Lecture 02 Properties of Pure Substances

CH 1051 Engineering
Thermodynamics
Lecture 02: Properties of Pure Substances
(Chapter 3 of the textbook)
A substance that has a fixed
What is a Pure Substance? chemical composition
Phases of Pure
Substances
A phase is identified as having a
distinct molecular arrangement
that is homogeneous
throughout and separated from
others by easily identifiable
boundary surfaces.
Phase-change Processes of Pure Substances
Compressed liquid Saturated liquid Saturated liquid- Saturated vapor Superheated vapor
(subcooled liquid) -a liquid about to vapor mixture -a vapor about to -a vapor not about to
-a liquid not about to vaporize -liquid and vapor phases condense condense
vaporize coexist
Compressed liquid (subcooled liquid) Saturation temperature (Tsat)
-a liquid not about to vaporize
Saturated liquid
-a liquid about to vaporize Saturation pressure (Psat)
Saturated liquid-vapor mixture
-liquid and vapor phases coexist
Saturated vapor
-a vapor about to condense
Superheated vapor
-a vapor not about to condense
T-v diagram for the heating

process of water at constant
pressure.
Property Diagrams for Phase Change T-v Diagram
Processes
Critical point
The point at which the
saturated liquid and saturated
vapor states are identical
Property Diagrams for Phase Change P-v Diagram
Processes
Property Diagrams for Phase Change
Processes (with Solids) P-v and P-T Diagrams
Property Diagrams for Phase Change
Processes (with Solids) P-v-T Surfaces
Saturated
Property Tables water-
Temperature
table
Saturated
water-
Pressure table
Superheated
water
Property Tables
Example Calculations
Pressure and Volume?

From, saturated water-temperature table (A-4),
50 kg 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @ 90℃ = 70.183 kPa
Specific volume of the saturated liquid at 90°C is,
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 @ 90℃ = 0.001036 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1
Total volume of the tank,
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣 = 0.0518𝑚3
Property Tables
Temperature and Mass?

50 psia = 345 kPa
From, saturated
water-pressure
table (A-5E),
𝑉
𝑚=
𝑣𝑔
Property Tables
Volume change and the amount of energy
transferred to the water?
From, saturated water-pressure table (A-5),
m=200 g 𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣𝑓 = 1.6941 − 0.001043 = 1.6931 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1
Volume change,
∆𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 0.3386 𝑚3
Enthalpy of vaporization: Amount of energy needed to vaporize a unit mass of a

substance at a given pressure
Amount of energy transferred,
𝑚ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 0.2 𝑘𝑔 × 2257.5 𝑘𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 = 451.5 𝑘𝐽

Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixtures
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣𝑓
𝑥=
𝑣𝑓𝑔
𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑔
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 = =
𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑇
𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 + 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟

𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔
𝑣𝑓 < 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 < 𝑣𝑔
𝑥=0 𝑥=1
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑔
𝑚 𝑇 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑣𝑔 = 𝑚 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑣𝑔
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 1 − 𝑣 + 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑥 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥𝑣𝑔
𝑚𝑇 𝑓 𝑚𝑇 𝑔
𝑢𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑥𝑢𝑓𝑔
𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥𝑣𝑓𝑔
ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔
Property Tables
Pressure and volume of the tank?

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @ 90℃ = 70.183 kPa
Volume of the tank?

𝑣𝑔 = 2.3593 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1 ; 𝑣𝑓 = 0.001036 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1
Method I 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑔 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑣𝑔 = 4.73 𝑚3
𝑚𝑔
Method II 𝑥= = 0.2 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 0.473 𝑚3
𝑚𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑚 𝑇 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 4.73 𝑚3
Superheated Vapor and
Property Tables Compressed Liquid Tables
Tsat
Psat
Table A-6/6E Table A-7/7E

Superheated Lower pressures (P < Psat at a given T) Compressed Higher pressures (P > Psat at a given T)
vapor is Higher temperatures (T > Tsat at a given P) liquid is Lower temperatures (T < Tsat at a given P)
characterized Higher specific volumes (v > vg at a given P/T) characterized Lower specific volumes (v < vf at a given P/T)
by, Higher internal energies (u > ug at a given P/T) by, Lower internal energies (u < uf at a given P/T)
Higher enthalpies (h > hg at a given P/T) Lower enthalpies (h < hf at a given P/T)
Property Tables
120.21 1719.26 saturated liquid–vapor mixture 𝑢𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑥𝑢𝑓𝑔

232.23 0.535 saturated liquid–vapor mixture 𝑢𝑓 = 524.83 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑢𝑔 = 2534.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Ideal-Gas Equation of State
Equation of State (EOS)
Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a
substance is called an equation of state
Ideal Gas EOS Different terms derived from Ideal gas EOS,
ത
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 At constant T, 𝑃1 𝑉ഥ1 = 𝑃2 𝑉ത2 (Boyle’s Law)
ഥ1
𝑉 𝑉ഥ
Or
At constant P, = 2 (Charles's Law)
𝑃𝑉ത = 𝑅𝑇
ത 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃1 𝑃
Or ത
At constant 𝑉, = 2 (Amonton’s Law)
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇 𝑉1 𝑉
Where, At constant P, T, and 𝑉ത = 2 (Avogadro's Law)
𝑛1 𝑛2
Rത =Universal Gas Contant 𝑃𝑖 𝑛𝑖
Rത In a ideal gas mixture σ 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (Dalton’s Law) ; = σ 𝑛𝑖
𝑃
R=
MW
ഥ
V=molar volume, 𝑣=molar volume
Water Vapor
an Ideal Gas?
300 K
Compressibility
Factor (Z)
𝑃𝑣
𝑧=
𝑅𝑇
N2
Principle of corresponding states
Reduced EOS and
Compressibility
Factor (Z)
𝑃 𝑣 𝑇
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟 =
𝑃𝑐 𝑣𝑐 𝑇𝑐

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CH 1051 Engineering

T-v diagram for the heating

Pressure and Volume?

Specific volume of the saturated liquid at 90°C is,

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 @ 90℃ = 0.001036 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1

Total volume of the tank,

Temperature and Mass?

From, saturated water-pressure table (A-5),

m=200 g 𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣𝑓 = 1.6941 − 0.001043 = 1.6931 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1

Enthalpy of vaporization: Amount of energy needed to vaporize a unit mass of a

Amount of energy transferred,

𝑚ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 0.2 𝑘𝑔 × 2257.5 𝑘𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 = 451.5 𝑘𝐽

𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 + 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟

𝑣𝑓 < 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 < 𝑣𝑔

Pressure and volume of the tank?

From, saturated water-temperature table (A-4),

Volume of the tank?

Table A-6/6E Table A-7/7E

120.21 1719.26 saturated liquid–vapor mixture 𝑢𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑥𝑢𝑓𝑔

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