDS.

Ang ‘white blood cells”- ay mahalagang parte ng dugo na responsable sa

paglaban sa impeksyon ng katawan. Ang HIV ay sumisira sa white blood cells
na tinatawag na CD4+. Kapag sumusobra na ang dami ng CD4+ na nasisira,
hindi na kinakaya ng katatwan na labanan ang impeksyon o kanser.

Ang pagkakaroon ng HIV ay hindi nangangahulugan na ang isang tao ay may

AIDS. Kahit na hindi ginagamot, matagal bago mahulog ang HIV sa AIDS.
Kadalasan umaabot ng 10-12 taon bago ito nagiging AIDS.

*Paano nakukuha and HIV?

Karaniwan ng kaso ng HIV ay nakukuha sa pamamagitan ng

pakikipagtalik ng walang proteksyon sa isang taong may HIV/AIDS.
Nakukuha din ito sa paggamit ng heringgilya na kontaminado ng HIV.
Madalas itong nangyayari kapag ang mga “drug addict” ay naghihiraman ng
kontaminadong karayom na panturok ng droga.
Pwede ding maipasa ang HIV mula sa ina papunta sa sanggol sa
kanyang sinapupunan o sa pamamagitan ng pagpapasuso kung ang ina ay
may HIV.
Nakukuha din ito kung ikaw ay masalinan ng dugo na may HIV

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 Ang HIV ay hindi nabubuhay sa labas ng katawan kaya hindi ito
maipapasa sa pamamagitan ng halik, “handshake” o pag-inom sa iisang baso
kasama ang taong may HIV, kagat ng lamok, o paghawak sa gamit ng taong
may HIV.

*Mga Sintomas ng HIV

Kadalasan, ang HIV ay walang sintomas sa simula. Kung mayroon man,

ito ay kahalintulad lang ng trangkaso, tulad ng lagnat, masakit na katawan,
sumasakit ang katawan at kasu-kasuan at “skin rashes”.

Ang mga sintomas ay pwedeng manatili sa loob ng 2-3 linggo. Ito ay

nawawala at hindi nararamdaman ng maraming taon. Kapag hindi ginamot,
ang “Virus” ay patuloy na naninira ng ating “immune system” o panlaban ng
katawan hanggang sa ito’y tuluyan ng magupo at hindi na makabangon. Ang
mga sintomas ay:
Namamagang lymph nodes o kulani
Sobrang pagod Nangangayayat
Lagnat Pinagpapawisan sa gabi

*Ang pagsusuri ng HIV

Ang “HIV antibodies” ay nakikita sa ihi, dugo at laway. Kapag ang tao ay
nahawaan ng HIV, ang “immune system”ng katawan ay gumagawa ng
“antibodies” na lumalaban sa “virus”. Itong mga “antibodies” ay makikita sa
dugo sa pamamagitan ng pagsusuri o “blood test” na tinatawag na “ELISA” at
‘Western blot assay”. Kung ang unang resulta sa “ELISA” ay positibo, inuulit
ito at kung ang pangalawa ay positibo, ginagawa naman ay “Western blot
assay” na siyang nagbibigay ng pinal na resulta.

Ang “HIV antibodies” ay lumalabas sa dugo mga anim (6) na buwan

matapos mahawaan. Kung ikaw ay na “expose” sa HIV ngunit negatibo ang
resulta ng “blood test”;
-Magpasuri muli at ipagawa ang “blood test” 6, 12, at 24 linggo para
makasiguro na ikaw ay negatibo sa HIV.
-Pansamantala, siguruhing maingat at baka maipasa ito sa iba kapag
lumabas na ikaw ay positibo.

Kung ikaw ay may pangamba na maaring ikaw ay may HIV, magpasuri

kaagad-agad. Ang maagap na gamutan ay nakakatulong sa pagpa-bagal ng

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“virus” ay mapanatili ang iyong kalusugan. Mahalaga ring malaman upang
mas maging maingat at maiwasang ipasa ito sa iba. Mahalagang kumunsulta
sa doctor upang matulungan sa dapat hawin.

*Paano ang gamutan?

Suriin ang mga gamot ng naaayon sa sinasabi ng doctor. Ang hindi

tamang pag-inom ay posibleng humantong sa “resistance” sa gamot at
tuluyang di paggaling ng karamdaman.
Iwasang manigarilyo dahil tumataas ang posibilidad ng “heart attack” o
“lung cancer” na epekto ng sigarilyo.
Kumain ng masusustansyang pagkain
Mag-ehersisyo ng regular at iwasan ang mga “stress”.
Iwasan ang mga ipinagbabawal na gamot o alcohol.

*Paano maiiwasan ang HIV?

 Mag-ingat sa pakikipagtalik, palaging gumamit ng “condom” pati
sa “oral sex” kapag hindi sigurado sa iyong katalik.
 Iwasan na magkaroon ng higit sa isang katalik, mas makakasiguro
kung manatili sa isa ang regular na katalik.
 Kausapin ang katalik tungkol sa HIV/AIDS. Kung kinakailangan
magpa “blood test” kayong pareho at ulitin ito matapos ang 6 na
buwan. Pansamantalanggumamit ng condom habang hindi pa
kumpirmado ang resulta ng HIV test.
 Huwag gumamit ng droga o alcohol bago makipagtalik dahil ito ay
nagdudulot ng pagpapabaya sa “safe sex practices”.
 Huwag maghiraman ng personal na kagamitan tulad ng
“toothbrush” at “razor”.
 Huwag maghiraman ng karayom na panturok sa medisina o bawal
na droga.

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 *SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD)*

Ang STD ay sakit na naipapasa galing sa isang tao patungo sa iba sa

pamamagitan ng pakikipagtalik (sa ari, puwetan o bibig)

 Pwede rin itong maipasa mula sa ina patungo sa anak habang

nagbubuntis (sa dugo), habang nanganganak o habang
nagpapasuso.
 Kapag hindi nagamot, ang STD ay nagiging sanhi ng malalang
problemna sa kasangkapang pangkasarian (reproductive system),
tulad ng pagkabaog, o impeksiyon ng bata sa sinapupunan.
 Ang STD rin ay nagiging dahilan para madaling mahawaan ang
isang tao ng HIV o AIDS.
 Mahalagang malaman kung paano naipapasa at paano natin
maprotektahan angating mga sarili at kapareha laban sa STD.

*Sintomas ng STD sa Lalaki:

1. Nana na lumalabas sa dulo ng ari

2. Mahapdi kapag umiihi
3. Masakit na sugat o lapnos sa ari
4. Mga bukol sa paligid ng ari
5. Nangangati sa ari, bayag o buhok ng ari
6. Namamaga ang bayag

*Sintomas ng STD sa Babae:

1. Mas lumalalang “discharge” galing sa ari na iba kaysa

pangkaraniwan
2. Masakit at mahapdi bago at pagkatapos umihi
3. Masakit o walang sakit sa sugat o lapnos malapit sa ari
4. Bukol malapit sa ari
5. Masakit na puson
6. Kati sa ari
7. Masakit makipagtalik

*Mahalagang malaman na ang kawalan ng sintomas ay hindi

nangangahulugang wala kang STD. Maraming kababaihan na may STD
ay walang nararamdaman.

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 *Dapat gawin kapag may mga sintomas o nakipagtalik na walang
proteksyon sa isang taong sa palagay mo ay may STD:

1. Kumunsulta sa doctor o sino mang “health worker”. Huwag

gamutin ang sarili
2. Uminom at ubusin ang lahat ng gamot na inireseta ng doktor
3. Bumalik sa doctor para ipagpatuloy ang konsultasyon para
siguruhing kumpleto ang gamutan
4. Ipa-konsulta din ang iyong “partner” para magamot at mapayuhan
5. Iwasang makipagtalik habang ikaw at ang iyong kabiyak o
“partner” ay ginagamot. Kung kinakailangan, gumamit ng condom.

*Paano Maiwasanang Mahawa ng STD?

1. Alamin kung ano ang mga STD

2. Iwasang makipagtalik kung hindi kilala ang “partner”
3. Maging totoo sa iyong “partner” at siguraduhing wala ng ibang
katalik, ganun din ang iyong “partner”
4. Pag-usapang ng iyong “partner” ang pagtatalik at STD para
matutong maiwasan ito
5. Gumamit ng condom at alamin ang tamang paggamit nito
6. Magpakonsulta sa doctor o “health worker” ng regular

“Ang tamang kaalaman tungkol sa STD ay pinakamabisang pag-iwas dito”

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 *STRESS MANAGEMENT*

Ang STRESS ay isang realidad sa buhay na hindi pwedeng takasan.

Ayon kay Dr. Hans Selye, eksperto sa paksang stress, ito ay isang sangkap sa
buhay “na kung walaito, tayo ay mistulangpatay”. Subalitang STRESS ay
nagiging “DISTRESS” kung sumobra at mabilis na lumalala na at
humahantongsapagkawalangbalanse na tila hindi nakayang harapin ang mga
problema.

Ang pagkakaroon ng tamang kaalaman tungkol sa tamang pagharap sa

“STRESS” ay hindi natural sa karamihan. Ito ay kailangang matutunan at ng
magkaroon ng kaukulang sandata sa pagharap ng lahat ng paghamon sa
buhay. Ito ay nagbibigay sa atin ng balanse sa buhay. Ang tao ay dapat matuto
ng mamuhay at harapin ang “stress” at hindi dapat malunod sa gitna nito.

*Paano mapabuti ang pagharap sa Stress:

1.) Tumanggapngresponsibilidad

Dapat tanggapin natin na ito ay katotohanan ng buhay at walang ibang

makakatulong sa atin kung hindi ang ating sarili. Habang tayo ay umiiwas sa
realidad na ito, tayo ay patuloy na susundan ng problema.

2.) Magingmakatotohanan

Tingnan ang sariling buhay na parang ibang tao at isipin kung ano ang dapat
baguhin sa sarili na makakatulong sa pag-aayos ng buhay. Matutong
tanggapin na may limitasyon ang iyong kakayahan. Hindi sa lahat ng oras ay
tama ka. Hindi lahat ng bagay ay kontrolado mo.

3.) Alaminangsarilinglakas at kahinaan

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Bigyang lunas ang mga kakulangan at patibayin pa ang iyong potensyal. Ang
kaalaman tungkol sa iyong potensyal ay nagbibigay sa iyo ng sandata sa
pagharap ng mga problema.

4.) Huwagharapinangproblemang nag-iisa

Humingi ng suporta sa pamilya at mga kaibigan. Makinig sa payo ng iba at

matutong timbangin kung ano ang nakakatulong. Handa ring tumulong sa
nangangailangan.

5.) Magingpositiboangpananawsabuhay

Tandaang ang lahat ng problema ay may solusyon. Hindi man ito magiging
madali, subalit mayroon kang magagawa upang ito ay maresolba. Mas nagiging
magaan ang anumang problema kung tama ang ating kaisipan.

6.) Iwasangkontrolinanglahatngbagay

May mga sandaling kailangang lumayo at bitawan ang mga pangyayari upang
mas maging panatag ang iyong kalooban. Hindi lahat ng bagay ay kaya mong
kontrolin.Matutong tanggapin ang mga bagay na hindi kayang baguhin.

7.) Matutongmaging “Flexible”

Kung ang unang solusyon sa problema ay hindi epektibo, huwag mawalan ng

pag-asa at humanap ng panibagong paraan. Ang mga pagkakamali ay
nagbibigay aral at tumutulong sa atin na bumuo ng panibagong desisyon. Ang
mahalaga, ikaw ay gumawang hakbang na ang problema ay mabigyang
solusyon at hindi nagpabaya.

8.) Harapin ang problemangisa-isa

Ang pagharap sa problemang sabay-sabay ay nagdudulot ng kalituhan at

pagka bahala. Harapin ang isang problema, bigyang solusyon at saka
bumaling sa mga susunod. Unahin ang mas nangangailangan ng solusyon.

9.) Bigyangpansinangkalusugan

Ang malakas na pangangatawan ay nagbibigay sa iyong resistensya na harapin

ang anumang “STRESS”. Ang mahinang katawan ay nakakadagdag sa
hinaharap na problema. Mag-ehersisyo, kumain ng masusustanyang pagkain,
matulog ng tama at umiwas sa bisyo.

10.) Magbigayngorassapahinga

Maglaan ng tamang panahon para makapagliwaliw kasama ang pamilya at

mga kaibigan.Binibigyan ka nito ng panahon na makapag-isip at panahon na

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makapagpahinga ang isip at katawan para mas handa na harapin ang
anumang problema.

11.) Alaminangmgasenyales ng “stress” sakatawan

-Hirap matulog

-Mas lumakas uminom ng alak

-Madalas malungkot

-Madaling magalit ng walang kadahilanan

-Madalas magkasakit

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 *DEFENSE MECHANISMS*

Ang “defense mechanism” ay mga paraan ng pagharap sa di kanais-nais at

di-katanggap-tanggap na mga pangyayari o kilos ngiba. Ito ay maaaring
angkop o taliwas sa nararapat na paraan ng pagharap sa mga problema.

*Mgapositibong “Defense Mechanisms”

1.) “Sublimation”

Ito ay ang pagtutuon ng pansin sa isang katanggap-tanggap na bagay o

Gawain sa halip na gumamit ng dahas tungo sa ugat ng problema.

Hal: Sa halip na saktan ang kagalit, ang isang tao ay pwedeng sumali sa
sports o mag-ehersisyo upang mailabas ang namumuong galit.

2.) “Problem-Solving”

Ito ang pinaka-epektibong pamamaraan ng paglutas ng problema sa

pamamagitan ng masusing pag-aaral at tamang pagbibigay solusyon sa
problema ng kapaligiran.

3.) “Altruism”

Para makaahon sa problema, ang isang tao ay maaring tumulong sa ibang

nangangailangan upang gumanda ang pakiramdam at gumaan ang kalooban.
Maaaring tumulong sa iba habang tinutulungan ang sarili.

Hal: Habang nagging biktima ng baha, angisangtao ay maaring tumulong sa

iba pang biktima.

4.) “Compensation”

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Tinutumbasan ng isang tao ang kanyang mga kakulangan sa pamamagitan ng
pagsasanay at pagpapahusay sa ibang larangan.

Hal: Ang isang taong mahina sa pag-aaral ay maaring magsanay at maging

mahusay na atleta.

5.) “Acceptance/ Aim Inhibition”

May mga bagay na hindi kayang kontrolin, kung kaya’t mas makakabuting ito
ay tanggapin bilang bahagi ng buhay. Maaari ring babaan ang mga pangarap
lalo na kung ito’y hindi maaring abutin.

Hal: Mababaang pinag-aralan kung kaya’t dapat tanggapin na mababaang

sahod.

Maari itong maging negatibo dahil pinuputol nito ang kakayahang mangarap.

6.) “Compartmentalization”

Pinaghihiwalay ang mga pangyayari ayon sa sitwasyon.

Hal: Ang pangyayari sa bahay ay hindi dinadala sa trabaho.

*MgaNegatibong Defense Mechanisms:

1.) “Displacement”

Ang pagbabaling sa nararamdamang galit o “stress’ sa ibang tao dahil hindi

itokayang ipadama sa taong dahilan ng problema. Madalas na nagiging
biktima ay ang mga walang malay o walang kakayahang lumaban.

Hal: Maaaring ibunton ng isang ina sa kanyang anak ang sobrang galit na
hindi niya kayang sabihin sa asawang nambababae.

2.) “Projection”

Para mapagtakpan ang mga kakulangan, ang isang tao ay maaring ibunton
ang sisi sa ibang tao at ang lahat ay may kasalanan liban sa kanya.

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Hal: Ang lalaking nambababae ay maaring pagbintangan ang kanyang asawa
ng pangangaliwa upang pagtakpan ang kanyang kasalanan.

3.) “Repression”

Ito ay ang paraan ng pag-iwas sa problema sa pamamagitan ng sapilitang

paglimot o pagbalewala nito. Dahil dito, hindi hinaharap ng isang tao ang
tunay na problema at ito ay nananatili dahil hindi na hahanapan ng lunas.

4.) “Malingering”

Ito ay pagkukunwari na may sakit upang maiwasan ang hindi kanais-nais na

pangyayari.

Hal: Nagkakasakit pag ayaw magtrabaho

5.) “Denial”

Ito ay ang pagtanggi ng tanggapin ang anumang pangyayari upang maiwasang

harapin ang tunay na problema.

Hal: Itinatanggi ng isang tao na siya ay maysakit upang maiwasang

magpagamot o harapin ang katotohanan.

6.) “Violence/ aggression/ vices”

Ito ay ang paggamit ng galit o “violence’ sa pagharap sa “stress” o

problema.Maari ring bumaling sa alcohol o droga upang makalimutan ang
problema. Hindi malulutas ang problema sa pamamagitan ng isa pang
problema.

7.) “Self-harming”

Ang isang tao ay maaring humantong sa pananakit sa sarili upang maibsan

ang “guilt feelings”. Madalas ay ang paghiwa ng pulso o braso tuwing may
mabigat na problema. Maaari itong humantong sa kamatayan.

8.) “Withdrawal/ Avoidance”

Ang isang tao ay maaring umiwas o lumayo sa isang “stressful” na sitwasyon o

pangyayari.

Hal: Upang maiwasan ang pagtatalo ng mag-asawa, ang lalaki ay maaring

ibaling ang atensyon sa isang Gawain tulad ng panonood ng TV habang nasa

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bahay. Ito ay maaring positibo dahil naiiwasan nito ang gulo o konprontasyon
subalit katulad ng “denial”, hindi nito hinaharap ang tunay na problema.

9.) “Rationalization”

Ito ay ang paraan kung saan binibigyan ng isang taong katanggap-tanggap na

dahilan upang mapagtakpan ang tunay na kahinaan o kakulangan.

Hal: “Sour-graping” “Ok lang na hindi ako ma-promote total bata pa ako.
Mas kailangan ng iba ang promotion”

Ito ay pwedeng positibo subalit ito ay mas negatibo dahil lumalabas na hindi
kaya ng isang tao ang pagkatalo.

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 *”DEPRESSION” AT “SUICIDE”*

*Estatistika ng mga nagpapakamatay:

 Mas maraming lalaki ang nagpapakamatay kaysa babae

 Lalaki: 4 sa 100,000- pareho sa lahat ng antas ng edad
 Babae: 2 sa 100,000- madalas sa edad na 15-24

*Mga kadahilanan:

Ang bawa’t tao ay iba-iba ang pamamaraan ng pagharap sa mga problema.

Walang natatanging dahilan na nagtutulak sa isang tao na kitlin ang sarili
niyang buhay. Ang problema ay parati nating hinaharap sa araw-araw. Kung
papaano natin ito hinaharap ang nagbubukod tangi sa bawat nilalang. Ang
mabigat na problema sa isa ay maaaring tingnan ng iba na bahagi lang ng
pang-araw-araw na dalahin. Ang mga sumusunod ay ang madala na
kadahilanan ng depresyon at pagpapakamatay:

 Kawalan

-relasyon -hanap-buhay

-sakit (terminal) -kayamanan

 Matinding pangyayari sa buhay

 Kasaysayan ng pagpapakamatay sa pamilya
 Pagpapakamatay sa nakaraan

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*Mga senyales ng Planong Pagpapakamatay:

 Nagsasalita tungkol sa pagpapakamatay

 Nagsasalita tungkol sa kamatayan
 Depresyon: Mga sintomas

-kawalan ng pag-asa o kawalng halaga sa sarili -sobrang lungkot

-hindi makatulog o sobra sa tulog -wala o sobrang gana

-nawawalan ng gana sa mga gawain

 Biglang pagbabago mula sa sobrang lungkot papuntang sobrang

kasiyahan
 Gumagawa ng mga peligrong bagay tulad ng mabilis na pagmamaneho o
paggamit ng droga
 Tumatawag o dumadalaw sa mga kakilala upang magpaalam
 Inaayos ang mga mahahalagang bagay

*Ano ang iyong magagawa?

 Huwag ipagwalang bahala ang sinasabi ng isang tao tungkol sa kanyang

kagustuhang magpakamatay
 Alamin kung ano ang kanyang plano tugkol sa pagpapakamatay upang
malaman ng husto ang iyong gagawin
 Ipaalam sa mahal sa buhay na hindi siya nag-iisa at marami pang
dahilan upang siya ay mabuhay
 Ipaalam sa iba ang planong pagpapakamatay ng mahal sa buhay
 Hikayatin ang mahal sa buhay na kumunsulta sa Mental Health
Professional

*Ang pinaka-epektibong paraan na maiwasan ang “suicide” ay ang maagap

na malaman ang mga sintomas, gumawa ng hakbang at malunasan ang
dahilan ng kagustuhang mamatay tulad ng depresyon.

Tandaan: Ang DEPRESYON ay may lunas!

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 REFERENCES

The Self Help Social Learning Treatment Model. DayTop

International, New York, 2001.

Perfas, Fernando. The Process of Building a Therapeutic

Environment. New York, USA 2002.

Therapeutic Community Modality International, Daytop, New

York, 2003.

Therapeutic Community Training Modules, Daytop International,

New York, 2003.

Perfas, Fernando. Deconstructing the Therapeutic

Community, New York, USA 2012.

De Leon, George. Prison Based Therapeutic Community

Treatment, New York, USA, 1998.

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