❑ This method is used to solve indeterminate structures of high degree

of freedom so difficult to resolve by conventional methods.

❑ Stiffness:

Stiffness is the force needed to bring the unity of the movement.

❑ Relationship between load (P) and displacement (d):

For any body, the relationship between load and displacement can put
on the following formula:

𝑷 = 𝑲. 𝜹
 𝑷 = 𝑲. 𝜹

Where:

P = the affected loads on the structure.

K = the stiffness.
d = 1 (unit displacement)

𝑲
𝜹
 Sway and Rotation

𝑢, 𝑣 & 𝜃 = √ 𝑢, 𝑣 & 𝜃 = √
C D D\
C\

A B
𝑋
𝑋
𝑀
𝑌 𝑌
𝑢, 𝑣 & 𝜃 =× 𝑢, 𝑣 =×
𝜃=√

𝑣 =× 𝑌
𝑢&𝜃 =√
Positive signs for the forces and displacements

Py , v

M, q

Px , u
node
 Methods of solution

1- To know the stiffness of whole structure, you must first know each
members stiffness of this structure.

2- To calculate the stiffness of any member, the different movements of

this joint's member (displacements and rotation) can put in unit.

3- Calculation of the obtained forces is called a Stiffness.

You can use several methods to calculate the resulting movement of the
unit powers such as:

1- Superposition Method

2- Three Moment Equation Method

3- Virtual Work Method

 Types of Members

Types of members consisting of

the structure Fixed-hinged member

Fixed-fixed member

Hinged-hinged member
 𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐

❑ At point (1), there are two prevented movements (q1, v1)

❑ At point (2), there is a single prevented movement (v2)

❑ The method of virtual work is used in the solution as follows:

1- Put all prevented movement with unity then, we calculate the force
generated for each case.

2- The stiffness matrix columns are the forces generated by each

movement = unit
❑ Due to v1 = 1
Mo
𝛿10 = 0 𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳
𝑀1 . 𝑀1 X 1=𝟏
𝛿11 = . 𝑑𝐿 𝟏
𝐸𝐼
1 (𝐿). (𝐿) 2𝐿 𝑳
𝛿11 = . .
𝐸𝐼 2 3 M1
𝐿3
𝛿11 =
3 𝐸𝐼
𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐
Condition:
𝛿10 + 𝑋1 . 𝛿11 = 1
𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳
1 𝑬𝑰
𝑋1 = = 𝟑 𝟑
𝛿11 𝑳
𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑 −𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑
𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐

𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳

𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑 −𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑

𝑣1 𝜃1 𝑣2
𝑃𝑦1 3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 − 3𝐸𝐼 𝑣1
𝑀1 = 𝐿−3 𝐿2
−
𝐿3 . 𝜃1
−
𝑃𝑦2 𝑣2
− − −
❑ Due to q1 = 1 X 1=𝟏
Mo 𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝛿10 = 0 𝑳
𝟏/𝑳 𝟏/𝑳
𝑀1 . 𝑀1
𝛿11 = . 𝑑𝐿 𝟏
𝐸𝐼

1 (𝐿). (1) 2 M1
𝛿11 = . .
𝐸𝐼 2 3
𝐿
𝛿11 = 𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳
3 𝐸𝐼

Condition:
𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝛿10 + 𝑋1 . 𝛿11 = 1 𝑳

1 𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐 −𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐
𝑋1 = = 𝟑
𝛿11 𝑳
𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳

𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳

𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐 −𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐

𝑣1 𝜃1 𝑣2
𝑃𝑦1 − − − 𝑣1
3𝐸 𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 − 3𝐸𝐼
𝑀1 = . 𝜃1
𝑃𝑦2 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿 2
𝑣2
− − −
❑ Due to v2 = 1 Mo
𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳
𝛿10 = 0
𝟏 X 1=𝟏
𝑀1 . 𝑀1
𝛿11 = . 𝑑𝐿
𝐸𝐼 M1
𝑳
1 (𝐿). (𝐿) 2𝐿
𝛿11 = . .
𝐸𝐼 2 3
𝐿 3 −𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐
𝛿11 =
3 𝐸𝐼
Condition: 𝑬𝑰
𝟏 𝟐
𝛿10 + 𝑋1 . 𝛿11 = 1 𝑳

1 𝑬𝑰
𝑋1 = = 𝟑 𝟑 −𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑 𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑
𝛿11 𝑳
−𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐

𝟏
𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳

−𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑 𝟑𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑

𝑣1 𝜃1 𝑣2
− − −
𝑃𝑦1 𝑣1
− − −
𝑀1 = − 3𝐸𝐼 − 3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 . 𝜃1
𝑃𝑦2 𝑣2
𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3
Put the forces resulting from the development of previous movements
= unity in the Stiffness matrix as follows:

𝑣1 𝜃1 𝑣2
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 − 3𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑦1 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝑣1
3𝐸 𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 − 3𝐸𝐼
𝑀1 = . 𝜃1
𝑃𝑦2 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2
𝑣2
− 3𝐸𝐼 − 3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3
Or: 𝑃 = 𝑘. 𝛿
Where:
[k] = stiffness matrix for fixed-hinged member.
Note:
1- The stiffness matrix is square.
2- Symmetric around the main diameter.
3- All the elements of the main diameter are positive
 𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳

❑ At point (1), there are two prevented movements (q1, v1)

❑ At point (2), there are two prevented movements (q2, v2)

❑ The method of virtual work is used in the solution as follows:

1- Put all prevented movement with unity then, we calculate the force
generated for each case.

2- The stiffness matrix columns are the forces generated by each

movement = unit
❑ Due to v1 = 1

𝛿10 = 𝛿20 = 0 Mo
𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
X 1=𝟏 𝑳
1 (𝐿). (𝐿) 2𝐿
𝛿11 = . . 𝟏
𝐸𝐼 2 3

𝐿3 M1
𝛿11 =
3 𝐸𝐼 𝑳
−𝐿2
𝛿12 = 𝛿21 =
2 𝐸𝐼
X 2=𝟏
𝐿
𝛿22 = 𝟏
𝐸𝐼
M2
Condition: 6𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐 6𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐

𝟏
𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝛿10 + 𝑋1 . 𝛿11 + 𝑋2 . 𝛿12 = 1 𝑳

𝐿 3 2
𝐿 1𝟐𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑 −1𝟐𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑
0 + 𝑋1 . ( ) + 𝑋2 . ( )=1
3𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝛿20 + 𝑋1 . 𝛿21 + 𝑋2 . 𝛿22 = 0

𝐿2 𝐿
0 + 𝑋1 . ( ) + 𝑋2 . ( ) = 0
2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
1 𝑬𝑰
𝑋1 = 𝑃𝑦1 = = 𝟏𝟐 𝟑
𝛿11 𝑳

1 𝑬𝑰
𝑋2 = 𝑀1 = =𝟔 𝟐
𝛿11 𝑳
 𝟒𝑬𝑰/𝑳 𝟒𝑬𝑰/𝑳
❑ Due to q1 = 1

𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳

𝟔𝑬𝑰/𝑳 𝟐 −𝟔𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐

❑ Due to v2 = 1
−𝟔𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐 −𝟔𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐

𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳

-12𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑 1𝟐𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟑
❑ Due to q2 = 1

2𝑬𝑰/𝑳 𝟒𝑬𝑰/𝑳

𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳

6𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐 6𝑬𝑰/𝑳𝟐
Put the forces resulting from the development of previous movements
= unity in the Stiffness matrix as follows:

𝑣1 𝜃1 𝑣2 𝑣2

12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 − 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼

𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2
𝑃𝑦1 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 − 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝑣1
𝑀1 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿 𝜃1
= . 𝑣
𝑃𝑦2 − 12𝐸𝐼 − 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 − 6𝐸𝐼 2
𝑀2 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝜃2
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 − 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿
This member is subjected to an axial forces only, therefore there is
one movement in the direction of the axis at each point.

𝟏 𝑬𝑨 𝟐
𝑳
 Due to u1 = 1

Displacement: u1 = 1
𝟏 𝑬𝑨 𝟐
𝑢1
𝑳

𝑬𝑨 𝑬𝑨
𝑳 𝑳
Force due to u1 = 1
𝟏 𝑬𝑨 𝟐
𝑳
 Due to u2 = 1

Displacement: u2 = 1
𝟏 𝑬𝑨 𝟐
𝑢2
𝑳

𝑬𝑨 𝑬𝑨
Force due to u2 = 1 𝑳 𝑳

𝟏 𝑬𝑨 𝟐
𝑳
The stiffness matrix is:

u1 𝑢2
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐸𝐴
𝑃𝑥1 𝐿 𝐿 . 𝑢1
= 𝑢2
𝑃𝑥2 − 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝐿 𝐿
❑ The shown member is fixed-fixed. There are three forces at each node:
𝑃𝑥 , 𝑃𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀.

❑ These forces at the each node cause the following:

u, v 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃

𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐
𝑷𝒙𝟏 𝑷𝒙𝟐

𝟏 𝑬𝑰 𝟐
𝑳
𝑷𝒚𝟐
𝑷𝒚𝟏
 𝑢1 𝑣1 𝜃1 𝑢2 𝑣2 𝜃2

𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
0 0 − 0 0
𝐿 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑥1 0 0 − 3 𝑢1
𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2
𝑃𝑦1 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝑣1
𝑀1 0 0 − 2 𝜃1
= 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 . 𝑢
𝑃𝑥2 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 2
− 0 0 0 0 𝑣2
𝑃𝑦2 𝐿 𝐿
𝑀2 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝜃2
0 − − 0 − 2
𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
0 0 − 2
𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿