12

Practical Research 2
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem
 Module IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING
THE PROBLEM
2

OVERVIEW
Let’s Plan This module discusses topics that will support you in the
development of your ability to formulate clearly statement of research
At the end of the problem, formulate clearly conceptual, research hypotheses (if
module, you will be able to: appropriate and the definition of terms as used in the study.
1.design a research useful in
A research leads you to a detailed investigation of a certain
daily life CS_RS12-Id-e-1
2. write a research title
subject or object and as a researcher you will undergo the research
CS_RS12-Id-e-2 process or phase as follows: Conceptualization, Planning, Empirical,
3. describe background of Analytic, and Dissemination. This module will concentrate on the first
research CS_RS12-Id-e-3 phase which is the conceptualization, it is the stage where research
4. state research questions problem is identified and hypotheses are formulated.
CS_RS12-Id-e-4
5. indicate scope and
delimitation of study
CS_RS12-Id-e-5
6. cite benefits and
beneficiaries of study
CS_RS12-Id-e-6
7. present written statement of
the problem CS_RS12-Id-e-7
 Let’s check

Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1) It is one of the criteria in selecting a research topic wherein it must not or fellow researchers. have
been used by many researchers; the newness of a topic and its variables will inspire a researcher.

a. Time Factor
b. Novelty
c. Experience
d. None of the above
2) It must be 10 to 15 words
a. Research Problem
b. Objectives
c. Research Title
d. None of the above
3) It leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope,
context, and significance of the research being conducted by summarizing current understanding and
background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research
problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions, explaining briefly the methodological
approach used to examine the research problem, highlighting the potential outcomes your study can
reveal, and outlining the remaining structure and organization of the paper

a. Introduction
b. Background of the study
c. Research Methodology
d. None of the above
4) Research Question sometimes called factor naming questions. They isolate, categorize, describe, or
name factors and situations.

a. Factor-Relating Question
b. Factor-Isolating Question
c. Situation – Relating Question
d. None of the above
5) Research question usually yield hypotheses testing or experimental study designs in which the
researcher manipulates the variables to see what will happen.

a. Factor-Relating Question
b. Factor-Isolating Question
c. Situation – Relating Question
d. None of the above
6) Which of the following is a good research question?

a. To produce a report on student job searching behaviours

b. To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviours
c. Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching behaviours
d. Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?
7) Which of the following is not a type of research questions?

a. Predicting an outcome
b. Evaluating a phenomenon
c. Developing good practice
d. A hypothesis
8) In the process of conducting research ‘Formulation of Hypothesis” is followed by

a. Statement of Objectives
b. Analysis of data
c. Selection of Research Tools
d.Collection of Data It is a tentative explanation or an answer to a question about variables,
their relationships, and other facts involved in the research.
9) A research always ends with a result.

a. Problem
b. Objectives
c. Analysis
d. Hypothesis
10) It is determined by the major variables of the study while sub-variables and their characteristics,
attributes, or indicators serve as the delimitation.
a. Scope and delimitation
b. Significance of the study
c. Timeliness
d. Novelty
11) It is a part of the study where you identify the beneficiaries and benefits it will provide.

a. Scope and delimitation

b. Significance of the study
c. Timeliness
d. Novelty
 Unit FORMULATING THE RESEARCH TITLE

Let’s get ready !

Good Day, I am your teacher in Practical Research 2. Welcome to

this module. This module will help you in formulating your
Research Title. Before we start with the first lesson let us see and
observe in what condition you are now? Are you happy, anxious,
contented, confused, puzzled, problematic.

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1.design a research useful in daily life CS _RS12-Id-e-1

2. write a research tile CS_RS12-Id-e-2

Let’s learn

The Research Title

Generally, the title should:

1. summarize the main idea of the paper;

2. be a concise statement of the main topic;
3. include the major variable/s;
4. show the relationship of the main variables of the study;
5. include the main task of the researcher about the major variables under study; and
6. mention the participants(in a general manner) and the setting. Thus, instead of “Grade 5 pupils of
Dr. Cristobal Elementary School, write elementary pupils” or selected elementary pupils” because
the specific characteristic will be indicated in another part or element of the research paper.
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

You must remember the following:

1. In formulating the title, you should avoid using words that serve no useful purposes and can misled
indexes. The word methods, results, investigations, and study appear redundant when used in the
research title.
2. In many cases, the general problem or even the specific question that the researcher intend to
answer, when rewritten in a statement form, can serve as the title.
3. The title must have 10 to 15 words.

Sample Research/Dissertation/Thesis Titles

1. Critical Success Factors of Multi- Awarded Cooperatives in the Province of Isabela, A Basis for a
Capability Program (Alcid, 2014)
2. Profile, Problems and Prospects of Small Business Entrepreneurs in Santiago City (Alcid, 2012)
3. Factors affecting the choice of strand among Grade 11 students at Rosario National High School
(Basilio and Lindayao, 2020)
 4. The Senior High School Program as perceived by graduates of Rosario National High School
(Derecho, et. al 2020)
5. Perception of Senior High School Students of Classroom Management Strategies of Senior High
School Teachers at Rosario National High School (Corpuz, et. al, 2020)
6. Students study habits among Senior High School Students (Garcia, et. al, 2020)
7. Coping mechanism on academic stress of Senior High School at Rosario National High School
(Dialong, Gumiho & Macaray, 2020)
8. Usefulness of Instructional Materials in Senior High School at Rosario National High
School(Bigania & Pascua, 2020)

Sources of Research Problems

Research problems may arise in various daily life events and settings such as house, work place or in
any place in the community. Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) identified the followings areas where there
is/are:

1. a feelings of discomfort like during recitation or in making projects;

2. perceived difficulties in the management and leadership of the class president or the adviser;
3. a gap between theory and practice;
4. a daily experience of a person that requires further inquiry especially if improvements are desired;
5. a procedure that requires technologically advanced equipment which needs to function properly;
6. a pattern or trend. Example: Classmates failing in a lesson in algebra; increasing tardiness in
English class; or misbehaviour during PEHM classes.
7. a literature review. An article read in the library or from the Internet can be of interesting issue, new
terminology, or possible conflicts. Even findings of research studies can give rise to another
problem. Replication study is allowed when parts of a previous study are to be enhanced or
elements will be added like other variables, new locale, different study participants or even recently-
devised tools.

Considerations in formulating Research Problems

There is a need to determine the criteria in formulating a research problem to arrive at an ideal one.
Barrientos- Tan (1997) identifies different criteria for choosing a research problem: (Cristobal & Cristobal,
2017)

A. External Criteria

1. Novelty – the topic must not or fellow researchers. have been used by many researchers; the
newness of a topic and its variables will inspire a researcher

2. Availability of subjects – since this is practical research, it is suggested that you think of study
participants who are within your reach (example, your classmates, teachers, neighbors). These
people could easily be approached and their cooperation could easily be gained.

3. Administrative support – refers to the aid or assistance that can be solicited from the school or
extended by the community.

4. Availability and adequacy of facilities and equipment – devices such as computers, telephones,
WIFI, etc. used in undertaking the research must be considered.

5. Ethical Considerations – ensure that all activities to be undertaken are acceptable and are done in
consideration with what is legal and morally right.
B. Internal Criteria

1. Experience, training and professional qualifications – constitute the researcher’s knowledge,

expertise, and experience in order for him/her to cope with the research demands.

2. Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, and perceptiveness of the researcher - these are
essential attitudes that bring anticipated satisfaction or enjoyment in the completion of research
tasks.

3. Time factor – considers the fact that studies must be pursued in a given time frame.

4. Costs and returns – these factors matter in choosing a research problem. Research is an expensive
undertaking. The amount of funding necessary, depends on the size of the sample, the place
where the research is to be conducted, the research design, and the treatment of data.

5. Hazards, penalties, and handicaps – are determined by the researcher’s physical and intellectual
capacity and moral judgment. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Let’s Summarize
Remember the following points in formulating the title of your research:

1. In formulating the title, you should avoid using words that serve no useful purposes and can
misled indexes. The word methods, results, investigations, and study appear redundant when
used in the research title.
2. In many cases, the general problem or even the specific question that the researcher intend to
answer, when rewritten in a statement form, can serve as the title.
3. The title must have 10 to 15 words.
4. The research title should summarize the main idea, and include the major variables and the
participants of the study.
5. In formulating the research problems it requires evaluating possible choices using the internal
and external criteria.
 Let’s Try and Explore

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Name of Learner _______________________________ Grade Level ______

Section_______________________________________ Date ___________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 3

THE RESEARCH TITLE

This activity is designed to assess your learning on the research title.

Learning Competencies:
At the end of the module, you will be able to:
1. design a research useful in daily life
CS_RS12-Id-e-1
2. write a research title CS_RS12-Id-e-2

Direction:
A. Enumerate possible problem (think of those that can be measured quantitatively) you may
encounter in these various settings.
1. Personal (family and social) Life
a. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. School
a. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Community
a. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

4. Government
a. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

B. From the enumerated possible research problems, identify at least three researchable problems
using the internal and external criteria. Explain why you have chosen these research problems.

a. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

Rubric for Research Title/Topic

Level 3 Level 2 Level 1

Develops a research Student identifies a Student identifies a Student identifies a
topic topic that meets the topic that only partially topic that does not meet
parameters of the meets the parameters the parameters of the
Associated outcome: assignment of the assignment assignment
Students will develop a
research topic with a Student identifies a Student identifies a Student identifies a
manageable focus topic that is scalable topic that is either too topic that is not
and is something they broad or too narrow and something they can
can find information needs to be scaled reasonably find
about more information about

Asks questions about

their research topic Student asks questions Student asks questions Student asks questions
that are relevant and that are too vague or that are not relevant or
Associated outcome: that can help drive their simplistic and that will that are not
Student will develop a research not help drive their researchable
research topic with a research
manageable focus

Establish connections
between their topic and Student notes and Students notes and Student is unable to
broader themes describes connections describes some connect their topic to
between their topic and connections between themes, ideas, and
Associated outcome: themes, ideas, and their topic and course readings from the
Students will describe reading from the course themes, but the analysis course
the idea that research is more superficial
and scholarship are a
form of conversation

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 In a Nutshell

I hope that the tasks served as your support in formulating your

research title. Now, to conclude your learning in this lesson, write
your reflection and conclusion by completing this graphic
organizer. If you’re done, get your third trophy below!

_______________ _______________ _______________

_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_ _ _
I am certain that I learned I think there is a need to I could apply what I
about… … learned by…

Congratulations for completing the lesson Formulating the Research Title!!! Here’s your third trophy.

Reference:

Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.

https://classroom.google.com/u/0/c/MTA5MzM0OTY2MjY3

https://shutterstock.com
Prepared by:

AGATHA G. ALCID

Writer
Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
 Unit
WRITING THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
4

Let’s get ready !

Good Day, I am your teacher in Practical Research 2. Welcome

to this lesson. This unit will introduce you to learn and gain the
skill in writing your background of study. Before we start with the
lesson for the day let us talk about your family by writing an essay.
Post it in the stream in our online classroom.

At the end of the unit, you should be able to describe

background of research .

Let’s learn

The Background of the Study

Chapter 1 of the research study is entitled “The Problem” or “The Problem and Its Background. It
presents the research problem, important variables, scope and delimitations, and significance of the
study. It has the following necessary parts/elements:

1. Introduction
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Scope and Delimitation
4. Significance of the study
5. Notes in Chapter 1

Example:

This chapter presents the different essential elements: the introduction which contains
the rationale (an explanation of the reasons for the conduct of the research), the
literature review and statistical foundation; the statement of the general and specific
problems; indicators; the significance of the study which enumerates the beneficiaries
of the study and the corresponding benefits each will receive: and lastly the notation.

Source: Cristobal, A.P., Cristobal, M.D. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

The Introduction

The introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It
establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research being conducted by summarizing current
understanding and background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the form of
the research problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions, explaining briefly the methodological
approach used to examine the research problem, highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal,
and outlining the remaining structure and organization of the paper. (University of Southern California
Libraries, 2020)

Cristobal and Cristobal (2017), explained that the introduction is very important in establishing the
setting of the research and it involves (a) discussing why there is a need to study the problem, (b) clarifying
the important terminologies for the reader to easily understand what the researcher to look for solutions.
Moreover, the following questions will aid the researcher in formulating the introduction:

1. What is the rationale of the research problems?

2. What is the setting of the research problem?
3. What is the basic literature foundation of the study?
4. How serious is the chosen research problem?
5. What is the general objective of the research problem?
6. What is the overall purpose of the research problem?

They also stressed that the introduction must only be short and concise.

The final paragraph or sentences of your introduction should forecast your main arguments and
conclusions and provide a brief description of the rest of the paper [the "roadmap"] that lets the reader know
where you are going and what to expect. A roadmap is important because it helps the reader place the
research problem within the context of their own perspectives about the topic. In addition, concluding your
introduction with an explicit roadmap tells the reader that you have a clear understanding of the structural
purpose of your paper. In this way, the roadmap acts as a type of promise to yourself and to your readers
that you will follow a consistent and coherent approach to addressing the topic of inquiry. Refer to it often
to help keep your writing focused and organized. (University of Southern California Libraries, 2020)

Let’s Summarize
Remember the following points in writing the background of your study:

1. Chapter 1 of the research study is entitled “The Problem” or “The Problem and Its Background.
It presents the research problem, important variables, scope and delimitations, and significance
of the study.
2. Its essential parts are the Introduction, Statement of the Problem, Scope and Delimitation of
the Study, Significance of the study, and Notes to Chapter 1.
3. The introduction presents the setting of the research and discussion on the need to study the
problem, clarifying important terms, and establishing the seriousness of the problem.

4. It is necessary to determine the following to come up with an effective introduction: the

rationale of the problem, the setting of the problem, the basic literature foundation of the
study, the seriousness of the chosen problem, the objective of the problem, and the overall
purpose of the problem.
 Let’s Try and Explore

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Name of Learner _______________________________ Grade Level ______

Section _____________________________________ Date ___________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 4

THE INTRODUCTION

This activity is designed to assess your learning on the introduction.

Learning Competencies:
At the end of the module, you will be able to describe background of research CS_RS12-Id-e-3

Direction:

To help you formulate an effective introduction of your study, exhaustively answer the following items:

Proposed Study:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

1. State the rationale of your research problem. Start form the international context down to the local
or personal circumstance.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the setting where your study is to be conducted.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Indicate the terms or variables (concepts) that need to be defined, clarified, or described to your
reader:
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Search for related literature that you can use to define the main variables of your study. Collect at
least 3 references per variable. Write down the definitions.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
References:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

5. Determine the seriousness of your research problem. Show statistical evidence of its gravity. Give
the complete details of the references.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
References:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. State the general objective of the research study.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. After the research has been conducted or the problem has been solved, identify the people or
entities that will benefit from the research and the direct benefits they will get from it.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 In a Nutshell

I hope that the tasks served as your support in writing the

background of your study. Now, to conclude your learning in this
lesson, write your reflection and conclusion by completing this
graphic organizer. If you’re done, get your fourth trophy below!

_______________ _______________ _______________

_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_ _ _
I think there is a need to
I am certain that I learned I could apply what I
…
about… learned by…

Congratulations on completing the lesson Writing the Background of the Study!!! Here’s your fourth trophy .

Reference:

Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.

https://classroom.google.com/u/0/c/MTA5MzM0OTY2MjY3

https://shutterstock.com
Prepared by:

AGATHA G. ALCID

Writer
Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
 Unit FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM, QUESTION
AND HYPOTHESIS
5

Let’s get ready !

Good Day, I am your teacher in Practical Research 2. Welcome to this

lesson. This unit will help you to learn and gain the skill in
formulating the research problem, question and hypothesis of your
research. Before we start with the lesson for the day. Have you
encountered or experience problem in your life. Then make an essay
and send it to my e-mail.

At the end of the unit, you should be able to :

1. state research questions CS_RS12-Id-e-4

2. present written statement of the problem CS_RS12-Id-e-7

Let’s learn

Research is a systematic investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge

by discovering new facts. It can be divided into two general categories: (1) Basic research, which is inquiry
aimed at increasing scientific knowledge, and (2) Applied research, which is effort aimed at using basic
research for solving problems or developing new processes, products, or techniques. (Bwisa, n.d.)
You, as a researcher should first identify and delineate the problem: that is, what you want to solve and
what questions you wishes to answer. A research question may be defined as an area of concern, a gap in
the existing knowledge, a deviation in the norm or standard that points to the need for further understanding
and investigation. (Bwisa, n.d.)
Writing a statement of the problem should help you clearly identify the purpose of the research
project you will propose. Often, the statement of the problem will also serve as the basis for the introductory
section of your final proposal, directing your reader’s attention quickly to the issues that your proposed
project will address and providing the reader with a concise statement of the proposed project itself. A
statement of problem need not be long and elaborate: one page is more than enough for a good statement
of problem. (Bwisa, n.d.)
In an article written by Henry Bwisa (2018), he considers the following characteristics in order to
be considered as a good research problem:
a. It should address a gap in knowledge.
b. It should be significant enough to contribute to the existing body of research
c. It should lead to further research
d. The problem should render itself to investigation through collection of data
e. It should be of interest to the researcher and suit his/her skills, time, and resources

Cristobal and Cristobal (2017), emphasized that the following are the important elements of the general
problems are:
a. Main tasks – they satisfy the question, “what to do” with the major variables such as to associate,
to relate, to assess, to measure, to determine, etc.
b. Main or major variables
c. Participants: subjects or respondents
d. The specific setting
e. Coverage date of the conduct of study
 f. For developmental research, the intended outputs such as an intervention program, module,
policies, among others.

The main problem of this research is to look into the influence of video games and the utilization
of social media on the language proficiency of the freshman students of Leyte National High for
the first semester of academic year 2014 – 2015. The result of the investigation will be the basis
of the formulation of the guidelines in the development, organization, and implementation of
effective study habits.
Source: Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.

It is necessary that the general problem is followed by an enumeration of the specific problem.
The specific problems are usually stated as questions that the researcher seeks to answer.

Moreso, the specific problems must meet criteria such as: a. they must be in question form, b.
they must define the population and the sample, c. they must identify the variables being studied, and d.
they must be empirically tested.

Questions are of two general types formulated in research. These are the researchable and
researchable question. Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) defined non-researchable question as questions of
value and these are questions that are answerable by “yes” or “no” while researchable questions are
questions of value, opinions, or policy raised to gather data.

Types of Research Questions

1. Factor-isolating Questions. (What is this?) They are sometimes called factor naming questions. They
isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors and situations. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Examples:

1. What is the profile of school managers in terms of:

1.1 age
1.2 managerial experience;
a. educational attainment;
b. management training;
c. home atmosphere;
d. home management styles;
e. hobbies;
f. health condition;
g. involvement in civic and cultural organizations;
h. work values;
i. human values; and
j. level of religiosity?
2. What is the level of description of the study habits of senior high school students in terms of:
2.1 review time;
2.2 place of review; and
2.3 techniques in studying?
3. What is level of school effectiveness in terms of:
3.1 teacher’s performance;
3.2 school performance;
a. drop-out rate;
 b. survival rate;
c. achievement rate;
d. completion rate; and
e. awards received by students?
4. What is the extent of transactional and transformational leadership behaviors in secondary
school principals as perceived by:
4.1 principal-respondents;
4.2 school directors/supervisors;
4.3 teachers; and
4.4 PTA Officers?
5. How are the following laboratory-related factors can be described in terms of:
5.1 adequacy, usability and availability of equipment:
5.2 facilities; and
5.3 laboratory manual
(Cited in Cristobal & Cristobal 2017)

2. Factor-Relating Questions. (What is happening here?) Their goal is to determine the relationship
among factors that have been. These are usually questions for non-experimental type of research.
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Examples:

a. How does the study habits influence the achievement level of the Grade 11 students in their
major subjects?
b. What is the significant association between the nature and economic status of the family and the
social status of the junior students?
c. What relationships are observed between and among the following variables:
a. intrapersonal competency;
b. interpersonal competency; and
c. school effectiveness?
d. What is the relationship of the level of performance of the college instructors to the OJT
performance of the HRM students of the Tacloban School of Business?
e. What is the significant difference in the assessment of the college coordinators’ competencies in
the curriculum delivery as assessed by the Level III and IV students, college instructors, and
academic coordinators in four selected colleges in the City of Manila?

(Cited in Cristobal and Cristobal, 2017)

3. Situation-relating questions (“What will happen if..) These questions usually yield hypotheses
testing or experimental study design in which the researcher manipulates the variable to see what
will happen. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

a. What are the effects of the traditional methods of teaching on the level of performance of the
ABM students?
b. How does the management procedures applied by the store managers affect the level of
customer satisfaction as experienced by selected regular clients of Jollibee stores in the
Province of Leyte?
c. What is the difference between the degree of assistance extended by the male and female
high school students in the foundation day celebration of Dr. Cristobal Academy?
d. How significantly different is the performance of the morning call center agents to that of the
evening call center agents?
e. What is the most effective food supplements to be given to increase the productivity of tilapia
farming?
 (Cited in Cristobal and Cristobal, 2017)

4. Situation-producing questions. (How can I make it happen?). These questions establish

explicit goals for actions, develop plans or prescription to achieve goals, and specify the
conditions under which these goals will be accomplished. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Examples:

a. Based on the findings what human relation intervention program can be adopted to enhance
or improve school effectiveness?
b. How can counselling services be organized to promote family bonding among parents and
elementary school pupils?
c. What policy is to be formulated to manage the effective involvement of high school students in social
media?
d. What faculty developments activities could be developed based on the results of the study?
(Landar, 2008)

(Cited in Cristobal and Cristobal, 2017)

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or an answer to a question about variables, their

relationships, and other facts involved in the research. A research always ends with a result. However,
you are free to hypothesize; meaning, to infer, propose, or guess about factual things related to the
research. It is an inferential thinking that makes you guess something based not only on whatever
experience or factual knowledge you have about such thing but also on conclusions that were logically
drawn by other research studies. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

Cortez, (2017) defined a hypothesis as a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete

(rather than theoretical) term what you expect will happen in your study. Not all studies have hypotheses.
Sometimes a study is designed to be exploratory. There is no hypothesis, and perhaps the purpose of the
study is to explore some area more thoroughly in order to develop some specific hypothesis or prediction
that can be tested in future research. A single study may have one or many hypotheses. (Cortez, 2019)

In the book entitled Practical Research 2, hypotheses is considered essential in research because
they guide you on which aspect of the research to focus on; provide opportunities to prove the relationship
between variables, give the right direction of the research; outline your thoughts on your manner of
summarizing the results and of explaining the conclusions; and push for an empirical study to provide the
existence of relationship of variables and the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable.

Categories of Hypothesis

1. Null hypothesis symbolized by (Ho), which states the absence of relationship between the
independent and dependent variable. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
2. Alternative Hypothesis symbolized by (Hi), states the relationship between the independent and
the dependent variables and the fact the first affects the second one. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017;
Morgan 2014: Thomas 2013)

Guideline in Formulating Hypotheses

The craft in hypotheses formulation requires you to think of the following pointers (Cristobal & Cristobal
2017:McBride 2013: Lapan 2012):
 1. Express your hypotheses in a declarative sentence.
2. Support your hypotheses with ideas based on theories
3. Establish a logical relationship between the hypotheses and the research problem.
4. Have your hypotheses predict the nature of relationship between or among variables.
5. Ascertain the possibility of having some means of testing, analysing, and investigating your
hypotheses.
6. Avoid wordiness by using clear, exact, or specific language in stating the hypotheses.

Examples:

There is no significant relationship between the profile of the cooperative and its critical success
factors.
Source: Alcid, A.G. (2014). Critical success factors of Multi-Awarded Cooperatives in the Province of
Isabela: A basis for a Capacity Building Program

There is no significant difference between the level of job satisfaction of business educators and
their profile variable.

Source: Bumanglag, J.B. (2017). Job satisfaction of business educators of selected private colleges and
university in Santiago City
Let’s Summarize
Remember the following points in formulating your research problem, question, and hypothesis:

1. Determining your research problem helps researchers clarify the essential elements of research
which includes the major variables, the general and specific objectives, and the appropriate
methodology.
2. The statement of the problem comprises the general problem of the study which is sated in
details including the participants, setting of the research, date of the research and the intended
output/s.
3. Research questions are of two general types the researchable and non-researchable questions.
4. There are also other types of questions such as factor-isolating questions, factor-relating
questions, situation-relating questions, and situation-producing questions.
5. A hypothesis is a tentative prediction about the relationship between two or more variables in a
population under study.
6. There are different types of hypothesis and can be classified as complex, directional, non-
directional, null, and research.
 Let’s Try and Explore
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Name of Learner _______________________________ Grade Level ______

Section _____________________________________ Date ___________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 5

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This activity is designed to assess your learning on the statement of the problem.

Learning Competencies:

At the end of the module, you will be able to state research questions CS_RS11-IIIc-e-4

Direction:

Formulate the “statement of the problem” part of your research. Fill in the following items.

Title of your Research

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

General Problem

The researcher aims to _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Specifically, the researcher seeks to answer the following questions:

Level 1______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Level 2 _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Level 3 _____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

Level 4 _____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 Let’s Try and Explore
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Name of Learner _______________________________ Grade Level ______

Section _____________________________________ Date ___________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 6

HYPOTHESIS AND ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

This activity is designed to assess your learning on the theoretical/ conceptual framework.

Learning Competencies:

At the end of the module, you will be able to lists research hypotheses (if appropriate) CS_RS12-If-j-8

Direction:

Provide the necessary information for the following items:

Proposed Study:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
1. Write the statement of the problem that is factor – relating or situation – relating.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Formulate your hypothesis based on the statement of the problem.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 In a Nutshell

I hope that the tasks served as your support in deciding on

formulating your research problem, question and hypothesis. Now,
to conclude your learning in this lesson, write your reflection and
conclusion by completing this graphic organizer. If you’re done,
get your fifth trophy below!

_______________ _______________ _______________

_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_ _ _
I am certain that I learned I think there is a need to I could apply what I
about… … learned by…

Congratulations on completing the lesson formulating the research problem, questions and hypothesis. Here’s your fifth & sixth trophy.

Reference:

Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.

https://classroom.google.com/u/0/c/MTA5MzM0OTY2MjY3

https://shutterstock.com

Prepared by:

AGATHA G. ALCID
Writer

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 Unit DECIDING ON THE SCOPE AND DELIMITATION AND SIGNIFICANCE
6 OF THE STUDY

Let’s get ready !

Good Day, I am your teacher in Practical Research 2. Welcome

to this lesson. This unit will help you to learn and gain the skill in
formulating the problem, question and hypothesis of your research.
Before we start with the lesson for the day. Have you encountered or
experience problem in your life. Then make an essay and send it to
my e-mail.

At the end of the unit, you should be able to :

1. indicate scope and delimitation of study CS_RS12-Id-e-5

2. cite benefits and beneficiaries of study CS_RS12-Id-e-6
Let’s learn

The scope and delimitation of the study

The scope of the study is determined by the major variables of the study while sub-variables and
their characteristics, attributes, or indicators serve as the delimitation. It is also beneficial to mention the
locale or setting of the research and when the data will be gathered. (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)

In formulating your “scope and delimitation,” it is essential that you as the researcher have
already identified the major variables of the study which can be found in the title of your research and the
general statement of the problem.

Examples:

Scope and Delimitation Example 1 (Lisud, 2014)

This study focused on three major variables: conduct of clinical supervision; common responses to the classroom
observation, and the level of performance.

The conduct of clinical supervision concentrated in the areas of diversity of learners; content and pedagogy; and
planning, assessing and reporting learner’s outcome. The content and pedagogy as a sub-variable was sub-divided into
teacher behaviour in actual teaching and learner’s behaviour in the classroom. The common responses of the elementary
teachers with respect to the classroom observation was assessed before, during , and after the conduct of the said activity.
Lastly, the level of performance was determined through the result of the competency-based performance appraisal system
for teachers.

The fourteen elementary schools in the District of Limay were the schools where the study was conducted. These
elementary schools were the Alangan ES, Arsenal ES, Bacong ES, Bliss ES, Carbon ES, Duale ES, Gabaldon ES, Kinaragan ES,
Kitang ES, Lamao ES, Bo. Lus ES, Peas ES AND St. Francis ES. The principals and Grade-IV teachers of the abovementioned
schools served as the respondents of the study.
Source: Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc
This study utilized important documents and the competency-based performance appraisal system for teachers during the
AY 2012-2013.
Scope and Delimitation Example 2 (David, 2014)

This study focused mainly on the financial literacy, profile, and work performance of public
elementary school teachers in the First Congregational District of Bataan, School Year 2012 -2013.

Financial literacy level of teachers was limited only to financial knowledge, attitudes, and
behaviors. Teacher’s profile was delimited to gender, age, educational attainment, civil status, and
income. The work performance of teachers was analyzed and included in the study through the
Competency-Based Performance Appraisal System (CB-PAST). Instuctional competence; school,
home, community linkages; personal; and social growth; and professional characteristics were the
components and performance standards of the CB-PAST that were included in the study.

The study was limited to seven (7) districts in the province of Bataan namely, Abucay,
Dinalupihan East, Dinalupihan West, Hermosa, Morong, Orani, and Samal. There was an exclusion
of non-complete elementary schools due to problems such as accessibility of transportation.
Teachers teaching in the Pre-elementary schools under the Provincial School Board and Local
School Board and those who were teaching as substitutes and did not have permanent items were
not included. Teachers teaching in private institutions were not included in this study because
most of these schools did not have the CB-PAST to rate the performance of their teachers.
Source: Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon
City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Significance of the study

A research is a time consuming but a valuable endeavour therefore we have to recognize its
significance. When you present the significance of your study you are identifying the beneficiaries and
benefits it will provide. It can be an individual person, students, employees, administrators and others. The
benefits that your research provides vary from one beneficiaries to another. The beneficiaries of the
research should start with the most benefitted to the least benefitted.

Significance of the Study Example 2 (Lisud, 2014)

This study will focus on the conduct of classroom observation and the common responses of the
elementary school teachers relating to their level of work performance. The results of the study will
be beneficial to the following:

Elementary School Teachers. This will give more confidence to elementary school teachers upon
knowing that their principals are conducting the classroom observations not to make their lives
difficult but to help them become more competent and efficient. This will also encourage them to
properly motivate their students to improve their students to improve learning and level up the
achievement of the students and the school as well. These teachers become infused with a new
sense of pride in their own professional competence, they will perform effectively and efficiently
and are able to win the respect and trust of parents and the local community as their performance is
largelyCristobal,
Source: reflectiveA.P.,
of the& performances
Cristobal, M.C.of(2017).
their pupils as well
Practical as the entire
Research school.
for Senior High School 2. Quezon
City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
 Pupils. Because of the inspiration modelled by their principal and teachers as they helped each
other to be more effective, students will also display an increased interest in learning that will
cascade to good performance and better preparation for secondary schooling. They will also be
equipped with the competencies they need to learn in a more efficient way.

Elementary schools. The results of this study will bring to the surface the different elements of the
school system that need continuous improvement and revision. Also the significant contributions of
the school will be established through the teaching and learning process giving the school will be
established through the teaching and learning process giving the school pride and reputation as it
improves its scholastic ranking.

School Heads. As custodian of change and managers of innovations the principals will have clarity as
to the management functions that need to be prioritized considering the increasing complexity and
variety of their tasks. This will enable them to assess their management skills as they continuously
develop their abilities in the different facets of training their teachers. In the process, they will be
able to reflective of their teacher’s performance and the school as a whole.

Division of Bataan. This will surely help the division to further improve its performance. This study
can be discussed in any academic forum or fellowships scheduled by the division to give pointers to
the supervisor on how to improve their skills in dealing with their teachers regarding clinical
supervision. Such gathering can also be a way to convince teachers that clinical supervision is a
normal part of their profession and its objective is to further improve the entire system.

Other Districts. The result of this study may also be used as basis for continuous improvement of
the system of the clinical supervision in the different districts and local schools of the division. The
weaknesses and strengths mentioned in this research might also be the weaknesses and strengths
of the Cristobal,
Source: other entities.
A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon
City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Parents. They will learn that their sons and daughters are mostly benefited by their cooperation and
support for the different programs of the school.
Significance of the Study Example 1 (2014)

The following will be greatly important to the following:

Pupils. As the center of educational system, pupils, will benefit from this study if their teachers
will benefit from this study if their teachers will enhance their work performance by improving
their financial literacy. Pupils will surely acquire the expected competencies they need to learn
from financially literate teachers. This can provide pupils insights on how to improve their
knowledge and skills in handling their financially literate teachers. This can also provide pupils
insights on how to improve their knowledge and skills in handling their finances as exemplified by
their financially literate teachers.

Teachers. This will provide school the springboard for teachers to reflect on their knowledge,
attitudes and behavior regarding financial matters. Eventually they will become masters of their
own financial games that will make them productive and financially secured individuals. In effect,
better work performance will be demonstrated by teachers for the betterment of their learners.

School Administrators. This will provide school administration ideas on the importance of financial
literacy to the work performance of teachers. It will serve as a basis for them to develop programs
that will enhance the financial knowledge, attitude, and behavior of teachers. In addition, this
will help them decide to include financial education as part of the basic education curriculum. As
Lusardi et al.(2009) said, people should be educated about financial matters as early as possible
in their lives. Financial education should start from the primary chook and should be an integral
part of god governance of financial institutions to promote accountability and responsibility.

Parents. This will help them realize the importance of financial education in human life. This will
lead them to educate themselves financially for their own financial well being. This will also
motivate them to teach their children how to budget, spend wisely, and save money as early as
possible.

Source: Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon
City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Let’s Summarize
Remember the following points in determining and deciding on your research scope and
delimitation and significance of the study:

1. The scope of your study is determined by the major variables and sub-variables of your
study.
2. A variable is any factor or property that a research measures, controls and manipulates.
3. The scope and delimitation of your study pertains to the boundaries of your study.
4. The significance of your study identifies the beneficiaries and the expected benefits that they
gain from the results of our study.
 Let’s Try and Explore
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Name of Learner _______________________________ Grade Level ______

Section _____________________________________ Date ___________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 7

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY/ SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This activity is designed to assess your learning on the scope and delimitation and
significance of the study.

Learning Competencies:

At the end of the module, you will be able to:

1. indicate scope and delimitation of study CS_RS12-Id-e-5

2. cite benefits and beneficiaries of study CS_RS12-Id-e-6

Direction:

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What are the major variables, sub-variables, and indicators of your study? List them under their
corresponding columns.

MAJOR VARIABLES SUB VARIABLES INDICATORS

2. Where and when are data to be gathered?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

3. Who are the beneficiaries of your study and what benefits will they receive from the results of
your study? Cite at least three (3) benefits for each beneficiary.

BENEFICIARIES BENEFITS RECEIVED FROM THE RESULT OF THE STUDY

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 In a Nutshell

I hope that the tasks served as your scaffoldings in your study of quantitative
research. Now, to conclude your learning in this lesson, write your reflection and
conclusion by completing this graphic organizer. If you’re done, get your first trophy
below!

_______________ _______________ _______________

_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_ _ _
I am certain that I learned I think there is a need to I could apply what I
learned by…
about… …

Congratulations on completing the lesson Deciding on the Scope and Delimitation and Significance of the Study!!! Here’s
your seventh trophy.

Reference:

Cristobal, A.P., & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.

https://classroom.google.com/u/0/c/MTA5MzM0OTY2MjY3

https://shutterstock.com

Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 Let’s check what you have learned

Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1) It is one of the criteria in selecting a research topic wherein it must not have been used by many
researchers; the newness of a topic and its variables will inspire a researcher.

a. Time Factor
b. Novelty
c. Experience
d. None of the above

2) It must be 10 to 15 words

a. Research Problemfs
b. Objectives
c. Research Title
d. None of the above

3) It leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope,
context, and significance of the research being conducted by summarizing current understanding and
background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research problem
supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions, explaining briefly the methodological approach used to
examine the research problem, highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal, and outlining the
remaining structure and organization of the paper

a. Introduction
b. Background of the study
c. Research Methodology
d. None of the above

4) Research Question sometimes called factor naming questions. They isolate, categorize, describe, or
name factors and situations.

a. Factor-Relating Question
b. Factor-Isolating Question
c. Situation – Relating Question
d. None of the above

5) Research question usually yield hypotheses testing or experimental study designs in which the
researcher manipulates the variables to see what will happen.

a. Factor-Relating Question
b. Factor-Isolating Question
c. Situation – Relating Question
d. d. None of the above

6) Which of the following is a good research question?

a. To produce a report on student job searching behaviours

 b. To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviours
c. Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours
d. Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?

7) Which of the following is not a type of research questions?

a. Predicting an outcome
b. Evaluating a phenomenon
c. Developing good practice
d. Hypothesis

8) In the process of conducting research ‘Formulation of Hypothesis” is followed by

a. Statement of Objectives
b. Analysis of data
c. Selection of Research Tools
d. Collection of Data

9) It is a tentative explanation or an answer to a question about variables, their relationships, and

other facts involved in the research. A research always ends with a result.

a. Problem
b. Objectives
c. Analysis
d. Hypothesis

10) It is determined by the major variables of the study while sub-variables and their characteristics,
attributes, or indicators serve as the delimitation.

a. Scope and delimitation

b. Significance of the study
c. Timeliness
d. Novelty

11) It is a part of the study where you identify the beneficiaries and benefits it will provide.

a. Scope and delimitation

b. Significance of the study
c. Timeliness
d. Novelty