CHAPTER TWO

Properties of Pure Substances

Er. Bal Singh Rana

Things to Remember for Numerical
 Quality

Quality Relations
Specific volume 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑙 + 𝑥𝑣𝑙𝑔
Specific internal energy 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙 + 𝑥𝑢𝑙𝑔
Specific enthalpy ℎ = ℎ𝑙 + 𝑥ℎ𝑙𝑔
Specific entropy 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑙 + 𝑥𝑠𝑙𝑔
Moisture Content
 Identification of States
 For a given specific volume of mixture, if specific volume

𝑣 < 𝑣𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑣𝑔
𝑣𝑙 < 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑢𝑔
𝑠𝑙
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑔
𝑢𝑙
ℎ𝑙 𝑠𝑔
𝑣 > 𝑣𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣𝑙 𝑣𝑙𝑔 ℎ𝑙𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑔
𝑢𝑙𝑔

Fig 2.28
 For a given pressure, if temperature

𝑇 < 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑇 > 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

 For a given temperature, if pressure

𝑃 > 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃 < 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

 Use of property table
1. If P and T given. i.e (P,T)
First use saturation table ( pressure table ) and find saturation temperature
(Tsat) at given pressure P.
𝑎. 𝑇 < 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 State lies on sub-cooled region use sub cooled table
b. 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 State lies on super heated region use super heated table
c. 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 State lies on two phase mixture region use superheated table
2. If P and T given. i.e (T,P)
First use saturation table ( temperature table ) and find saturation pressure (Psat)
at given Temperature T.
a. 𝑃 > 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 State lies on sub-cooled region use sub cooled table
b. 𝑃 < 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 State lies on super heated region use super heated table
c. 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 State lies on two phase mixture region use superheated table
3. If P and v given. i.e (P,v)
First use saturation table ( pressure table ) and find 𝑣𝑙 𝑣𝑔 𝑣𝑙𝑔 at given
pressure P.
a. 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑙 State lies on sub-cooled region use sub cooled table
b. 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑙 State lies on saturated liquid line
c. 𝑣𝑙 < 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑔 State lies on two phase mixture region use saturated
d. 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑔 State lies on saturated vapour line table
e. 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑔 State lies on super heated region use saturated table
Use same procedure for (P,h), (P.u), (P,s) etc…..
4. If T and v given. i.e (T,v)
First use saturation table ( Temperature table ) and find 𝑣𝑙 𝑣𝑔 𝑣𝑙𝑔 at given
Temperature T.
a. 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑙 State lies on sub-cooled region use sub cooled table
b. 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑙 State lies on saturated liquid line use saturated
c. 𝑣𝑙 < 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑔 State lies on two phase mixture region
d. 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑔 State lies on saturated vapour line
table
e. 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑔 State lies on super heated region use saturated table
Use same procedure for (T,h), (T.u), (T,s) etc…
5. If x given with any other properties i.e. (P,x) ,(T,x), (u,x), (s,x) ect..
Direct use saturation table (pressure or temperature table) and fine the
required parameters using quality relations.

Quality Relations

Specific volume 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑙 + 𝑥𝑣𝑙𝑔

Specific internal energy 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙 + 𝑥𝑢𝑙𝑔
Specific enthalpy ℎ = ℎ𝑙 + 𝑥ℎ𝑙𝑔
Specific entropy 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑙 + 𝑥𝑠𝑙𝑔

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑚3
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒗 = = 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚

𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑽𝒍 = 𝑣𝑙 × 𝑚𝑙 𝑚 3

𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒈 = 𝑣𝑔 × 𝑚𝑔 𝑚3

Example
Determine water at each of the following states is a compressed liquid, or a mixture of
saturated liquid and saturated vapor or a superheated vapor.
(a) 500 kPa, 1600C
Hint: To determine the physical state of a substance (liquid,
(b) 40 kPa, 400C
vapor or mixture), always refer saturated pressure table if
(c) 1500C, 400 kPa pressure is given and saturated temperature table if
(d) 5000 kPa, 0.1 m3/kg temperature is given.
(e) 8000 kPa, 0.01 m3/kg
(f) 500C, 0.0005 m3/kg
(g) 1200C, 0.5 m3/kg
(h) 3000C, 0.1 m3/kg

Solution
(a) 500 kPa, 1600C
Referring to saturated water pressure table, 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 500 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 151.870𝐶. Here 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡,
hence it is a superheated vapor.

We can also refer saturated water temperature table, 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 1600 𝐶 = 617.66 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Here
𝑃 < 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 , hence it is a superheated vapor.
 (d) 5000 kPa, 0.1 m3/kg
Referring to saturated water pressure table, 𝑣𝑙 5000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.001286 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 and
𝑣𝑔 5000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.03944 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔 Here 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑔 , hence it is a superheated vapor, as shown in
Figure

(e) 8000 kPa, 0.01 m3/kg

Referring to saturated water pressure table, 𝑣𝑙 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.001384 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔 and
𝑣𝑔 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.02352 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔 Here 𝑣𝑙 < 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑔 , hence it is a two phase mixture, as
shown in Figure.
 (f) 500C, 0.0005 m3/kg
Referring to saturated water temperature table, 𝑣𝑙 500 𝐶 = 0.001012 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔 and
𝑣𝑔 500𝐶 = 12.037 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 Here 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑙, hence it is a compressed liquid, as shown in Figure

(g) 1200C, 0.5 m3/kg

Referring to saturated water temperature table, 𝑣𝑙 1200 𝐶 = 0.001060 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 and
𝑣𝑔 1200𝐶 = 0.8922 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔 Here 𝑣𝑙 < 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑔 , hence it is a two phase mixture, as shown in
Figure
1. Fill in the blanks in the following table with the corresponding properties of water or by the
symbol , when it is no relevant or meaningless or by the symbol ─, when it is
indeterminate.

State P, kPa T, 0C x, % v, m3/kg h, kJ/kg

1 200 200
2 250 80
3 300 0.5
4 150 60
5 200 0.1
6 250 0.5951
7 1000 2000
8 350 2563.5
9 600 0.001101
10 2000 0.1757
11 5000 0.001206
12 500 3445.4
13 8000 295.04
Solution
State 1 (P1 = 200 kPa, T1 = 2000C)
Referring to saturated water pressure at 200 KPa,
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 120.240𝐶.
Here 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡, hence it is a superheated vapor.
Then referring to super heated table,
𝑣1 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈, ℎ1 = 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟎. 𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 and
Quality is meaningless for the superheated vapor.

State 2 (P2 = 250 kPa, x2 = 80 %)

Here, quality x given so, state lies on two phase region. We can use saturated water table .
Quality of 80 % means given state is a two phase mixture with 80 % saturated vapor and the
remaining 20 % saturated liquid.
Then referring to saturated water pressure table,
𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝑪.
Specific volume and specific enthalpy are then given by
𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑙 + 𝑥2 𝑣𝑙𝑔 = 0.001067 + 0.8 × 0.7177 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟕 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈

ℎ2 = ℎ𝑙 + 𝑥2 ℎ𝑙𝑔 = 535.49 + 0.8 × 2181.3 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

State 3 (P3 = 300 kPa, v3 = 0.5 m3/kg)
First we have to use saturated water pressure table at 300 Kpa,
𝑣𝑙 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.001073 𝑚 3/𝑘𝑔,
𝑣𝑙𝑔 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.6048 𝑚 3/𝑘𝑔 and
𝑣𝑔 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.6059 𝑚 3/𝑘𝑔.
Here 𝑣𝑙 < 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑔, hence it is a two phase mixture. So saturated table is the appropriate table for
this state 3
Then, its temperature, quality and specific enthalpy are given by
𝑇3 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 (300 𝑘𝑃𝑎) = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝑪

𝑣3 − 𝑣𝑙 0.5 − 0.001073
𝑥3 = = = 0.82495 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟒𝟗𝟓%
𝑣𝑙𝑔 0.6048

ℎ3 = ℎ𝑙 + 𝑥3 ℎ𝑙𝑔 = 561.61 + 0.82495 × 2163.7 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

State 7 (P7 = 1000 kPa, h7 = 2000 kJ/kg)
Referring to saturated water pressure table, ℎ𝑙 1000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 762.88 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, ℎ𝑙𝑔 1000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 =
2014.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 and ℎ𝑔 1000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 2777.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. Here ℎ𝑙 < ℎ < ℎ𝑔 , hence it is a two phase
mixture. Then, its temperature, quality and specific volume are given by

𝑇7 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 (1000 𝑘𝑃𝑎) = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝑪

ℎ7 − ℎ𝑙 2000 − 762.88
𝑥7 = = = 0.61402 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟐%
ℎ𝑙𝑔 2014.8
𝑣7 = 𝑣𝑙 + 𝑥7 𝑣𝑙𝑔 = 0.001127 + 0.61402 × 0.1933 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈

State 8 (T8 = 3500C, h8 = 2563.5 kJ/kg)

Referring to saturated water temperature table, ℎ𝑔 3500𝐶 = 2563.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. Here ℎ = ℎ𝑔 ,
hence it is a saturated vapor. Then, its pressure, quality, specific volume and degree of
superheat are given by
𝑃8 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 (3500 𝐶) = 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝑥8 = 1.0 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑣8 = 𝑣𝑔 (3500 𝐶) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
Problem 3.1.
A rigid vessel contains 8 kg of water at 1200C. If 5 kg of the water is in the liquid form and the
rest in the vapor form, determine
(a) the pressure in the vessel,
(b) the volume of the vessel,
(c) the volume of saturated liquid and saturated vapor respectively, and
(d) the specific enthalpy of H2O.
Solution: Given,
Volume, V = constant (As it is rigid vessel)
Total mass of water, m = 8 kg
Temperature of water, T = 120C
Mass of liquid water, ml = 5 kg
Mass of vapor, mg = 3 kg

(a) Pressure in vessel, P = ?

Here, water is in two phase mixture region, so referring to the saturated water temperature table
A2.2 for temperature, T = 120C, pressure
P = Psat (T = 120C) = 198.48 kPa.
(b) Volume of vessel, V = ?
m
Quality, x  g  3 = 0.375
m 8
Again, referring to the saturated water temperaure table A2.2 for temperature, T = 120C,
vl = 0.001060 m3/kg, vlg = 0.8911 m3/kg, vg = 0.8922 m3/kg.
Hence, specific volume,
v  vl  xvlg= 0.001060 + 0.375 x 0.8911= 0.3352 m3/kg.
Now, V = m x v = 8 x 0.3352 = 2.682 m3
(c) Volume of saturated liquid, Vl = ?
Vl = ml x vl = 5 x 0.001060 = 0.0053 m3 and
Volume of saturated vapor, Vg = ?
Vg = mg x vg = 3 x 0.8922 = 2.6766 m3
(d) Specific enthalpy of water, h = ?
Again, referring to the saturated water temperature table A2.2 for temperature, T = 120C,
hl = 503.78 kJ/kg, hlg = 2202.4 kJ/kg, hg = 2706.2 kJ/kg.
ℎ = ℎ𝑙 + 𝑥 ℎ𝑙𝑔
Problem 3.2.
A two phase mixture of H2O has a temperature of 2000C. The mass of saturated liquid is 1 kg
and that of saturated vapor is 3 kg. Determine the pressure and volume of the mixture.
Solution: Given,
Temperature of two phase mixture, T = 2000C
Mass of saturated liquid, ml = 1 kg
Mass of saturated vapor, mg = 3 kg
Pressure of two phase mixture, P = ?
Volume of two phase mixture, V = ?

CLASS WORK
Total mass of two phase mixture, m = ml + mg = 1 + 3 = 4 kg
Referring to the saturated water temperature table A2.2 for temperature T = 2000C, pressure for two
phase mixture, P ( T = 2000C) = Psat = 1553.6 kPa.
vl = 0.001556 m3/kg, vlg = 0.1261 m3/kg, vg = 0.1273 m3/kg
Quality, x = mg  3 = 0.75
m 4
Hence, specific volume, v = vl + xvlg = 0.001556 + 0.75 x 0.1261 = 0.095731 m3/kg
Volume, V = m x v = 4 x 0.095731 = 0.382924 m3
Problem 3.3.
Determine the pressure for water at 2500C with specific volume of 0.25 m3/kg.
Solution: Given,
Temperature of water, T = 250C
Specific volume of water, v = 0.25 m3/kg
Pressure of water, P = ?
Referring to saturated water temperature table A2.2 for temperature, T = 250C,
vl = 0.001251 m3/kg, vlg = 0.04886 m3/kg, vg = 0.05011 m3/kg.
Here, v  v g . Hence, it is a superheated vapor. Now, pressure of superheated vapor can be found
by referring to superheated vapor table A2.4 for temperature T = 250C and specific volume
v = 0.25 m3/kg.

P1 = 800 kPa v1 = 0.2931 m3/kg

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
P =? v = 0.25 m3/kg =
P2 = 1000 kPa v2 = 0.2326 m3/kg 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Using linear interpolation method,
v  v1 0.25  0.2931
P  P1  ( P2  P1 )  800  1000  800 = 942.479 kPa.
v2  v1 0.2326  0.2931
Problem 3.4.
Determine the temperature and quality (if needed) for water at a pressure of 200 kPa and having
a specific volume of
Solution: Given,
(a) 0.8 m3/kg Pressure of water, P = 200 kPa
3
(b) 1.25 m /kg. (a) Specific volume, va = 0.8 m3/kg
Temperature, T = ?
Quality, x = ? (a) CLASS WORK
(b) Specific volume, vb = 1.25 m3/kg
Referring to the saturated water pressure table A2.1 for pressure, P = 200 kPa,

vl = 0.001060 m3/kg, vlg = 0.8848 m3/kg, vg = 0.8859 m3/kg. Super heated table
Here, vb  v g . Hence, it is a superheated vapor.
There is no meaning of quality in
superheated vapor region.
The temperature of superheated vapor can be read from the superheated vapor table A2.4 for
pressure, P = 200 kPa and specific volume, vb = 1.25 m3/kg. As there is no value listed for given
values of the pressure and specific volume, the value of temperature is determined by linear
interpolation method in an interval which includes the given specific volume. Then, from table
A2.4 for pressure, P = 200 kPa Super heated table
T1 = 250C v1 = 1.1988 m3/kg
Tb = ? vb = 1.25 m3/kg
T2 = 300C v2 = 1.3162 m3/kg
Using linear interpolation method,
vb  v1
Tb  T1  (T2  T1 )
v2  v1
1.25  1.1988
Tb  250  (300  250) = 271.806C
1.3162  1.1988
 Different cases of P-V diagram on saturation curve
P P
3
2
3
2

1 1

Nature of P-v diagram v

Possible case I v
P P
3 3
2 2

1 1

Possible case II v Possible case III v

We can not draw the p-v diagram on saturation curve until we find the region on which the
particular state lies. But the nature of the p-v diagram remain same.(i.e 1-2 isochoric 2-3
isobaric for the example given on above figure)
Problem 3.5.
Water is contained in a rigid vessel of 5 m3 at a quality of 0.8 and a pressure of 2 MPa. If it is
cooled to a pressure of 400 kPa, determine the mass of saturated liquid and saturated vapor at
the final state.

CLASS WORK P (kPa)

Hint:
find the mass of water at state 1
Find the quality at state 2
P1 1
Now, mass of saturated vapor at final state 2,
m g 2  x2 m
P2 2
Mass of saturated liquid at final state 2, v (m 3 kg )
v1  v 2
ml 2  m  m g 2
Problem 3.6.
Steam contained in a closed container initially at a pressure of 2 MPa and a temperature of
2500C. The temperature drops as a result of heat transfer to the surroundings until the temperature
reaches 800C. Determine:
(a) the pressure at which the condensation first occurs,
(b) the pressure and quality at final state, and
(c) the percentage of volume occupied by the saturated liquid at the final state.
Solution: Given,
Initial pressure of steam, P1 = 2 MPa = 2000 kPa
Initial temperature of steam, T1 = 2500C
Final temperature, Tf = 800C
Pressure at which condensation starts, Psat = ?
Final pressure, Pf = ?
Final quality, xf = ?
Percentage of volume of saturated liquid at final state,  Vl  =?
 
V f
Initial state 1:
P1 = 2000 kPa, T1 = 2500C
Referring to the saturated water pressure table A2.1 for pressure, P1 = 2000 kPa, saturation
temperature Tsat (P = 2000 kPa) = 212.42C.
Here, T1 > Tsat. Hence,
it is a superheated vapor.
Now, referring to the superheated vapor table A2.4 for pressure, P1 = 2000 kPa and temperature,
T1 = 2500C, specific volume at state 1, v1 = 0.1114 m3/kg.

The P- v diagram of the cooling process is shown in figure

below. As the container is closed (rigid), the process 1 – 2
is a constant volume cooling. Hence, state 2 is defined as
State 2:
Volume at state 2, V2 = V1  Specific volume,
v2 = v1 = 0.1114 m3/kg.
Since superheated vapor starts to condense when it reaches saturated
vapor line, its specific volume is equal to specific volume of saturated
v
vapor at state 2, i.e v2 = g = 0.1114 m3/kg.
Referring to the saturated water pressure table A2.1 for specific volume of saturated vapor,
v g = 0.1114 m3/kg to determine the pressure at which first condensation starts, P2 = Psat.
As there is no value listed
for v g = 0.1114 m3/kg
in the table, linear
interpolation method is
used to find required
pressure
 Pa = 1700 kPa v ga = 0.1167 m3/kg
P2 = ? v g = 0.1114 m3/kg
Pb = 1800 kPa v gb = 0.1104 m3/kg
Using linear interpolation method,
v g  v ga
P2  Pa  Pb  Pa 
v gb  v ga
= 1700  0.1114  0.1167 1800  1700 = 1784.127 kPa
0.1104  0.1167
Further cooling the system causes the conversion of the saturated vapor into two phase mixture.
As the container is closed, the further cooling process 2 - 3 also occurs at constant volume.
Hence, final state 3 is defined as
Final state 3:
Temperature at state 3, T3 = Tf = 800C,
Specific volume, v3 = v2 = 0.1114 m3/kg.
Referring to the saturated water temperature table A2.2, for temperature T3 = 800C,
pressure at final state 3,
P3=Pf =Psat (T = 800C)
= 47.373 kPa
vl = 0.001029 m3/kg,
vlg = 3.4078 m3/kg,
vg = 3.4088 m3/kg.
Now, quality at final state 3,
v3  vl 0.1114  0.001029
x3  x f  
vlg 3.4078
= 0.03239 = 3.24%
Then, the percentage of volume of saturated liquid at final state 3
 Vl 
 1  x3 
ml vl ml vl vl
   
 V  3 mv3 m v3 v3
P (kPa)
 1  0.03239 
0.001029
0.1114
= 0.0089378 = 0.894% P1 1

P2 2

P3 3
v (m 3 kg )
v1  v2  v3
Qn. A rigid vessel having a volume of 0.170 m3 is initially filled with steam at 200 Kpa, 300° C.
it is cooled to 90° C. At what temperature does a phase change start to occur?
a. What is the final pressure?
b. What mass fraction of the water is liquid in the final state?
Also sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagram.

CLASS WORK
Problem 3.7.
A piston cylinder device shown in figure P3.7 contains 0.2 kg of a mixture of saturated liquid
water and saturated water vapor at a temperature of 500C and a volume of 0.03 m3. The mass of
the piston resting on the stops is 50 kg and the cross sectional area of the piston is 12.2625 cm2.
The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Heat is transferred until it becomes saturated vapor. Sketch
the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine:
(a) the temperature at which the piston just leaves the stops,
(b) the final pressure, and
(c) the total work transfer. [Take g = 9.81 ms-2]
Solution: Given,
Total mass of two phase mixture, m = 0.2 kg
Initial temperature, T1 = 50C
Initial volume, V1 = 0.03 m3 P 3
Mass of piston, mP = 50 kg 2
Area of piston, AP = 12.2625 cm2 = 12.2625 x 10-4 m2
Atmospheric pressure, Patm = 100 kPa
Final state is saturated vapor.  vf = vg
P – v and T – v diagrams = ? 1
Temperature at which piston leaves the stops, T2 = ?
Final pressure, Pf = ? Nature of P-v diagram v
Total work transfer, Wt = ?
Initial state 1:
T1 = 50C, V1 = 0.03 m3
V1 0.03
Specific volume at initial state 1, v1   = 0.15 m3/g
m 0.2
Here, question says there is a mixture of saturated vapour and saturated liquid at initial
condition. So, Referring to the saturated water temperature table A2.2 for temperature T1 =
50C, pressure at initial state 1, P1 = Psat (T1 = 50C) = 12.344 kPa.

During the initial heating process 1 – 2, the process is constant volume until the system pressure
reaches lifting pressure of the piston. Hence, state 2 is defined as
State 2: W Patm  AP
Pressure at state 2, P2 = Plift
Volume, V2 = V1
 v2 = v1 = 0.15 m3/kg
Referring to the free body diagram (FBD) of the piston,
Plift  AP  Patm  AP  W
Plift  AP
mP  g 50  9.81
Plift  Patm   100  103   4 = 500 kPa FBD at state 1
AP 12.2625  10
Now, referring to the saturated water pressure table A2.1 for pressure, P2 = Plift = 500 kPa,
vl = 0.001093 m3/kg,
vlg = 0.3738 m3/kg,
vg = 0.3749 m3/kg.

Here, vl  v2  v g . Hence, it is still a two phase mixture. Then, the temperature at which the piston
just leaves the stops is: T2 = Tsat (P2 = 500kPa) = 151.87C.
According to the question, heat is given till the mixture becomes saturated vapor. This further
heating process 2 - 3 occurs with constant pressure. So, state 3 is defined as
State 3:
Pressure at state 3, P3 = P2 = 500 kPa, v3  v g = 0.3749 m3/kg
Hence, the final pressure, Pf = P3 = 500 kPa
T, C
P (kPa)
Total work transfer,
Wt  W12  W23
= 0 + P2 (V3  V2) 2 T2  T3 2 3
P2  P3 3
= P2 x m (v3  v2) T1 1
= 500 x 103 x 0.2 (0.3749  0.15)P 1 1 3
v (m kg ) v1  v 2 v3
v (m 3 kg )
v1  v 2 v3
= 22.49 kJ
Problem 3.8.
A piston cylinder device shown in the figure P3.8 contains 2 kg of H2O with an
initial temperature and volume of 800C and 0.05 m3 respectively. It requires a
pressure of 400 kPa to lift the piston from the stops. The system is heated until its
temperature reaches 2500C. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and
determine the total work transfer.

CLASS WORK
 Solution 3.8
Given
Mass= 2kg
Initial temperature 𝑇1 = 80℃
Volume 𝑉1 = 0.05𝑚 3
Lift Pressure 𝑃2 = 400 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇3 = 250℃
P
At state 1
3
Given: 𝑇1 = 80℃, 𝑉1 = 0.05𝑚3 , 𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑔 P2=P3 2
𝑽 𝟑
∴ 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝒌𝒈 1
P1
Now from saturated water temperature table at V1 V2 V
𝑇1 = 80℃ and 𝑣1 = 0.025
𝑣𝑙 = 0.001029 , 𝑣𝑔 = 3.4088 T 3
Since,𝑣𝑙 < 𝑣1 < 𝑣𝑔 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
2

∴ 𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝟖𝟎℃ = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂 1

V
 𝑃 (𝑘𝑃𝑎)
At state 2
𝑚 3
𝑃2 = 400 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 0.025 𝑘𝑔
Now, from saturation water pressure table we get 𝟐 𝟑

𝑣𝑙 = 0.001084, 𝑣𝑔 = 0.4625 𝑃2 = 𝑃3

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑣𝑙 < 𝑣2 < 𝑣𝑔 Therefore it lies in two phase mixture𝑃 1

1

∴ 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 400 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 143.64℃ 3

𝑣 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑣1 = 𝑣2 𝑣3

At state 3 T
𝟑
𝑃3 = 400 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑇3 = 250℃
From the saturation water pressure table 𝟐

𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 400𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 143.64℃

1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 < 𝑇3 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 3
𝑣 𝑚 𝑘𝑔

Now, from the superheated steam table at 𝑃3 = 400𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑇3 = 250℃

𝟑
∴ 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟏 𝒎
𝒌𝒈
Problem 3.9.
A piston cylinder device shown in figure P3.9 contains water initially at a pressure of 125 kPa
with a quality of 50%. Heat is added to the system until it reaches to a final temperature of
8000C. It takes a pressure of 600 kPa to lift the piston from the stops. Sketch the process on P-v
and T-v diagrams and determine:
(a) the mass of H2O in the system, and
(b) the total work transfer.
Solution: Given,
Initial pressure, P1 = 125 kPa
Initial quality, x1 = 50% = 0.5
Final Temperature, Tf = 8000C
Lifting pressure of piston, Plift = 600 kPa P
Radius of piston, rP = 0.07 m 3
2
Height of piston position, h = 0.3 m
Area of pistion 𝐴𝑃 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 0.07 2 = 0.0154 𝑚2

1
Initial state 1:
P1 = 125 kPa, x1 = 0.5
Nature of P-v diagram v
As the quality is given, it is a two phase mixture.
Referring to the saturated water pressure table A2.1 for pressure, P1 = 125 kPa,
Initial temperature, T1
= Tsat (P1 = 125 kPa) =
105.99C, v1
= 0.001048 m3/kg, vlg
= 1.3742 m3/kg,
vg = 1.3752 m3/kg.
The specific volume at state 1,
v1  vl  x1vlg = 0.001048 + 0.5 x 1.3742 = 0.688148 m3/kg
Initial volume of water, V1 = AP x h = 0.0154 x 0.3 = 0.00462 m3
𝑉𝑙 0.00462
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑚 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝒈
𝑣𝑙 0.688148
During the initial heating process 1 – 2, the process is constant volume until the system initial
pressure reaches lifting pressure of the piston. Hence, state 2 is defined as
State 2:
Pressure at state 2, P2 = Plift, = 600 kPa, and
volume, V2 = V1  v2 = v1 = 0.688148 m3/kg.
Referring to the saturated water pressure table A2.1 for pressure P2 = 600 kPa,
v1 = 0.001101 m3/kg,
vlg = 0.3145 m3/kg,
vg = 0.3156 m3/kg.
 Here, v2  v g . Hence, it is a superheated vapor.
Now, referring to the superheated vapor table A2.4 for pressure, P2 = 600 kPa and specific volume,
v2 = 0.688148 m3/kg to determine the temperature at state 2
As there is no value listed for v2 = 0.68815 m3/kg
in the table, linear interpolation method is used
to find required temperature as
Ta = 600C va = 0.6697 m3/kg
T2 = ? v2 = 0.68815 m3/kg
Tb = 650C vb = 0.7085 m3/kg
Using linear interpolation method,
v2  va
T2  Ta  Tb  Ta 
vb  va
0.68815  0.6697
= 600  650  600 = 623.776C
0.7085  0.6697
Since the given final temperature, Tf = 800C, the system should be further heated. This further
heating process 2 - 3 occurs with constant pressure thereby increasing the volume and
temperature. Hence, state 3 is defined as
State 3:
Pressure at state 3, P3 = P2 = 600 kPa, T3  T f = 800C.
Since state 2 is already a superheated vapor, again referring to the superheated vapor table A2.4 for
pressure P3 = 600 kPa, and temperature, T3 = 800C, specific volume, v3 = 0.8246 m3/kg.
 P (kPa) T, C
T3 3
T2
2

P2  P3
2 3

P1 1 T1 1
3
v1  v 2 v (m kg ) v (m 3 kg )
v3 v1  v 2 v3

Total work transfer,

Wt  W12  W23
= 0 + P2 (V3  V2)
= P2 x m (v3  v2)
= 600 x 103 x 0.006711(0.8246  0.68815)
= 549.43 J = 0.5494 kJ
Problem 3.10.
A piston cylinder device shown in figure P3.10 contains 2 kg of water initially at a pressure of
500 kPa with a quality of 20%. The water is heated until it becomes a saturated vapor. The
volume of the system when the piston is at the upper stops is 0.4 m 3. Sketch the process on P-v
and T-v diagrams and determine:
(a) the final pressure, and
(b) the total work transfer.

Problem 3.11.

The frictionless piston shown in figure P3.11 has a mass of 20 kg and a cross sectional area of
78.48 cm2. Heat is added until the temperature reaches 4000C. If the quality of the H2O at the
initial state is 0.2, determine:
(a) the initial pressure,
(b) the mass of H2O,
(c) the quality of the system when the piston hits the stops,
(d) the final pressure, and
(e) the total work transfer.
[Take Patm = 100 kPa, g = 9.81 m/s2]
 A piston cylinder device shown in figure P3.10 contains 2 kg of
Qn. 10 water initially at a pressure of 500 kPa with a quality of 20%.
The water is heated until it becomes a saturated vapor. The
Solution: Given, volume of the system when the piston is at the upper stops is 0.4
Mass of water, m = 2 kg m3. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine:
Initial pressure, P1 = 500 kPa (a) the final pressure, and
Initial quality, x1 = 20% = 0.2 (b) the total work transfer.
Final volume, Vf = 0.4 m3
Final state is saturated vapor  vf = vg P 3
P-v and T-v diagrams = ?
Final pressure, Pf = ? 1 2
Total work transfer, Wt = ?
Final specific volume, v f  V f  0.4 = 0.2 m3/kg
m 2
Initial state 1: V V2= V
P1 = 500 kPa, x1 = 0.2 1
V3 water pressure table A2.1
As the quality is given, it is a two phase mixture. Referring to the saturated
for pressure, P1 = 500 kPa, initial temperature, T1 = Tsat (P1 = 500 kPa) = 151.87C, v1 =
3 3 3
0.001093 m /kg, vlg = 0.3738 m /kg, vg = 0.3749 m /kg. The specific volume at state 1,
v1  vl  x1vlg = 0.001093 + 0.2 x 0.3738 = 0.07585 m3/kg
The P – v and T – v diagrams are shown in figures below. During the initial heating process 1–2, the
piston moves upwards with constant pressure until it just touches the stops. Hence, state 2 is defined
as
 3
𝑨𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝟐: 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 500𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 ≈ 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 =0.2 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃2 = 500 𝑘𝑃𝑎
3 3
𝑣𝑙 = 0.001093 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 , 𝑣𝑙𝑔 = 0.3738 𝑚 3 𝑘𝑔 , 𝑣𝑔 = 0.3749 𝑚 𝑘𝑔

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑣𝑙 < 𝑣2 < 𝑣𝑔 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

Heating is continued until it becomes saturated vapor where state 3 is located. During this process volume
remains constant where we find rise in pressure and temperature.

State 3:
Volume at state 3, V3 = V2 = 0.4 m3,  specific volume, v3 = v2 = 0.2 m3/kg and as it is a saturated
vapor, v3 = vg = 0.2 m3/kg.
Referring to the saturated water pressure table A2.1 for specific volume, vg = 0.2 m3/kg to determine
the final pressure at state 3, P3 = Pf. As there is no value listed for v g = 0.2 m3/kg in the table, linear
inter-polation method is used to find required pressure as
Pa = 950 kPa v ga = 0.2041 m3/kg
P3 = ? v g = 0.2 m3/kg
Pb = 1000 kPa v gb = 0.1944 m3/kg
Using linear interpolation method,
v g  v ga
P3  Pa  Pb  Pa  = 950  0.2  0.2041 1000  950 = 971.134 kPa = Pf
v gb  v ga 0.1944  0.2041
 P (kPa) T(C )

3 T3 3
P3

1 1
P1  P2 T1  T2 2
2 v (m 3 kg )
v (m 3
kg ) v1 v2  v3
v1 v2  v3

Total work transfer,

Wt  W12  W23 = P1 (V2  V1) + 0 = P1 x m (v2  v1) = 500 x 103 x 2(0.2  0.07585)
= 124150 J = 124.15 kJ
Problem 3.12.
Water (2 kg) is contained within a piston-cylinder arrangement as shown in figure P3.12. The
initial temperature is 1050C, and there are equal masses of liquid and vapor initially. The system
is heated to a position where the piston is locked, and then the system is cooled to the saturated
vapor state at T = 500C. Draw the process on a P-v and T-v diagrams, and evaluate the total work
done during the process.
Solution: Given,
Mass of water, m = 2 kg
Initial temperature, T1 = 1050C
Initial masses of saturated liquid ( ml ) and vapor ( m g ) are equal
mg P 1 2
 ml = m g  Initial quality, x1 = = 0.5
ml  m g
Final temperature of saturated vapor, Tf = 500C 3
P-v and T-v diagrams = ? v
Total work done, Wt = ? Nature of P-v diagram
Initial state 1:
Referring to the saturated water temperature table A2.2 for temperature,
T1 = 1050C, x1 = 0.5 T1 = 1050C,
As the quality is
given, it is a two
phase mixture.
 Pressure at initial state 1, P1 = Psat (T1 = 1050C) = 120.79 kPa.
v1 = 0.001047 m3/kg, vlg = 1.4190 m3/kg, vg = 1.4200 m3/kg. The specific volume at state 1,
v1  vl  x1vlg
= 0.001047 + 0.5 x 1.419 = 0.710547 m3/kg
Initial volume, V1 = mv1 = 2 x 0.710547 = 1.4211 m3
During the initial heating process 1–2, the piston moves upwards with constant pressure to a
position where it is locked. Hence, state 2 is defined as
State 2:
Pressure at state 2, P2 = P1, = 120.79 kPa,
as the system is finally cooled to the saturated vapor state at Tf = 500C, it must be a superheated
vapor in state 2. Since the piston is locked at state 2, the cooling process 2 - 3 occurs with
constant volume until superheated vapor becomes saturated vapor thereby decreasing the pressure
and temperature. So, state 3 is defined as
State 3:
Temperature at state 3, T3 = Tf = 500C with saturated vapor.
Volume at state 3, V3 = V2  v3 = v2 and specific volume, v3 = vg.
Now, referring to the saturated water temperature table A2.2 for temperature,
T3 = 500C, vg = 12.037 m3/kg = v3 = v2.

𝑃3 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 50℃ = 12.344 𝑘𝑃𝑎

 P (kPa) T(C )

1
P1  P2 2 T2
1
2
T1
P3 3 T3 3

v (m 3 kg ) v2  v3 v (m 3 kg )
v1 v2  v3 v1
Total work done,
Wt  W12  W23
= P1 (V2  V1) + 0
= P1 x m(v2  v1)
= 120.79 x 103 x 2 (12.037  0.710547)
= 2736244.5 J = 2736.2445 kJ
Problem 3.14.
A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure P3.14 contains 2 kg of water initially at a pressure
of 200 kPa and a temperature of 500 C. Heat is added until the piston reaches the upper stops
where the total volume is 1.5 m3. It takes a pressure of 600 kPa to lift the piston. Sketch the
process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine the final temperature and the work transfer.
Initial state 1:
P1 = 200 kPa, T1 = 500 C.
Referring to the saturated water pressure table for pressure, P1 = 200 kPa,
saturation temperature, Tsat (P1 = 200 kP ) = 120.24 C.

Here, T1 < Tsat. Hence, it is a compressed or sub-cooled liquid.

Now, referring to the compressed liquid table for pressure, P1 = 200 kP and temperature, T1 =
500 C to find the specific volume at initial state 1, v1. But this value is not available in the table
for this low pressure (as liquid is incompressible at low pressure).
Then, referring to the saturated water temperature table for temperature, T1 = 500 C to take
the value of specific volume of saturated liquid for the specific volume at initial state 1, v1 =
vl (T1 = 500 C) = 0.001012 m3/kg
Problem 3.15.
A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure P3.15 contains water initially at P1 = 100
kPa, x1 = 0.8 and V1 = 0.01 m3. When the system is heated, it encounters a linear spring
(k = 100 kN/m). At this state volume is 0.015 m3. The heating continues till its pressure is
200 kPa. If the diameter of the piston is 0.15 m, determine
(a) the final temperature, and
(b) the total work transfer. P 3
Also sketch the process on Pv diagram.
Solution: Given,
1 2
Initial pressure of water, P1 = 100 kPa
Initial quality of water, x1 = 0.8
Initial volume of water, V1 = 0.01 m3 v
Spring constant, k = 100 kN/m Nature of P-v diagram
Volume when piston touches spring, V2 = 0.015 m3
Final pressure, Pf = 200 kPa
Diameter of piston, DP = 0.15 m
2 2
𝐷𝑃 0.15
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑃 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 =𝜋 = 0.01767𝑚 2
2 2
Final temperature, Tf = ?
Total work transfer, Wt = ?
Pv diagram = ?
Initial state 1:
P1 = 100 kPa, x1 = 0.8, V1 = 0.01 m3
As the quality is given, it is a two phase mixture. Referring to the saturated water pressure table
A2.1 for pressure, P1 = 100 kPa
v1 = 0.001043 m3/kg,
vlg = 1.6933 m3/kg,
vg = 1.6943 m3/kg.

The specific volume at state 1,

𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑙 + 𝑥𝑣𝑙𝑔 = 0.001043 + 0.8 × 1.6933 = 1.35568 𝑚 3 𝑘𝑔
𝑉1 0.01
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚 = = = 0.007376 𝑘𝑔
𝑣1 1.35568
During initial state of heating, piston moves upward with constant initial pressure until it encounters the
spring. Hence, the process 1 - 2 is constant pressure heating during which volume increases to 0.015 m3.
Then state 2 is defined as
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 2: 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 = 100𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = 0.015𝑚3
V 0.015
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 2 𝑖𝑠 v2  2  = 2.03362 m3/kg.
m 0.007376
𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 100𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑣2 > 𝑣𝑔 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎, system is further heated to this final pressure and spring gets
compressed. Then the final state 3 is defined.
Final state 3:
P3 = Pf = 200 kPa
Volume at state 3, V3 = V2 + AP x x where x is the compression of the spring.
To find the value of x, referring to the free body diagram (FBD) W Fspring Patm  AP
of piston at state 3, we can write
P3  AP  Patm  AP  W  Fspring
W kx kx
P3  Patm    P2 
AP AP AP P3  AP

x  P3  P2   200  100103 

AP 0.01767 FBD at state 3
= 0.01767 m
k 100  103
Thus, V3 = V2 + AP x x = 0.015 + 0.01767 x 0.01767 = 0.015312 m3
Specific volume at state 3, v3  V3  0.015312 = 2.075953 m3/kg.
m 0.007376
Referring to the saturated water pressure table A2.1 for pressure, P3 = 200 kPa,
v1 = 0.001060 m3/kg,
vlg = 0.8848 m3/kg,
vg = 0.8859 m3/kg.

Here, v3 > vg. Hence it is a superheated vapor.

Now, referring to the superheated vapor table A2.4 for pressure, P3 = 200 kPa and specific volume,
v3 = 2.075953 m3/kg to find the temperature at final state 3, Tf = T3.
As there is no value listed for v3 = 2.075953 m3/kg in the table, linear interpolation method is used
to find required temperature as

Ta = 600C va = 2.0130 m3/kg

T3 = ? v3 = 2.075953 m3/kg
Tb = 650C vb = 2 .1287 m3/kg
Using linear interpolation method,
v3  va
T3  Ta  Tb  Ta 
vb  va
 2.0130
 600  22.075953
.1287  2.0130
650  600
= 627.205C = Tf
Total work transfer,
Wt  W1 2  W23

= P1 (V2  V1) +
1
P2  P3 V3  V2 
2
= 100 x 103(0.015  0.01) +
1
100  200  103 0.015312  0.015
2
= 546.8 J = 0.5468 kJ

P (kPa)

P3 3

1
P1  P2 2

v (m 3 kg )
v1 v2 v 3
 Exam Question Collection
1. A vessel contains 1kg of steam which contains 1/3 liquid and 2/3 vapor by volume. The
temperature of steam is 151.87°C. Find the quality, specific volume and specific enthalpy of
the mixture.( 2006 spring,2011 fall,2015 spring)
2. A two phase liquid vapor mixture of 𝐻2 𝑂 is at 30 bar. If on heating a fixed volume, critical
point is attained. Determine the quality at initial state. (2010 fall)
3. A rigid tank contains steam at 200 kPa. One third of its volume is in liquid phase rest is in
vapor phase. Determine the temperature of steam and specific volume.(2015)
4. A piston cylinder device contains 0.1 𝑚 3 of liquid water and 0.9 𝑚 3 of water vapor in
equilibrium at 800 kPa. Heat is transferred at constant pressure until the temperature
reaches 350°C.
• What is the initial temperature of water?
• Determine total mass of water.
• Calculate the final volume
• Show the process on P-ʋ diagram with respect to saturation lines. ( 2017 fall)
5) A closed rigid container with a volume of 0.2 initially contains a mixture of saturated liquid
water and saturated water vapor at a pressure of 100kPa with a quality of 50%. Heat is
added to a system until it reaches 200kPa. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagram and
determine
o The temperature of each state
o The mass of vapor present at each state
o If the heating continued, determine the pressure at which the container holds only saturated
vapor. (2020fall)
6) A piston cylinder arrangement shown in a figure 6.1 contains 2 kg of water initially at
pressure of 600 kPa and a temperature of 350℃. Heat is rejected from the system until
it is completely converted into saturated liquid. It requires a pressure of 400kpa to
support the piston. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine the
temperature when piston just starts to move and the total work transfer. (2013 spring)

7) A piston cylinder device initially contains 50L of liquid water at

40℃ and 200 kPa. Heat is transferred to the water at constant
pressure until entire liquid is vaporized. Determine
• The mass of the water
• The final temperature
• The total enthalpy change
• T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.(2018 Fall)
Fig 6.1
8) A vessel having a volume 0.4𝑚 3 of contains 2 kg of liquid water and vapor
mixture in equilibrium at a pressure of 600kPa.Calculate
• The volume and mass of liquid
• The volume and mass of vapor (2013 Fall)

9) A vessel having a volume 0.5𝑚 3 of contains 3 kg of liquid water and vapor

mixture in equilibrium at a pressure of 600kPa.Calculate
• The mass of liquid and vapor
• The volume of liquid and vapor (2014 Fall)
10) A vessel having a volume 0.8𝑚3 of contains 4 kg of liquid water and vapor
mixture in equilibrium at a pressure of 600kPa.Calculate
• The mass and volume of liquid
• The mass and volume of vapor (2014 Spring)

11) A rigid tank with a volume of 2.5 𝑚 3contains 15kg of saturated liquid-vapor
mixture of water at 75℃. Now the water is slowly heated until the liquid in the tank is
completely vaporized. Determine
• The final temperature
• Change in internal energy during the process
• Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines
P-V and T-V diagram of different Piston
cylinder Assembly
P T
2
T2
1 2
P1=P2
1
T1

V1 V2 V T V1 V2 V
P 3

2 3 2
P2=P3

P1 1 1

V1 V2 V V
 P 4 T 4
P4
3
2
P2=P3 3 2

P1 1 1

V1 V3 V V
P 3
P3 T 3

1 2
P1=P2 2
1

V1 V2=V3 V
V
 P T 1

2 1 2
P1=P2
3 3
P3
V2=V3 V1 V V
P 1
P1 T
1
3
P2=P3 2
2

V3 V1=V2 V
V
 P
2
P2

1
P1

Q V1 V2 V
P 3
P3
P2 2

P1 1

V1=V2 V3 V
 P 4
P4
P3 3

2
P2
P1 1

V1 V2 V
P

P3 3

1 2
P1=P2

V1 V2 V3 V
Q