Wireless Assign

1
Self-interference is induced by signals that are transmitted on a shared transmitter. Multiple

access interference is induced by transmission from multiple radios using the same frequency
resource. CCI occurs in links that re-use the same frequency channel.
2
The channel reuse ratio in a cellular system is defined as the ratio of the distance between cells
using related channels to the cell radius . If a pair of terminals in two cells
are using the same channel, the ratio is called the cochannel reuse ratio (CRR).
3
Mobile phone tracking is a process for identifying the location of a mobile phone, whether
stationary or moving. Localization may be affected by a number of technologies, such as the
multilateration of radio signals between (several) cell towers of the network and the phone or
by simply using GNSS.
4
The dwell time, also denoted as cell residence time or mobile sojourn time, is a random variable
that describes the amount of time a mobile spends in a radio cell. Therefore, the dwell time
depends on the following parameters: veloc- ity of the subscriber, cell size, cell shape, and the
traversed path.
The dwell time mainly depends upon the penetrant being used, material being tested and the
size of flaws sought. This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA
license. The penetrant is allowed dwell time to soak into any flaws (generally 5 to 30 minutes).
5
he unit usually used for traffic intensity is the erlang (E). erlang: Unit of traffic intensity (E).
erlang is the traffic intensity in a pool of resources when just one of the resources is busy.
6
A distributed antenna system, or DAS, is a network of spatially separated antenna nodes
connected to a common source via a transport medium that provides wireless service within a
geographic area or structure. DAS antenna elevations are generally at or below the clutter level,
and node installations are compact. A distributed antenna system may be deployed indoors (an
iDAS) or outdoors (an oDAS).
7
Electrical downtilt enables a uniform reduction in coverage, as it prevents pattern blooming
from occurring. Fixed electrical downtilt antennas have a fixed downtilt whose values cannot be
adjusted after design and considers the antenna's elevation beamwidth among other
deployment factors.
8
In wireless communications, fading is variation of the attenuation of a signal with various
variables. These variables include time, geographical position, and radio frequency. Fading is
often modeled as a random process. A fading channel is a communication channel that
experiences fading. In wireless systems, fading may either be due to multipath propagation,
referred to as multipath-induced fading, weather (particularly rain), or shadowing from
obstacles affecting the wave propagation, sometimes referred to as shadow fading.
9
Doppler spread refers to the widening of the spectrum of a narrow-band signal transmitted
through a multipath propagation channel. It is due to the different Doppler shift frequencies
associated with the multiple propagation paths when there is relative motion between the
transmitter and the receiver.
10
Narrowband signals are signals that occupy a narrow range of frequencies or that have a small
fractional bandwidth. In the audio spectrum, narrowband sounds are sounds that occupy a
narrow range of frequencies. In telephony, narrowband is usually considered to cover
frequencies 300–3400 Hz, i.e. the voiceband.
11
What Is the Spread Spectrum Technique? In the spread spectrum technique, the frequency of
the signal to be transmitted is varied by injecting pseudo-random noises into it. This
injection increases the bandwidth of signal transmission, and thereby reduces the effects of
interference, noise, and signal fading.
12
Direct sequence spread- spectrum signals are demodulated by multiplying the incoming data
sequence by a carrier and by a periodic spreading sequence. Multiplication of the DSSS signal by
this spreading sequence can be viewed as frequency shifting the DSSS signal, scaling it, and
summing the frequency-shifted versions.
13
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) transmission is the repeated switching of the
carrier frequency during radio transmission to reduce interference and avoid interception.

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Self-interference is induced by signals that are transmitted on a shared transmitter. Multiple

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