Lance Aaron M.

Biaco
12-GAS-A
CHAPTER I

CASES OF BEDBUGS ON RICE CROPS PRODUCTION IN BARANGAY MURCON,

LLANERA, NUEVA ECIJA

Problem and Setting

Introduction

Bed bugs are blood-sucking insects of the order

hemiptera. Unlike mosquitoes or ticks, bed bugs do not

transmit diseases. However, bed bug bites can cause allergic

reactions, secondary bacterial infections (such as impetigo,

ecthyma, and lymphangitis) and mental health issues (such as

anxiety and insomnia).

In recent years, pest control businesses have increased

their bed bug control services. According to the 2018 Bugs

without Borders survey conducted by the National Pest

Management Association, the top three places where pest

professionals have treated bed bugs are single-family homes,

apartments, and hotels/motels. In addition, bed bugs are

frequently found in nursing homes, schools and daycare

centers, offices, college dorms, hospitals, and public

transportation.

According to the Philippine Rice Research institute

(Philrice)Crop Protection Division the bedbugs which was

reported to have infested some countries in Asia in the past

few years, are small, cryptic and highly invasive pest species

attacking all growth stages of the rice plant, but which can

be controlled naturally.

The Philippine bedbugs are pest that destroy the rice

fields. Barangay Murcon in the Municipality of Llanera. One of

the Barangay’s in Nueva Ecija where bedbugs pests are rampant

left rice fields heavily devastated.

In the last March 2022 Barangay Murcon experienced

bedbugs infestations that destroyed half of the rice crops of

every farmers that affects their expected harvest in that

season.
Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “Cases of Bedbugs on Rice Crops

Production in Brgy. Murcon Llanera, Nueva Ecij”.It aimed to

identify the damage on the rice crops cause by the bedbugs in

Brgy. Murcon Llanera,Nueva Ecija.

Specifically, the study sought to answer to the following

Specific questions:

1. How may the Socio-demographic profile of the respondents

be described in terms of the following:

1.1 Age:

1.2 Sex:

1.3 Monthly Income:

1.4 Number of sacks of rice harvested during Wet Season and

Dry Season?

2.How bedbugs affects the rice crops production?

3.How much damage is caused by the bedbugs to the Rice Crops?

4.What actions are taken to lessen the bedbugs damage in rice

crops?

5.Is there a relationship between the profile of the

respondents and the action take to lessen the bedbugs

damage in rice crops in Barangay Murcon Llanera Nueva

Ecija?

Hypothesis
 There is no relationship between the profile of the

respondents and the extent/severity cases of bedbugs on

Rice Crops Production in Barangay Murcon Llanera Nueva

Ecija.

Theoretical Framework

Few animals elicit such a profound combination of

horror, fear, and disgust as the bedbug. Uninvited,

bedbugs invade our most private spaces (our beds), take

away our blood, and afterwards, impudently mark their

territory (our sheets). In this book, Klaus Reinhardt

investigates the natural and human history of these

vampiric insects, examining how ordinary people,

travelers, writers, and scientists have experienced

bedbugs; how we have coped with them; and what we have

done to combat them. From fossils to classical Greek

plays to the beds of medieval travelers, history is a

rash of bedbugs. So ubiquitous and so loathed are these

contentious creatures, the first recorded use of the

insect moniker “bug” refers to them, a word that now

means any sort of glitch or invader—from computer errors

to snooping devices. Lifting the covers on this

pestilential history, Reinhardt shows how bedbugs were

not only the center of bitter fights among scientists,

but also how the bugs’ dangerous aspects were

foregrounded, and how bedbugs’ peculiar mating habits

fueled public revulsion. Richly illustrated, full of the

latest bedbug research, and sure to make you itch, Bedbug

closes with a plea for sanguine tolerance—something

humans and bedbugs will need alike as worldwide

infestation rates soar.

This theory is related to the research entitled’’

Cases of Bedbugs on Rice Crops Production in Barangay

Murcon, Llanera, Nueva Ecija because this theory helps

to prevent the bedbugs outbreak. It discusses how to

control the infestation of bedbugs and this theory helps

farmers all over the world by giving them tips how to

prevent it.
Paradigm

Input Process Result

Research Questions
 Data Gathering  Identify the
 Survey damage on the
1. Socio demographic rice crops caused
profile of the by the bedbugs
respondents
1.1 Age:  Recommendation
 Compilation of Data
1.2 Sex:
 Analysing of Data
1.3 Monthly Income:
2. How do bed bugs
affects the rice
crops production?
3. How many hectares
Interpretation and
do you own?
Presentation of Data
4. How much damage
caused to your
Rice Crops?

Figure 1.
Conceptual Framework

The conceptual paradigm of the study shows the input

which consists of the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents as well the aims of this study.

On the other side, the process being used is through data

gathering, survey, compilation of data, analyzing of data of

data and interpretation and presentation of data. The

researcher wants to identify the on the rice crops caused by

bed bugs.

The study is a thorough analysis of the effects of

bedbugs to the rice crop production. This study capitalized on

the principles of pest control techniques that residents

practice to be able to lessen if not totally eradicates the

said pest.

Significance of the Study

The main goal of this study is to prove the identify the

damage on the rice crops caused by the bedbugs. The

researcher believes that the study would be beneficial to

the following:

To the farmers: This will help them to take care and control

the pest in their rice crops.

To the students: This study will help them collect ideas

specifically to the one who will take agricultural

course.
To the future researchers: This will be beneficial for them

because they can use this research study to conduct

future research related to this.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is limited to the cases of bedbugs which

farmers suffered in Brgy. Murcon Llanera, Nueva Ecija.

Analysis of data obtained generalizable only to

participants of this study and the result will be used to

discuss with the respondents to know their thoughts and

proposed different ways to help their Rice Crops.

The scope of this research is to determine the Cases

of Bedbugs on Rice Crops Production in Brgy.Murcon

Llanera, Nueva Ecija. Respondents on this study were the

30 farmers-respondents who answered the questionnaire

through interview.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms

are operationally defined.

Hectares- refers to a metric unit of square measure. It is

usually used to measure a land.

Rice Crops - refers to a cereal grass that is cultivated

extensively in warm climates for its edible grain.

Bedbugs – refers to small reddish brown parasitic insects that

bite the exposed skin of humans and animals to feed on

their blood.

Brgy. – refers to ‘barrio’ a smallest administrative division

in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a

village, district

Chapter II
Foreign

sciencedirect.com
An assessment of the impacts of pesticide use on the
environment and health of rice farmers in Sierra Leone
Alhaji I Sankoh, Rebecca Whittle, Kirk T Semple, Kevin C
Jones, Andrew J Sweetman
Environment international 94, 458-466, 2016
One of the biggest challenges faced by Sierra Leonean farmers
is pest control. Birds, rodents, insects, crustaceans and
other organisms can drastically reduce yields. In order to
prevent these organisms from destroying their crop, farmers
use pesticides. However there are reports that these chemicals
are being misused and such misuse is having a negative impact
on the environment and the health of the farmers.
This research study aimed to investigate the use of pesticides
in rice fields and its potential effects on the environment
and on the farmers of Sierra Leone. Five hundred farmers and
one hundred health workers across the country were
interviewed. Fifty focus group discussions were also
completed. Field observations were also undertaken to see how
farmers apply pesticides to their farms and the possible
threats these methods have on human health and the
environment. It is clear that a wide range of pesticides are
used by rice farmers in Sierra Leone with 60% of the
pesticides used entering the country illegally. Most farmers
have no knowledge about the safe handling of pesticides as 71%
of them have never received any form of training. The
pesticides kill both target and non-target organisms some of
which enter the food chain.
Cases of health problems such as nausea, respiratory disorders
and blurred vision investigated in this research are
significantly higher among farmers who use pesticides than
those who do not use pesticides. Cases of pesticide
intoxication are not investigated by health workers but
results obtained from interviews with them also indicated that
cases of pesticides related symptoms are significantly higher
in environments where pesticides are used than those in which
pesticides are not used.

nature.com
Toxicity and neurophysiological impacts of plant essential oil
components on bed bugs (Cimicidae: Hemiptera)
Sudip Gaire, Michael E Scharf, Ameya D Gondhalekar
Scientific reports 9 (1), 1-12, 2019
Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) are globally important human
parasites. Integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, which
include the use of essential oil-based insecticidal compounds,
have been proposed for their control. This study aimed to
define insecticidal activity and neurophysiological impacts of
plant essential oil constituents. The topical and fumigant
toxicity of 15 compounds was evaluated against adult male bed
bugs. Neurological effects of the 6 most toxicologically
active compounds were also determined. In both topical and
fumigant bioassays, carvacrol and thymol were the most active
compounds. The potency of bifenthrin (a pyrethroid
insecticide) in topical bioassays was 72,000 times higher than
carvacrol, while vapors of dichlorvos (an organophosphate
insecticide) were 445 times more potent than thymol.
Spontaneous electrical activity measurements of the bed bug
nervous system demonstrated neuroinhibitory effects of
carvacrol, thymol and eugenol, whereas linalool produced an
excitatory effect. Although citronellic acid and (±)-camphor
increased baseline activity of the nervous system their
effects were not statistically significant. Bifenthrin also
caused neuroexcitation, which is consistent with its known
mode of action. These comparative toxicity and neurological
impact findings provide new information for formulating
effective essential oil-based insecticides for bed bug IPM and
conducting mode-of-action studies on individual essential oil
components.

royalsocietypublishing.org
Reducing a cost of traumatic insemination: female bedbugs
evolve a unique organ
Klaus Reinhardt, Richard Naylor, Michael T Siva–Jothy
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:
Biological Sciences 270 (1531), 2371-2375, 2003
The frequent wounding of female bedbugs (Cimex lectularius:
Cimicidae) during copulation has been shown to decrease their
fitness, but how females have responded to this cost in
evolutionary terms is unclear. The evolution of a unique
anatomical structure found in female bedbugs, the spermalege,
into which the male's intromittent organ passes during
traumatic insemination, is a possible counteradaptation to
harmful male traits. Several functions have been proposed for
this organ, and we test two hypotheses related to its role in
sexual conflict. We examine the hypotheses that the spermalege
functions to (i) defend against pathogens introduced during
traumatic insemination; and (ii) reduce the costs of wound
healing during traumatic insemination. Our results support the
‘defence against pathogens’ hypothesis, suggesting that the
evolution of this unique cimicid organ resulted, at least
partly, from selection to reduce the costs of mating-
associated infection. We found no evidence that the spermalege
reduces the costs of wound healing.
royalsocietypublishing.org
Reducing a cost of traumatic insemination: female bedbugs
evolve a unique organ
Klaus Reinhardt, Richard Naylor, Michael T Siva–Jothy
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:
Biological Sciences 270 (1531), 2371-2375, 2003
The frequent wounding of female bedbugs (Cimex lectularius:
Cimicidae) during copulation has been shown to decrease their
fitness, but how females have responded to this cost in
evolutionary terms is unclear. The evolution of a unique
anatomical structure found in female bedbugs, the spermalege,
into which the male's intromittent organ passes during
traumatic insemination, is a possible counteradaptation to
harmful male traits. Several functions have been proposed for
this organ, and we test two hypotheses related to its role in
sexual conflict. We examine the hypotheses that the spermalege
functions to (i) defend against pathogens introduced during
traumatic insemination; and (ii) reduce the costs of wound
healing during traumatic insemination. Our results support the
‘defence against pathogens’ hypothesis, suggesting that the
evolution of this unique cimicid organ resulted, at least
partly, from selection to reduce the costs of mating-
associated infection. We found no evidence that the spermalege
reduces the costs of wound healing.
View at royalsocietypublishing.org
[PDF] nih.gov
Cited by 151
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INSIDE THE PROFESSION: Bed Bugs: The Pesticide Dilemma

Rebecca Berg
Journal of Environmental Health 72 (10), 32-35, 2010
Michael Potter, professor of entomology at the University of
Kentucky. Potter works with pest control companies and their
customers all over the country. Asked where bed bugs are
cropping up, he rattled off a list that included everything
from single-family homes to hospitals, libraries, schools
(“obviously dormitories,” he noted), and modes of
transportation. The problem is particularly daunting in
apartment buildings since people frequently move in and out
with all their belongings.
“It’s bad and getting worse,” he said.“It’s almost like an
epizootic or a pandemic where somebody coughs and six more
people get it.” He is not alone in sounding the alarm.“I don’t
think we’ve hit anywhere near the peak,” observed Jack
Marlowe, president of Eden Advanced Pest Technologies. Eden
Commercial IPM Consultant Cody Pace, who was on the same call,
added that before World War II, one in three homes were
infested with bed bugs.“People dealt with it, and it was part
of life…. I hope it doesn’t get to the point where we’re all
just living with bed bugs.

ve.scielo.org
Diversity of amphibians in rice fields from northeastern
Argentina
Marta I Duré, Arturo I Kehr, Eduardo F Schaefer, Federico
Marangoni
Interciencia 33 (7), 528-531, 2008
The anuran biodiversity and richness of a frog community
inhabiting rice fields in northeastern Argentina was surveyed
and analyzed. The samples were taken between October 2001 and
June 2003. Twenty six species of amphibians were identified in
five microhabitats: rice fields per se, ditches and paths,
natural vegetation, aquatic vegetation and gullies. The
natural vegetation was the most diverse of the microhabitats,
while gullies were the poorest in species. The amphibian
species of three of the microhabitats adjusted to the
logarithmic range-abundance model, one to the geometric and
one to the broken stick model. The data suggest that rice
cropping in northeastern Argentina, if properly managed, can
support a diverse anuran fauna.
View at ve.scielo.org
[HTML] scielo.org
Cited by 55
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books.google.com
Trends in the use of chemical insecticides
RL Metcalf
Proceedings of FAO/IRRI Workshop on Judicious and Efficient
Use of Insecticides on Rice. Manila: IRRI, 69-71, 1984
Insect pest resistance to insecticides is a critical problem
that reduces man's ability to control important pests of both
agriculture and public health. Insecticide resistance is also
linked with such major problems as pest resurgence, the
development of secondary pests, adverse effects of pesticides
on human health and environmental quality, and the escalating
costs of crop production. At the most recent tally in 1980,
insecticide resistance was documented in 428 species of
insects: 260 pests of agriculture and 168 pests of human and
animal health. Multiple resistance of pest species. or insect
resistance to several of the various chemical classes of
insecticides, is a far more serious phenomenon. As of 1980, 2-
stage resistance was documented in 105 species, 3-stage
resistance in 64 species, and 4-stage resistance in 26
species. At least 14 major insect pests are now resistant to
all 5 classes of insecticides (DDT, lindane/cyclodienes,
organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids).
Because of the greatly increased costs of discovery and
development of new types of insecticides, it is important to
slow the development of resistance so as to preserve the
usefulness of present-day insecticides. I discuss in this
paper the principles of insecticide management that will
minimize the development of resistance as well as decrease the
incidence of the associated phenomena of pest resurgence and
secondary pest development.

Integrated pest management for sustainable

intensification of agriculture in Asia and Africa
Jules Pretty, Zareen Pervez Bharucha
Insects 6 (1), 152-182, 2015
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a leading complement and
alternative to synthetic pesticides and a form of sustainable
intensification with particular importance for tropical
smallholders. Global pesticide use has grown over the past 20
years to 3.5 billion kg/year, amounting to a global market
worth $45 billion. The external costs of pesticides are $4–$19
(€3–15) per kg of active ingredient applied, suggesting that
IPM approaches that result in lower pesticide use will
benefit, not only farmers, but also wider environments and
human health. Evidence for IPM’s impacts on pesticide use and
yields remains patchy. We contribute an evaluation using data
from 85 IPM projects from 24 countries of Asia and Africa
implemented over the past twenty years. Analysing outcomes on
productivity and reliance on pesticides, we find a mean yield
increase across projects and crops of 40.9% (SD 72.3),
combined with a decline in pesticide use to 30.7% (SD 34.9)
compared with baseline. A total of 35 of 115 (30%) crop
combinations resulted in a transition to zero pesticide use.
We assess successes in four types of IPM projects, and find
that at least 50% of pesticide use is not needed in most
agroecosystems. Nonetheless, policy support for IPM is
relatively rare, counter-interventions from pesticide industry
common, and the IPM challenge never done as pests, diseases
and weeds evolve and move.
View at mdpi.com
[PDF] mdpi.com
Cited by 372
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ricehopper.wordpress.com
Monthly Archives: May 2011
MM Escalada
Concern about the impact of advertising on farmers’ pesticide
use decisions and practices has long been voiced by integrated
pest management (IPM) advocates. As pesticides are being
marketed as a fast-moving consumer good (FMCG), they are made
freely available. To increase sales, pesticide companies
embark on massive advertising campaigns where advertising
messages tend to focus on creating emotional appeals,
particularly fear and sense of power to get farmers to buy
their products. In some countries, farmers are constantly
exposed to ubiquitous and colorful billboards, signboards,
magazine advertisements, stickers and television and radio
plugs which remind them to use pesticides in order to get a
good crop. Thus, advertising for pesticides tends to increase
misuse. In addition, companies also use a wide variety of
promotional tools to stimulate a stronger market response.
Sales representatives, at community meetings and seminars,
give away samples, t-shirts, caps, and other gifts. Farmers
are being locked in this attitude to either cure or prevent
pests and diseases, completely contradictory to IPM
principles.
Modern-day advertising generally uses conditioning to create
associations between products and consumer needs (Kincheloe
and Horn 2006). Knowing that these kinds of connection are
usually temporary, companies follow Pavlov’s ideas of
repetition and continually advertise to keep these
associations in farmers’ minds. The lack of repetition and
reinforcements in media campaigns could result in
discontinuance. The need for continuous repetition,
motivation, and reinforcement to sustain a learned behavior
such as stopping unnecessary insecticide spraying and IPM
practices is supported by Bandura’s (1977)“Social Learning
Theory,” which emphasizes the need to keep the learning going
by various forms of reinforcements. The chemical industry, on
the other hand, employs repetition in all its advertising
campaigns and is thus able to establish higher credibility and
brand familiarity.

Botanical repellents and pesticides traditionally used

against hematophagous invertebrates in Lao People’s Democratic
Republic: a comparative study of plants used in 66 villages
Hugo De Boer, Chanda Vongsombath, Katinka Pålsson, Lars Björk,
Thomas GT Jaenson
Journal of medical entomology 47 (3), 400-414, 2010
Hematophagous parasites such as leeches, ticks, mites, lice,
bedbugs, mosquitoes, and myiasis-producing fly larvae are
common health problems in Lao People’s Democratic Republic.
Several arthropod-borne infections, e.g., malaria, dengue
fever, and Japanese encephalitis, are endemic there. Effective
vector control methods including the use of pesticides,
insecticide-treated bed nets, and synthetic and plant-based
repellents are important means of control against such
invertebrates and the pathogens they may transmit or directly
cause. In this study, we documented traditional knowledge on
plants that are used to repel or kill hematophagous
arthropods, including mosquitoes, bedbugs, human lice, mites
and ticks, fly larvae, and blood-sucking leeches. Structured
interviews were carried out in 66 villages comprising 17
ethnic groups, covering a range of cultures, throughout Lao
People’s Democratic Republic. A total of 92 plant species was
recorded as traditional repellents (including plants for
pesticidal usages) in 123 different plant-ectoparasite
combinations. The number and species of plants, and animal
taxa repelled (or killed) per plant species differed per
region, village, and ethnic group. Traditional use was
confirmed in the scientific literature for 74 of these plant
species, and for an additional 13 species using literature on
closely related species. The use of botanical repellents and
pesticides from many plant species is common and widespread in
the Lao countryside. In the future, the identification of the
active components in certain plants to develop more optimal,
inexpensive repellents, insecticides, acaricides, or antileech
compounds as alternatives to synthetic repellents/pesticides
against blood-feeding insects, ticks, mites, and leeches is
warranted.
 Botanical repellents and pesticides traditionally used
against hematophagous invertebrates in Lao People’s Democratic
Republic: a comparative study of plants used in 66 villages
Hugo De Boer, Chanda Vongsombath, Katinka Pålsson, Lars Björk,
Thomas GT Jaenson
Journal of medical entomology 47 (3), 400-414, 2010
Hematophagous parasites such as leeches, ticks, mites, lice,
bedbugs, mosquitoes, and myiasis-producing fly larvae are
common health problems in Lao People’s Democratic Republic.
Several arthropod-borne infections, e.g., malaria, dengue
fever, and Japanese encephalitis, are endemic there. Effective
vector control methods including the use of pesticides,
insecticide-treated bed nets, and synthetic and plant-based
repellents are important means of control against such
invertebrates and the pathogens they may transmit or directly
cause. In this study, we documented traditional knowledge on
plants that are used to repel or kill hematophagous
arthropods, including mosquitoes, bedbugs, human lice, mites
and ticks, fly larvae, and blood-sucking leeches. Structured
interviews were carried out in 66 villages comprising 17
ethnic groups, covering a range of cultures, throughout Lao
People’s Democratic Republic. A total of 92 plant species was
recorded as traditional repellents (including plants for
pesticidal usages) in 123 different plant-ectoparasite
combinations. The number and species of plants, and animal
taxa repelled (or killed) per plant species differed per
region, village, and ethnic group. Traditional use was
confirmed in the scientific literature for 74 of these plant
species, and for an additional 13 species using literature on
closely related species. The use of botanical repellents and
pesticides from many plant species is common and widespread in
the Lao countryside. In the future, the identification of the
active components in certain plants to develop more optimal,
inexpensive repellents, insecticides, acaricides, or antileech
compounds as alternatives to synthetic repellents/pesticides
against blood-feeding insects, ticks, mites, and leeches is
warranted.
Silicon-mediated plant defense against pathogens and insect
pests
Waqar Islam, Muhammad Tayyab, Farghama Khalil, Zhang Hua,
Zhiqun Huang, Han YH Chen
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 168, 104641, 2020
Plant diseases and insect pests are one of the major limiting
factors that reduce crop production worldwide. Silicon (Si) is
one of the most abundant elements in the lithosphere and has a
positive impact on plant health by effectively mitigating
biotic and abiotic stresses. It also enhances plant resistance
against insect pests and fungal, bacterial, and viral
diseases. Therefore, this review critically converges its
focus upon Si-mediated physical, biochemical, and molecular
mechanisms in plant defense against pathogens and insect
pests. It further …
View at sciencedirect.com
Cited by 29
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books.google.com
Encyclopedia of insects
Vincent H Resh, Ring T Cardé
Academic press, 2009
Awarded Best Reference by the New York Public Library (2004),
Outstanding Academic Title by CHOICE (2003), and AAP/PSP 2003
Best Single Volume Reference/Sciences by Association of
American Publishers' Professional Scholarly Publishing
Division, the first edition of Encyclopedia of Insects was
acclaimed as the most comprehensive work devoted to insects.
Covering all aspects of insect anatomy, physiology, evolution,
behavior, reproduction, ecology, and disease, as well as
issues of exploitation, conservation, and management, this
book sets the standard in entomology. The second edition of
this reference will continue the tradition by providing the
most comprehensive, useful, and up-to-date resource for
professionals. Expanded sections in forensic entomology,
biotechnology and Drosphila, reflect the full update of over
300 topics. Articles contributed by over 260 high profile and
internationally recognized entomologists provide definitive
facts regarding all insects from ants, beetles, and
butterflies to yellow jackets, zoraptera, and zygentoma. 66%
NEW and revised content by over 200 international experts New
chapters on Bedbugs, Ekbom Syndrome, Human History, Genomics,
Vinegaroons Expanded sections on insect-human interactions,
genomics, biotechnology, and ecology Each of the 273 articles
updated to reflect the advances which have taken place in
entomology research since the previous edition Features 1,000
full-color photographs, figures and tables A full glossary,
1,700 cross-references, 3,000 bibliographic entries, and
online access save research time Updated with online access
View at books.google.com
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citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
Can Vetiver grass be used to manage insect pests on crops
Johan Van den Berg, C Midega, LJ Wadhams, ZR Khan
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Vetiver
and Exhibition, Guangzhou, China, 254-264, 2003
Apart from its well known soil conservation properties,
vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty; syn.
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) is reported to be repellent
to many insect species. However, infestation of vetiver by
pests of other crops has been recorded and concerns raised
about vetiver grass being a refuge for insects pests. This
paper addresses the benefits that vetiver may have in control
of these pests. Chilo partellus, a lepidopterous stem borer of
grasses is a pest that is often mentioned in vetiver
literature. This insect is a serious pest of maize, rice and
other grain crops in Asia and throughout East and Southern
Africa where it can cause total crop failure. These
observations prompted research on insect/vetiver grass
interactions to determine the response of stem borer moths and
larvae when they encounter Vetiveria zizanioides plants. The
response of moths to vetiver grass, which could be either
positive (attraction or arrestment) or negative (repulsion),
would determine if vetiver grass could be used as trap crop
for C. partellus in an integrated pest management system. Wild
grasses such as Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is
successfully used in habitat management systems in East and
Southern Africa. Studies were therefore conducted to determine
preference of female moths for vetiver grass compared to maize
and to determine the suitability of vetiver, Napier grass and
maize for survival of stem borer larvae. Two-choice preference
bioassays and larval survival experiments were conducted.
Results indicated that vetiver grass was highly preferred for
oviposition but that larval survival on vetiver grass was
extremely low. Thus, vetiver has potential as trap crop
component of an overall “push-pull” strategy to concentrate C.
partellus oviposition away from the maize crop and reduce
subsequent population development. This technology may also
have application in rice pest management.

Local

ink.springer.com
Insects–a mistake in God's creation? Tharu farmers' perception
and knowledge of insects: A case study of Gobardiha Village
Development Committee, Dang-Deukhuri, Nepal
Astrid Björnsen Gurung
Agriculture and Human Values 20 (4), 337-370, 2003
Recent trends in agriculturalresearch and development
emphasize the need forfarmer participation. Participation not
onlymeans farmers' physical presence but also theuse of their
knowledge and expertise.Understanding potentials and drawbacks
of theirlocal knowledge system is a prerequisite
forconstructive collaboration between farmers,scientists, and
extension services.An ethnoentomological study, conducted in
aTharu village in Nepal, documents farmers'qualitative and
quantitative knowledge as wellas perceptions of insects and
pest management,insect nomenclature and classification,
andissues related to insect recognition and localbeliefs. The
study offers a basis to improvepest management programs in
terms of efficacyand acceptance. It demonstrates, for
instance,that a concept of pests and beneficials isvirtually
missing in traditional farmingcommunities and that the Tharu
folkclassification profoundly differs from thescientific
classification, but is not radicallydifferent from other folk
entomologicalsystems. Insects belong to the taxa calledkiraa
consisting of arthropods andnon-arthropods that interact with
humans. Theyare classified in several overlappinghierarchies
where locomotion and human impactplay major roles while
morphological criteriaare almost irrelevant. Recognition
ofkiraa, however, is dominated by agriculturalaspects followed
by physiological-behavioral,ecological, and human-directed
features.Morphological criteria play a minor role.
Innomenclature, however, the insects' physicalappearance is
more important than otherfeatures. The study further shows
that male andfemale farmers have different perceptions
ofkiraa.The insect-related knowledge system of theTharu has
prevented farmers from using modernpesticides in the past. In
the course ofmodernization, however, some aspects of
theirknowledge system could become obsolete andprove
disadvantageous to their livelihood andagro-ecosystems.
link.springer.com
scholar.archive.org
Alleviation of abiotic and biotic stresses in plants by
silicon supplementation
C Chanchal Malhotra, R Kapoor, Deepak Ganjewala
Scientia 13 (2), 59-73, 2016
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy as it
contributes about one fifth of the gross domestic product
(GDP) in India and provides livelihood to approximately 70% of
the population directly or indirectly (Narayana Gowda, 2013).
The growth in the agricultural sector is essential for the
growth and development of nation (Nerker et al. 2013). The
population of India has already been crossed 1.27 billion and
is still increasing alarmingly that put a great pressure on
the food grain production. India achieved a remarkable success
in food grain production from 51 million tonnes in 1951-1952
to 263.2 million tonnes in 2013-2014 due to significant
efforts by the scientists in the field of agriculture
(Ayyappan, 2013). Indian agriculture is still facing a
multitude of problems to maximize productivity to feed the
continuously increasing population (Brahmanand et al. 2013).
The reports reveal that farmers use more than two million
tonnes of chemical pesticides each year for getting maximum
production. The continuous use of chemical inputs causesill
health of human-beings, negative impact on agricultural
production, loss of beneficial microbes in the soil, reduction
in agricultural sustainability and disturb the entire
ecosystem. The toxic impact of pesticides adversely affect
both flora and fauna as it enters in the body of human-beings
through the food chain. Long-term contact to pesticides can
disturb the function of different organs in the body including
nervous, endocrine, immune, reproductive, renal,
cardiovascular and respiratory systems. There is evidence on
the link between the pesticide's exposure with the incidence
of human chronic diseases such as cancer, Parkinson,
Alzheimer, diabetes, aging, cardiovascular and kidney diseases
(Mostafalou and Abdollahi, 2012a). Farmers are intensifying
land use practices without proper nutrient management in their
fields which results in depletion of nutrients from the soil
and it is also linked to the decline in crop yield (Meena et
al. 2014). It has been observed that the decline in the crop
yield may also be due to the lack or depletion of plant
available silicon. Farmers do not provide exogenous silicon to
the crops because there is an old belief that the soil itself
can maintain the supply of silicon. The traditional practice
of collecting the ashes from the backyard of houses and its
utilization in fields provides silicon supply to the plants.
Farmers are unaware of the beneficial effects of silicon for
the soil health. Tropical and subtropical soils undergo
intensive management and monoculture practices that are
subjected to weathering and leaching usually have high levels
of aluminium, phosphorus-fixation capacity and high acidity
levels but low levels of available silicon due to the process
of desilication (Epstein, 1999). According to the reports of
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization, United States),
approximately 210-224 million tonnes of silicon is removed
from the arable soils all around the world and soils become
low in available silicon content with less fertility. Earlier
workers have reported the positive effects of silicon on the
growth and development of crop plants (Guntzer et al. 2012;
Korndorfer and Lepsch, 2001;
View at scholar.archive.org
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Cited by 54
Related articles
books.google.com
Unraveling the linguistic histories of Philippine negritos
Lawrence A Reid
Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, 443-
475, 1994
The Philippines is a particularly fertile field for the study
of contact-induced language change. Within the last 500 years
two major powers have colonised the Philippines, the Spanish
for some 350 years and the Americans for 50. The former
contact resulted in a number of Spanish-based creoles
(Zambanguefio, etc.), and extensive lexical influence in most of
the local Philippines languages that the Spanish used for
proseiytising and political control. Ibanag, for example, one
of the languages of the Cagayan Valley in Northern Luzon, has
a considerable body of Spanish loanwords in its lexicon. 51%
of the 3641 main entries in Ibarbia’s (1969) Gaddang
dictionary are Spanish borrowings.
Despite the strong lexical influence, Spanish influence on the
phonological and syntactic systems of most Philippine
languages appears to have been minimal. A phonological
contrast between high and mid, front and back vowels in
Tagalog and a number of other languages often attributed to
Spanish loan influence was probably already underway as the
result of diphthong reduction and vowel lowering in certain
phonological environments (Reid 1973). Spanish initial
affricates and stop-liquid clusters brought about word initial
consonant clusters in some Philippine languages, such as
Tagalog, which do not appear in inherited vocabulary. The
Americans instituted

Rice farmers in Negros Occidental suffered losses

amounting to PHP11.544 million brought by various crop pests
in the past four months. A report released by the Office of
the Provincial Agriculturist (OPA) on Tuesday showed the
infestations were caused by rice black bugs, rats, and
bacterial leaf blight between the period November 2018 and
February 2019. Provincial Agriculturist Japhet Masculino said
the OPA Provincial Crop Protection Team conducted field check
from February 27 until March 14 to continuously validate the
presence of pests in identified areas. They have also released
15 packs of metarhizium anisopliae, a soil inhabiting fungus,
for biological control in areas affected by rice black bug, he
added. The worst-hit by rice black bug are 170 farmers in
seven barangays of Pontevedra, incurring losses totaling
PHP9.612 million in more than 208 hectares. Also in
Pontevedra, 33 farmers in five barangays reported losses worth
PHP1.161 million due to rat infestation, affecting 31
hectares. In Cauayan, 21 farmers suffered losses amounting to
PHP769,910 brought about by bacterial leaf blight which causes
wilting of seedlings and yellowing and drying of leaves.
Masculino said they have instructed local government units to
continue field monitoring and reactivate the Bantay Peste
Brigades for sustained and collaborative pest management. The
OPA chief earlier said that pest infestation is one of the
pressing threats to the agriculture sector in Negros
Occidental along with calamities and climate change. He also
urged farmers, who are uninsured, to avail of crop insurance
to help them recover from production losses brought about by
calamities. (PNA)

According to the Philippine Rice Research Institute

(PhilRice) Crop Protection Division, the rice black bug, which
was reported to have infested some countries in Asia in the
past years, are small, cryptic, and highly invasive pest
species attacking all growth stages of the rice plant, but
which can be controlled naturally.
One of PhilRice's recommended techniques is to use light
traps.
PhilRice experts said light trapping of insects should start
five days before and after the full moon and to use 2,000 to
3,000 watts or super light during outbreaks and set them up
every night to obtain the most number of bugs.
The effective light trapping is from 8 p.m. to 12 p.m.
Philrice experts also said that flooding, herding of ducks in
the field, and sanitation also prevent pest infestation.
Aside from those techniques, they are encouraging farmers to
minimize the use of insecticide so as not to kill the natural
enemies of rice black bug which include wasps, ground and
coccinellid beetle, wolf, lynx, and long-jawed spider, red
ant, and damsel bug.

The Department of Agriculture Regional Field Office 1

through the Crop Protection Center (RCPC), conducted a two-day
action planning workshop here on the Management of Rice Black
Bug (RBB) following the increase in number of reported RBB
influx which is affecting rice production areas in Pangasinan
particularly in Districts 5 & 6 of the province.
The initial reports by farmers who monitored the presence of
said pest on their rice fields came from the
municipality of Asingan, Pangasinan. However, as of
October 2013, validated reports of areas affected by RBB
included San Manuel with 716 hectares; 30 has. in Sto. Tomas;
100 has. in Urdaneta and 86 has. in Asingan, all in the
province of Pangasinan. Other areas with reported RBB
infestation but still under validation are the Municipalities
of Alcala, Binalonan Umingan, Balungao and Natividad.

Seing the urgency of controlling further increase in

population of said pest, DA has set various briefings and
massive info dissemination on how the pest could be managed
and controlled.

According to RCPC head in the region, Ms. Marivic Begonia, the

DA has not been amiss in informing farmers about RBB as
information campaigns through briefings and distribution of
Information, Education & Communication (IEC) materials on RBB
had been conducted by DA in the region since 2007.

Black Rice Bugs in the Philippines

It was in Bonobono, Bataraza, Southern Palawan where the first
incident of rice black bugs was reported. That was during
September of 1979, and since then, the outbreak of the pests
on rice and swarms around illuminations at night have been
reported from the south to the north of the island.

Rice black bugs have never been found in any of the Philippine
islands before 1982, and they had been biogeographically
associated to the landmasses west of the Wallace’s Line.

Like the brown planthopper, rice black bugs are weak fliers,
and they were likely displaced by the wind. Another
possibility is that they gained entry into Mindanao through
insects swarming on boats that operate from Borneo or Palawan.

When rice black bugs feel threatened, they give off a foul
odor as a defense mechanism.

How the Rice Black Bugs Affect Crops

rice farm
In the Philippines, rice crops are extremely important. It is
a staple food in daily life, and it is present in both
homemade and gourmet meals almost 100% of the time. Indeed,
the county has vast reserves of rice—enough to feed everyone
in its islands, and enough to export to other countries.

The climate and the environmental conditions in the

Philippines aren’t the problems—in fact, they are perfect for
growing rice crops. The problem lies in the pests, rice black
bugs to be more specific. The amount of damage they can do to
the fields is astronomical, considering their size.

Rice black bugs have no direct harm to humans, but they are
immensely aggressive towards rice. These bugs feed on a number
of grasses and broadleaves as well.

Rice crops infested by rice black bugs can be identified

fairly easily—signs can be found all across different parts of
the crops.

Review of Related Studies

Foreign
Since the late 1990s, bed bugs of the species Cimex
lectularius and Cimex hemipterus have undergone a worldwide
resurgence. These bed bugs are blood-sucking insects that
readily bite humans. Cutaneous reactions may occur and can
start out as small macular lesions that can develop into
distinctive wheals of around 5 cm in diameter, which are
accompanied by intense itching. Occasionally, bullous
eruptions may result. If bed bugs are numerous, the patient
can present with widespread urticaria or eythematous rashes.
Often, bites occur in lines along the limbs. Over 40 pathogens
have been detected in bed bugs, but there is no definitive
evidence that they transmit any disease-causing organisms to
humans. Anemia may result when bed bugs are numerous, and
their allergens can trigger asthmatic reactions. The misuse of
chemicals and other technologies for controlling bed bugs has
the potential to have a deleterious impact on human health,
while the insect itself can be the cause of significant
psychological trauma. The control of bed bugs is challenging
and should encompass a multidisciplinary approach utilizing
nonchemical means of control and the judicious use of
insecticides. For accommodation providers, risk management
procedures should be implemented to reduce the potential of
bed bug infestations.

The global population of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius and

Cimex hemipterus, family Cimicidae) has undergone a
significant resurgence since the late 1990s. This is likely
due to an increase in global travel, trade, and the number of
insecticide-resistant bed bugs. The global bed bug population
is estimated to be increasing by 100–500 % annually. The
worldwide spread of bed bugs is concerning, because they are a
significant socioeconomic burden and a major concern to public
health. According to the United States Environmental
Protection Agency, bed bugs are “a pest of significant health
importance.” Additionally, 68 % of U.S. pest professionals
reported that bed bugs are the most challenging pest to treat.
Upwards of 45 disease pathogens have been reported in bed
bugs. Recent studies report that bed bugs may be competent
vectors for pathogens, such as Bartonella quintana and
Trypanosoma cruzi. However, public health reports have thus
far failed to produce evidence that major infectious disease
outbreaks have been associated with bed bugs. Since many
disease pathogens have previously been reported in bed bugs
and the worldwide bed bug population is now drastically
increasing, it stands to reason to wonder if bed bugs might
transmit human pathogens. This review includes a literature
search on recently published clinical and laboratory studies
(1990–2016) investigating bed bugs as potential vectors of
infectious disease, and reports the significant findings and
limitations of the reviewed studies. To date, no published
study has demonstrated a causal relationship between bed bugs
and infectious disease transmission in humans. Also, we
present and propose to expand on previous hypotheses as to why
bed bugs do not transmit human pathogens. Bed bugs may contain
“neutralizing factors” that attenuate pathogen virulence and,
thereby, decrease the ability of bed bugs to transmit
infectious disease

The worldwide resurgence of bed bugs [both Cimex

lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus (F.)] over the past two
decades is believed in large part to be due to the development
of insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic and genomic
studies since 2010, as well as morphological, biochemical and
behavioral studies, have helped insecticide resistance
research on bed bugs. Multiple resistance mechanisms,
including penetration resistance through thickening or
remodelling of the cuticle, metabolic resistance by increased
activities of detoxification enzymes (e.g. cytochrome P450
monooxygenases and esterases), and knockdown resistance by kdr
mutations, have been experimentally identified as conferring
insecticide resistance in bed bugs. Other candidate resistance
mechanisms, including behavioral resistance, some types of
physiological resistance (e.g. increasing activities of
esterases by point mutations, glutathione S-transferase,
target site insensitivity including altered AChEs, GABA
receptor insensitivity and altered nAChRs), symbiont-mediated
resistance and other potential, yet undiscovered mechanisms
may exist. This article reviews recent studies of resistance
mechanisms and the genes governing insecticide resistance,
potential candidate resistance mechanisms, and methods of
monitoring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. This article
provides an insight into the knowledge essential for the
development of both insecticide resistance management (IRM)
and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for successful
bed bug management.

Local
The effect of Leptocorisa oratorius (F.) on the yield,
grain quality, and seed viability of four rice, Oryza sativa
L., lines was studied. Three of the lines, C2, IR64, and
PSBRc20, are grown in the Philippines. The fourth, IR72164-
201-1 is an unreleased experimental line of an O. sativa
japonica × O. sativa indica cross. Each line was exposed to
four infestation densities for 21 d. L. oratorius feeding
produced unfilled and partially filled grains, resulting in a
negative correlation of yield to rice bug density. When filled
grains were sown, germination rates were negatively correlated
with rice bug densities. The percentage of discolored grains
was positively correlated with L. oratorius density on all
rice lines. At the same infestation rates, PSBRc20 and IR64
had higher yields, less damaged grain, and higher germination
rates than IR72164-201-1 and C2, suggesting host plant
tolerance to rice bug feeding. The economic injury levels
(EILs) currently used for rice bug management are based solely
on yield loss estimates. The results of this study suggest
that EIL for rice bugs should be revised to take into account
reductions in grain quality and seed germination rates in
addition to yield loss.

Farmers' perceptions of pests were analysed as one

component of the integrated rice pest survey conducted by IRR1
in Central Luzon, Philippines, with a historical perspective.
Correspondence analysis was applied to different groups of
descriptors: farmers' socio-economic background, perceptions,
and aclions to control pests in their past farming experience.
The iesults were interpreted using a modified version of
Mumford and Norton (1984) behavioral model. They indicate
association’s betweetibackgrounds, perceptions, and actions.
The results also suggest the major role of informal
information channels in the development ot fmners' attitude
towards pests which could be used to develop integrated pest
management methods.
Additional keywords: decision-making, rice tungro virus
disease, brown planthopper, Nilapaniata lugeris,
correspondence analysis, Integrated Pest Management.

The majority of pesticide applications by rice farmers in

the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and Leyte, Philippines, were
insecticides. Farmers in Vietnam applied more insecticides per
season (∼6.1 sprays) than Filipino farmers (∼2.6 sprays).
About half of the insecticide sprays were organophosphates and
the main chemicals were methyl parathion, monocrotophos, and
methamidophos. About 22% and 17% of the chemicals in the
Philippines and Vietnam, respectively, were classified as
‘extremely hazardous’ (Category la) by the WHO. Another 17%
and 20% in the Philippines and Vietnam, respectively, were
classified as ‘highly hazardous’ (Category Ib). High
proportions of the sprays were targeted at leaf‐feeding insects
which accounted for 42% and 28% of insecticide sprays in
Vietnam and Philippines, respectively. In the Philippines,
sprays against rice bugs accounted for 44% while in Vietnam,
those against brown planthoppers accounted for 34%. Since
research has shown that leaf feeder control generally does not
increase yields, a large proportion of insecticides currently
used may be unnecessary.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOLOGY

This chapter presents the method of research used. The

sources of data, The sampling procedure, The locale of the

study, The data gathering instrument, Validity and research

procedure, and Treatment of Data

Research Method

In this study the researcher used quantitative research

to determine the Cases of Bedbugs in Rice Crops Production in

Barangay Murcon, Llanera ,Nueva Ecija. It is used to quantify

the problem by creating numerical data that can be converted

into useful statistics.

In addition, this study used Descriptive Correlational

design. This is primarily concerned with describing the

relationship between variables without seeking to establish a

causal connection.

The Sources of Data

The sources of data were the farmers with the age of 25-

50 who lived at Barangay Murcon Llanera Nueva Ecija. Each of

them answered the survey questionnaire made by the researcher

to determine the Cases of Bedbugs on Rice Crops in Barangay

Murcon Llanera, Nueva Ecija.

Sampling Procedure

A systematic sampling technique was used by researcher as

a sampling method, According to Adam Hayes Systematic is a

type of probability sampling method on which sample members

from a larger population are selected according to a random

starting point but with a fixed, periodic interval.

Locale of the study

This research was conducted in Barangay Murcon which is

located at Llanera, Nueva Ecija. The stated area consists of

486 household and over 2,431 populations according to

Philatlas.com. It is a vast land of rice field.

Data Gathering Instrument

In this study the researcher formulated a questionnaire

to gather data. This instrument consists of a series of

question to gather information from respondents. The survey

questionnaire is a checklist and consists of 10 items.

Validation and Reliability

To test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire

the researcher print five questionnaires and this

questionnaire were given to students who were not part of the

population. The result of the test will be great help to know

if the questionnaire is valid and reliable. The researcher

used the test retest method.

Treatment of Data

The data gathered were tallied and presented in tabular

form using frequency count and percentage. The researcher will

use the most common and accepted computation for percentage.

Percentage= F/TF x 100 = %

Where : F- Frequency

TF-Total Frequency

CHAPTER IV

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

 This chapter provides the presentation, analysis and

interpretation of the gathered data from the thirty (30)

respondents.

1. Demographic Profile

1.1 Age

Table 1. Distribution of the Respondents According to Age

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK

20-25 years 10 33.3% 1

old

26-30 years 6 20% 2

old

31-35 years 1 3.33% 6

old

36-40 years 3 10% 5

old

41-50 years 5 16.6% 3.5

old

51-60 years 5 16.6% 3.5

old

TOTAL N=30 100%

The table shows that 10 or 33.3% of the respondents were

from the age bracket ranging from 20-25 years old, rank 1; 6

or 20% were 26-30 years old, rank 2; respondents from age

ranges 41-50 and 51-60 years old, both received a total

frequency of 5 or 16.6%, rank 3.5; 3 or 10% of the

respondents were 36-40 years old, rank 5; and 1 or 3.33% was

from the age range 31-35 years old, rank 6. The data reveal

that majority of the respondents belong to the age bracket of

20-25 years old. It shows that 20-25 years old have more

knowledgeable to run a rice field.

Table 2. Sex Distribution of the Respondents

SEX FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANKING

Male 25 83.3% 1

Female 5 16.6% 2

TOTAL 30 100%

Table 2 shows the distribution of the respondents by

sex. Based on the data in the table, most of the respondents

are male with a frequency of 25 or 83.3% and only 5 or 16.6%

of females. Therefore, it implies that most of the respondents

were male, because men have the higher capacity of knowing how

to deal with bedbugs and they are mostly the time in charge

with the rice fields. Biblically men have to provide for his

family. In his sweat he will feed his family.

Table 3. Monthly Income of Family Distribution of the

Respondents
Monthly Income Frequency Percentage Rank

4,000-10,000 16 53.3 1

15,000-25,000 6 20 3

30,000-40,000 8 26.6 2

TOTAL 30 100%

Table 3 shows that out of 30 respondents, in rank 1; 16

or 53.3% have monthly income of 4,000-10,000, in rank 2; 8 or

26.6% have monthly income of 30,000-40,000 and in rank 3; 6 or

20% have monthly income of 15,000-25,000. Therefore, most of

the respondents have 40,000 as their family income. Therefore,

it implies that if the respondents have more income they can

easily deal with pests. According to annualreviews.org if

there’s more profit they can control the pest infestation, by

buying different insecticides and herbicides.

Table 4. Distribution of Respondents in terms of Wet Season in

Harvesting
Sacks from wet Frequency Percentage Rank

season

10-20 5 17 % 3.5

30-50 5 17 % 3.5

60-70 3 10% 5

80-100 9 30% 1

110-130 8 26.6% 2

TOTAL 30 100%

The table 4 shows that out of 30 respondents, in rank 1;

in 9 0r 30% there are 80-100 sacks harvested in wet season, in

rank 2; in 8 or 26.6% there are 110-130 sacks harvested, in

rank 3.5 there is a tie between the frequency of 5 or 17%

which is 10-50 sacks harvested and in rank 5; in 3 or 10%

there 60-70 sacks harvested. According to Farmer Eliseo

Luciano of Isabela province in Northern Luzon, is grateful his

rice crops were harvested in April before the rains arrived.

Such rains would have affected the quality of the rice and

driven his sale price down.

 Table 5. Distribution of the respondents in terms of

Dry Season in Harvesting

Sacks from Dry Frequency Percentage Ranking

Season

10-20 5 16.6% 3

25-40 2 6.6% 6

50-70 4 13.3% 4

80-120 9 30% 1

130-175 3 10% 5

200-240 7 23.3% 2

TOTAL 30 100%

Table 6 shows that out of 30 respondents, in rank 1; in 9

0r 30% there are 80-120 sacks harvested in dry season, in rank

2; in 7 or 23.3% there are 200-240 sacks harvested, in rank 3;

in 5 or 16.6% there are 10-20 sacks harvested, in rank 4; in 4

or 13.3% there are 50-70 sacks harvested, in rank 5; in 3 or

10% there are 130-175 sacks harvested, and in rank 6; in 2 or

6.6% there are 25-40 sacks harvested. According to

Philippines- Food and Agriculture Organization, it is easily

to absorb the plant all of the nutrients comes from

insecticides and herbicides medicines.

Table 6. Distribution of the Respondents in terms of effect of

the bedbugs in the rice crops

Effects of Bedbugs in Frequency Percentage Rank

Rice Crops

Whitening of Leaves 12 40 1

Dead heart 8 26.6 3

Bug burn 10 33.3 2

TOTAL 30 100%

Table 6 shows the responses of the respondents on what

is the effect on the rice crops by the bedbugs which is in

rank 1; 12 or 40% is the whitening of the leaves, in rank 2;

10 or 33.3% is the bug burn of the rice crops and rank 3; 8 or

26.6% is the dead heart of the rice crops because of the

bedbugs.

Table 7. Distribution of the respondents in terms of how much

damaged caused to the rice crops

Damage caused to Frequency Percentage Rank

rice crops
Severe 15 50 1

Just a little 7 23.3 3

Nothing at all 8 26.6 2

TOTAL N=30 100%

Table 7 shows that out of 30 respondents, in rank 1; 15 or

50% have severe damaged caused by the bedbugs to the rice

crops, in rank 2; with the frequency of 8 or 26.6% is nothing

at all damaged and in rank 3; with the frequency of 7 or 23.3%

is just a little damaged caused by the bedbugs on the rice

crops. Therefore, most of the respondents said that there is

a severe damaged caused by the bedbugs on the rice crops.

According to Rolando Tadiaman Biaco from Murcon bedbugs can

destroy almost half of a hectares in just 2 days.

Table 8. Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation on action

take to lessen the damage caused by bedbugs

Weighted Verbal Interpretation

Mean
Insecticide Spray 4.3 Most of the times

Drainage field for a few 4.6 Most of the times

days

Application of sanitizer 4 Most of the times

and herbicides

Hand Weeding 4.06 Most of the times

Keeping the field weed 3.96 Most of the times

free

OVER-ALL WEIGHTED MEAN 4.18 Most of the times

Table 8 shows the responses of the respondents on actions

they take to lessen the damages of bedbug in the rice crops.

“Damage field for a few days” got the highest weighted mean

with the verbal interpretation of most of the times.

“Insecticide Spray” got the second weighted mean which is 4.3

with the verbal interpretation of most of the times. “Hand

weeding” got the third highest weighted mean which is 4.06

with the verbal interpretation of most of the times.

“Application of sanitizer and herbicides” got second to the

lowest weighted mean which is 4 with the verbal interpretation

of most of the times and “Keeping the field weed free got the

lowest weighted mean which is 3.96 with the verbal

interpretation of most of the times.

Based on the table above, the total weighted mean is

4.18 verbally described as most of the times. Take an action

to lessen the damages caused by the bedbugs is important

because there is notorious for impacting the rice crops, these

pests are highly challenging to eliminate and can result in

revenue loss.

Table 9. Correlation

Correlations
Wet Dry action
taken
Pearson
.002 .114 -.309
Correlation
Age Sig. (2-
.993 .549 .096
tailed)
N 30 30 30
Pearson
-.064 -.271 -.266
Correlation
Sex Sig. (2-
.737 .148 .156
tailed)
N 30 30 30
Pearson
.108 .200 -.226
Correlation
Mi Sig. (2-
.570 .289 .230
tailed)
N 30 30 30
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
(2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
(2-tailed).

1. Age

In terms of age of the farmers-respondents in relation

to the cause of bedbugs to rice crops, an r value of

-.309 is obtained which denotes a low negative. This

means that older farmers are mostly knowledgeable because

of their experience.

2. Sex
 In terms of sex of the farmers-respondents in relation

to the cause of bedbugs to rice crops, an r value of

-.266 is obtained which denotes a low negative. There is

an inverse relationship between the sex of the

respondents and the effects cause by the bedbugs to the

rice crops.

3. Monthly Income

The computed r value between the family income of the

farmer-respondents and the effects cause by the bedbugs to the

rice crops is -.226 which denotes low negative. This means

that the monthly income has a direct effect to the profit used

to control the pest in rice field.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the main claim and facts of the study;

it presents an overview of the study, the significant findings

the conclusion and recommendations.

Summary of Findings

The summary of the findings is presented in sequence

based on the statement of the objectives

1. Socio-demographic profile of the participants

The findings shows that majority of the respondents in

this study were male (83.3%) and 20-25 years old (33.3%).

The average monthly income is 4,000-10,000.

2. Sacks of rice harvested in wet season and dry season

The findings shows that during wet season there are

80-100 sacks of rice harvested while in dry season there

are 80-120 sacks of rice harvested. This shows that there

are more sacks of rice harvested in dry season.

3. Effect and damaged caused by the bedbugs in rice crops

The findings showed that the major effect of bedbugs

in rice crops is the whitening of the leaves and it is a

severe damaged to the rice crops.

4. Action take to lessen the damaged caused by the bedbugs

The findings showed that the respondents make a

drainage field as action to lessen the bedbugs caused by

the bedbugs in the rice crops.

5. Correlation between the profile of the respondents and

the effect cause by the bedbugs to the rice crops

All of the profile of the respondents was found to be

negatively correlated to the effect cause by the bedbugs

to the rice crops. The age obtained an r value of -.309

which considered “low” negative correlation; sex with an

r value of -.266 which considered “low” negative

correlation; family monthly income with an r value of

-.226 which denotes “low” negative correlation.

CONCLUSIONS

After processing and analysing all the gathered data this

study ends up the following conclusions.

1. Most of the respondents were fit to the study. When the

research was conducted majority of them were considered as

mature individuals that is knowledgeable when it comes in

eliminating bedbugs.

2. When it comes in harvesting sacks of rice in dry and wet

season, there are more rice crops harvested in dry season.

3. The effect of the bedbugs in the rice crops is the

whitening of the leaves.

4. The action take to lessen the damaged caused by the bedbugs

is to make a drainage to field, to make the water flowed

well.
RECOMMENDATION

From the findings and conclusions that were extracted from

the experiment, the researcher recommends:

1. The respondents must apply immediately in the whitening

of laves the herbicides like herbistar, postherb, clear
out etc.
2. The respondent raise the level of irrigation if the heart
of the rice crops dead to submerge the eggs deposited on
the lower parts of the plants.
3. The respondents may use resistant varieties in bugburn
or contact local agriculture office for up-to-date list
of varieties available.