Unit I

Example 1: A mass of 2.25 kg of nitrogen occupying 1.5 m 3 is heated from 25° C

to 200° C at a constant volume. Calculate the initial and final pressures of the
gas. Take universal gas constant as 8314 J/kg mol K. The molecular mass of
nitrogen is 28.

Example 2: Nitrogen is to be stored at pressure 140 bar, temperature 27° C in a

steel flask of 0.05 m3 volume. The flask is to be protected against excessive
pressure by a fusible plug which will melt and allow the gas to escape if the
temperature rises too high. Find: 1. How many kg of nitrogen will the flask hold
at the designed conditions? 2. At what temperature must the fusible plug melt in
order to limit the pressure of the full flask to a maximum of 168 bar?

Example 3: A certain gas occupies a space of 0.3 m3 at a pressure of 2 bar and

a temperature of 77° C. It is heated at a constant volume, until the pressure is 7
bar. Determine: 1. temperature at the end of the process; 2. mass of the gas; 3.
change in internal energy; and 4. change in enthalpy during the process.
Assume, CP=1.005 kJ/kg K; CV = 0.712 kJ/kg K; and R = 287 J/kg K.

Example 4: The initial volume of 0.18 kg of a certain gas was 0.15 m 3 at a

temperature of 15° C and a pressure of 1 bar. After adiabatic compression to
0.056 m3, the pressure was found to be 4 bar. Find 1.Gas constant; 2.Molecular
mass of the gas; 3. Ratio of specific heats; 4. Two specific heats, one at a
constant pressure and the other at a constant volume; and 5. Change of internal
energy.

Example 5: A system contains 0.15 m3 of à gas at a pressure of 3.8 bar and

150° C. It is expanded adiabatically till the pressure falls to 1 bar. The gas is
then heated at a constant pressure till its enthalpy increases by 70 kJ.
Determine the total work done. Take CP = 1 kJ/kg K and CV = 0.714 kJ/kg K.
Example 6: A certain quantity of air has a volume of 0.028 m3 at a pressure of
1.25 bar and 25° C. It is compressed to a volume of 0.0042 m 3 according to the
law pvl.3 = Constant. Find the final temperature and work done during
compression. Also determine the reduction in pressure at a constant volume
required to bring the air back to its original temperature.

Example 7: A certain oxygen cylinder has a capacity of 250 liters and contains
oxygen at a pressure of 3MPa and a temperature of 20°C. The stop value is
opened and some oxygen is used.If the pressure and temperature of the oxygen
left in the cylinder falls to 1.8 MPa and 16 °C. Respectively, determine the mass
of oxygen used.

Example 8: Determine the mass and number of moles of air displaced by a

spherical balloon of radius 12m. The atmospheric pressure is 75 cm of Hg and
temperature is 18 °C. If instead of air, hydrogen gas is filled in the balloon under
the same conditions of pressure and temperature, calculate the mass and number
of moles of hydrogen. Assume molecular weight of air =28.97 and that of
hydrogen =2. What load can the balloon lift if it is filled with hydrogen?

Example 9: During the cycle of processes, the heat transfer is: 120 kJ, 16 kJ, -
48 kJ and 12 kJ. The network for the cycle is :
a) 60,000 N-m
b) 1, 20, 000 N-m
c) 68,000 N-m
d) 44,000 N-m.
Show which option is true.
Example 10: A system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four
different processes. During the one cycle, the system rejects 170 kJ of heat. The
system completes 100 cycles per minute. Complete the following table
Process Q (kJ/min) W (kJ/min) ∆U
(kJ/min)
1-2 0 2170 -
2-3 2100 0 -
3-1 -2100 - -36600
4-1 - - -

Example 11: A closed system having a mass of 50 kg has an initial velocity of

10 m/s. Subsequently its velocity increased to 30 m/s and its elevation also rises
by 40 m. During this process the system receives 30000 J of heat and 4500 J of
work. If the system delivers 0.002 kWh of electrical energy, determine the change
in internal energy of the system.

Unit II
Example 1: An oil engine has a volume of 60 liters and a compression ratio of
14.2 to 1. At the beginning of the compression stroke, the pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 80° C respectively. At the end of compression, the
pressure is 30 bar. The charge is now heated at constant pressure until the
volume is doubled. Find1. The index of compression; 2.The temperature at the
end of compression, 3.The heat transfer; and 4. The heat received in constant
pressure operation.

Example 2: One kg of gas is confined to a constant volume tank. Initial pressure

and volume are 4 bar and 0.21 m3 respectively. When heat energy of 82 kJ is
supplied to the system, the final temperature of the gas becomes 127°C.
Find
(a) Work done,
 (b) Change in internal energy
(c) Specific heat at constant volume.
Assume, R 300 Nm/kgK.

Example 3: During a constant pressure process in a closed system with P = 105

kPa and properties of the system change from V 1 = 0.25 m3, t1 = 10 °C to V2 =
0.45 m3, t2 = 240°C. The specific heat at constant pressure of the system is given
by CP = 0.4 + (18/T+40). KJ/kg. Assuming the mass of the system as 1 kg
determine:
(a) Heat transfer
(b) Work transfer
(c) Change in internal energy
(d) Change in enthalpy

Example 4: A certain quantity of air has a volume of 0.028m3 at a pressure of

1.25 bar and 25°C. It is compressed to a volume of 0.0042 m3 according to the
law PV1.3 = constant. Find the final temperature and work done during
compression. Also determine the reduction in pressure at a constant volume
required to bring the air back to its original temperature.
−2
5
Example 5: A perfect gas undergoes a process according to the law, T ∞V

. Initial pressure and volume are 1 bar and 0.14 m3 respectively. After the
process the volume of the gas becomes 0.07m3. Find the work done during the
process and its final pressure. Assume, R =287 Nm/kg K.

Example 6: The properties of a certain fluid are related as follows u = 196 +

0.718t and PV= 0.287 (t + 273) where u is specific internal energy, t is in °C, P is
pressure in kN/m and v is specific volume in m 3/kg. A closed system consisting
of 2 kg of this fluid expands in an irreversible adiabatic process in which the
initial and final states are related by PV 1.2 = constant. The initial condition is 1
MPa and 200°C and the final pressure is 100 KPa. Determine the work transfer
and the change in internal energy for the process. Evaluate also the value of ∫P.dv
and comment on the result.

Example 7: A cylinder contains 1 kg of a certain fluid at an initial pressure of 20

bar. The fluid is allowed to expand reversible adiabatically upto 100 kPa and
then at constant pressure until the piston regains its original position; heat is then
supplied reversibly with the piston firmly locked in position until the pressure
rises to the original value of 20 bar. Calculate the net work done by the fluid, for
an initial volume of 0.5m3.

Example 8: 200 liters of air at 4 bar and 400 K is contained in a system. A

reversible adiabatic expansion takes place till the pressure falls to 1 bar. The gas
is then heated at constant pressure till enthalpy increases by 72 kJ. Calculate: (a)
The work done (b) The index of expansion if the above processes are replaced by
a single reversible polytropic process giving the same work between the same
initial and final states. Take CP= 1 kJ/kg K and CV = 0.714 kJ/kg K.

Example 9: A system contains 0.15 m3 of air at 5 bar and 350 K. A reversible

adiabatic expansion takes place till the pressure falls to 1 bar. The gas is then
heated at constant pressure till enthalpy increases by 70 kJ. Calculate:
a) Work done in individual process
b) Index of expansion if the above processes are replaced by a single
reversible polytropic process giving the same initial and final states.

Take for air =1.005 kJ/kgK, =0.718 kJ/kgK, R =0.287 kJ/kg K

Unit IV
Example 1: Determine the quantity of heat required to produce 1 kg of steam at
a pressure of 6 bar at a temperature of 25° C, under the following conditions:
1. when the steam is wet having a dryness fraction 0.9;
2. when the steam is dry saturated; and
3. when it is superheated at a constant pressure at 250° C assuming the mean
specific heat of superheated steam to be 2.3 kJ/kg K.

Example 2: Determine the condition of steam in the following cases:

1. At a pressure of 10 bar and temperature 200° C.
2. At a pressure of 10 bar and volume 0.175 m3/kg. ( R.S.Khurmi&J.K.Gupta
page no. 205)

Example 3: A steam engine obtains steam from a boiler at a pressure of 15 bar

and 0.98 dry. It was observed that the steam loses 21 kJ of heat per kg as it
flows through the pipeline, pressure remaining constant. Calculate dryness
fraction of the steam, at the engine end of the pipeline.

Example 4: Find the internal energy of 1 kg of superheated steam at a pressure

of 10 bar and 280 0C. If this steam is expanded to a pressure of 1.6 bar and 0.8
dry, determine the change in internal energy. Assume specific heat of
superheated steam as 2.1 kJ/kg K.

Example 5: Steam at 18 bar and dryness 0.9 is heated at constant pressure

until dry and saturated. Find the increase in volume, heat supplied and work
done per kg of steam. If the volume is now kept constant, find how much heat
must be extracted to reduce the pressure to 14 bar.

Example 6: In a laboratory experiment, the following observations were

recorded to find the dryness fraction of steam by combined separating and
throttling calorimeter:
Total quantity of steam passed= 36 kg
Water drained from separator= 1.8 kg
Steam pressure before throttling= 12 bar
Temperature of steam after throttling = 110° C
Pressure after throttling= 1.013 bar
Specific heat of steam= 2.1 kJ/kg K
Determine the dryness fraction of steam before inlet to the calorimeter.

Example 7: A vessel having capacity of 0.05 m³ contains a mixture of saturated

water and saturated steam at a temperature of 245°c. the mass of the liquid
present is 10 kg find the following: The pressure, The mass, The specific volume,
The specific enthalpy, The Specific entropy &
The specific internal energy.

Example 8: Determine the amount of heat, which should be supplied to 2 kg of

water at 25 to convert it into steam at 5 bar and 0.9 dry.

Example 9: A quantity of steam at 10 bar and 0.85 dryness occupies 0.15 m 3.

Determine the heat supplied to raise the temperature of the steam to 300°C at
constant pressure and percentage of this heat which appears as external work.

Example 10: Find the specific volume, enthalpy and internal energy of wet
steam at 18 bar, dryness fraction 0.85.

Example 11: Find the dryness fraction, specific volume and internal energy of
steam at 7 bar and enthalpy 2550 kJ/kg..

Example 12: Steam at 120 bar has a specific volume of 0.01721 m 3/kg, find
the temperature, enthalpy, and internal energy.

Example 13: Steam at 140 bar has an enthalpy of 3001.9 kJ/kg, find the
temperature, the specific volume and the internal energy.
Example 14: Calculate the internal energy per kg of superheated steam at a
pressure of 10 bar and a temperature of 300°C. Also find the change of internal
energy if this steam is expanded to 1.4 bar and dryness fraction 0.8.

Example 15: Find the internal energy of 1 kg of steam at 20 bar when

(i) it is superheated, its temperature being 400°C;
(ii) it is wet, its dryness being 0.9.
Specific heat for steam = 2.3 kJ/kg K.

Example 16: Steam enters an engine at a pressure 10 bar absolute and 400°C.
It is exhausted at 0.2 bar. The steam at exhaust is 0.9 dry. Find:
(i) Drop in enthalpy;
(ii) Change in entropy.

Example 17: A piston-cylinder contains 3 kg of wet steam at 1.4 bar. The initial
volume is 2.25 m3. The steam is heated until its temperature reaches 400°C. The
piston is free to move up or down unless it reaches the stops at the top. When
the piston is up against the stops the cylinder volume is 4.65 m 3. Determine the
amount of work and heat transfer to or from steam.

Unit V
Example 1: A fuel has the following composition by mass:
Carbon 86%, Hydrogen 11.75%, Oxygen 2.25%.
Calculate the theoretical air supply per kg of fuel, and the mass of products of
combustion per kg of fuel.

Example 2: A producer gas, used as a fuel, has the following volumetric

composition: Find the volume of air required for complete combustion of 1 m 3 of
this gas. Air contains 21% by volume of oxygen.
Example 3: The volumetric analysis of a gas is CO 2 14%, CO 1%, 02 5% and N2,
80%. Calculate the fuel gas composition by mass.

Example 4: A fuel gas has the following percentage composition by mass:

CO2 13.3 %; CO 0.95 %; 02 8.35% and N2, 77.4%. Convert this into volumetric
analysis.

Example 5: During a boiler trial, the dry flue gas analysis by volume was

reported as CO 13%; CO 0.3%; 02 6%: N2 80.7%. The coal analysis by mass was
reported as:
C 62.4%; H2 4.2%; 02 4.5%; moisture 15%; ash 13.9%.
Calculate: 1. Minimum air required to burn 1 kg of coal, 2. Mass of air actually
supplied per kg of coal, 3. The amount of excess air supplied per kg of coal burnt.

Example 6: A fuel oil has following analysis by mass:

C 85%, H2 12.5%, 02 2% and the residue 0.5%.
The dry flue has the following composition by volume:
CO2 9%, CO 1%, O2 7.77% and N2 82.23% .
Determine the air fuel ratio.

Example 7: The following data refers to a calorific value test of a fuel by means
of a gas calorimeter.
Volume of gas used = 0.7 m3 (reckoned at S.T.P.); mass of water heated = 25 kg;
rise in temperature of water at inlet and outlet = 14°C; mass of steam condensed
= 0.028 kg. Find the higher and lower calorific values per m at S.T.P. Take the
heat liberated in condensing water vapor and cooling the condensate as 2475
kJ/kg.
Example 8: The following results were obtained when a sample of gas was
tested in a Junker’s gas calorimeter:
Gas burnt = 0.03 m3
Pressure of the gas = 54.4 mm of water
Barometer reading = 750 mm of Hg
Temperature of gas = 27 °C
Temperature of water at inlet = 28" C
Temperature of water at outlet = 40° C
Mass of water passing through the calorimeter= 10 kg
Steam condensed during test = 0.025 kg
Determine the higher and lower calorific values of gas at 15° C and a standard
barometer of 760 mm of Hg.
Unit VI
Example 1:The following data were obtained during a boiler trail:
Mass of Steam =700kg/h;Temperature of feed water =60°C/Steam pressure= 10
bar; Oil Consumption=55kg/h; CV of oil= 44000kJ/kg
Dryness fraction of steam= 0.98.
Percentage Composition of oil by mass:
C=85% H2=14% Ash=1%
Analysis of dry flue gases by volume:
CO2= 12.5% O2= 4.5% N2= 83%
Temp. of flue gases leaving the boiler = 350°C;Boiler room temperature
=25°C;Specific heat of flue gases= 1.02kJ/kgK; Partial Pressure of the steam
=0.08 bar; Heating Surface area =21.4m2
Find a) equivalent evaporation per kg of fuel from and at 100°C, b) equivalent
evaporation per sq.m of heating area, c) thermal efficiency of boiler, d) heat
balance sheet on the basis of 1 kg of fuel and on the percentage basis.

Example 2: The following data were obtained during a boiler trail:

Mass of Steam =635kg/h;Temperature of feed water =65°C/Steam pressure=
10.5 bar; Oil Consumption=52kg/h; CV of oil= 44900kJ/kg
Percentage Composition of oil by mass:
C=84.75% H2=13% S=1.25%
Analysis of dry flue gases by volume:
CO2= 12.4% O2= 4.3% N2= 83.3%
Temp. of flue gases leaving the boiler = 362°C; Boiler room temperature =21°C;
Specific heat of flue gases= 1.005kJ/kgK; Throttling calorimeter temperature at
outlet=125°C; Pressure of the steam after throttling =101 mm of mercury
Barometer reading=760 mm of mercury; Heating Surface area =20m 2; Sp. Heat
of superheated steam=2.1kJ/kgK & partial pressure of steam in flue
gases=0.07bar.
Find a) equivalent evaporation per kg of fuel from and at 100°C, b) equivalent
evaporation per sq.m of heating area, c) thermal efficiency of boiler, d) heat
balance sheet on the basis of 1 kg of fuel and on the percentage basis.

Example 3:In a boiler trial, following observations were recorded: 1. Mass of

fuel is 1520 kg/h; 2.The temperature of feed water is 30 0C; 3.Steam is 0.95 dry
and 8.5 bar; 4.Coal burns per hour is 200kg; 5. CV of coal is 27300 kJ/kg; 6.
The unburnt coal collected is 60 kg/hr with CV of 2000 kJ/kg; 7. The mass of
flue gases is 17.73 kg/kg of coal burnt; 8. The temperature of flue gases is 330
C; 9. The boiler room temperature is 27 0C and 10. Specific heat of the flue
0

gases is 1 kJ/kg K. Draw heat balance sheet per kg of fuel burnt and on
percentage basis. Also calculate the efficiency of boiler.

Example 4:A steam generator evaporates 18000 kg/h of steam at 12.5 bar and
a quality of 0.97 dry from feed water at 105 0C, when coal is fired at 2040 kg/h.
If the higher calorific value of coal is 27400kJ/kg, find: 1. Heat rate of the boiler
in kJ/h; 2. Equivalent evaporation; 3. Evaporation rate; 4. Factor of evaporation
and 5.thermal efficiency.

Example 5:Calculate the equivalent evaporation from and at 100 0C for a boiler,
which receives water at 60 0C and produces steam at 1.5MPa and 300 0C. The
steam generation rate is 16000 kg/h. Coal is burnt at the rate of 1800 kg/h. The
calorific value of cool is 34750kJ/kg. Also calculate the thermal efficiency of the
boiler.
If the thermal efficiency of the boiler increases by 5% due to use of an
economizer, find the saving in coal consumption per hour.