DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC

DIET QUALITY OF LIFE OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS IN

DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC, INC

A Research Proposal Presented to

The Senior High School Department
Dominican College of Tarlac

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject
Quantitative Research in Daily Life 2

By
Dayrit, John Ryu V.
Estenzo, Jecylhane Ashlee
Ladrillo, Jhudiel A.
Liwanag, Aaron Carl C.
Manuel, Jerom C.
Panlican, Adrian Leonard G.
Perey, Roana Sofia C.
Pineda, Trisya Kate C.
Salazar, Ryza Mineth C.
Soriano, Mike Jiehanz T.

May 2023
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Diet quality is simply defined as to the food consumption of an individual; what are the

everyday food patterns. Diet quality is correlated to the health of a person because of its

impact whether it is a poor quality or rich quality diet. Evidently, the health of an individual is

determined by the different type of food being ingested every day. In line with this, having

meals 3 times a day is an essential part of having a good diet quality. Also being cautious of

what to eat for a human body is in need of; Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins,

Minerals, Dietary fibre, and Water. Though these are only 7 nutrients, there are 40 different

kinds of nutrients that are in need of consuming (CHP, 2017)

For further explanation, (CHP, 2017) continues stating that the major source of energy

needed are carbohydrates, they also help us fueling our brain, maintain the wellness of

kidneys, heart muscles and central nervous systems; which are found in fruits, root

vegetables, dry beans, rice and noodles.

In addition, indices or indicators are use to evaluate an individual’s overall diet and to

according to the extent to which their eating behavior is "healthy". These indices are called
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Diet Quality Indices or Indicators (DQIs). Predefined indexes were created primarily for

nutritional epidemiology to evaluate dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases.

They assess dietary patterns based on current nutrition knowledge. DQIs come in a wide

variety of forms. The vast majority of DQIs often include measures of diet variety within and

across food groups, adequacy, or nutrients (compared to requirements), or food groups

(quantities or servings). They also frequently include measures of nutrients or foods to

consume in moderation and an overall balance of macronutrients. There are three main

categories of DQIs: a) nutrient-based indicators; b) food/food group-based indicators; and c)

combination indexes. (Gil et al., 2015)

Patterns of food consumption is manifested in the health-related quality of life

(HRQOL). In which the focal point of HRQOL is the physical and psychological health of an

individual. In addition, Health-Related Quality Of Life (HRQOL) is the term used on

examining the impacts of health on the everyday life of a person; whether it is positively or

negatively. It is an umbrella term that covers the physical, psychological and the overall

function of an individual that are health-related.

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The researchers chose the junior high school learners as their respondents in this study

because several studies that have been conducted from the past years have the same topic

and variables of this study but with a different population, meaning the researchers chose

the junior high school learners so that the study will be quite unique in terms of the

respondents.

Nevertheless, the researchers’ main motivation of why they did conduct this study is

that there are just a few studies about the topic, especially in the Philippines. Also, to

expand the researchers’ knowledge about the topic and mainly to add new knowledge on the

existing body of knowledge in today’s society.

Statement Of The Problem

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1 Sex

1.2 Age

1.3 Section

2. How may the DQI of the respondents be described?

3. How may the HRQOL of the respondents be described?

4. Is there significant relationship between DQI & HRQOL?

5. What are the implications of the results of this study?

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Hypothesis

The following null hypothesis (H0) might predict that,

There is no significant relationship between the diet quality index and health-related

quality of life of junior high school learners.

Scope And Delimitation

The extent of this research will merely fall under the diet quality of junior high school

students and its relationship of their life quality. In addition, this study will only focus mainly

on the diet quality index for Filipinos or Asians, and also their quality of life based on their

diet quality index. Which means that the researchers are seeking answer if there is a

relationship between the DQI and HRQOL of the respondents.

Any respondent who does not fall under junior high school level will not be covered in

the said study. Additionally, this study is delimiting the general term ‘quality of life,’ and it

means that health-related quality of life findings is the only focus. Furthermore, this study is

delimiting the diseases of the students. Any unnecessary data will not be included in this

study for the purpose of making the study linear to its goal and topic.
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Significance Of The Study

The study covers the relationship of diet quality of life and health-related quality of life of the

junior high school learners at Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc, and the findings of this study

will be immensely beneficial for the following:

Learners. The benefits of the study will give learners a knowledge from the study about the

effects of dietary habits on their quality of life and their health-related quality of life;

awareness is provided.

Parents. This will provide knowledge to the parents about how food patterns can affect or

bring impact to their children in which is shown in their HRQOL.

School administrators. This study provides information on how school administrators

could help and how to provide guidance to diet quality of life.

DOH. The Department of Health is one of the organization to be informed immediately of

the state of learners’ in terms of health.

DepEd. The Department of Education will benefit from this study especially because the

study’s respondents are the Junior High School learners which are under the K-12 program.

Also, the new information that will be provided to DepEd is based on the results and findings

of the study. Which means, awareness is also provided to the department.

Future researchers. this study will be immensely valuable to researchers who is in the

same field of study; which is DQI and HRQOL.

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Definition Of Terms

Impact. The act of forcing one object into contact with another, as well as "a noticeable

effect or influence."

In this study, it is use operationally as describing impacts of skipping breakfast on the

academic performance among junior high school learners at Dominican College of Tarlac,

Inc.

Breakfast. Breakfast boosts your metabolism, which aids in calorie burning throughout the

rest of the day. Additionally, it gives you the energy you need to accomplish your goals and

enhances your concentration at work or school. These are just a few justifications for why

breakfast is the most important meal of the day.

Academic Performance. The performance of a student in his or her education in school. It

also indicates if a student excels or struggles when studying or learning in school based from

his or her academic performance. Academic performance/ achievement is the extent to

which a student, teacher, or institution has attained their short or long-term educational

goals and is measured either by continuous assessment or cumulative grade point average

(CGPA)

Children. A young person who is typically older than a baby but younger than a teen is

referred to as a child. They are between the ages of 1 and 12 years old.
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Adolescents. All human beings undergo adolescence stage and this stage of their life is

where the part that they are maturing physically and mentally. Also, this is where human

development occurs and lays time for the foundation of good health. A young person who

has begun puberty but has not yet become an adult. During adolescence, a child

experiences physical, hormonal, and developmental changes that mark the transition into

adulthood. Adolescence generally occurs between the ages of 13 and 17 years old.

Appetite. The eagerness of a person if he or she wants to eat food, or the amount of level

of interest when a person eats food. It is basically a desire for food. The Latin word

appetitus, meaning "desire for," is the root for appetite. If you have worked up an appetite,

you have a desire for food. If you've lost your appetite, you're not hungry at all (maybe

because something upset you).

Fatigue. It is when an individual is exhausted and drained physically. Due to too much work

or not enough sleep, but particularly, is when a person does not eat meals in a day-to-day

basis. Fatigue is a feeling of constant tiredness or weakness and can be physical, mental or

a combination of both. It can affect anyone, and most adults will experience fatigue at some

point in their life.

Nutrients. These are substances that supplies nourishment that the human body needs,

which is provided in consuming breakfast.

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Productive. It is the ability to do tasks successfully as well as achieving goals by being

“productive;” particularly when breakfast is consumed, a person will have energy to be

productive and do tasks effectively.

Well-being. It is the effect of one’s lifestyle whether it is positively o negatively. Especially

whenever eating habits is involved; unhealthy eating habits may deject the well-being of a

person.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

The overall quality of diet and even the quality of the underlying elements are classified

or summarized as Diet Quality (DQ). A good dietary or a better dietary habit is the higher

intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, whole grains, and other food that are entirely beneficial to

the health of a human body. Meanwhile, the unhealthy DQ is classified as a poor behavior

or simply, an eating habit. Eating fast food and skipping breakfast or any meal are

examples of unhealthy dietary behavior. This type of eating habits may lead to consuming a

higher rate of saturated fats, sugar, machine processed food products and inadequate

intake of needed healthy food groups (Hojhabrimanesh, et. al., 2017).

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The positive relationship between diet quality and health-related quality is; rich

nutrition from balanced dietary habits in which improves HRQoL that prevents dietary

deficiency disease and ameliorating a secondary malnutrition that links with other diseases

as well. Apart from that, food and nutritious diet are substantial components of “the good

life.” Psychologically, good food is sensory and mental pleasure in its own pleasure. Having

meals with other people increases an individual’s social life; if social aspects of eating is

present in an individual, food intake may escalate (Cassens, et. al., 1996)

It has been known that poor diet quality or disordered food patterns in which engages

in unhealthy eating behavior can eventually lead to several chronic diseases in children and

adolescents; mostly are obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (Osei-Assibey, et. al.,

2012). In addition, physical, mental and social impairment are the sequelae of malnutrition.

If habitual poor dietary intake continues for a long time, even for weeks or months, it will

result to undernutrition. Severe undernutrition reduces the body’s muscle mass and physical

strength, increased functional impairment and overall decreased HRQoL (Muhlethaler, et. al.,

1995)
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Studies have also stated that there were numbers of concerns regarding the mental

health of adolescents and children as well, in which it is associated with poor DQ or

unhealthy dietary behaviors. It was divided into 2 categories; internalizing categories such

as depression and anxiety and externalizing disorders such as inability to focus or attention

deficit and hyperactivity disorder. DQ, dietary and mental health was examined if they were

associated; it was found these were related to the poor mental health in the adolescent

stage. Additionally, complications in cognitive development are also encountered in children

and adolescents in which results to low academic performance as well (McMartin, et. al.,

2012).

There are several associates on the environment contributing to the poor mental health

of adolescents; however, diet quality is an underlying associate. It has been confirmed that

there is an inverse association between dietary habits and depression. Furthermore, it was

stated that low diet quality is an independent link to higher risk of having depression and

anxiety. Despite the fact that depression and stress lead to unhealthy eating, recent studies

have stated that it can be reversed (Le Port, et. al., 2012).
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On the other hand, HRQOL constructs a multifaceted evaluation in which encloses even

the underlying sub-dimensions of health; physical, psychological and social well-being of an

individual. This is a subjective assessment in which its focal point is the entire well-being of

individuals in regards of their health. In assessing the HRQoL of children and adolescents is

also a way of implementing effective approach on enhancing their health status (Wu, et. al.,

2017).

Poor habitual unnutritional food intake has a potential of resulting to low HRQoL in

children and adolescents. Besides the foundations of the development of the body, it is

suspected that nutrition is an influence to adolescent’s mental and social health. As everyone

knows while growing up, nutrition is essential to help the development of the brain; hence,

in psychological responses and social behaviors as well (Liu, et. al., 2016)

Apart from the known concept of health as only the body’s absence of disease; World

Health Organization defined health as also the presence of physical, mental and social well-

being. Since then, the evaluation of HRQoL has been a subjective perception of an

individual’s overall well-being and health; in relation to their social and cultural environment.

In which these are said as to being a paramount categories on identifying health status and
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health risks. Subjective evaluation had been a great aid in identifying HRQoL for it bought

new insights in terms of impairments in well-being and overall functioning (Marques, et. al.,

2017).

On the contrary, ensuring and determining the well-being of children and adolescents is

substantial, especially it is a step towards to having a healthy development, healthy

behaviors and future achievements. Though evaluating the rate of well-being during

childhood can be a struggle, which is why going beyond the physiological aspect is a

prerequisite for concise findings. In most studies that evaluate the quality of life, in which it

is being elucidated as “Individual’s perception of position in life in the context of culture and

value systems in which they live and concerning goals, expectations, standards, and

concerns” (WHOQOL, 2023).

Synthesis

Breakfast skippers are more prone to having low grades due to the effects of being

malnourished or simply, having imbalanced meal; the risk of different types of diseases,

mental state, and a greater-BMI-results due to imbalanced meals. Because of the stress

hormone that is in its highest rate in the morning, an individual may be distressed as they
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attend their classes; if they did not consume any food in which the cortisol will remain at its

increasing state. Moreover, in terms of physical activity; learners who does not consume any

meal in mornings will most likely be inactive in any subject that includes physical movement.

For breakfast provides the energy which a human body needs, especially with a long day

ahead. Moreover, there are numerous impacts that is caused by lack of energy; loss of

motivation, apathetic behavior, and being unable to process information. In which, every

effect that are mentioned will have an impact on learners’ academic performance.

Related Studies

A. Foreign

In the study conducted by Parsons (2021), there were 655 participants in a university

wherein they had an average of 24.7 body mass index which implies that these individuals

were in the range of a healthy body mass index. In regards with their diet quality, this study

measured it with the average fruit and vegetable intake of the individuals. It was stated that

majority of these individuals were consuming less than what the USDA’s recommendation of

daily servings. An average of 2.2 ±1.3 servings per day of fruits and vegetables were

consumed. In line with this, the majority of the participants’ general health was good, very

good, or excellent (n=508, 77.4%) while the other was poor or fair (n= 147, 22.5%). It was

also reported that the days per month of their physical health being deficient was relatively

low (3.5 ± 5.8 days) while their mental health in days per month not being good was 10.1 ±
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9.3. In this correlational study, they found out that if a student consumes a serving of 2.2

fruits and vegetables and above, these individuals were considered to be feeling healthy and

energetic. Similarly, consuming less than 2.2 servings of fruits and vegetables mean that

these individuals would have a worsened mental health and less energy.

The study conducted by Silva et. al. (2020) examined the relationship between diet

quality, groups of food intake, and the health-related quality of life among 669 adolescents

at a mean age of 13.7. They found out that puberty, as a biological factor, can also affect

the health-related quality of life among adolescents. Furthermore, maturity and physical

activity directly influences the diet quality. It was perceived that girls had the worst general

HRQoL and was due to the onsets of puberty that affected them. Unlike boys which scored

higher in terms of health-related quality of life and the distribution of macronutrients and

daily energy expenditure as they were more physically active and less sedentary behaviors

than the girls in the study. It was also found that in some HRQoL dimensions, consuming

unhealthy food was negatively correlated unlike when consuming healthy food correlated

positively.

In the study of Ferrer-Cascales et. al. (2019), they assessed the HRQoL in

adolescents in adherence to Mediterranean diet. It was found that adherence to

mediterranean diet when correlated with the dimensions of HRQoL, results in a predicted
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40% subjective happiness. The study also states that the higher the adherence to

mediterranean diet, the higher the predicted outcome for the subjective happiness which

implies that the adherence to the consumption of fruits and vegetables can positively affect

HRQoL in some dimensions. To be specific, the consumption of the vitamins and minerals

found in fruits has been found to play a role in improving an individual’s mood. In line with

this, it was found out that Psychological Well-Being, Mood and Emotions, Financial

Resources and Social Acceptance improves with the adherence to mediterranean diet.

In the study conducted by Bolton et. al. (2016), they compared the HRQoL and diet

quality of Australian students from rural areas to urban areas. It is also important to note

that in this study, there was a low adherence to the Australian diet wherein the participants

consumed fewer vegetables. Rural or urban areas of this study showed that the participants

consumed a minimum amount of the recommended daily consumption of fruits and

vegetables which in contrast that if an individual consumes a greater amount may result into

lowering the chances of developing mental disorders. Also, unhealthy dietary patterns

resulted into poor HRQoL. It was evident that in rural participants, a decrease in HRQoL

results into increasing unhealthy diet patterns unlike in urban areas where there was an

increase in HRQoL and an increase of healthy diet patterns. It was found that in both rural

and urban areas, males consumed more energy dense meals and less nutrient food yet it
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still resulted in a good HRQoL. Similar to the study of Silva, Fragoso and Teles (2020), males

were reported to have a better HRQoL score than females.

According to several studies, it was stated in the cross-sectional study of Wu et. al.

(2019) that the health-related quality of life results from a high-quality diet and good dietary

behaviors for a positive impact in both children and adolescents. A few studies have also

investigated regarding the different specific disease conditions on the effect of diet quality

and healthy diet behavior on HRQoL. Furthermore, it was stated that these individuals have

significantly improved their HRQoL in regards with their physical, mental and psychological

health when correlated with a high-quality diet and healthy dietary behavior. Some studies

also mentioned that consumption of fruits and vegetables in a diet of an individual improves

the HRQoL significantly. Similarly, in some studies, it was stated that a high-quality diet and

a healthy diet behavior results in an increase in the health related quality of life of both

children and adolescents. It is also important to note that physical functioning, emotional

functioning, physical and psychosocial qualities of life are the domains of HRQoL in which it

can be directly affect by the diet quality and dietary behaviors.

B. Local
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C. In the study conducted by Angeles-Agdeppa et. al. (2019), they investigated the

inadequate nutrient intake of adolescents and children in accordance with their wealth. The

unwealthy children and adolescents were found to have had a high carbohydrate and low

protein consumption which implies that most Filipinos who are poor have little access to

food rich in micronutrients and macronutrients which is most likely due to the poor economic

conditions or the expensiveness of food. Having poor economic conditions among individuals

who are not wealthy enough to purchase their essential needs may have a poor quality of

life. It was found that poor adolescents living in rural areas had less energy intake and

nutrients which were essential for growth and development, specifically, calcium, iron,

vitamin a and c, and folate. It was also found that there was also an inadequate intake of

calcium among all the groups they surveyed (75-97%) which may have been due to the

expensiveness of milk and other dairy products. Iron deficiency was also found to have

increased along the age groups, having low iron may result an individual to become

susceptible to diseases.

The study conducted by Calumba et. al. (2023) investigated the nutrients from

vegetables and its association with BMI. Greater amount of consumption among vegetables

were found to reduce the risks of developing diet related diseases as well as a maintaining a

good weight due to the amounts of micronutrients obtained from these. Between rural and
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urban areas, adolescents from rural households were found to have insufficient vegetable

intake unlike in urban households wherein they consumed fewer or less amounts of

vegetables than before. Vegetable consumption was found to be associated with the

availability, socio-environmental and socioeconomic factors, affordability and knowledge

regarding the nutrients obtained from these. Furthermore, it was found to be evident among

junior and senior high school adolescents as vegetable intake was influenced by their

knowledge regarding the consumption.

In the study conducted by Capuno et. al. (2022), there were a total of 4,126

participants wherein it was found that the mean HRQoL regarding health perception of

males were 67.5 (SD = 15.9) while females had a 66.7 (15.8). In this study, the researchers

identified the individuals who were at high or low risks and their perceptions as well as their

functioning in different scales of life by their BMI, WC, and WHR. According to the study,

there were no participants found who were at risk for diseases despite the measures of

adiposity that had a lower HRQoL among the participants at high risk in BMI. WC and WHR

were associated with having a lower HRQoL. According to the study, it was found that lower

role functioning and lower physical functioning among males who were at high risk of WC

and WHR. Similarly, Females also displayed a lower role functioning regarding the
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participants with high risk of WHR and WC. Furthermore, in males, they had lower health

perceptions, better social functioning and mental health despite at high risk of WHR and WC.

The study conducted by Farhangi et. al. (2018) In comparison of BMI and nutrient

intakes in different categories of mental health problems. Even after controlling for the

confounding effects of age and BMI, the relationship between mental health problems and

eating patterns revealed that female adolescents with high scores for "snacking and

convenience," "planning ahead," and "meal skipping" eating patterns were more likely to

have indicators of emotional disorders than those with lower scores. Adolescents with high

scores of low fat, planning ahead, and meal skipping eating patterns were associated with

an increased likelihood of emotional disorders and hyperactivity disorders. In addition, this

study found a significant relationship between eating habits and mental health problems

among female adolescents, regardless of their age and body mass index. The study showed

that adolescents with higher adherence to "snacking and convenience," "planning ahead,"

and "meal skipping" eating patterns had a higher chance of indicating signs of emotional

disorders. Moreover, those who had a high adherence to the "low fat" eating pattern were

less likely to have hyperactivity disorder.

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According to Barcena et. al. (2021) this study examined how 15 adolescents

experienced changes in their dietary patterns as a result of dietary acculturation while also

examining the various factors that contributed to these changes. The mean dietary pattern

score was 69.40±9.23 on a scale of 0-100, classified as needing improvement. Out of all the

participants, only one had a dietary pattern that was considered to be of 'good' status,

according to the index analysis conducted, which accounted for only 6.67% of the total

participants, while the rest of the adolescents were found to have a dietary pattern that

needed improvement, accounting for 93.33% of the total participants. The process of

dietary acculturation, which refers to the changes in dietary patterns of adolescents as

influenced by psychosocial and economic factors, can control diet quality. With a better

understanding of how these factors contribute to dietary acculturation, they can identify

ways to improve diet quality among adolescents and communities. For example,

psychosocial and economic factors that contribute to unhealthy dietary changes can help

promote healthier eating patterns and improve overall diet quality.

Synthesis
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Conceptual Framework

INPUT
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

a. How may the DQI of the

a. Sex respondents be described?
b. Age
c. Section b. How may the HRQOL of the
Respondents be described?

c. Is there significant
Relationship between DQI &
HRQOL?

PROCESS

 Descriptive-Correlational Study
 Face-to-face Survey Questionnaires
 Statistical Treatment
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study
 Data Analysis
Figure 1 illustrates the simplified and
OUTPUT
overall flow of the study. The
DIET AND QUALITY OF LIFE
conceptual framework provides the OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEANERS
AT DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC, INC
IMPLICATIONS inputs

which will show the profile of the respondents; the sex, grade, and section. Moreover, it also

includes the causes and effects such as; do learners skip breakfast before going to school,
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why do learners skip their breakfast, the possible effects of skipping breakfast in regards to

their academic performance, and the main causes for junior high school learners to skip their

breakfast.

Learners skipping breakfast before going to school is the habit of learners that they have

gotten used to which results to lower academic performance.

Learners skipping breakfast is the general skipping of breakfast even in normal days that

affects the health of learners.

The possible effects of skipping breakfast in regards to their academic performance are the

risks that affects the academic performance of learners.

The main causes for junior high school learners to skip their breakfast the routines and

circumstances that affects the consuming of breakfast.

Process the the overall flow of the study or simply, the methodology. In which it includes;

Descriptive study is the design, Face-to-Face Survey Questionnaires is the instrument,

statistical treatment and data analysis.

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In conclusion, the implications of skipping breakfast will show its significance and relevance

to the respondents which are the junior high school learners. Consequently, an implication

will be organized and will be based on the outcome from the study.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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Research Design

A descriptive-correlation research design will be used in this study for the reason that

the researchers aim to assess the relationship between diet quality of life and health-related

quality of life of junior high school learners at Dominican College of Tarlac. Also, to answer

the what and how questions in the study and to describe the correlation of the said

variables. Moreover, this study will only assess information and describe data about the

dietary habits of junior high school learners at Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc. By that, a

descriptive-correlation research design will be applied in this study in order for the study to

have a constant flow and a linear goal in assessing the variables of the research.

Sampling, Respondents and Locale

The researchers target population for this study are the junior high school learners who

are enrolled in the Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc. The researchers will also use a simple

random sampling method for this study which randomly selects a subset of respondents

from the total population. This study will take place at Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc,

which is located in McArthur Highway, Poblacion (Sto. Rosario) 2315 Capas, Tarlac. In light
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of this, the researchers determined that this locale was appropriate for this study. The total

number of respondents in this study who are enrolled in the Dominican College of Tarlac is

six hundred sixty (660) individuals. The researchers have computed the sample size using

slovin’s formula based on 660 individuals. Therefore, the final number of respondents that

will participate in the study is two hundred forty-nine (249) individuals. Also, the

respondents in this study must possess the following criteria:

1. The respondents must be junior high school learners.

2. The respondents must be enrolled at Dominican College of Tarlac.

4. The respondents must voluntarily agree to participate in the study

Research Instrument

This study will be making use of a 2 adopted survey questionnaire that consists of a

31-item survey questionnaire and a 52-item survey questionnaire which are the Philippines

DQQ and KIDSCREEN – 52 that utilizes a Dichotomous scale and 5- point Likert scale survey,

and it is used to ask questions about the DQI and HRQOL of children and adolescents. The

questionnaires will be answered by the respondents through a face-to-face setting. All the

respondents will be answering the same questions. To increase the validity of the answers,

the researchers aim to get a definite answer from respondents of the study through the

degree of level in which they agree or disagree by their habits.

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Data Gathering Procedure

The goal of researchers to attain a successful data gathering; taken with a procedure.

Firstly, they will conduct an informed consent for the survey that will done and will be used

in the academic year 2023-2024 for data gathering once approved by; the principal and

facilitators of junior high school at Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc, and the research

facilitator of the researchers. Once everything has been approved and settled; informed

consent will be presented to the respondents, and the researchers will distribute the

questionnaires/surveys to junior high school learners. Lastly, valuing the comfortability of

respondents; the results of the study which contains the findings and sensitive information

will only be used for this research.

Ethical Consideration

To protect the rights of all individuals, especially the privacy of the respondents'

personal information, the researchers will take all necessary measures to guarantee the

security and reliability of this study. No personally identifiable information will be gathered

because keeping the respondents' anonymity and confidentiality is one of the study's specific
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goals. Additionally, the researchers will respect the respondents' rights by giving them the

choice of participating in the study or not. The researchers will be responsible for any

improper conduct and all issues that affect the respondents, and they will be held

accountable for those issues as well. The researchers will also uphold the honesty and

integrity of all the data that will be gathered and reported. Furthermore, the researchers will

assure the respondents by following the Republic Act No. 10173, which is also known as

Data Privacy Act, wherein the law seeks to protect all forms of private and personal

information from all individuals (Data Privacy, n.d.). This will help assure the respondents in

protecting their personal information.

Statistical Treatment

In conducting this study, the researchers will utilize different formulas to evaluate and

interpret data that will be gathered from the respondents of the study. In addition, this study

will use 3 formulas for the statistical treatment of data and a 5-point Likert scale. These

formulas are slovin’s formula, measurement of central tendency, and Pearson correlation

coefficient. Moreover, each of these formulas will have a distinct role in computing,

analyzing, and summarizing data of this study, mainly on the respondents that are part of

the research.
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The Likert scale is a close-ended questionnaire which is used to measure the opinion

and attitudes of the respondents’ depending if they agree or disagree with the topic of the

given question. The Likert scale may also measure different variations of agreement such as

frequency, quality, importance, and likelihood, etc. (McLeod, 2019). Also, the researchers will

use the Likert scale to interpret data that will be gathered.

Scale Verbal Description Legend

5 Strongly Agree 4.20 – 5.00

4 Agree 3.40 – 4.19

3 Neutral 2.60 – 3.39

2 Disagree 1.80 – 2.59

1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 – 1.79

(Erdem et. al., 2018)

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In line with this, slovin’s formula was used to calculate a sample from the total

population of the junior high school students. Slovin’s formula which is n = N/(1=Ne2),

where n is the sample size, N is the total population, e is the margin of error. In order to

calculate this, the researcher needs to convert the margin of error into decimal form, and

then multiply it by itself. After that, multiply it by the total population and add 1. Lastly,

divide the total population from the computed value. (Prudencexd, n.d)

The researchers will use t-Test to analyze the data. Pearson correlation coefficient will

be used to measure the linear relationship between variables. The strength and direction of

the relationship between two variables is expressed as a number between –1 and 1. Also,

this formula will be used to test if the 2 variables have a significant relationship or none.

 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient:

FORMULA:

n(∑xy) – (∑x) (∑y)

r=
√ [n∑x² – (∑x) ²] [n∑y² – (∑y) ²]
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Where:
b = sample correlation coefficient
n = number of respondents
x = the first variable
y = the second variable

 The formula to calculate the t-score is:

t = r√(n-2) / (1-r2)

Where:

r: correlation coefficient;

n: sample size

Furthermore, the mean of the data that will be obtained from the survey questionnaire

that will be distributed to the respondents will be computed using central tendency

measurement. The sum of all values will be divided by the number of values in the

subsequent data that will be provided to calculate the measurement of central tendency.

(Bhandari, 2022).

 Measurement of central tendency:

x̄= Σx/n

Where:
x̄ = mean of x value
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Σx = sum of all the x values

n = number of x values

Nevertheless, these formulas are simply assumed by the researchers to be used in the

next chapter of this study; essentially, these formulas will be used to interpret the data that

will be gathered depends on the findings and results of the data.

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