LESSON1 you tend to ask

WHAT IS RESEARCH?
1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of
questions to
phenomena, including the collection, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of facts that line an
individual ‘s speculation with reality.
probe or examine
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge,
not on mere beliefs, guesses, or theories.
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure
something to
request for truth,
is required to meet the need in order that information is
acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring.

NATURE OF INQUIRY
1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information
information, or
knowledge.
or knowledge”. It is a problem-solving technique. 2. The
information and data pursued through questioning
begin with gathering by applying the different human

Research is
senses.
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth
to death.

systematic and
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.

DIFFERENTIA objective
TE INQUIRY creation of
FROM knowledge
RESEARCH systematic (with
Inquiry is a term a system or
that is method, the
synonymous scientific
with the word method),
‘investigation’. objective (no
When you bias, all angles
inquire or presented),
investigate, knowledge
creation (a investigation of
creative process) the
actual condition.
PURPOSE OF It leads us to be
RESEARCH cautious in
1. To inform giving results
action. and findings by
2. To prove or proving lies and
generate a supporting the
theory. truth.
3. To augment 2. Research
knowledge in a empowers us
field or study. with knowledge
IMPORTANCE and discovers
OF RESEARCH new things and
IN DAILY LIFE issues in life. It
1. Research helps us solve
directs us to problems in
inquire about the health, crimes,
right information business,
by conducting technology and
further environment.
3. Research LESSON 2
CHARACTERISTICS,
facilitates PROCESSES, AND ETHICS OF
learning as an RESEARCH

opportunity to
1. Empirical
- Research is based on direct experience or observation
by the researcher.

share valuable
2. Logical
- Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

information to
3. Cyclical
- Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.

others as a way 4. Analytical

- Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in

of
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.

5. Critical

recognizing - Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical

various concerns - Research is conducted in a methodical manner without

bias using systematic method and procedures.

for public 7. Replicability

- The research design and procedures are replicated or
repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and

awareness. conclusive results

THE SEVEN STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS

DIFFERENTIATE INQUIRY FROM RESEARCH
STEP 1.
Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).
‘investigation’. When you inquire or investigate, you
tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem
request for truth, information, or knowledge. 1. Researcher ‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
Research is the systematic and objective creation of 3. Investigator ‘s ability and training
knowledge systematic (with a system or method, the
scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles STEP 2.
presented), knowledge creation (a creative process) Find background information about your chosen topic
(Review of Related Literature).
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
1. To inform action. STEP 3.
2. To prove or generate a theory. Plan your research design including your sample
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study. (Methodology).

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE STEP 4.

1. Research directs us to inquire about the right Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for
information by conducting further investigation of the qualitative research) and closed-ended questionnaire or
actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative
results and findings by proving lies and supporting the research) (Data Gathering Activities).
truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers STEP 5.
new things and issues in life. It helps us solve problems Process and analyze data using thematic analysis (for
in health, crime, business, technology, and the qualitative research) and statistical tools (for
environment. quantitative research).
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to
share valuable information with others as a way of STEP 6.
recognizing various concerns for public awareness. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research)
conclusions (for quantitative research) and
recommendations.
 3. Copyright Infringement.
STEP 7. It is the use or production of copyright-protected
Define new problem. material without permission of the copyright holder.
Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded
ETHICS IN RESEARCH to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a
Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible work for a set period of time, are breached by a third
conduct of research which educate and monitors party Examples:
researchers to ensure high standards. It promotes the a. Downloading movies and music without proper
aim of the research, such as expanding knowledge and payment for use.
supports the values required for collaborative work, b. Recording movies in a theatre
such as mutual respect and fairness. c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without
permission
What are these ethics in research? d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
1. Informed Consent. e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
This is required to secure in order protect the rights of
the participants in your study. Inform your participants 4. Voluntary Participation.
about the criteria set for choosing them as informants People must not be coerced into participating in
and the schedule of one-on-one interviews at the research process. Essentially, this means that
convenient time they are available. Participation in the prospective research participants must be informed
study will be completely voluntary. about the procedures and risks involved in research and
must give their consent to participate.
2. Honesty.
It reports data, results, methods and procedures, and 5. Anonymity.
publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, and It is the protection of people’s identity through not
misrepresent the data. disclosing their name or not exposing their identity. It is
a situation in data gathering activities in which
3. Objectivity. informant’s name is not given nor known. 6. Privacy. It
Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and
interpretation peer review, personnel decisions, grant relationships secret. It is the ability of an individual to
writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.
research.
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING
4. Integrity.
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification,
strive for consistency of thought and action. or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of
differences of opinion. It can erode trust between
5. Carefulness. researchers and funding agencies, which make it more
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive
critically examine your work and the work of your peers. grants.
Keep good records of research activities.
PLAGIARISM
6. Openness. Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s
Share data, results, ideas, tools, and resources. Be open ideas, works, processes, and results without giving due
to criticism and new ideas. credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized
use of original works, a violation of intellectual property
7. Respect for Intellectual Property. rights.
Honor patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets,
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use Three different acts are considered plagiarism:
published or unpublished data, methods, or results 1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
without permission. Give credit where credit is due. 2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation
Never plagiarize, fabricate, and falsify. marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your
8. Confidentiality. own words.
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication, personnel records,
trade or military secrets, and patient records.

RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

1. Human Rights.
They are moral principles or norms that describe
certain standards of human behavior and are regularly
protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a
set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of
human dignity, inherent to all human beings.

2. Intellectual Property.
It protects creations of the mind, which have both a
moral and a commercial value.