2nd International Conference on Civil

Engineering and Construction

Technology 2022 (ICECon2022)
“Upscaling Civil Engineering for Sustainable Future”
14-15 December 2022
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Organisers:

Co-organisers:
 Table of Content

Welcoming Message from the Dean 3

Opening Speech by the Guest of Honour 5

Closing Message from the Chair 7

Closing Message from the Deputy Dean 9

About ICECON 11

Organizing Committee 12

International and National Advisory Members 12

Program Committee 13

Keynote Speakers 14

Conference Program 17

Abstracts 25

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 Welcoming Message from the Dean

Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb., Selamat Pagi and Good

Morning.

Yg Berbahagia Prof. Ir. Dr. Rosalam Hj. Sarbatly,

Deputy Vice Cancellor (Research and Innovation),
Yg Berusaha Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Nurmin Bolong,
the organising Chairperson of the 2nd International
Conference on Civil Engineering and Construction
Technology (ICECon 2022). Our Distinguished
Keynote Speakers; Prof. Datuk Dr. Ahmad Fauzi
Ismail of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Assoc. Prof.
Dr. Soon-chul Kwon of Pusan National University
South Korea, Prof. Dr. Taksiah A. Majid of Universiti
Sains Malaysia,
Fellow distinguished guests, researchers, and
participants.

Welcome to the 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Construction

Technology (ICECon 2022).

ICECon 2022 is a conference jointly organized by the Civil Engineering program, UMS in
collaboration with the Green Materials and Advanced Construction Technology Research
Unit (GMACT) UMS, the Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM), the Association of
Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM), Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia.

The theme for this year’s conference is “Upscaling Civil Engineering for Sustainable
Construction”. In view of this, ICECon2022 aims to bring together experts from the industry
and academia to disseminate new knowledge, share best practices, expand professional
networks and provide invaluable input for enriching civil engineering and construction
technology for the benefit of mankind.

Going through the titles of the papers to be presented, it is heart-warming to see a wide
range of topics of concern being addressed in research carried out by our participants.
These range from stormwater management practices, soil erosion and stability, Building
Information Modelling, seismic study as well as use of recycled material in construction,
amongst others. All these topics address the current trend in the civil engineering and
construction sector, especially in Sabah.

As you may be aware, Sabah together with some parts of Malaysia, has experienced several
bouts of flash floods over the past few years caused by intense rainfall and a water runoff
that could not cope. A close look at the design of our country’s drainage system is in order
to prevent these floods from re-occurring at the frequency that we have experienced this

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 year. The knock-on effect from the floods is that soils get weakened and caused several
major erosion and landslides in the state that ended up in casualties. These embankments
and slopes should be protected from future failures even in the event of a flash flood.

Winding the clock back to 2015, one can still re-call the sudden earthquake that occurred
in the state which caught everyone by surprise. As a state that has never been known for
earthquakes, the 2015 incident caused much alarm and panic to the local residents and
triggered a national wake up call to review the seismic design of buildings in the whole
country. It is therefore, encouraging to see that 6 years on, we have not forgotten about
the incident and we have speakers at this conference who will be looking into this matter.

The organizing committee has done a tremendous job under very difficult circumstances.
Members of the organizing committee come from the Civil Engineering Program of UMS,
Institution of Engineers Malaysia as well as the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia
and Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia . This, I believe,
what make this committee do its job very well. They have managed to bring in a total of
37 papers from around the world. To ensure the quality of papers presented at the
conference, each paper underwent a blind reviewed by at least two reviewers. All these
papers have been accepted to be presented over the two-day period of the conference.

The quality of the papers presented in any conference depends to a large extent on the
hard work and dedication of the reviewers. While keynote speakers make a good conference
a better one. Thus, I would like to take this opportunity to thank the organizing committee
and the reviewers for their hard work and dedication. Not to forget our esteemed keynote
speakers for their insightful knowledge they will be sharing with us. A heartfelt gratitude to
our national and international advisory panel for their help and guidance.

I would also like to invite all participants to attend the academic forum that will take place
tomorrow between 3 to 4 pm entitled “Actions towards Net-zero Construction and the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)” chaired by Eur Ing Dr Phebe Mann of ICE London.
The forum panellists include Datuk Seri Dr Michael Yam from the Chartered Institute of
Building, Dr Alex Opoku from University of Sharjah and Ir Gandhi Suppiah from ICE
Malaysia.

Thank you all and hope you will have an enjoyable and meaningful conference.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Ismail Saad

Dean of Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sabah

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 Officiating Speech by the Guest of Honour

Assalamualaikum w.b.t and a very good

morning to the organizers and participants of
the 2nd International Conference on Civil
Engineering and Construction Technology 2022
(ICECon2022). Alhamdulillah and praise to Allah
for His Mercy and Blessing.

Firstly, I would like to congratulate the Faculty

of Engineering, especially the Civil Engineering
Programme and Green Materials and Advanced
Construction Technology Research Unit
(GMACT), for organizing the ICECon2022 with
the theme ‘Upscaling Civil Engineering for
Sustainable Future’.

Sustainability is an important aspect in the 4th Industrial Revolution (IR4.0). Today,

civil construction faces the challenge of depletion of natural resources, ensuring safe
work, and optimizing processes. In addition, the civil engineering sector is constantly
in need to make construction process more sustainable, that is aligned with the
economic, social and environmental sustainability.

Thus, it is hoped that this conference will become a platform for the industry and
academia to disseminate new knowledge, share best practices, expand professional
networks and provide invaluable input for enriching civil engineering and construction
technology for the benefit of humanity.

Honourable guests, ladies and gentlemen;

It is my great pleasure to learn that apart from local and international participants,
several notable invited speakers will be sharing their knowledge and research in
various Engineering fields such as Professor Datuk Ts Dr Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, the Vice
Chancellor of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Professor. Ir. Dr. Taksiah A. Majid
from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and Professor Soonchul Kwon, from Pusan
National University, South Korea. I extend my gratitude to these experts and hope
that the keynote speeches shared will significantly benefit the participants.

I was also informed that on the second day, there would be a forum session entitled
“Actions Towards Net-Zero Construction and Sustainable Development Goals”, where
international experts gather to discuss the future of sustainable development in the
construction industry. I hope this forum provides an excellent opportunity to exchange
ideas between academicians and industry professionals.

Ladies and gentlemen;

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 This conference is co-organised by several local universities and industrial agencies.
Therefore, I would like to take this opportunity to extend my tremendous appreciation
to the collaborators, namely Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Universiti
Sains Malaysia (USM), Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM) and Association of
Consulting Engineer Malaysia (ACEM). I sincerely hope that such cooperation will
continue and expanded in the future for mutual benefit of all parties involved.

Lastly, thanks to the organizing committee for their attentive commitment to ensuring
this conference's success. To all participants, Syabas! and thank you for committing
your time and energy to this conference. I hope this conference will bring a
meaningful and pleasant experience for you and I am looking forward to hearing the
results and resolutions achieved.

It is a great honour and privilege to be invited as the Guest of Honour and I hereby
declare the 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Construction
Technology 2022 (ICECon2022) officially open.

Thank you.

Prof. Ir. Dr. Rosalam Hj. Sarbatly

Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation)
Universiti Malaysia Sabah

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 Closing Message from the Chair
Good afternoon, Yg Prof. Ir. Dr. Rosalam Hj.
Sarbatly, Deputy Vice Cancellor (Research and
Innovation), Yg Berusaha Associate Prof Ts Dr
Ismail Saad, Dean of Faculty of Engineering,
Our Distinguished Keynote Speakers; Prof.
Datuk Dr. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail of Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soon-chul
Kwon of Pusan National University South Korea,
Prof. Dr. Taksiah A. Majid of Universiti Sains
Malaysia, Fellow distinguished guests,
researchers, and participants.

As they say, all good things come to an end.

Thus, after two days, we have finally come to a
close to the 2nd International Conference on
Civil Engineering and Construction Technology
(ICECon2022). It is a great pleasure for me to say a few words at the end of this
conference.

First of all, the Civil Engineering programme of UMS is very grateful for having had
the opportunity to co-organize this event together with the The Institute of Engineer
Malaysia (IEM) and The Association of Consulting Engineer Malaysia (ACEM),
Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

We also thank the vice Chancellor of University Malaysia Sabah, Yg Berbahagia Prof
Datuk Dr Kasim Haji Mansor, for giving his blessings to the conference as well as the
Dean of the Faculty of Engineering for his support in this endeavour.

We also extend a big thank you to the keynote speakers, Datuk Dr. Ahmad Fauzi
Ismail of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soon-chul Kwon of Pusan
National University South Korea, Prof. Dr. Taksiah A. Majid of Universiti Sains Malaysia
for gracing us with their knowledge.

I would also like to thank Eur Ing Dr Phebe Mann, Datuk Seri Dr Michael, Dr Alex
Opoku from University of Sharjah and Ir Gandhi Suppiah for the enlightening
discussion on the future of sustainable building in the academic forum.
To all researchers, presenters and participants, it has been a pleasure interacting with
everyone at this conference and I wish to thank all the wonderful people I have met
along the way.

I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the organizing committee, the
reviewers, the chairpersons and advisory committee for their hard work and efforts
in ensuring the success of this conference.
Through this conference, I hope we have encouraged everyone to establish stronger
research ties among the academics, scientists, and engineers, in collaboration with

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 the public and private sectors, share information on related issues, present research
results to the public, explore new ideas and discuss development issues alongside
related topics.

I hope all of you will have fruitful deliberation, and I hope each and every one of you
have obtained valuable benefits and knowledge at this conference. Your participation
in this conference and submission of research papers is greatly appreciated and on
behalf of the Organizing and co-organizing committee, I wish you farewell for now
and may we see each other again soon.

Thank you.

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Nurmin Bolong

Chair of ICECon2022
Universiti Malaysia Sabah

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 Closing Speech by the Deputy Dean

Yang Berusaha Associate Prof Ts Dr Ismail

Saad, the Dean of the Faculty of
Engineering.Yang Berusaha Associate Prof
Ir. Dr Nurmin Bolong, the Organizing
Chairperson of ICECon 2022. Distinguished
Keynote Speakers; The honorable Prof.
Datuk Dr. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail of Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soon-
chul Kwon of Pusan National University
South Korea, Prof. Dr. Taksiah A. Majid of
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Fellow
distinguished guests, researchers, and all
the participants..

A very good afternoon ladies and

gentlemen. Throughout the two-day conference, I hope that you have gained
important knowledge from the keynote and parallel sessions and have taken the
opportunities to create and build networking with your fellow participants. I am sure
the organizing committee will look forward to receiving your feedback on these
meetings.

I also hope that through this conference, you have learned many advances in clean
sustainable engineering solutions in industry that hopefully could inspire you to scale
up your own best business models and to search for applicable and commercially
viable green industry practices.

We, at the Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, are very happy to be at
service to the industry by providing platforms like this, for establishing a dialogue and
expert networks that we are convinced are useful for you. But even more than that,
we would like to see a practical application and concrete steps made at different
levels.

Even the smallest ones, starting from the grassroots level whereby companies’
managers become committed to changing their business as usual models, and
introducing new sustainable and resource efficient solutions.

Equally important, at the highest decision-making level when policy makers, who
might have obtained a few important takeaways from the discussions and are now
better equipped to introduce new policies or strategies improving the national
business environment for the increased uptake of clean technologies and innovations
with a forward-looking approach.

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 To close off, once again, I would like to applaud the committee members for
successfully organizing this conference and for their tireless effort in ensuring it ran
as smooth as it did.

Ladies and gentlemen;

I hope you have had a fruitful two days and I wish you all the best in your future
endeavours.

Thank you.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kenneth Teo Tze Kin

Deputy Dean (Research and Innovation)
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sabah

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 About

ICECon2022

The 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Construction Technology (ICECon
2022) is a virtual conference that will be held on the 14th - 15th December 2022.

This conference is organised by the Civil Engineering Programme, Universiti Malaysia Sabah
and Green Materials and Advanced Construction Technology Research Unit (GMACT), and co-
organised with Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM),
Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM) and Association of Consulting Engineer Malaysia (ACEM).

With the theme “Upscaling Civil Engineering for Sustainable Future”, ICECon2022 aims to
bring together experts from the industry and academia to disseminate new knowledge, share
best practices, expand professional networks and provide invaluable input for enriching civil
engineering and construction technology for the benefit of mankind.

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 Organizing Committee Members

Advisors:
Prof Datuk Dr Kasim Md Mansur, Vice Chancellor, Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Ismail Saad, Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Conference Chair
Assoc. Professor Ir. Dr. Nurmin Bolong, UMS

Vice Chairs
Ir. Ts. Dr. Habib Musa Mohamad, UMS
Ts. Dr. Lillian @Lilia Gungat, UMS

Secretariat
Dr. Siti Nor Farhana Zakaria, UMS (L)
Mr. Lim Chung Han @ Andrew, UMS
Dr. Muhd. Fauzy Sulaiman, UMS

Registration and Finance

Dr. Siti Jahara Matlan, UMS (L)
Ts. Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman, UMS

Technical
Ts. Dr. Lillian @ Lilia Gungat, UMS (L)
Dr. Hidayati Asrah, UMS
Dr. Mohd Azizul Ladin, UMS
Dr. Jodin Makinda, UMS
Ir. Dr Nelly Majain , UMS

Publication
Dr. Noor Sheena Herayani Harith, UMS (L)
Dr. Sheikh Mohd Iqbal S. Zainal Abidin, UMS

Publicity and IT
Dr. Janice Lynn Ayog, UMS (L)
Dr. Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Asman, UMS

Local and Event Arrangement

Sr. Ts. Dr. Asmawan Sarman, UMS (L)
Dr. Nazaruddin Abd. Taha, UMS
Dr. Mohammad Radzif Taharin, UMS

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 Advisory Board Members

Malaysia

Professor Dato’ Ir. Dr. Wan Hamidon Wan Badaruzzaman, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Professor Ir. Dr. Taksiah A. Majid, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Professor Ir. Ts. Dr. Mohd Irwan bin Juki, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Professor Dr. Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Brig Jen Prof. Ir. Dr. Norazman Bin Mohamad Nor, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia
Dr. Afizah Binti Ayob, UNIMAP

International

Professor Dr. Joaquim A. O. Barros, University of Minho, Portugal

Professor Dr. Farid Abed, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Professor Dr. Bashir Ahmed Mir, National Institute of Technology, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Professor Dr Sibilike K. Makhanu, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology, Kenya
Eur Ing Dr Phebe Mann, Institution of Civil Engineers, United Kingdom

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 Keynote Speaker
Membrane Technology: A versatile technology for
the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds
from wastewaters
Prof. Datuk Dr. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Pei Sean Goh, Zahra
Samavati

Organic micropollutants such as endocrine-disrupting

compounds (EDCs) a have been increasingly detected in
various water sources, including surface waters,
groundwater, wastewater, runoff, and landfill leachates.
EDCs which originated from various sources including
personal care products and manufactured products are
notorious with the adverse effects in interfering with the
Prof. Datuk Dr. Ahmad normal function of endocrine system of living organisms.
Fauzi Ismail A wastewater treatment strategy which emphasizes both
Advanced Membrane treatment efficiency and sustainability is a necessity of
Technology Research Centre, current time, especially to deal with persistent and
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia hazardous pollutants like EDCs. Membrane technology has
been touted as a versatile tool to treat a wide range of
emerging pollutants as it demonstrates many
advantageous features that superior to other conventional
counterparts. Contemporarily, reverse osmosis,
nanofiltration and forward osmosis have shown good
promise for the removal of EDC. EDC removal from
wastewaters is highly governed by the physicochemical
properties of the targeted EDCs present in various aquatic
environments and the surface characteristics of
membranes. To facilitate the efficient removal of a broad
spectrum of EDC of different properties, innovations have
been made in membrane development. Various strategies
have been made in the surface modification of membrane
to render desired surface functionalities. Efficient removal
can be achieved through the establishment of desired
interactions between membrane surface and EDC. The
incorporation of functional materials into the
conventionally used thin film composite membrane further
augment membrane properties in terms of productivity
and sustainability. This presentation provides an overview
in the progresses made in membrane technology with
emphasis put on the innovations made in membrane
design. The case studies related to the applications of
membrane technology for EDC-containing wastewater
treatment are discussed. The challenges and future
research directions are also highlighted.

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 Keynote Speaker

Enhanced Mitigation of Coastal Erosion

Using Submerged-breakwater of Artificial Coral Reef
Prof. Dr. Soonchul Kwon

Recently, heavy storm surge and increasing sea level at

coastal area cause difficulties in maintaining the coastline. In
addition, coastal development such as new harbor and shore
protection on the coast tends to occur sand erosion and
sediment imbalance, which threatens coastal resilience. For
coastal recovery and coastal resilience, many researches
have been pursuing coastal maintenance projects with
Prof. Dr. Soon-chul Kwon various construction methods including rigid type of
Department of Civil and submerged-breakwater, but they reported a number of
Environmental Engineering failure cases and even second erosion damages in the applied
Director, KOREA GI & LID areas through various surveys. Herein, we developed the
Center submerged-breakwater type of artificial coral reef, named
Pusan National University, Coral Cell, and performed hydraulic model experiments to
Korea verify its reduction efficiency on significant wave heights and
beach and loss. For the experiment, we used 2D hydraulic
experimental flume and wave monitoring system with two
sets of wave gauges and irregular wave generator. Based on
the measured water level, we analyze significant wave height
with zero-up cross method. In addition, we carried out
spectral analysis using JONSWAP energy spectrum to
elucidate the trends in wave distribution. Since the amount
of sand is the key factor in coastal erosion, we figure out the
erosion-mitigation effect using the concept of ‘beach sand
collection rate’ to analyze the reduction rate of significant
wave height. It is worthy to note that Coral Cell cost-
effectively exhibits the significant reduction of the coastal
erosion by 40% with an easy installation. In particular,
captured sand in the Coral cell matrix holds the released sand
from the coastal area at the ocean floor, which prevents the
coastal sand erosion.

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 Keynote Speaker

Lesson Learned from Wind Hazard and the Related

Disaster in Malaysia
Taksiah A. Majid and Shaharudin Shah Zaini,
Disaster Research Nexus, School of Civil Engineering,
Universiti Sains Malaysia

Post wind-disaster survey revealed that wind hazard to

building structures is showing an increasing trend in Malaysia.
The formation of strong wind is frequently associated with
the weather in Malaysia, characterized by two monsoon
regimes, namely the Southwest Monsoon that starts from late
Prof. Ir. Dr. Taksiah A. May to September, and the Northeast Monsoon from
Majid November to March. The strong wind has caused damage to
School of Civil Engineering, the structures and roof damages are among the common
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) phenomena on non-engineered buildings as well as
engineered buildings. In many cases, the triggering factor
was found to be the roof decking-to-purlin and purlin-to-truss
connections. The cost to repair a damaged roof can be a
burden to those in the rural areas. As such, the Disaster
Research Nexus (DRN) in USM has established a conceptual
framework of wind risk mitigation for rural houses in Northern
Peninsular Malaysia. The research work is further extended
by developing the wind hazard map for Peninsular Malaysia
based on a Geo-database of Wind-Related Damage in
Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, DRN also performed
experimental works using Wind tunnel, Air box Test and
Static Test. In order to have in depth understanding on the
distribution of pressure and the pattern of wind streamlines
on rural houses, DRN has also conducted simulation work
with the aid of computational fluid dynamics method. The
results of this study can be used to develop a simple yet
efficient roof connection system that can easily be adopted
by the community in the rural areas.

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PROGRAMME SCHEDULE (TENTATIVE) [Local Time zone: GMT +8]

OPENING CEREMONY
14th December 2022 (Wednesday)

Time Event

8:00 – 8:30 VIP, Speaker, and participants will login into the conference online platform (Webex) through provided link. The Opening
am Ceremony & Keynote Speech will be live streaming through Webex Meeting and UMS YouTube Channel, Montage Video.

9:00 – 9:30 Session MC: Ismanoorifah Binti Ismail / Sherry Binti Mansuit
am
Location: Bilik Seminar, FKJ and Online Broadcast
National Anthem “Negaraku”
University Anthem

Quranic Recitation

Welcoming Remarks by Assoc Prof. Ts. Dr. Ismail Saad

Dean, Faculty of Engineering

Officiating Speech by Prof. Ir. Dr. Rosalam Hj. Sarbatly

Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation) UMS.
 DAY 1
14th December 2022 (Wednesday)

Event
Time

9:30 – Session MC: Ismanoorifah Binti Ismail (PIC: Dr Asmawan)

10:30
Plenary 1- Keynote Speaker 1:
am
Professor Datuk Ts Dr Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Vice Chancellor, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Title: Membrane Technology: A Versatile Technology for the Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds from
Wastewaters
Session Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Nurmin Bolong

10:30 - Rest
11:00
am

11:00 – Parallel Session 1

1:20 pm
Chairperson: Dr. Janice Lynn Ayog Chairperson: Datuk Ir. Ts. Dr. Amarjit Singh, IEM
Time
Room A: Water and Environment & Hydrology Room B: Structure and Materials
and Water Resource Engineering

11:00– Invited Presenter (W03): Invited Presenter (S06):

11:20
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurmin Bolong Assoc. Prof Dr. Hilton @ Mohd Hilton Bin Ahmad
am
Universiti Malaysia Sabah Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM).

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 ‘Upgrading The Community Water Supply System in “Fracture Energy Measurement in Different Concrete
Kampung Bongol, Tamparuli, Sabah, Malaysia’ Grades”
11:20– Paper E01 - Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed Paper S05: Jeffery Anak Pirah
11:40 Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, MALAYSIA Oreads Buildingcare, Sabah, MALAYSIA
am Alamega Konsult, Sabah, MALAYSIA
Environmental monitoring via cell responses,
morphology and apoptotic activity towards Pb2+ and Geological Evaluation of the Crocker Formation’s
Hg2+ by Chlorella vulgaris at IC50 Sandstone as Concrete Design Mix in Sabah, Malaysia
11:40– Paper E03: Jenina Logmao Paper S08: Abdullha Al-Obaidi
12.00 Mapúa University, PHILIPPINES Belarusian National Technical University, BELARUS
pm
Transport Analysis of Copper in Boac River, Marinduque, Impact on the Plasticity Properties of Self-Compact
Philippines Concrete Between Polypropylene, Fiber and Glass fibers
12.00– Paper E04: Angelica Demerin Paper S09: Sheikh Mohd Iqbal bin Sh Zainal Abidin
12:20 Mapúa University, PHILIPPINES Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA
pm
Philippines’ Construction and Demolition Waste The Effects of Different Types of Fibers on Crumb Rubber
Management: Identifying the most influential factors Mortar
that contributes to Construction and Demolition Waste
using RII and EFA
12:20– Paper W02: Khairul Rahmah Ayub Paper S10: Habib Musa Mohamad
12:40 Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA
pm
Water Retention in Different Composition of Green Roof Development of Concrete Eco-Paving Blocks using Crumb
Substrates Rubber Granules and Eco-Processed Pozzolan
12:40– Paper W04: Jason Lowell Jitolis Paper S11: Ahmed N. Hamdan
1.00 Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA University of Basrah, IRAQ
pm
Effects of Agro-Based Biochar Soil on Simulated Analyze the Effect of Different Water Sources on Concrete
Bioretention Cell Performance using Hydrus 1D and Compressive Strength: A Case Study in Basrah City.
One-Factor-At-A Time Statistical Design.

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 1.00 – Paper W05: Junaidah Abdullah Paper S12: Engr. Renz Brixter Lingamen
1.20 Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA Polytechnic University of the Philippines,
pm PHILIPPINES
Flow Characteristics in Perforated Subsurface Drain of
Ecological Drainage System Application: Case Study of
Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) Waste as Partial
Gate Fully Open with Longitudinal Slope 1/500
Aggregate and Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete: A
Review
1.20 – Break for Lunch
2:20 pm

DAY 1
14th December 2022 (Wednesday)

2:20 pm Parallel Session 2

– 5:00
pm Chairperson: Sr. Ts. Dr. Asmawan Mohd Chairperson: Ir. Amirul Hisham Hj Ismail, ACEM
Sarman, UMS

Time Room A: Construction Management & Structure Room B: Highway, Transportation and Traffic
and Materials Engineering

2:20 – Invited Presenter (C06): Ts. Dr. Lillian Gungat Invited Presenter (H08): Prof. Dr. Elsa Eka Putri
2:40 pm Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA Andalas University, INDONESIA
‘Maximization of waste recycling in pavement Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
maintenance project' University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia

2:40 – Paper S04: Ir. Dr. Tom Ngui Paper H01: Lillian Gungat
3:00 pm Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA
Can the ready-mixed concrete in Sabah conform to Utilization of Micronized Polyethylene Terephthalate
MS EN206? (MPET) as a Filler in Asphalt Pavement

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 3:00 – Paper S14: Muhd Fauzy Sulaiman Paper H03: Noor Halizah Abdullah
3:20 pm Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
The Bond Behaviors of Concrete confined with The Effect of Fine Aggregate Gradation and Filler type on
Recycled Steel Straps the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Mortars

3:20 – Paper S15: Engr. Joe Robert Paul Lucena Paper H04: Matthew T. Belleza
3:40 pm Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Don Fernando Homes Niugan Malabon City,
PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES
A Literature Review on the Use of Bamboo as Truss Analyzing the Factors Contributing to Manila-Cavite
Member and the Potential of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Expressway’s Traffic Congestion and Its Impact on the
as Truss Jointing Material Socioeconomic Development in the Area Using Analytical
Hierarchy Process.

3:40 – Paper C01 : Jeffery Anak Pirah Paper H05: Lillian Gungat
4.00 pm Oreads Buildingcare, Sabah, MALAYSIA Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA
Alamega Konsult, Sabah, MALAYSIA
Assessment of Walkability and Public Transport Services in
Whose Delays? Tactical Advantages for Contractors Luyang, Kota Kinabalu
when Planning for a Project using Bayesian Network
and Monte Carlo Simulation

4:00 – Paper C03: Dharylle Rhanjee Paper H06: Engr. Anna Marie Gomez
4:20 pm Mapua University, PHILIPPINES Polytechnic University of the Philippines,
PHILIPPPINES
Comparative Analysis on Factors Affecting Productivity
and Overruns in Construction Projects Amidst Post Congestion Charging System on Traffic Flow of Public
Covid-19 Pandemic New Norma Transportation: A Review

4:20 – Paper C04: Deseree Mata Paper H07: Dr. Jocelyn Rivera-Lutap
4:40 pm Mapua University, PHILIPPINES Polytechnic University of the Philippines,
PHILIPPINES
Management of Cost Risks: Classifying and Identifying
the Relationship of Cost Overrun Causes in Philippine Door-to-Door Culture of Commuters: Its Impact on the
Construction Projects using Spearman’s Rank Road Carrying Capacity
Correlation Test

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 4.40 – Paper C05: Kok Jyh Tan
5:00 pm PY Konsep Perunding Sdn Bhd, Sabah,
MALAYSIA
Sharing the working experience on the application of
Building Information Modelling

DAY 2
15th December 2022 (Thursday)

Time Event

8:45 – 9:45am MC: Sherry Binti Mansuit

Plenary 2 - Keynote Speaker 2:
Professor. Ir. Dr. Taksiah A. Majid
School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
Title: Lesson Learned from Wind Hazard and the Related Disaster in Malaysia
Session Chairperson: Ir. Ts. Dr. Habib Musa Mohamad

10.00– 11:00am MC: Sherry Binti Mansuit

Plenary 3 - Keynote Speaker 3:
Professor Soonchul Kwon
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University
Title:
Session Chairperson: Ts. Dr. Lillian @ Lilia Gungat

11:00– 11:20am Short Break

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 DAY 2
15th December 2022 (Thursday)

11:20-2:00 pm Parallel Session 3

Chairperson: Dr Mohamad Fared Murshed, Chairperson: Assoc. Prof Dr. Hilton @

USM Mohd Hilton Bin Ahmad, UTHM
Time
Room E: Water and Environment &Health, Room F: Geotechnology & Earthquake
Safety, Energy and Environment and Tunnel Engineering

11:20 – Invited Presenter (E05): Invited Presenter (T03):

11:40 pm
Prof. Dr. Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Assoc Prof Dr Aniza Ibrahim
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
(UPNM)
Malaysia (UTM)
‘Naturally Occurring Materials Based Ceramic ‘Residual Soil Response as an Effect of Various
Membrane for Water Purification via Membrane Dynamic Loading Conditions’
Distillation’

11:40 – Paper W06: Nur Aziemah Abd Rashid Paper T04: Azida Rashidi
12:00 pm Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, MALAYSIA
Determination Source of Water in Tube Well using Rectification of Sabah Stilt House using Shear Wall
Hydrofacies for RBF subjected to Earthquake

12:00 – Paper R01: Siti Kartini Ali Ashgar Paper G01: Jeffery Anak Pirah
12:20 pm Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA Oreads Buildingcare, Sabah, MALAYSIA
Alamega Konsult, Sabah, MALAYSIA
The Structural Relationship Between Building
Information Modelling (BIM) Strategies in Energy A Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging
Sustainability Elements Towards Sustainable Approach for Mapping Swelling Potential of Garinono
Campus Formation Soil

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 12:20 – Paper R03: Nurul Shahadahtul Paper G02 – Jodin Makinda
12:40 pm Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA
Afizah Asman Plastic Waste into Furniture Life Hydraulic Conductivity of Mine Waste Treated using
Cycle Assessment using OpenLCA Software Enzyme-induced Calcite Precipitation under Various
Conditions

12:40 – Paper G03: Engr. Alfred Erik Bautista

1:00 pm Polytechnic University of the Philippines,
PHILIPPINES
Deep Understanding of How Stone Column Works
and the Different Techniques Used to Improve it

1:00 -1:20 Paper G04: Mastura Azmi

pm Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Engineering and Microstructural Characterization of
Marine Clay Treated with Cement and Lime

1:20 pm - 3:00 Lunch Break

pm

3:00– 4:00 pm Session MC: Sherry Binti Mansuit

Forum: Actions Towards Net-Zero Construction and Sustainable Development Goals.
Panelist Chairperson: Eur Ing Dr Phebe Mann
Panelist 1: Datuk Seri Dr Michael Yam
Panelist 2: Dr. Alex Opoku
Panelist 3: Ir. Gandhi Suppiah

4:00 pm Session MC: Ismanoorifah Binti Ismail

Closing Remark by Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Nurmin Bolong, Chair ICECON 2022
Closing Remark by Assoc Prof. Dr. Kenneth Teo, Deputy Dean (Research and Innovation), Faculty of Engineering

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 Parallel Session 1 (Day 1, 11.00am-1.20pm)
Room A: Water and Environment & Hydrology and Water Resource Engineering
Paper ID Title / Authors / Abstract
W03 Upgrading The Community Water Supply System in Kampung
Bongol, Tamparuli, Sabah, Malaysia
Zakaria, S. N. F, Bolong, N and Simon, M

This research highlights the project of upgrading a water supply system for a
rural area in Kampung Bongol, Tamparuli, Sabah, Malaysia. This village is
approximately 60 km from Kota Kinabalu town centre and takes about two
hours to drive. Despite far access to the main water distribution pipeline, it is
also a geographical challenge surrounded by mountains. However, the village
is primarily situated near the existing catchment area. The previously
developed setup for the community water distribution in this village is a
traditional method using improper tools, systems, and facilities, which
potentially causes water shortage issues for the villagers, especially during
drought. To overcome this problem, in this study, a sustainable design of a
mini dam and the usage of a ramp pump to distribute water were designed
and built. Combining these two elements can fulfil the storage distribution tank
in a short time and supply clean water to the residents. Moreover, the 2-inch
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ramp pump in this study has reduced the operational
cost and zero-emission fuel, making this design practical and sustainable with
the aid of the villagers. Despite a very tight financial source and locality trial
and error technical application implementation, this upgrading water project
was accomplished within 4 months. At the end of this project, the water
distribution network using the designed system is successfully installed and
able to supply water to the 200 villagers.

E01 Environmental monitoring via cell responses, morphology and

apoptotic activity towards Pb2+ and Hg2+ by Chlorella vulgaris at IC50
Rassman N.H.K, Omar W.B.W and Mohamed R.M.S.R

Heavy metal pollution in water, lead (Pb2+) and mercury (Hg2+) currently
become greater concern in water sources management due to rapid industrial
development and mediocre wastewater treatment system. Microalgae has the
potential to be used in environmental monitoring study as they remediate
polluted water using detoxification mechanism. In this study, detoxification
responses of Pb2+ and Hg2+ by Chlorella vulgaris was conducted by evaluating
the changes in growth, physiology, morphology and cell signaling. The
inhibitory concentration at 50% population (IC50) of C. vulgaris towards Pb2+
and Hg2+ was 8.09 mg/L and 0.48 mg/L respectively. Using the IC50 values
obtained, 24 hours treatment was done. The chlorophyll a (Chl a) and total
soluble protein (TSP) were significantly decrease. Scanning electron
microscopy reveals C. vulgaris composed it morphological features after
challenged with Pb2+ and Hg2+. However, apoptotic observation of caspase-3/7
enzyme using FAM-FLICA stain under florescent microscopy C. vulgaris shows
positive apoptotic activity when treated with Pb2+ and Hg2+. In conclusion, C.
 vulgaris is able to adapt and remediate Pb2+ and Hg2+ possibly via apoptotic
activity and potentially to be used as biomarker for heavy metal monitoring.

E03 Transport Analysis of Copper in Boac River, Marinduque, Philippines

J.M. Logmao, L.T.C. Orcilla, K.L.P. Sun, and C.E.F. Monjardin

In 1996, over 1.6 million cubic meters of mine tailings were released along
Boac River, Marinduque, Philippines declaring it biologically dead. Numerous
studies found traces of heavy metals along this river, and bioaccumulation
became a problem. Several heavy metals contaminating the river were
reported to be ingestible by humans; one of which is Copper (Cu). With that,
this study investigated Cu dispersion in the downstream area of Boac River.
This was first done by coordinating with the “Development of Health Index:
Vulnerability to Extreme Environmental Events for Marinduque island.” (D-
HIVE) project in collecting the water quality data, rainfall data, and digital
elevation models (DEMs). Using the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River
Analysis System (HEC-RAS) 6.2, the analyses were conducted by inputting the
collected data. The flood hazard maps showed minimal spread in high-
elevation areas and distinct spread in low-lying areas. The highest flood
velocity was in the starting and middle points of the watershed, indicating
these areas have the highest potential to lift Cu content and transport it into
the downstream area and floodplain. The spatial variability maps showed that
pH increases while Cu content decreases as water flows toward the
downstream area. Overall, this study successfully determined the dispersion
of Cu along Boac River.

E04 Philippines’ Construction and Demolition Waste Management:

Identifying the most influential factors that contributes to
Construction and Demolition Waste using RII and EFA
A. Demerin1, B. Francisco Jr., and A.R. Roson

The construction industry and the rising number of construction projects is one
of the main contributors to the economic growth of the Philippines. Although
there are a lot of structures built by industry, waste produced throughout the
whole life cycle of the building is inevitable. This study assessed and analyzed
the most influential factors that contribute to CDW, as well as its environmental
impacts in the Philippines. From the preliminary research, the researchers
obtained 45 factors. These factors are categorized into 7 different categories:
design, handling, workers, management, site condition, procurement, and
external. Out of 45 factors that were determined, 14 factors were removed
through pilot testing using Cronbach's Alpha. Exploratory Factor Analysis was
used to determine the most influential factors per category and explain the
level of impact in the construction in terms of CDW Management. Relative
Importance Index was utilized to determine the importance of each factor in
CDW management. Based on the findings, the lack of waste management
plans is considered the most significant of the 31 factors, as the present
segregation system is not adequately compiled. Toolbox meetings held prior

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 to the construction phase, difficulties accessing construction sites are also
minimal.

W02 Water Retention in Different Composition of Green Roof Substrates

K.R. Ayub, A. Ab Ghani, N. A. Zakaria, M. R. R. M. A. Zainol, N. A. Azizan, M.
N. Alias, M. Z. M. Kassim, M. F. Yusof, S. Shaharuddin, S. F. Juiani, and J.
Abdullah

Green roof is one of the components in Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

(SUDS). Previous studies of green roof have been made in less rainfall depth
and intensity region compared to rainfall in tropical region like Malaysia which
have significant difference in climate condition of each region. Substrates use
in green roof component is differ among the regions and influence the
performance of green roof. The capability of green roof to fulfil this concept of
stormwater management, depends to its components namely substrates and
vegetation. Choosing appropriate properties of substrate is important due to
significantly correlated with the peak flow reduction and water retention. The
aims of this research are to study the substrate composition of green roof that
suitable in tropical climate region. Lightweight substrates which combination
of scoria, coir and topsoil with different percentage composition namely SA,
SB and SC have been studied. This research found all types of composition
able to attenuate the flow but in term of percentage in water retention volume,
SB is the best substrate to retain water ranging 25.5% - 52%. This indicates
that SB is possible to be use as green roof substrate in tropical region.

W04 Effects of Agro-Based Biochar Soil on Simulated Bioretention

Cell Performance using Hydrus 1D and One-Factor-At-A-Time
Statistical Design
J.L. Jitolis, A.N. Awang Ali, J. Idris, N. Abdul Taha, I. Saad, N. Bolong

Bioretention cell media plays a vital role on the performance of the system.
Although previous studies have either examined the efficacy of different
biochar amendment on the performance of engineered filter media, only a few
studies have attempted to analyze and simulate the hydrological effects of
biochar amendment soil in bioretention cell through water flow modeling
analysis. To fill this gap, a modeling software Hydrus 1D is used to simulate
the hydrological performance of agro-based biochar filter media of oil palm
kernel shell (OPKS) in a one-dimensional system model based on experimental
data. The sensitivity or screening analysis for each soil parameters that
influenced the hydrological performance is critically analyzed through One-
Factor-at-a-Time Analysis (OFAT) to develop different case parameters of
analysis using the Design Expert Software. Results show that the hydrological
performance of water volume reduction rate for case A (porosity) falls within
the ranges from 30-53% with an increase in pore size; whereas for case B
(pore size distribution), the ranges fall from 31-40% with an increase in pore
size due to higher hydraulic conductivity and pressure head. Higher root means
square error (RMSE) with >0.95 was observed in a comparison between
simulation and experimental data for hydraulic and pressure heads relation.

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 The validity of results for both software shows higher percentage of match,
which is more than 90% accuracy.

W05 Flow Characteristics in Perforated Subsurface Drain of Ecological

Drainage System Application: Case Study of Gate Fully Open with
Longitudinal Slope 1/500
J. Abdullah, M. R. R. M. A. Zainol, M. F. Yusof, M. Z. M. Kasim, M. N. Alias, ,
K. R. Ayub, S. F. Juiani, N. A. Azizan, S. Shaharuddin, M. K. Zainalfikry, N. A.
Zakaria and A. Ab. Ghani.

Subsurface drainage is part of a sustainable drainage system's components.

This component represents the infiltration of stormwater into the subsurface
drainage system for flow attenuation purposes. This study examines the flow
parameters of subsurface drainage components. The laboratory validation of
perforated subsurface drains was conducted at a longitudinal slope gradient of
1/500 with the Gate Fully Open. The manning n data obtained in these
experiments varies with several hydraulic parameters. Therefore, the
experimental relationship between the flow characteristics of these subsurface
drain components has been investigated. The relationship between flow
behaviour has been determined.

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 Parallel Session 1 (Day 1, 11.00am-1.20pm)
Room B: Structure and Materials

Paper ID Title / Authors / Abstract

S06 Fracture Energy Measurement in Different Concrete Grades
H. Ahmad and H.M. Mohamad

Fracture energy is regarded as an intrinsic (material) property to dominate

crack mechanisms and associated crack growth to concrete damage under
applied stress. More recently, huge evolution in computing technology leading
to finite element analysis (FEA) approaches to require incorporation of
constitutive model, such as traction-separation relationship derived from state-
of-the-art fracture mechanics fundamental. A physically-based models requires
fracture energy values; therefore, properly measured fracture energy value is
essential to exhibit better structures response within FEA models. Large arrays
of parameters involved during concrete mixture such as beam size effect,
aggregate size and concrete grade to affect the flexural resistance in concrete.
The fracture and failure in concrete ahead of crack tip is represented by
fracture energy values where micro-damage events occurred such as
interfacial failure, fiber-bridging and matrix cracking. This study aims to
investigate the fracture energy of concrete specimens with combination of
notch depth ao at mid-span, design concrete strength as specified in the
testing series. Independent compression strength, fc and measured load-
displacement profiles under three-points bending test were used to determine
fracture energy by incorporating three available fracture energy expressions
such as Bazant, Hillerborg and CEB-FIP models.

S05 Geological Evaluation of the Crocker Formation’s Sandstone as

Concrete Design Mix in Sabah, Malaysia
Rodeano Roslee, Jeffery Anak Pirah and Muhammad Farid Zulkipli

Concrete Design Mix is a process which indicates the mix ratio of concrete
components such as coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, water and
admixture to be determined in order to batch and produce concrete with
targeted strength. Sandstones exhibit various variations in strength (from less
than weak to very strong), depending on the degree of weathering, porosity,
amount and type of cement and/or matrix material, as well as the composition
and texture of the grains. Higher cement or matrix content and lower porosity
are the characteristics of strong sandstone. However, the strength of
sandstone can decline due to the high moisture content. Sandstones typically
have a high enough internal coefficient of friction to provide high shear
strength when constrained under load. Bad-filled sandstones are usually not
exposed to the plasticity phase except for shaly sandstones which are more
easily soluble compared to massive sandstones which are not subject to rapid
deterioration when exposed. Nevertheless, chemical and water reactions can
cause weathering in sandstone, which can cause deformities and relatively
rapid deterioration when sandstone is used as a construction material. The
concrete samples generally shows fine grained cement/matrixes with the

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 appearance of minerals such as feldspar, quartz and rock fragments. The
recommendations for concrete exposed to sulphate attack is % SO2 less than
0.2, g/L 1.0 (soil) and less than 0.3 (ground water). Type of cement
recommended are Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Rapid hardening Portland
cement (RHPC), or combinations of either cement with slag of p.f.a and
Portland blast furnace cement (PBFC) for plain concrete and rainforced
concrete. Dense fully compacted concrete recommended are 250 to 300
Kg/m2 (minimum cement content) and 0.70 to 0.60 (maximum free
water/cement ratio).
S08 Impact on the Plasticity Properties of Self-Compact Concrete
Between Polypropylene, Fiber and Glass Fibers
Abdullha Mudhafar Shawka AL-obaidi and Sergei N.Lenovich

5 cubes of 15 cm × 15cm × 15 cm size were examined and two types of tests

were carried out: compressive strength and tensile strength to self-compacting
concrete and Fibers were added at a rate of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% from
volume of concrete L-Box and V-funnel test was also conducted. It was
concluded that The fibers that have a lower modulus value than the cement
matrix increase the strain performance of concrete, while the fibers that have
a higher modulus value than cement have a greater modulus than cement and
provide greater strength performance of concrete and adding more fibers to
concrete mixtures makes them more homogeneous and characteristic in
nature and this Brings the transformation of concrete nature from a fragile
state to a ductile state

S09 The Effects of Different Types of Fibers on Crumb Rubber Mortar

S.M. Iqbal S. Zainal, Debbie Mattius, Zulhelmi Baba, Ahmad Nurfaidhi
Rizalman, and A.K. Mirasa

Currently, one of the main barriers to the complete usage of recycled tire
crumbs in construction is the deterioration on the mechanical properties of
cement-based composites. The partial replacement of sand with Crumb
Rubber (CR) as fine aggregates could reduce environmental pollution,
considering the ever-growing global market for tires. Therefore, this paper
attempts to improve the fresh and hardened properties of Crumb Rubber
Mortar (CRM) by incorporating synthetic, natural and hybrid fiber
reinforcements. A total of 18 mix designs were developed with varying fiber
combinations and rubber crumb replacement. Subsequently, parametric
studies with chemical admixture were conducted at 3, 7, and 28 days to
improve the flowability and resulting mechanical properties of the fiber-
reinforced CRM. An attempt was also made to deduce the hybridization
synergy between the fiber combinations under compression, flexure, and
tension. According to the results, the single and hybrid fibers positively
improved the mechanical properties of CRM at 5–15% CR replacement. For
single fibers, coconut fibers provided the best reinforcement effect in
compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths. For hybrid fibers, the synthetic-
coconut hybrids gave the best compression and flexure strengths, but the

30 | P a g e
 synthetic-kenaf hybrids performed better in tension. Synthetic and coconut
fiber hybridization produced a positive synergistic effect in tension but zero
synergies in compression and flexure. In addition, combining synthetic and
kenaf fibers resulted in positive hybridization synergy in compression and
tension but negative synergy in flexure.

S10 Development of Concrete Eco-Paving Blocks using Crumb Rubber

Granules and Eco-Processed Pozzolan
Habib M. Mohamad, N. Bolong, I. Saad, L. Gungat, M. Ibrahim, J. Tioon, R.
Pileh, M. Delton and L. Sikun

This study entails processing and developing end materials in order to create
reusable eco-friendly paver block products. The concept of recycling, reuse,
and recovery is critical in reducing the amount of environmental damage
caused by indiscriminate trash disposal. As the necessity to recover maximum
profits from the management approach is applied while guaranteeing
environmental sustainability, the concept of waste to wealth emerges.
Objectives of this research are to produce an “eco-friendly paver block” for
pedestrian walkways formulated from waste material such as Eco-Processed
Pozzolan (EPP) and crumb rubber from waste tyres. Although the strength of
the eco-paver blocks incorporating used EPP and crumb rubber increased up
33% with water cement ratio is fixed to 0.5. The compressive strength of eco-
paver blocks is higher when the EPP and crumb rubber contents is lesser. The
strength increased 35% when EPP and crumb rubber are lesser used. The
higher usage of EPP and crumb rubber, the lower the compressive strength of
eco-paver blocks. EPP and rubber crumb usage based on M1 design are
recommended to use which only 33% of EPP content allowed. Therefore,
incorporating EPP and crumb rubber as a component for cement-sand paver
block allowed a more sustainable and low-cost paving block to be produced.

S11 Analyze the Effect of Different Water Sources on Concrete

Compressive Strength: A Case Study in Basrah City
Maha A. Faroon, Zainb A.A. AL Saad, Ahmed Naseh Ahmed Hamdan

This article's goal is to assess the effectiveness of various types of water in

concrete mix manufacture (assuming the same composition). The compressive
strength of concrete was investigated in relation to different types of mixing
water. There was a thorough examination of the effects of contaminants such
as sodium (Na+), calcium, magnesium (Mg+2), potassium (K+), bicarbonate
(HCO3-), total alkalinity, TA, chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO4-2). TUR, electrical
conductivity, and turbidity (TUR) were also examined (PH). In the city of
Basrah, this study employed five different kinds of water for concrete mixing
(River water, Tap water, Al-Badaah canal water, Ground water). Water purified
using reverse osmosis (RO) was employed as the basis for this study. Cast 150
mm cube samples from these water samples. The concrete's compressive
strength (CS) was tested after seven, fourteen, and twenty-eight days.
Compressive strength of concrete was shown to be greatly impacted by the

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 water supply utilized in the mixing process. Al-Badaah water has the highest
value (36.7MPa) when compared to the other water samples, suggesting that
it can be used to make concrete with the highest compressive strength when
combined with water from other sources while the ground water is the least
compressive strength (31.5). When RO water is in low supply, Al-Badaah water
and tap water might be blended, according to the study.

S12 Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) Waste as Partial Aggregate and

Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete: A Review
Renz Brixter Lingamen, Orlean Dela Cruz

Plastic disposal is now a major problem for the sustainability of the

environment. However, viewing the engineering properties of plastics (e.g.,
lightweight, flexible, strong, moisture-resistant, and cheap) opens the
possibility of using it as a structural material. Over the decades many
researchers conduct a study on using plastics as a replacement for natural
aggregates in concrete or even as an additive. Past experimental results from
other researchers have shown that adding plastic waste in concrete will alter
both the mechanical and durability properties of the concrete. However, such
concrete can still fulfill engineering properties and can be used in other types
of structure with low strength requirements. In this research it is intended to
try other possibilities of using plastic wastes as an ingredient or material for
mixing concrete.

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 Parallel Session 2 (Day 1, 2.20-5.00 pm)
Room A: Construction Management & Structure and Materials
Paper ID Title / Authors / Abstract
C06 Maximization of Waste Recycling in Pavement Maintenance Project
L. Gungat, M. O. Hamzah and N. I. Md Yusoff

The most common method of recycling in road maintenance projects in

Malaysia is in situ recycling. To maximize waste recycling, plant recycling can
be an option since previous studies indicated good performance using
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). However, variability in RAP and mixing
temperature are the main concern in plant recycling. Hence, this study
investigates the maximization of waste recycling from road maintenance
projects in Malaysia for plant recycling in terms of quality control and the
environment. The experimental design consists of materials characterisation
for three sources of RAP, determination of mixing temperature, analysis of
environmental and energy consumption, and optimization of RAP production.
The findings showed that based on RAP gradation the quality control in terms
of RAP variability was less than 15% coefficient of variance and considered
acceptable. The addition of RAP stiffened the RAP mixture which result in
increased viscosity and mixing temperature. Higher mixing temperatures
produced more greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption.
Optimization of RAP production indicated that in order the maximize the RAP
usage, 50%RAP content added with RH-WMA at 140°C mixing temperature
was the most ideal. The proposed design approach and evaluation of waste
materials adopted in this study are beneficial for assessing the essential criteria
for maximising waste recycling in the pavement.

S04 Can the ready-mixed concrete in Sabah conform to MS EN206?

M.F.T. Ngui, and D.T.W. Looi

Concrete cube test results can fluctuate with a noticeable standard deviation,
given the nature of raw material variation, non-uniformity in mixing,
randomness in sampling, workmanship and testing errors. Hence, quality
control is essential. However, the concrete compressive cube strength
conformity test (by the concrete producer), identity test (by the specifier) and
acceptance criteria (initial and continuous productions) for ready-mixed
concrete are complex and controversial issues. Most civil engineers are
unaware of the changes from the conventional BS 5328-4: 1990 into a more
modern concept and approach for quality control in BS EN 206: 2021. What
further complicates the situation in Malaysia is that there is more than one
industry standard (foreign and local codes) available, i.e., MS EN206, MS 523,
BS 8500, JKR Standard Specifications for Building Works and CIDB CIS 21.
Many stakeholders in the construction industry in Sabah are not well-informed
about these testing and criteria for initial and continuous productions. Hence,
this paper is written to comment on state-of-the-art quality control
requirements for ready-mixed concrete cube compressive strength, outlining
the shared values from each industry standard. Worked examples for the

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 statistical analysis of strength data in Sabah are presented to demonstrate the
acceptance criteria. Readers are reminded that complying with the testing
criteria is essential to ensure the safety and sustainability of the construction
industry
S14 The Bond Behaviors of Concrete Confined with Recycled Steel
Straps
Muhd Fauzy Sulaiman, Chau Khun Ma, Chee-Long Chin, Abdullah Zawawi
Awang, Wahid Omar, Mohd Syahlan Mohd Syukri

Recycled steel strapping is a brand-new type of external confinement to

confine concrete. The application of recycled steel straps for confinement are
safe, practical and economic. Generally, the effectiveness of confinement
reduced as the strength of concrete increased due to brittleness problems. In
this paper, pull-out tests with numerical analysis were conducted in the view
to determine the effectiveness of recycled steel straps to develop bond
strength of concrete with previous theories comparisons. Three confining
ratios (0.28, 0.17 and 0.13) of recycled steel straps were used in this
investigation. The bond strength, failure modes, confinement effects and bond
strength ratios were studied in this research. The overall pull-out tests results
have been increased and improved with provision of recycled steel straps
confinement.

S15 A Literature Review on the Use of Bamboo as Truss Member and the
Potential of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer as Truss Jointing Material
Joe Robert Paul Lucena and Orlean G. Dela Cruz

A truss is a structure that has a rigid configuration formed by an assembly of

straight members connected by pins. Many roofing systems use trusses, but
in architecture, the wide variety of truss configurations is taken to an
advantage to create vast arrays of aesthetics in buildings. Steel, particularly
plain carbon steel designated as A36, is the most used material for truss
members and joint connectors. However, these members are both heavy and
non-sustainable, so several kinds of literature recommend studying the
potential of using lightweight and sustainable alternatives. This review focus
on the use of bamboo in truss and the potential of fiber-reinforced composite
as a truss joint connector. The review used PRISMA 2020 as a reference for
the systematic review procedure, with Google Scholar and Science Direct
online databases. Bamboo culms and glued-laminated bamboo (glubam) are
the two types of bamboo commonly used in truss fabrication based on the
review. Bamboo culms from Dendrocalamus asper exhibit a tensile strength of
340 MPa, while the glubam made of Yushania Alpina has 364 MPa. Other
mechanical properties of bamboo necessary for the truss analysis are not yet
clearly defined, although studies used ASTM D143-09 to determine several
mechanical properties of bamboo or glubam. Fiber-reinforced composite can
exhibit an enormous array of varieties and still demonstrate a strength close
to or even higher than steel. It is lightweight and can reach a tensile strength
of 700 MPa. The researcher recommends synthesizing bamboo or glubam as
truss members and fiber-reinforced composite as truss joint connectors.

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 C01 Whose Delays? Tactical Advantages for Contractors when Planning
for a Project using Bayesian Network and Monte Carlo Simulation
J. Pirah, Naguib, S.and J. Lozitin

It is common for the industry to have contractors solely shoulder the blame
when a project is delayed although a third of delays are contributed by the
client and external factors. The use of technical planning is suitable when it is
deterministic where assumptions were made where everything goes well and
the only issues are the number of resources and duration required to complete
a task and the whole project. The construction industry is filled with noise and
various factors that will contribute to delay and hence, the ceteris paribus
concept rarely happened in a project. This paper introduces tactical planning
which capitalises on delays by the client through a subsequent analysis
involving Monte Carlo simulation and Bayesian Network. This method allows a
better perspective when it comes to risk and uncertainties as well as
suppressing possible planning paradoxes and 'praxis of stupidity' from
recurring in future projects. The case study is based on the Event Study
Methodology for an oil and gas project in Sabah, Malaysia.

C03 Comparative Analysis on Factors Affecting Productivity and

Overruns in Construction Projects Amidst Post COVID-19 Pandemic
New Normal
John Lewis Abad, Wael Elie Alihuddin, Dharylle Rhanjee Elicay, Jocelyn
Buluran

The start of the COVID-19 pandemic drastically affected the conduction of

construction activities. Now, the current transition to a new normal will create
another shift in the construction industry. This study will approach efforts
directed to cost and effectiveness of time via investigation of productivity and
overruns in construction sites amidst the pandemic, specifically on the current
reopening of the Philippine economy into the new normal. The study will also
tackle the effects of the preventive measures in place in reopening the
economy along with the effects of mass vaccination of workers in the
construction industry. Researchers will then gather data and conduct a survey
to analyze and develop a model (incorporating data) for this study. The data
gathered in this research will be utilized to construct a comparative analysis
on the factors affecting productivity and time and cost overruns in construction
projects during the community quarantine period and the new normal
transition in the Philippines.

C04 Management of Cost Risks: Classifying and Identifying the

Relationship of Cost Overrun Causes in Philippine Construction
Projects using Spearman’s Rank Correlation Test
J.E.B Baleros, D.A. Mata, J.J.P. Tuazon

Cost overruns are unanticipated expenses that cause the financial plan agreed
upon with the client to be exceeded. Due to fluctuating labor and material
costs, practically all construction projects experience cost overruns. Preventive

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 steps that can be carried out both before and during the project can reduce
the impact of the aforementioned cost overrun factors. In this study, the
researchers will be analyzing and identify, classify, and analyze the cost risks
in construction projects in Luzon, Philippines, particularly concerning cost
overruns through survey with experts, thematic coding, structured survey,
relative importance index (RII) and spearman’s rank correlation test. It has
been shown that the top five factors contributing to cost overruns in the
Philippines are inaccurate time and cost estimates, mistakes made during
construction, labor productivity, inadequate project planning, and
inexperienced contractors and subcontractors. Compared to the study by
Memon et al.; it shows similarities in the findings, and the factor "Frequent
design changes" ranked high in both studies. In contrast, the presiding causes
of cost overrun are different. In this study, wrong time and cost estimate is
the leading cause, while frequent design changes are the presiding cause in
study by Memon et. al. The results and analysis of the Spearman's Rank
Correlation Test also reveal that "Problems in Procurement and Logistics"
(NHR2) and "Shortage of Materials" (NHR4) are the factors with the most
significant correlation coefficient of 0.841, showing that they are significantly
related with one another. According to the results of the Spearman Correlation,
the risk of material shortages in a construction project is negatively connected
with the likelihood that challenges with procurement and logistics will cause
cost overruns.
C05 Sharing the working experience on the application of Building
Information Modelling (BIM)
Ir. Ts. Tan KJ, JP, J. M. P. Disimond

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the work experience with Building
Information Modelling (BIM) in major engineering projects in Sabah. The
buildings and infrastructure projects today are becoming more complex and
are difficult to interpret by only relying on the information provided by multiple
layers of overlay 2D views. To overcome this challenge, the application of BIM
into the projects was introduced. It yielded significant improvement such as,
better planning and design, easy design changes, minimal rework on site,
better visualization for contractors for offsite prefabrication work, free ‘view
only’ software for all parties involved, and lifetime information to the end user.

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 Parallel Session 2 (Day 1, 2.20-5.00 pm)
Room B: Highway, Transportation and Traffic Engineering
Paper ID Title / Authors / Abstract
H08 The Effect of Additional Hydrated lime as Filler on the Permanent
Deformation of Asphalt Mixture
Tiara Fahreza, Elsa Eka Putri, Yosritzal

Hydrated lime is one of the alternative fillers that can be used in asphalt
mixtures. Hydrated lime as a filler can act as an anti-stripping agent that can
increase the durability or resistance of the asphalt mixture in accepting traffic
loads such as vehicle weight and friction between vehicle wheels and the road
surface. The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect of hydrated
lime as a filler on permanent deformation of the AC-WC mixture using a Wheel
Tracking Machine (WTM) with a filler composition of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and
100% of the weight total fillers. AC-WC (Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course) is
the topmost layer of asphalt that serves to receive traffic loads and distribute
it to the layers below it in the form of vehicle loads (vertical forces), brakes
(horizontal forces) and vehicle wheel vibrations. Because it is on the top, this
layer is very susceptible to damage and deformation due to traffic loads or also
known as permanent deformation. From the results of the study, it was found
that the best mixture of AC-WC is a mixture that has an aggregate that is in
accordance with the gradation of the mixture, with an Optimum Asphalt
Content of 6.5%, a maximum filler composition of 75% of the weight of the
filler and also hydrated lime as a filler in the AC-WC mixture can increase the
stability of the asphalt mixture and can also slow down the permanent
deformation of the asphalt mixture.

H01 Utilization of Micronized Polyethylene Terephthalate (MPET) as a

filler in asphalt pavement
L. Gungat, K. I. Amrah, M. Moris and N. H. Abdullah

Nowadays, plastic pollution is one of the most critical issues related to

sustainability development that need to be solved. Studies indicated that
addition of certain amount of recycled plastic from Polyethylene Terephthalate
(PET) in asphalt mixture has improved the engineering properties (marshall
stability, moisture resistance, rutting and fatigue resistance). However, the
main challenge of direct incorporation of recycled plastic in binder is the
thermal incompatibility of two phases which are glass transition and melting
temperature. This study investigates the potential of micronized PET from
recycled plastic bottle as filler in asphalt pavement. Micronization process at
laboratory was carried out to determine the appropriate method prior
incorporating it into asphalt mixture. The micronized size of PET incorporated
at 0%, 4%, 8%,12% by weight of filler is then evaluated for its volumetric
properties, strength, and adhesion properties. The results showed that the
volumetric properties of the asphalt were affected by the presence of
micronized PET. The strength properties in terms of Resilient Modulus and
Indirect Tensile Strength showed increment with addition of micronized PET.
Similar trend also observed on adhesion properties. Hence, the findings

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 indicated the potential of utilizing the recycled micronized PET for local road
construction.

H03 The Effect of Fine Aggregate Gradation and Filler type on the
Rheological Properties of Asphalt Mortars
Babak Golchin, Muhammad Nazmi Abdul Rahman, Noor Halizah Abdullah,
Lillian Gungat

Fine aggregates provide sufficient stability for asphalt mortars. They helps to
build up a good interlocking characteristic and supporting load capacity for
asphalt mixtures. Filers like ordinary portland cement and hydrated lime can
improve the rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility of the asphalt
mixtures. In this study, the influence of the aggregate gradation and filler type
on the rheological properties of asphalt mortars were evaluated through a
series of laboratory test procedures. Different asphalt mortar samples were
fabricated using two aggregate gradations (median and lower level of fine
aggregates) and two different filers (ordinary Portland cement and hydrated
lime). Test results showed that the addition of Ordinary Portland Cement and
hydrated lime can stiffen the asphalt mortar. Hydrated lime showed higher
stiffness values when compared to the Ordinary Portland Cement. Also,
aggregate gradation type showed a significant effect on the rheological
properties of asphalt mortars.

H04 Analyzing the Factors Contributing to Manila-Cavite Expressway’s

Traffic Congestion and Its Impact on the Socioeconomic
Development in the Area Using Analytical Hierarchy Process
Matthew T. Belleza, Daniel Glenn R. De Lemos, John Ver A. Salazar and
Jocelyn S. Buluran

Expressways are the most vital roads that connect regions across the country.
They serve as a primary road network that mitigates traffic congestion on
roads within the metropolitan area. Because of the importance of expressways
in the Philippines especially in the Greater Manila Area, many traffic
management experts raise concerns about expressway traffic congestion. Due
to the increasing volume of vehicles, expressways like the CAVITEX do not
always meet the traffic needs of the region, which results in heavy traffic
congestion. This research aims to provide a detailed study of the factors of
traffic congestion that occur in CAVITEX and how it affects the socio-economic
status of the region. Moreover, this research will evaluate the effectiveness of
countermeasures being implemented, a solution can be
formulated to further alleviate this congestion.

H05 Assessment of Walkability and Public Transport Services in Luyang,

Kota Kinabalu
G. Lillian, N Justin, F.M. Said, N. Bolong and A. Mohammad

Abstract. Excessive carbon dioxide emission is becoming one of the main

concerns of the world in recent years. To reduce adverse impacts, walking is

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 the best method as it greatly aids in the reduction of carbon emission released
from motorised vehicles. Walkability has always been related to environmental
issues around the world. This study investigates the improvement indicators
of walkability and public transport service at Luyang, Kota Kinabalu as it has a
high concentration of pedestrians especially during morning markets. The
study was conducted via field observation and questionnaire distribution and
then analysed by using Analytical Hierarchy Process to determine the safety,
connectivity and comfortability indicators with their respective weightages and
ranking. It has been found that the most concerning and bothersome factor is
comfortability as there are lack of comfortability aspects in Luyang. The most
concerning issue regarding the services of bus in Luyang was the amount of
bus stops within 800m radius of the boundary area, followed by the frequency
of bus and lastly the comfort aspects of public transport services. Along with
that, the walkability index in Luyang is satisfactory as they are higher than 0.5,
with the highest walkability index of 0.758. Therefore, the walkability index
evaluation has been found successful and the factor that should be focused to
improve the walkability shall be the comfortability of Luyang.

H06 Congestion Charging System on Traffic Flow of Public

Transportation: A Review
Anna Marie F. Gomez and Orlean G. Dela Cruz

Congestion Charging System (CCS) is a well-known Travel Demand

Management (TDM) "push measure" that aims to discourage the use of private
vehicles with low passenger capacity. Under this scheme, most cars pay fees
while driving through congestion Charged Zones (CCZ). It is a controversial
traffic strategy quickly gaining popularity as traffic congestion continuously
worsens in many cities worldwide. By influencing road users' decisions on
when, where, how, and whether or not they need to travel, the implementation
of a congestion charging system significantly reduces traffic congestion.
Hence, far less traffic on the roads is good for the environment and people's
health. This paper highlights the contributing factors of congestion, different
traffic strategies implemented to counter congestion, the impact of congestion
charging on the traffic flow, and the commuters' perspective towards using
public transportation.
H07 Door-to-Door Culture of Commuters: Its Impact on the Road
Carrying Capacity
Jocelyn Rivera-Lutap and Orlean G. Dela Cruz

Barriers to the exchange of goods and ideas have shrunk because of

technology. Mobility is one of the most significant contributions of
industrialization and urbanization. It has also changed the lifestyle of millions
of people. The vision of seamless travel has been a byword in regional and
urban planning. Providing intermodal facilities has become the top priority of
the private and public sectors. The concept of the door-to-door, from home to
work to places of recreation and other social activities, should provide
accurate, safe, and comfortable travel for commuters. This concept is directed
at long-distance travel—however, the idea of the door-to-door journey for

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 commuters, specifically in the Sta. Mesa, Manila took a different epithet. The
Polytechnic University of the Philippines was used to model how people would
go out of a building and hop on a tricycle to another destination even when
the distance is less than a kilometer. The paper investigates the choices of the
commuters, specifically of the students, faculty, and staff of this university. It
looks into how this phenomenon affects the carrying capacity of the road and
explores the possibilities of a walkable university district.

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 Parallel Session 3 (Day 2, 11.20 am-2.00 pm)
Room E: Water and Environment & Health, Safety, Energy and Environment
Paper ID Title / Authors / Abstract
E05 Naturally Occurring Materials Based Ceramic Membrane for Water
Purification via Membrane Distillation
Nur Aina Shazana Mohd Hisama, Mohammad Arif Budiman Pauzan, Mohd
Haiqal Abd Aziz, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman

Membrane distillation (MD) is a useful technology for water desalination

possible at low temperatures using inexpensive membranes offering high salt
rejection. Therefore, in the present study, economically and eco-friendly
superhydrophobic ball clay based ceramic hollow fibre membrane (HFM) were
fabricated and the surface of the hydrophilic ceramic membrane was modified
to omniphobic through pre-fluorinating of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-co-
hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and ZnO nanoparticles composite with 1H,
1H, 2H, 2H- perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (C8) followed by post-roughening on
fluorinated ball clay based ceramic hollow fibre membrane (PH/C8/ZnO-
C8/HFM) via universal spray coating. The effect of operating conditions such
as the feed temperature (60°C-80°C), the feed flow rate (1LPM- 5LPM) and
the feed concentration varies from 10g/L to 30g/L on the performance of
DCMD system in terms of normalized flux and salt rejection, have been studied.
A laboratory scale of DCMD was set up for 24 hours in order to find the
optimum operating conditions. The results showed that PH/C8/ZnO-HFM
membrane has the best performance with normalized flux of 0.3 and 97% of
salt rejection at feed temperature of 80°C, feed flow rate of 3LPM and feed
concentration of 10g/L.
W06 Determination Source of Water in Tube Well using Hydrofacies for
Riverbank Filtration
N.A.A. Rashid, I. Abustan , M.N. Adlan , H.A. Aziz and S.N.F Zakaria,

The reliability of water in riverbank filtration application is hard to be

determined since the source of water and what happen at below ground
cannot be see. These difficulties give effect for application of riverbank
filtration since it is important in determination of its water quality and quantity.
Due to that, this method was suggested to be used to determine the source
of water in pumping well (PW) at Lubok Buntar, Kedah. The soil and water
samples were taken from the PW and river water to determine the soil type
and major ion (anion and cations). The results show that most of PW soil type
is sandy loam (52%). Based on the piper diagram of the hydrofacies showed
that the RW and PW were connected for a certain period of time. The most
predominant cation in the PW was Na2+ -CI- , consequently, the tube well
water mostly came from groundwater rather than from river water. Therefore,
this location is suitable for riverbank filtration applications as it has two reliable
water sources. Due to that, for riverbank filtration water treatment, the river
and groundwater water quality and quantity is important in order to make sure
the system is reliable and sustainable.

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 R01 The Structural Relationship Between Building Information Modelling
(BIM) Strategies in Energy Sustainability Elements Towards
Sustainable Campus
S. K. Ali-Ashgar, L. Gungat A.M. Sarman and N. Bolong

This study establishes a structural relationship between BIM strategies in

eleven (11) energy sustainability elements divided into management and
technical aspects impact to a sustainable campus. Thirteen (13) benchmarks
of independent variables and one (1) dependent variable were established.
The descriptive research design employed in this study led to the structural
model development being the central focus of the study. A judgmental
sampling technique was employed to distribute a questionnaire survey among
local engineers, assistant engineers and technicians at Kota Kinabalu. The
research population survey employed 78 returned questionnaires. The analysis
used Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to test the
hypotheses. The findings of the two (2) hypothesised research questions
indicate that both the management and technical aspects of Energy
Sustainability Elements (ESE) have a significant impact on campus
sustainability. Based on the results, a structural relationship was established
using SMART PLS software. The structured relationship provides useful
information to the Malaysian universities for achieving sustainable campus by
adopting building information modelling (BIM) strategies in the context of
energy efficiency.

R03 Plastic Waste into Furniture Life Cycle Assessment using OpenLCA
Software
Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Asman, Mary B. Raymond, Habib Musa M. and
Nurmin Bolong

Plastic waste management is one of the most severe environmental issues

confronting municipalities worldwide, and it is the most serious environmental
issue in Malaysia. Furniture gains attention in the life cycle assessment (LCA)
of a net-zero energy building, as it was responsible for 10% of the building's
impact on global warming and non-renewable energy demand. Therefore it
shall be considered in the building's design. This study evaluates the
environmental effects of recycling high-density polyethylene (HDPE) eco-
furniture using the OpenLCA software. The scope of the study considered the
cradle-to-gate boundary of recycling and manufacturing 1 kg of the eco-
furniture functional unit. This paper assessesthe LCA through OpenLCA in
obtaining the environmental impact of waste-to-resource product generation.
Primary data (amount of plastic waste, electricity, emission, and water) were
gathered in a local recycling centre, EZplast Plastic and data from the European
Life Cycle Data database. In addition, the CML Baseline impact method, readily
available in the EcoInvent 37 LCIA database, is employed to determine plastic
waste performance in their impact categories. Nine environmental impact
categories were considered. The result shows that the consumption of
electricity and HDPE during the manufacture of eco-furniture resulted in the

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 most significant amount of environmental loading, up to 78% to 96% in all the
impact categories.

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 Parallel Session 3 (Day 2, 11.20 am-2.00 pm)
Room F: Geotechnology & Earthquake and Tunnel Engineering
Paper ID Title / Authors / Abstract
T03 Residual Soil Response as an Effect of Various Dynamic Loading
Conditions
A. Ibrahim, A. Marto, F. A. Kechik and A. Selamat

Dynamic loading due to earthquake, rail transit, or machine vibration is a

serious concern as these loadings reduce soil shear strength which leads to
catastrophic events such as soil instability, and seismic induced loading trigger
soil liquefaction. At present, there is limited information regarding the response
of dynamic loading towards residual soil in Malaysia. Therefore, initial study is
vital to clarify residual soil in determining the response to cyclic loading and
evaluate its behavior. The residual soil sample is sourced from a depth of 1
meter from the ground at selected location within the Universiti Pertahanan
Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) campus area. Basic soil properties test was
performed and cyclic triaxial test with varying loading intensities were carried
out. Results show that the pore pressure increases as higher amplitude was
imposed to the soil and vice versa. Lower amplitude provides stable pattern of
hysteresis loops while it becomes unstable towards higher amplitude. This
research project provides knowledge of residual soil behavior based on the
response of soil to dynamic loading. This fundamental study delivers initial
evidence for dynamic loadings imposed on the residual soils. Further research
needs to be conducted to evaluate the correlation of subsoil characteristics for
disaster management and prevention plan for any dynamic loading leads that
to disaster. This research is aligned with the Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction (2015-2030) adopted by the United Nations that was designed
as a protection from catastrophe risk.

T04 Rectification of Sabah Stilt House using Shear Wall subjected

to Earthquake
R. Azida, A. A. Abdullah, M.I.Safawi, N.S.H Harith

Moderate earthquake with 6.0-magnitude hit Sabah in 2015 especially in

Ranau, Sabah has been labelled as one of the most powerful earthquakes ever
in Malaysia. Numerous buildings in Sabah have become defective with the
severity level of damages as absolute (irreparable) in the structural RC beam-
column joints and soft-storey buildings. Most buildings in Sabah are
constructed without the consideration of seismic design. Hence, this research
is to investigate how to mitigate the effect of earthquake on the low-rise
building using a more practical and economical method. A stilt house model is
developed using ABAQUS software determine the behaviour of the stilt, low-
rise building subjected to earthquake by constructing shear wall at the short
columns. There are 4 models constructed namely, frame model without shear
wall (W1), with shear wall of 100mm (W2), 300mm (W3) and 500mm (W4).
The results of seismic response are evaluated and compared. Different length
of shear wall affects the displacement and stress of the frame model. As shear

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 wall length increases, the displacement, stress at columns and stress at walls
decreases.

G01 A Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging Approach for

Mapping Swelling Potential of Garinono Formation Soil
J. Pirah , R. Roslee , L. Gunggat and J. Lozitin

The Beluran-Telupid road is notoriously known for its deterioration which sits
on Garinono Formation soil and is rich with argillaceous melange. This
contributed to inconvenience to motorists apart from being perilous when the
subgrade of the road starts to degrade. A geographically weighted regression
kriging was conducted along the road based on 25 samples to generate a
swelling potential map. The results from the samples have reaffirmed the
argillaceous nature of the soil due to the high composition of fine grains mainly
clay. Nevertheless, after computation, most of the soils have medium swelling
potential. After geographically weighted regression kriging was conducted,
certain areas are defined as areas which have high swelling potential.

G02 Hydraulic Conductivity of Mine Waste Treated using Enzyme-

induced Calcite Precipitation under Various Conditions
Jodin Makinda, Khairul Anuar Kassim, Muhammad Azril Hezmi, Nur
Syahirah Syuhadah Binti Zakaria

Enzyme-induced calcite precipitation is relatively new, more inventive, and

environmentally sustainable method compared to the other techniques in
improving soil properties. However, limited available data on how the method
can be applied in improving heavy-metal contaminated mining wastes. This
paper summarizes the effect of several different cementation concentrations,
degree of compactions, curing temperatures and curing durations in reducing
the hydraulic conductivity of mining waste. Results obtained indicate greater
effect of 1.0M compared to 0.5M, compaction of 80% compared to 70%,
curing temperature of 25 °C compared to 15 °C and 5 °C, and immediate
reaction after 1-day then slowed down after 3 and 7-day curing. When
compared to control sample, the reduction in hydraulic conductivity for 0.5M
and 1.0M treatment series is ranging 75.66-94.22% and 84.04-97.14%
respectively. The findings are supported by the amount of CaCO3 content
obtained ranging 2.0 – 3.1% and 3.9-5.15% for 0.5M and 1.0M series,
respectively. Visual images through SEM and spectra of x-ray diffraction
confirmed the presence of calcite in soil particles. It can be concluded that
higher cementation concentration, degree of compaction and curing
temperature improved the EICP treatment of heavy-metal contaminated mine
waste

G03 Deep Understanding of How Stone Column Works and the Different
Techniques Used to Improve it
Alfred Erik Bautista, Orlean Dela Cruz

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 Stone Column is a common ground improvement technique used for the
foundation of embankments or structures constructed on soft soils. Many
factors are affecting the capability of stone columns which also affects the
behavior of stone columns. To address the limitations of the stone column,
different techniques were incorporated like the enhanced stone column.
Different studies were conducted to compare the performance of ordinary
stone columns and enhanced stone columns. However, the stone column is
also used to mitigate liquefaction, which happens during an earthquake, but
this was not considered in most of the studies in this paper. Thus, further
studies on the stone column are needed, especially on the enhanced stone
column, to check the capability of the stone column to control settlement and
the bearing capacity of the stone column after liquefaction.

G04 Engineering and Microstructural Characterization of Marine Clay

Treated with Cement and Lime
L.K. Meow, M. Azmi, Z.A. Mohtar, A.S.A. Rashid, M.A. Hezmi, N.S.N.Daud
and M.Y.M.Tadza

Problematic soil such as marine clay soil would cause significant disruption and
poor performance of civil infrastructure. In this study, marine clay soil is
selected as soil samples in soil stabilization. The aim of this research is to
determine the engineering and microstructural characteristics of marine clay
treated with cement and lime. The natural moisture content is determined and
followed by specific gravity test, Atterberg limit test and particle size analysis.
For standard proctor test, 3 %, 5 %, 7 %, 9 % and 11 % of lime and 10 %,
15 % and 20 % of cement are mixed to the marine clay soil for chemical
stabilization. Unconfined compression strength test and X-ray Fluorescence
analysis are carried out to compare the UCS value and microstructural changes
of non-stabilized marine clay with optimum percentage of 11 % lime additives
and 20 % cement additives after curing for 7 days. The increment of
percentage of both lime and cement result in the increase of maximum dry
density and decrease of optimum moisture content. The UCS test of marine
clay with admixture such as lime and cement has larger value compared to
non-stabilized marine clay through pozzolanic reaction. In microstructural
characteristics, non-stabilized marine clay were dominants by three element
oxides including aluminium oxide (Al2O3), silica oxide (SiO2) and ferric oxide
(Fe2O3). However, marine clay stabilized with 11 % of lime and 20 % of cement
were dominants by three dominants element oxides above and calcium oxide
(CaO).

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